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### Pipe, Sudden Contraction

Figure 91: Sudden Contraction

A sudden contraction (Figure 91) is characterized by head losses of the form:

| (31)

where is a head loss coefficient depending on the ratio , is the mass flow, g is the gravity acceleration and is the liquid density. and are the larger and smaller cross section, respectively. Notice that this formula is only valid for . For a reverse mass flow, the formulas for a pipe enlargement have to be taken. Values for can be found in file ``liquidpipe.f''.

The following constants have to be specified on the line beneath the *FLUID SECTION, TYPE=PIPE CONTRACTION card:

The gravity acceleration must be specified by a gravity type *DLOAD card defined for the elements at stake. The material characteristic can be defined by a *DENSITY card.

Example files: centheat1, pipe.

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