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## Reinforced concrete cantilever beam

Figure 36: Input deck for the concrete cantilever beam

Purpose of this exercise is to calculate the stresses in a reinforced concrete cantilever beam due to its own weight. Special issues in this type of problem are the treatment of the structure as a composite and the presence of a compression-only material (the concrete).

The beam has a cross section of 1 x 1 m and a length of 10 m. The density of concrete is 2350 kgm, whereas the density of steel is 7800 kgm. The Young's moduli are 14000 MPa and 210000 MPa, respectively. Steel is provided only on the top of the beam (tension side of the beam) at a distance of 9.5 cm from the upper surface. Its layer thickness is 1 cm (in reality the steel is placed within the concrete in the form of bars. The modeling as a thin layer is an approximation. One has to make sure that the complete section of the bars equals the section of the layer). Using the composite feature available for shell structures significantly simplifies the input. Notice that this feature is not (yet) available for beam elements. Consequently the beam was modeled as a plate with a width of 1 m and a length of 10 m. Underneath the *SHELL SECTION card (Figure 36) the thickness of the layers and their material is listed, starting at the top of the beam. The direction (from top to bottom) is controlled by the direction of the normal on the shell elements (which is controlled by the order in which the elements' nodes are listed underneath the *ELEMENT card). In a composite shell there are two integration points across each layer. Use of the S8R element is mandatory. In order to capture the location of the neutral axis several layers were used to model the concrete part of the section (in total 10 layers for the concrete and 1 for the steel).

Concrete cannot sustain tension whereas it is largely linear elastic under pressure. This can be modeled with the COMPRESSION_ONLY material model. In CalculiX this is an example of a user material. The name of user materials has to start with a fixed character set, in this case ''COMPRESSION_ONLY''. The remaining 64 characters (a material name can be at most 80 characters long) can be freely chosen. In the present input deck no extra characters were selected. Choosing extra characters is needed if more than 1 compression-only material is present (in order to distinguish them). The ''COMPRESSION_ONLY'' material is characterized by 2 constants, the first is Young's modulus, the second is the maximum tensile stress the user is willing to allow, in our case 0.1 MPa (SI-units are used).

Figure 37: Axial stress across the height of the beam at the fixed end

Figure 38: Axial stress across the height of the beam at the fixed end

Using simple beam theory ([49]) leads to a tensile stress of 152.3 MPa in the steel and a maximum compressive stress of 7.77 MPa at the lower edge of the concrete. The finite element calculation (Figure 37) predicts 152 MPa and 7.38 MPa, respectively, which is quite close. In CalculiX, the graphical output of composite structures is always expanded into three dimensions. In Figure 38 one notices the correct dimension of the composite and the high tensile stresses in the thin steel layer.

Next: Wrinkling of a thin Up: Simple example problems Previous: Cantilever beam using beam Contents