## Tongan (Tonga)

As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances separation of individual star names from "star path" names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.

Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: α UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore – globally and Polynesian – has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]

Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.

### References

1. Velt Kik, Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga, 1990 'Atenisi University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department.
2. T.H Fale, Tongan astronomy, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing.
3. E. E. V. Collocott, Tongan astronomy and calendar, 1992 Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p. 157-173.

### Nomenclature

Tongan term | Designation
--- | ---
Humu | Coal sack
Kaniva | Milky Way
Ma'afulele | Large Magellan cloud
Ma'afutoka | Small Magellan cloud
'otu Ma'afu | Magellanic clouds (both)
Ha'amonga | Ecliptic
Mahina | Moon
La'a | Sun
Fetu'u | Star (in general)
Fetu'ufuka | Comet
'Umata | Rainbow
Fetu'u'Esiafi | Falling star
tapukitea | Venus
Matamemea | Mars
Ma'afutoka (same as SMC) | Canopus
Ma'afulele (same as LMC) | Sirius
Velitoa hififo | Rigel
Velitoa hahake | Betelguese
Hikule'o | Arcturus
Monuafe | Meissa
Motuliki | Pleiades
Tu'ulalupe | Hyades
Toloatonga | Southern Cross
Toloalahi | False Cross

Tongan constellations

Tongan name | Designation or notes
--- | ---
Tuinga ika | Part of Orion, belt and sword
Ae e'Uvea | Corona Borealis (Speculative)
Fatanalua | Coma Berenices (Speculative)
Kapakau'o'tafahi | Cassiopeia (Speculative)
Toloa | Belt of Orion
Lua tangata | Castor and/or Pollux
Fungasia | Toliman and/or Agena
Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi) | —

### Author

This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user Dan Smale, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz