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# Automata

( Version 1.11 )

Manuel Delgado
Email: mdelgado@fc.up.pt
Homepage: http://www.fc.up.pt/cmup/mdelgado

Steve Linton
Email: sal@dcs.st-and.ac.uk
Homepage: http://www.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~sal/

José João Morais
Email: josejoao@fc.up.pt

### Copyright

© 2004 by Manuel Delgado, Steve Linton and José Morais

We adopt the copyright regulations of GAP as detailed in the copyright notice in the GAP manual.

### Acknowledgements

The first author wishes to acknowledge Cyril Nicaud and Paulo Varandas for their help in programming some functions of the very first version of this package. He wishes also to acknowledge useful discussions and comments by Cyril Nicaud, Vítor H. Fernandes, Jean-Eric Pin and Jorge Almeida.

The first author also acknowledges support of FCT through CMUP and the FCT and POCTI Project POCTI/32817/MAT/2000 which is funded in cooperation with the European Community Fund FEDER.

The third author acknowledges financial support of FCT and the POCTI program through a scholarship given by Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto.

The authors would like to thank Mark Kambites (http://www.theory.informatik.uni-kassel.de/~kambites/) for his contribution in finding bugs and making suggestions for the improvement of this package.

### Colophon

This work started in 1998, when the first author was in the LIAFA at the University of Paris 7, in a post-doc. Encouraged by J. E. Pin, he began the implementation in GAP3 of an algorithm obtained some time before to answer a question from the realm of Finite Semigroups proposed by J. Almeida. It is now part of a separate package: `finsemi`.

The first version of this package on automata was prepared by the first author who gave it the form of a GAP share package. In a second version, prepared by the first and third authors, many functions have been added and the performance of many of the existing ones has been improved. Further important improvements, specially concerning performance, have been achieved when the second author joined the group. Bug reports, suggestions and comments are, of course, welcome. Please contact any of the authors to this effect. Our e-mail addresses are mdelgado@fc.up.pt or sal@dcs.st-and.ac.uk or josejoao@fc.up.pt.

### Contents

1 Introduction
2 Finite Automata
2.1 Automata generation
2.1-1 Automaton
2.1-2 IsAutomaton
2.1-3 IsDeterministicAutomaton
2.1-4 IsNonDeterministicAutomaton
2.1-5 IsEpsilonAutomaton
2.1-6 String
2.1-7 RandomAutomaton
2.2 Automata internals
2.2-1 AlphabetOfAutomaton
2.2-2 AlphabetOfAutomatonAsList
2.2-3 TransitionMatrixOfAutomaton
2.2-4 InitialStatesOfAutomaton
2.2-5 SetInitialStatesOfAutomaton
2.2-6 FinalStatesOfAutomaton
2.2-7 SetFinalStatesOfAutomaton
2.2-8 NumberStatesOfAutomaton
2.3 Comparison of automata
2.4 Tests involving automata
2.4-1 IsDenseAutomaton
2.4-2 IsRecognizedByAutomaton
2.4-3 IsPermutationAutomaton
2.4-4 IsInverseAutomaton
2.4-5 AddInverseEdgesToInverseAutomaton
2.4-6 IsReversibleAutomaton
2.5 Basic operations
2.5-1 CopyAutomaton
2.5-2 NullCompletionAutomaton
2.5-3 ListSinkStatesAut
2.5-4 RemovedSinkStates
2.5-5 ReversedAutomaton
2.5-6 PermutedAutomaton
2.5-7 ListPermutedAutomata
2.5-8 NormalizedAutomaton
2.5-9 UnionAutomata
2.5-10 ProductAutomaton
2.5-11 ProductOfLanguages
2.6 Links with Semigroups
2.6-1 TransitionSemigroup
2.6-2 SyntacticSemigroupAut
2.6-3 SyntacticSemigroupLang
3 Rational languages
3.1 Rational Expressions
3.1-1 RationalExpression
3.1-2 RatExpOnnLetters
3.1-3 RandomRatExp
3.1-4 SizeRatExp
3.1-5 IsRationalExpression
3.1-6 AlphabetOfRatExp
3.1-7 AlphabetOfRatExpAsList
3.1-8 CopyRatExp
3.2 Comparison of rational expressions
3.3 Operations with rational languages
3.3-1 UnionRatExp
3.3-2 ProductRatExp
3.3-3 StarRatExp
4 Automata versus rational expressions
4.1 From automata to rational expressions
4.1-1 AutomatonToRatExp
4.2 From rational expression to automata
4.2-1 RatExpToNDAut
4.2-2 RatExpToAutomaton
4.3 Some tests on automata
4.3-1 IsEmptyLang
4.3-2 IsFullLang
4.3-3 AreEqualLang
4.3-4 IsContainedLang
4.3-5 AreDisjointLang
5 Some functions involving automata
5.1 From one type to another
5.1-1 EpsilonToNFA
5.1-2 EpsilonToNFASet
5.1-3 EpsilonCompactedAut
5.1-4 ReducedNFA
5.1-5 NFAtoDFA
5.1-6 FuseSymbolsAut
5.2 Minimalization of an automaton
5.2-1 UsefulAutomaton
5.2-2 MinimalizedAut
5.2-3 MinimalAutomaton
5.2-4 AccessibleStates
5.2-5 AccessibleAutomaton
5.2-6 IntersectionLanguage
5.2-7 AutomatonAllPairsPaths
6 Finite regular languages
6.1 Dealing with finite regular languages
6.1-1 IsFiniteRegularLanguage
6.1-2 FiniteRegularLanguageToListOfWords
6.1-3 ListOfWordsToAutomaton
A. Directed graphs
A.1 Directed graphs
A.1-1 RandomDiGraph
A.1-2 VertexInDegree
A.1-3 VertexOutDegree
A.1-4 AutoVertexDegree
A.1-5 ReversedGraph
A.1-6 AutoConnectedComponents
A.1-7 GraphStronglyConnectedComponents
A.1-8 UnderlyingMultiGraphOfAutomaton
A.1-9 UnderlyingGraphOfAutomaton
A.1-10 DiGraphToRelation
A.1-11 MSccAutomaton
A.1-12 AutoIsAcyclicGraph
B. Drawing automata
B.1 Installing some external programs
B.2 Functions to draw automata
B.2-1 DrawAutomaton
B.2-2 DrawAutomata
B.2-3 DrawGraph
B.2-4 DrawSCCAutomaton
B.3 Drawings output formats
B.4 Drawings extra graph attributes
C. Inverse automata and subgroups of the free group
C.1 From subgroups to inverse automata
C.1-1 GeneratorsToListRepresentation
C.1-2 ListToGeneratorsRepresentation
C.1-3 FlowerAutomaton
C.1-4 FoldFlowerAutomaton
C.1-5 SubgroupGenToInvAut
C.2 From inverse automata to subgroups
C.2-1 GeodesicTreeOfInverseAutomaton
C.2-2 InverseAutomatonToGenerators
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