D Programming Language 1.0

Last update Sun Dec 30 20:34:44 2012

# dmd - FreeBSD D Compiler

- dmd for Windows
- dmd for Linux
- dmd for OSX
- Requirements and Downloads
- Files
- Installation
- Compiler Arguments and Switches
- Linking
- Environment Variables
- dmd.conf Initialization File
- Differences between Windows and Linux versions
- D Interface Files
- Building Libraries
- Compiling dmd
- Compiling Phobos

## Requirements and Downloads

1. Download D Compiler
2. 32 bit x86 FreeBSD 7.1 operating system
3. Gnu C compiler (gcc)

## Files

`/dmd/src/phobos/`
  D runtime library source
`/dmd/src/dmd/`
  D compiler front end source under dual (GPL and Artistic) license
`/dmd/html/d/`
  Documentation
`/dmd/samples/d/`
  Sample D programs
`/dmd/freebsd/bin/dmd`
  D compiler executable
`/dmd/freebsd/bin/dumpobj`
  Elf file dumper
`/dmd/freebsd/bin/obj2asm`
  Elf file disassembler
`/dmd/freebsd/bin/shell`
  Simple command line shell
`/dmd/freebsd/bin/dmd.conf`
  Global compiler settings (copy to `/etc/dmd.conf`)
`/dmd/freebsd/lib/libphobos.a`
  D runtime library (copy to `/usr/lib/libphobos.a`)

## Installation

- Unzip the archive into your home directory. It will create a `~/dmd` directory with all the files in it. All the tools are command line tools, which means they are run from a console window.
- Copy `dmd.conf` to `/etc`:

      cp /dmd/freebsd/bin/dmd.conf /etc

- Put `/dmd/freebsd/bin` on your PATH, or copy the FreeBSD executables to `/usr/local/bin`
- Copy the library to `/usr/lib`:

      cp /dmd/freebsd/lib/libphobos.a /usr/lib

## Compiler Arguments and Switches

dmd files... -switches...
files...

  File Extensions
  Extension | File Type
  --- | ---
  none | D source files
  .d | D source files
  .dd | Ddoc source files
  .di | D interface files
  .o | Object files to link in
  .a | Object code libraries to search

@cmdfile
  If cmdfile is an environment variable, read the compiler arguments and switches from the value of that variable. Otherwise, read compiler arguments and switches from the text file cmdfile
-c
  compile only, do not link
-cov
  instrument for code coverage analysis
-D
  generate documentation from source
-Dd docdir
  write documentation file to docdir directory
-Df filename
  write documentation file to filename
-d
  allow deprecated features
-debug
  compile in debug code
-debug=level
  compile in debug level <= level
-debug=ident
  compile in debug identifier ident
-debuglib=libname
  link in libname as the default library when compiling for symbolic debugging instead of libphobos.a
-defaultlib=libname
  link in libname as the default library when not compiling for symbolic debugging instead of libphobos.a
-deps=filename
  write module dependencies as text to filename
-fPIC
  generate Position Independent Code (which is used for building shared libraries).
-g
  add Dwarf symbolic debug info with D extensions for debuggers
-gc
  add Dwarf symbolic debug info in C format for debuggers such as `gdb`
-gs
  always generate standard stack frame
-H
  generate D interface file
-Hd dir
  write D interface file to dir directory
-Hf filename
  write D interface file to filename
--help
  print brief help to console
-I path
  where to look for imports. path is a ; separated list of paths. Multiple -I's can be used, and the paths are searched in the same order.
-ignore
  ignore unsupported pragmas
-inline
  inline expand functions at the discretion of the compiler. This can improve performance, at the expense of making it more difficult to use a debugger on it.
-J path
  where to look for files for ImportExpressions. This switch is required in order to use ImportExpressions. path is a ; separated list of paths. Multiple -J's can be used, and the paths are searched in the same order.
-L linkerflag
  pass linkerflag to the linker, for example, `-L-M`
-lib
  generate library file as output instead of object file(s). All compiled source files, as well as object files and library files specified on the command line, are inserted into the output library. Compiled source modules may be partitioned into several object modules to improve granularity. The name of the library is taken from the name of the first source module to be compiled. This can be overridden with the -of switch.
-m32
  compile a 32 bit executable. This is the default for the 32 bit dmd.
-m64
  compile a 64 bit executable. This is the default for the 64 bit dmd.
-man
  open browser specified by the BROWSER environment variable on this page. If BROWSER is undefined, x-www-browser is assumed.
-map
  generate a .map file
-O
  Optimize generated code. For fastest executables, compile with the -O -release -inline switches together.
-o-
  Suppress generation of object file. Useful in conjuction with -D or -H flags.
-od objdir
  write object files relative to directory objdir instead of to the current directory
-of filename
  Set output file name to filename in the output directory. The output file can be an object file, executable file, or library file depending on the other switches.
-op
  normally the path for .d source files is stripped off when generating an object file name. -op will leave it on.
-profile
  profile the runtime performance of the generated code
-quiet
  suppress non-essential compiler messages
-release
  compile release version, which means not generating code for contracts, asserts and array bounds checking
-run srcfile args... compile
  link, and run the program srcfile with the rest of the command line, args..., as the arguments to the program. No .o or executable file is left behind.
-shared
  generate shared library
-unittest
  compile in unittest code, turns on asserts, and sets the `unittest` version identifier
-v
  verbose
-version=level
  compile in version level >= level
-version=ident
  compile in version identifier ident
-w
  enable warnings
-wi
  enable informational warnings (i.e. compilation still proceeds normally)
-X
  generate JSON file
-Xf filename
  write JSON file to filename

## Linking

Linking is done directly by the dmd compiler after a successful compile. To prevent dmd from running the linker, use the -c switch.

The actual linking is done by running gcc. This ensures compatibility with modules compiled with gcc.

## Environment Variables

The D compiler dmd uses the following environment variables:

CC
  dmd normally runs the linker by looking for gcc along the PATH. To use a specific linker instead, set the CC environment variable to it. For example:

      set CC=gcc

BROWSER
  This sets the browser used to open the manual page with the -man switch. It defaults to `x-www-browser`.
DFLAGS
  The value of DFLAGS is treated as if it were appended to the command line to dmd.

## dmd.conf Initialization File

The dmd file `dmd.conf` is the same as `sc.ini` for Windows, it's just that the file has a different name, enabling a setup common to both Windows and this system to be created without having to re-edit the file.

dmd will look for the initialization file `dmd.conf` in the following sequence of directories:

1. current working directory
2. directory specified by the HOME environment variable
3. directory dmd resides in
4. `/etc/`

If found, environment variable settings in the file will override any existing settings. This is handy to make dmd independent of programs with conflicting use of environment variables.

Environment variables follow the `[Environment]` section heading, in NAME=value pairs. The NAMEs are treated as upper case. Comments are lines that start with ;. For example:

    ; dmd.conf file for dmd
    ; Names enclosed by %% are searched for in the existing environment
    ; and inserted. The special name %@P% is replaced with the path
    ; to this file.
    [Environment]
    DFLAGS=-I%@P%/../src/phobos

## Differences between Windows and Linux versions

- String literals are read-only under Linux. Attempting to write to them will cause a segment violation.

## D Interface Files

When an import declaration is processed in a D source file, the compiler searches for the D source file corresponding to the import, and processes that source file to extract the information needed from it. Alternatively, the compiler can instead look for a corresponding D interface file. A D interface file contains only what an import of the module needs, rather than the whole implementation of that module.

The advantages of using a D interface file for imports rather than a D source file are:

- D interface files are often significantly smaller and much faster to process than the corresponding D source file.
- They can be used to hide the source code, for example, one can ship an object code library along with D interface files rather than the complete source code.

D interface files can be created by the compiler from a D source file by using the -H switch to the compiler. D interface files have the .di file extension. When the compiler resolves an import declaration, it first looks for a .di D interface file, then it looks for a D source file.

D interface files bear some analogous similarities to C++ header files. But they are not required in the way that C++ header files are, and they are not part of the D language. They are a feature of the compiler, and serve only as an optimization of the build process.

## Building Executables

dmd can build an executable much faster if as many of the source files as possible are put on the command line.

Another advantage to putting multiple source files on the same invocation of dmd is that dmd will be able to do some level of cross-module optimizations, such as function inlining across modules.

## Building Libraries

There are three ways to build a library. For example, given `foo.d` and `bar.d` which are to be compiled, and existing object file `bar.o` and existing library `def.a` which are all to be combined into a library `foo.a`:

1. Compile modules separately and then run the librarian on them:

       dmd -c foo.d
       dmd -c bar.d
       rm -f foo.a
       ar -r foo.a foo.o bar.o abc.o def.a
       rm foo.o bar.o

   This option is typical when using a makefile to avoid compiling modules that have already been compiled.
2. Compile modules together and then run the librarian on them:

       dmd -c foo.d bar.d
       rm -f foo.a
       ar -r foo.a foo.o bar.o abc.o def.a
       rm foo.o bar.o

3. Use dmd to compile and build library in one operation:

       dmd -lib foo.d bar.d abc.o def.a

   No object files are written to disk, it's all done in memory. Using -lib also has the advantage that modules may be compiled into multiple object files rather than exactly one per module. This improves granularity of the library without having to break up the modules.

## Compiling dmd

Complete source code is provided to build the compiler. Follow these steps:

    cd ~//dmd/src/dmd
    make -f .mak

## Compiling Phobos

Complete source code is provided to build Phobos, the D runtime library. Follow these steps:

    cd ~//dmd/src/phobos
    make -f .mak DMD=~//dmd//bin/dmd

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