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*FILM

Keyword type: step

This option allows the specification of film heat transfer. This is convective heat transfer of a surface at temperature and with film coefficient to the environment at temperature . The environmental temperature is also called the sink temperature. The convective heat flux satisfies:

| (192)

In order to specify which face the flux is entering or leaving the faces are numbered. The numbering depends on the element type.

For hexahedral elements the faces are numbered as follows (numbers are node numbers):

- Face 1: 1-2-3-4
- Face 2: 5-8-7-6
- Face 3: 1-5-6-2
- Face 4: 2-6-7-3
- Face 5: 3-7-8-4
- Face 6: 4-8-5-1

for tetrahedral elements:

- Face 1: 1-2-3
- Face 2: 1-4-2
- Face 3: 2-4-3
- Face 4: 3-4-1

and for wedge elements:

- Face 1: 1-2-3
- Face 2: 4-5-6
- Face 3: 1-2-5-4
- Face 4: 2-3-6-5
- Face 5: 3-1-4-6

for quadrilateral plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric elements:

- Face 1: 1-2
- Face 2: 2-3
- Face 3: 3-4
- Face 4: 4-1
- Face N: in negative normal direction (only for plane stress)
- Face P: in positive normal direction (only for plane stress)

for triangular plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric elements:

- Face 1: 1-2
- Face 2: 2-3
- Face 3: 3-1
- Face N: in negative normal direction (only for plane stress)
- Face P: in positive normal direction (only for plane stress)

for quadrilateral shell elements:

- Face NEG or 1: in negative normal direction
- Face POS or 2: in positive normal direction
- Face 3: 1-2
- Face 4: 2-3
- Face 5: 3-4
- Face 6: 4-1

for triangular shell elements:

- Face NEG or 1: in negative normal direction
- Face POS or 2: in positive normal direction
- Face 3: 1-2
- Face 4: 2-3
- Face 5: 3-1

The labels NEG and POS can only be used for uniform, non-forced convection and are introduced for compatibility with ABAQUS. Notice that the labels 1 and 2 correspond to the brick face labels of the 3D expansion of the shell (Figure 55).

for beam elements:

- Face 1: in negative 1-direction
- Face 2: in positive 1-direction
- Face 3: in positive 2-direction
- Face 5: in negative 2-direction

The beam face numbers correspond to the brick face labels of the 3D expansion of the beam (Figure 60).

Film flux characterized by a uniform film coefficient is entered by the distributed flux type label Fx where x is the number of the face, followed by the sink temperature and the film coefficient. If the film coefficient is nonuniform the label takes the form FxNUy and a user subroutine film.f must be provided specifying the value of the film coefficient and the sink temperature. The label can be up to 20 characters long. In particular, y can be used to distinguish different nonuniform film coefficient patterns (maximum 16 characters).

In case the element face is adjacent to a moving fluid the temperature of which is also unknown (forced convection), the distributed flux type label is FxFC where x is the number of the face. It is followed by the fluid node number it exchanges convective heat with and the film coefficient. To define a nonuniform film coefficient the label FxFCNUy must be used and a subroutine film.f defining the film coefficient be provided. The label can be up to 20 characters long. In particular, y can be used to distinguish different nonuniform film coefficient patterns (maximum 14 characters).

Optional parameters are OP, AMPLITUDE, TIME DELAY, FILM AMPLITUDE and FILM TIME DELAY. OP takes the value NEW or MOD. OP=MOD is default and implies that the film fluxes on different faces are kept over all steps starting from the last perturbation step. Specifying a film flux on a face for which such a flux was defined in a previous step replaces this value. OP=NEW implies that all previous film flux is removed. If multiple *FILM cards are present in a step this parameter takes effect for the first *FILM card only.

The AMPLITUDE parameter allows for the specification of an amplitude by which the sink temperature is scaled (mainly used for dynamic calculations). Thus, in that case the sink temperature values entered on the *FILM card are interpreted as reference values to be multiplied with the (time dependent) amplitude value to obtain the actual value. At the end of the step the reference value is replaced by the actual value at that time. In subsequent steps this value is kept constant unless it is explicitly redefined or the amplitude is defined using TIME=TOTAL TIME in which case the amplitude keeps its validity. The AMPLITUDE parameter has no effect on nonuniform and forced convective fluxes.

The TIME DELAY parameter modifies the AMPLITUDE parameter. As such, TIME DELAY must be preceded by an AMPLITUDE name. TIME DELAY is a time shift by which the AMPLITUDE definition it refers to is moved in positive time direction. For instance, a TIME DELAY of 10 means that for time t the amplitude is taken which applies to time t-10. The TIME DELAY parameter must only appear once on one and the same keyword card.

The FILM AMPLITUDE parameter allows for the specification of an amplitude by which the film coefficient is scaled (mainly used for dynamic calculations). Thus, in that case the film coefficient values entered on the *FILM card are interpreted as reference values to be multiplied with the (time dependent) amplitude value to obtain the actual value. At the end of the step the reference value is replaced by the actual value at that time, for use in subsequent steps. The FILM AMPLITUDE parameter has no effect on nonuniform fluxes.

The FILM TIME DELAY parameter modifies the FILM AMPLITUDE parameter. As such, FILM TIME DELAY must be preceded by an FILM AMPLITUDE name. FILM TIME DELAY is a time shift by which the FILM AMPLITUDE definition it refers to is moved in positive time direction. For instance, a FILM TIME DELAY of 10 means that for time t the amplitude is taken which applies to time t-10. The FILM TIME DELAY parameter must only appear once on one and the same keyword card.

First line:

- *FILM
- Enter any needed parameters and their value

Following line for uniform, explicit film conditions:

- Element number or element set label.
- Film flux type label (Fx).
- Sink temperature.
- Film coefficient.

Repeat this line if needed.

Following line for nonuniform, explicit film conditions:

- Element number or element set label.
- Film flux type label (FxNUy).

Repeat this line if needed.

Following line for forced convection with uniform film conditions:

- Element number or element set label.
- Film flux type label (FxFC).
- Fluid node.
- Film coefficient.

Repeat this line if needed.

Following line for forced convection with nonuniform film conditions:

- Element number or element set label.
- Film flux type label (FxFCNUy).
- Fluid node.

Repeat this line if needed.

    Example:

    *FILM
    20,F1,273.,.1

assigns a film flux to face 1 of element 20 with a film coefficient of 0.1 and a sink temperature of 273.

Example files: oneel20fi.

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