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4. Residue-Class-Wise Affine Monoids
4.1 Constructing residue-class-wise affine monoids
4.1-1 Rcwa
4.2 Computing with residue-class-wise affine monoids
4.2-1 ShortOrbits
4.2-2 Ball (for monoid, element and radius or monoid, point, radius and action)

### 4. Residue-Class-Wise Affine Monoids

In this short chapter, we describe how to compute with residue-class-wise affine monoids. Residue-class-wise affine monoids, or rcwa monoids for short, are monoids whose elements are residue-class-wise affine mappings.

#### 4.1 Constructing residue-class-wise affine monoids

As any other monoids in GAP, residue-class-wise affine monoids can be constructed by `Monoid` or `MonoidByGenerators`.

    gap> M := Monoid(RcwaMapping([[ 0,1,1],[1,1,1]]),
    >                RcwaMapping([[-1,3,1],[0,2,1]]));
    <rcwa monoid over Z with 2 generators>
    gap> Size(M);
    11
    gap> Display(MultiplicationTable(M));
    [ [   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11 ],
      [   2,   8,   5,  11,   8,   3,  10,   5,   2,   8,   5 ],
      [   3,  10,  11,   5,   5,   5,   8,   8,   8,   2,   3 ],
      [   4,   9,   6,   8,   8,   8,   5,   5,   5,   7,   4 ],
      [   5,   8,   5,   8,   8,   8,   5,   5,   5,   8,   5 ],
      [   6,   7,   4,   8,   8,   8,   5,   5,   5,   9,   6 ],
      [   7,   5,   8,   6,   5,   4,   9,   8,   7,   5,   8 ],
      [   8,   5,   8,   5,   5,   5,   8,   8,   8,   5,   8 ],
      [   9,   5,   8,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,   5,   8 ],
      [  10,   8,   5,   3,   8,  11,   2,   5,  10,   8,   5 ],
      [  11,   2,   3,   5,   5,   5,   8,   8,   8,  10,  11 ] ]

There are methods for the operations `View`, `Display`, `Print` and `String` which are applicable to rcwa monoids. All rcwa monoids over a ring R are submonoids of Rcwa(R). The monoid Rcwa(R) itself is not finitely generated, thus cannot be constructed as described above. It is handled as a special case:

##### 4.1-1 Rcwa

`> Rcwa`( R ) | ( function )

Returns: The monoid Rcwa(R) of all residue-class-wise affine mappings of the ring R.

    gap> RcwaZ := Rcwa(Integers);
    Rcwa(Z)
    gap> IsSubset(RcwaZ,M);
    true

In our methods to construct rcwa groups, two kinds of mappings played a crucial role, namely the restriction monomorphisms (cf. `Restriction` (3.1-6)) and the induction epimorphisms (cf. `Induction` (3.1-7)). The restriction monomorphisms extend in a natural way to the monoids Rcwa(R), and the induction epimorphisms have corresponding generalizations, also. Therefore the operations `Restriction` and `Induction` can be applied to rcwa monoids as well:

    gap> M2 := Restriction(M,2*One(Rcwa(Integers)));
    <rcwa monoid over Z with 2 generators, of size 11>
    gap> Support(M2);
    0(2)
    gap> Action(M2,ResidueClass(1,2));
    Trivial rcwa group over Z
    gap> Induction(M2,2*One(Rcwa(Integers))) = M;
    true

#### 4.2 Computing with residue-class-wise affine monoids

There is a method for `Size` which computes the order of an rcwa monoid. Further there is a method for `in` which checks whether a given rcwa mapping lies in a given rcwa monoid (membership test), and there is a method for `IsSubset` which checks for a submonoid relation.

There are also methods for `Support`, `Modulus`, `IsTame`, `PrimeSet`, `IsIntegral`, `IsClassWiseOrderPreserving` and `IsSignPreserving` available for rcwa monoids.

The support of an rcwa monoid is the union of the supports of its elements. The modulus of an rcwa monoid is the lcm of the moduli of its elements in case such an lcm exists and 0 otherwise. An rcwa monoid is called tame if its modulus is nonzero, and wild otherwise. The prime set of an rcwa monoid is the union of the prime sets of its elements. An rcwa monoid is called integral, class-wise order-preserving or sign-preserving if all of its elements are so.

    gap> f1 := RcwaMapping([[-1, 1, 1],[ 0,-1, 1]]);;
    gap> f2 := RcwaMapping([[ 1,-1, 1],[-1,-2, 1],[-1, 2, 1]]);;
    gap> f3 := RcwaMapping([[ 1, 0, 1],[-1, 0, 1]]);;
    gap> N := Monoid(f1,f2,f3);;
    gap> Size(N);
    366
    gap> List([Monoid(f1,f2),Monoid(f1,f3),Monoid(f2,f3)],Size);
    [ 96, 6, 66 ]
    gap> f1*f2*f3 in N;
    true
    gap> IsSubset(N,M);
    false
    gap> IsSubset(N,Monoid(f1*f2,f3*f2));
    true
    gap> Support(N);
    Integers
    gap> Modulus(N);
    6
    gap> IsTame(N) and IsIntegral(N);
    true
    gap> IsClassWiseOrderPreserving(N) or IsSignPreserving(N);
    false
    gap> Collected(List(AsList(N),Image)); # The images of the elements of N.
    [ [ Integers, 2 ], [ 1(2), 2 ], [ Z \ 1(3), 32 ], [ 0(6), 44 ],
      [ 0(6) U 1(6), 4 ], [ Z \ 4(6) U 5(6), 32 ], [ 0(6) U 2(6), 4 ],
      [ 0(6) U 5(6), 4 ], [ 1(6), 44 ], [ 1(6) U [ -1 ], 2 ],
      [ 1(6) U 3(6), 4 ], [ 1(6) U 5(6), 40 ], [ 2(6), 44 ],
      [ 2(6) U 3(6), 4 ], [ 3(6), 44 ], [ 3(6) U 5(6), 4 ], [ 5(6), 44 ],
      [ 5(6) U [ 1 ], 2 ], [ [ -5 ], 1 ], [ [ -4 ], 1 ], [ [ -3 ], 1 ],
      [ [ -1 ], 1 ], [ [ 0 ], 1 ], [ [ 1 ], 1 ], [ [ 2 ], 1 ], [ [ 3 ], 1 ],
      [ [ 5 ], 1 ], [ [ 6 ], 1 ] ]

Finite forward orbits under the action of an rcwa monoid can be found by the operation `ShortOrbits`:

##### 4.2-1 ShortOrbits

`> ShortOrbits`( M, S, maxlng ) | ( method )

Returns: A list of finite forward orbits of the rcwa monoid M of length at most maxlng which start at points in the set S.

    gap> ShortOrbits(M,[-5..5],20);
    [ [ -5, -4, 1, 2, 7, 8 ], [ -3, -2, 1, 2, 5, 6 ], [ -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ] ]
    gap> Display(Action(M,last[1]));
    Monoid( [ Transformation( [ 2, 3, 4, 3, 6, 3 ] ),
      Transformation( [ 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 1 ] ) ], ... )
    gap> orbs := ShortOrbits(N,[0..10],100);
    [ [ -5, -4, -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 ],
      [ -11, -10, -9, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
          11, 12 ],
      [ -17, -16, -15, -13, -12, -11, -10, -9, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -1, 0, 1,
          2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 ] ]
    gap> quots := List(orbs,orb->Action(N,orb));;
    gap> List(quots,Size);
    [ 268, 332, 366 ]

Balls of given radius around an element of an rcwa monoid can be computed by the operation `Ball`. This operation can also be used for computing forward orbits or subsets of such under the action of an rcwa monoid:

##### 4.2-2 Ball (for monoid, element and radius or monoid, point, radius and action)

`> Ball`( M, f, r ) | ( method )

`> Ball`( M, p, r, action ) | ( method )

Returns: The ball of radius r around the element f in the monoid M, respectively the ball of radius r around the point p under the action action of the monoid M.

All balls are understood with respect to `GeneratorsOfMonoid(M)`. As membership tests can be expensive, the first-mentioned method does not check whether f is indeed an element of M. The methods require that point- / element comparisons are cheap. They are not only applicable to rcwa monoids. If the option Spheres is set, the ball is splitted up and returned as a list of spheres.

    gap> List([0..12],k->Length(Ball(N,One(N),k)));
    [ 1, 4, 11, 26, 53, 99, 163, 228, 285, 329, 354, 364, 366 ]
    gap> Ball(N,[0..3],2,OnTuples);
    [ [ -3, 3, 3, 3 ], [ -1, -3, 0, 2 ], [ -1, -1, -1, -1 ],
      [ -1, -1, 1, -1 ], [ -1, 1, 1, 1 ], [ -1, 3, 0, -4 ], [ 0, -1, 2, -3 ],
      [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], [ 1, -1, -1, -1 ], [ 1, 3, 0, 2 ], [ 3, -4, -1, 0 ] ]
    gap> l := 2*IdentityRcwaMappingOfZ; r := l+1;
    Rcwa mapping of Z: n -> 2n
    Rcwa mapping of Z: n -> 2n + 1
    gap> Ball(Monoid(l,r),1,4,OnPoints:Spheres);
    [ [ 1 ], [ 2, 3 ], [ 4, 5, 6, 7 ], [ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ],
      [ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ] ]

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