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### 6. Induced Constructions

#### 6.1 Induced crossed modules

##### 6.1-1 InducedXMod

`> InducedXMod`( args ) | ( function )

`> InducedCat1`( args ) | ( function )

`> IsInducedXMod`( xmod ) | ( property )

`> IsInducedCat1`( cat1 ) | ( property )

`> MorphismOfInducedXMod`( xmod ) | ( attribute )

A morphism of crossed modules (sigma, rho) : cal X_1 -> cal X_2 factors uniquely through an induced crossed module rho_* cal X_1 = (delta ~:~ rho_* S_1 -> R_2). Similarly, a morphism of cat1-groups factors through an induced cat1-group. Calculation of induced crossed modules of cal X also provides an algebraic means of determining the homotopy 2-type of homotopy pushouts of the classifying space of cal X. For more background from algebraic topology see references in \cite{BH1}, \cite{BW1}, \cite{BW2}. Induced crossed modules and induced cat1-groups also provide the building blocks for constructing pushouts in the categories XMod and Cat1.

Data for the cases of algebraic interest is provided by a conjugation crossed module cal X = (partial ~:~ S -> R) and a homomorphism iota from R to a third group Q. The output from the calculation is a crossed module iota_*cal X = (delta ~:~ iota_*S -> Q) together with a morphism of crossed modules cal X -> iota_*cal X. When iota is a surjection with kernel K then iota_*S = [S,K] (see \cite{BH1}). When iota is an inclusion the induced crossed module may be calculated using a copower construction \cite{BW1} or, in the case when R is normal in Q, as a coproduct of crossed modules (\cite{BW2}, but not yet implemented). When iota is neither a surjection nor an inclusion, iota is written as the composite of the surjection onto the image and the inclusion of the image in Q, and then the composite induced crossed module is constructed. These constructions use Tietze transformation routines in the library file `tietze.gi`.

As a first, surjective example, we take for cal X the normal inclusion crossed module of `a4` in `s4`, and for iota the surjection from `s4` to `s3` with kernel `k4`. The induced crossed module is isomorphic to `X3`.

    gap> s4gens := [ (1,2), (2,3), (3,4) ];;
    gap> s4 := Group( s4gens );; SetName(s4,"s4");
    gap> a4gens := [ (1,2,3), (2,3,4) ];;
    gap> a4 := Subgroup( s4, a4gens );;  SetName( a4, "a4" );
    gap> s3 := Group( (5,6),(6,7) );;  SetName( s3, "s3" );
    gap> epi := GroupHomomorphismByImages( s4, s3, s4gens, [(5,6),(6,7),(5,6)] );;
    gap> X4 := XModByNormalSubgroup( s4, a4 );;
    gap> indX4 := SurjectiveInducedXMod( X4, epi );
    [a4/ker->s3]
    gap> morX4 := MorphismOfInducedXMod( indX4 );
    [[a4->s4] => [a4/ker->s3]]

For a second, injective example we take for cal X the conjugation crossed module (partial ~:~ c4 -> d8) of Chapter 3, and for iota the inclusion `incd8` of `d8` in `d16`. The induced crossed module has c4 times c4 as source.

    gap> incd8 := RangeHom( inc8 );;
    gap> [ Source(incd8), Range(incd8), IsInjective(incd8) ];
    [ d8, d16, true ]
    gap> indX8 := InducedXMod( X8, incd8 );
    #I Simplified presentation for induced group :-
    <presentation with 2 gens and 3 rels of total length 12>
    #I  generators: [ f11, f14 ]
    #I  relators:
    #I  1.  4  [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
    #I  2.  4  [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
    #I  3.  4  [ 2, -1, -2, 1 ]
    #I induced group has Size: 16
    #I factor 1 is abelian  with invariants: [ 4, 4 ]
    i*([c4->d8])
    gap> Display( indX8 );
    Crossed module i*([c4->d8]) :-
    : Source group has generators:
      [ ( 1, 2, 6, 3)( 4, 7,12, 9)( 5, 8,13,10)(11,14,16,15),
      ( 1, 4,11, 5)( 2, 7,14, 8)( 3, 9,15,10)( 6,12,16,13) ]
    : Range group d16 has generators:
      [ (11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18), (12,18)(13,17)(14,16) ]
    : Boundary homomorphism maps source generators to:
      [ (11,13,15,17)(12,14,16,18), (11,17,15,13)(12,18,16,14) ]
    : Action homomorphism maps range generators to automorphisms:
      (11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18) --> { source gens -->
    [ ( 1, 5,11, 4)( 2, 8,14, 7)( 3,10,15, 9)( 6,13,16,12),
      ( 1, 3, 6, 2)( 4, 9,12, 7)( 5,10,13, 8)(11,15,16,14) ] }
      (12,18)(13,17)(14,16) --> { source gens -->
    [ ( 1, 3, 6, 2)( 4, 9,12, 7)( 5,10,13, 8)(11,15,16,14),
      ( 1, 5,11, 4)( 2, 8,14, 7)( 3,10,15, 9)( 6,13,16,12) ] }
      These 2 automorphisms generate the group of automorphisms.
    gap> morX8 := MorphismOfInducedXMod( indX8 );
    [[c4->d8] => i*([c4->d8])]
    gap> Display( morX8 );
    Morphism of crossed modules :-
    : Source = [c4->d8] with generating sets:
      [ (11,13,15,17)(12,14,16,18) ]
      [ (11,13,15,17)(12,14,16,18), (12,18)(13,17)(14,16) ]
    :  Range = i*([c4->d8]) with generating sets:
      [ ( 1, 2, 6, 3)( 4, 7,12, 9)( 5, 8,13,10)(11,14,16,15),
      ( 1, 4,11, 5)( 2, 7,14, 8)( 3, 9,15,10)( 6,12,16,13) ]
      [ (11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18), (12,18)(13,17)(14,16) ]
    : Source Homomorphism maps source generators to:
      [ ( 1, 2, 6, 3)( 4, 7,12, 9)( 5, 8,13,10)(11,14,16,15) ]
    : Range Homomorphism maps range generators to:
      [ (11,13,15,17)(12,14,16,18), (12,18)(13,17)(14,16) ]

For a third example we take the identity mapping on `s3` as boundary, and the inclusion of `s3` in `s4` as `iota`. The induced group is a general linear group `GL(2,3)`.

    gap> s3b := Subgroup( s4, [ (2,3), (3,4) ] );;  SetName( s3b, "s3b" );
    gap> indX3 := InducedXMod( s4, s3b, s3b );
    #I Simplified presentation for induced group :-
    <presentation with 2 gens and 4 rels of total length 33>
    #I  generators: [ f11, f112 ]
    #I  relators:
    #I  1.  2  [ 1, 1 ]
    #I  2.  3  [ 2, 2, 2 ]
    #I  3.  12  [ 1, -2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, -2, 1, 2, 1, 2 ]
    #I  4.  16  [ -2, 1, -2, 1, -2, 1, -2, 1, -2, 1, -2, 1, -2, 1, -2, 1 ]
    #I induced group has Size: 48
    #I IdGroup = [ [  48,  29 ] ]
    i*([s3b->s3b])
    gap> isoX3 := IsomorphismGroups( Source( indX3 ), GeneralLinearGroup(2,3) );
    [ (1,2)(4,5)(6,8), (2,3,4)(5,6,7) ] ->
    [ [ [ Z(3)^0, 0*Z(3) ], [ Z(3), Z(3) ] ],
      [ [ Z(3)^0, Z(3)^0 ], [ 0*Z(3), Z(3)^0 ] ] ]

##### 6.1-2 AllInducedXMods

`> AllInducedXMods`( Q ) | ( operation )

This function calculates all the induced crossed modules `InducedXMod( Q, P, M )`, where `P` runs over all conjugacy classes of subgroups of `Q` and `M` runs over all non-trivial subgroups of `P`.

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