| ACID(1) | ACID(1)

NAME

| acid, acidtypes – debugger

SYNOPSIS

`acid` [ `−l` library ] [ `−wq` ] [ `−m` machine ] [ pid | core ] [ textfile ]

`acidtypes` [ `−p` prefix ] file ...

DESCRIPTION

Acid is a programmable symbolic debugger. It can inspect one or more processes that share an address space. A program to be debugged may be specified by the process id of a running or defunct process, or by the name of the program’s text file (`a.out` by default). At the prompt, acid will store function definitions or print the value of expressions. Options are
`−w` Allow the textfile to be modified.
`−q` Print variable renamings at startup.
`−l` library Load from library at startup; see below.
`−m` machine Assume instructions are for the given CPU type (see mach(3)) instead of using the executable header to select the CPU type.
`−k` Debug the kernel state for the process, rather than the user state.

At startup, acid obtains standard function definitions from the library file `/usr/local/plan9/acid/port`, architecture-dependent functions from `/usr/local/plan9/acid/$objtype`, user-specified functions from `$home/lib/acid`, and further functions from `−l` files. Definitions in any file may override previously defined functions. If the function acidinit() is defined, it will be invoked after all modules have been loaded. Then the function acidmap() will be invoked if defined. `/usr/local/plan9/acid/port` provides a definition of acidmap that attaches all the shared libraries being used by the target process and then runs acidtypes (q.v.) to create acid functions for examining data structures.

Language
Symbols of the program being debugged become integer variables whose values are addresses. Contents of addresses are obtained by indirection. Local variables are qualified by function name, for example `main:argv`. When program symbols conflict with acid words, distinguishing `$` signs are prefixed. Such renamings are reported at startup; option `−q` suppresses them.

Variable types (integer, float, list, string) and formats are inferred from assignments. Truth values false/true are attributed to zero/nonzero integers or floats and to empty/nonempty lists or strings. Lists are sequences of expressions surrounded by `{}` and separated by commas.

Expressions are much as in C, but yield both a value and a format. Casts to complex types are allowed. Lists admit the following operators, with subscripts counted from 0.

`head` list
`tail` list
`append` list`,` element
`delete` list`,` subscript

Format codes are the same as in db(1). Formats may be attached to (unary) expressions with `\`, e.g. `(32*7)\D`. There are two indirection operators, `*` to address a core image, `@` to address a text file. The type and format of the result are determined by the format of the operand, whose type must be integer.

Statements are

`if` expr `then` statement [ `else` statement ]
`while` expr `do` statement
`loop` expr`,` expr `do` statement
`defn` name`(`args`) {` statement `}
defn` name
name`(`args`)
builtin` name`(`args`)
local` name
`return` expr
`whatis` [ name ]

The statement `defn` name clears the definition for name. A `defn` may override a built-in function; prefixing a function call with `builtin` ignores any overriding `defn`, forcing the use of the built-in function.

Here is a partial list of functions; see the manual for a complete list.
`stk()` Print a stack trace for current process.
`lstk()` Print a stack trace with values of local variables.
`gpr()` Print general registers. Registers can also be accessed by name, for example `*R0`.
`spr()` Print special registers such as program counter and stack pointer.
`fpr()` Print floating-point registers.
`regs()` Same as `spr();gpr()`.
`fmt(`expr`,`format`)
`

| Expression expr with format given by the character value of expression format.

`src(`address`)` Print 10 lines of source around the program address.
`Bsrc(`address`)` Get the source line for the program address into a window of a running sam(1) and select it.
`line(`address`)` Print source line nearest to the program address.
`source()` List current source directories.
`addsrcdir(`string`)
`

| Add a source directory to the list.

`filepc(`where`)`Convert a string of the form sourcefile`:`linenumber to a machine address.
`pcfile(`address`)
`

| Convert a machine address to a source file name.

`pcline(`address`)
`

| Convert a machine address to a source line number.

`bptab()` List breakpoints set in the current process.
`bpset(`address`)`Set a breakpoint in the current process at the given address. (Doesn’t work on Unix yet.)
`bpdel(`address`)`Delete a breakpoint from the current process.
`cont()` Continue execution of current process and wait for it to stop.
`step()` Execute a single machine instruction in the current process. (Doesn’t work on Unix yet.)
`func()` Step repeatedly until after a function return.
`stopped(`pid`)` This replaceable function is called automatically when the given process stops. It normally prints the program counter and returns to the prompt.
`asm(`address`)` Disassemble 30 machine instructions beginning at the given address.
`mem(`address`,`string`)
`

| Print a block of memory interpreted according to a string of format codes.

`dump(`address`,`n`,`string`)
`

| Like `mem`(), repeated for n consecutive blocks.

`print(`expr`,`...`)`Print the values of the expressions.
`newproc(`arguments`)
`

| Start a new process with arguments given as a string and halt at the first instruction.

`new()` Like newproc(), but take arguments (except `argv[0]`) from string variable `progargs`.
`win()` Like new(), but run the process in a separate window.
`start(`pid`)` Start a stopped process.
`kill(`pid`)` Kill the given process.
`setproc(`pid`)` Make the given process current.
`rc(`string`)` Escape to the shell, rc(1), to execute the command string.
`include(`string`)`Read acid commands from the named file.
`includepipe(`string`)
`

| Run the command string, reading its standard output as acid commands.

Shared library segments
When a pid or core file is specified on the command line, acid will, as part of its startup, determine the set of shared libraries in use by the process image and map those at appropriate locations. If acid is started without a pid or core file and is subsequently attached to a process via `setproc`, the shared library maps can be initialized by calling `dynamicmap()`.

Type information
Unix compilers conventionally include detailed type information in the debugging symbol section of binaries. The external program `acidtypes` extracts this information and formats it as acid program text. Once the shared libraries have been mapped, the default acid startup invokes `acidtypes` (via `includepipe`) on the set of currently mapped text files. The function `acidtypes()` can be called to rerun the command after changing the set of mapped text files.

Acid Libraries
There are a number of acid ‘libraries’ that provide higher-level debugging facilities. One notable example is trump, which uses acid to trace memory allocation. Trump requires starting acid on the program, either by attaching to a running process or by executing `new()` on a binary (perhaps after setting `progargs`), stopping the process, and then running `trump()` to execute the program under the scaffolding. The output will be a trace of the memory allocation and free calls executed by the program. When finished tracing, stop the process and execute `untrump()` followed by `cont()` to resume execution.

EXAMPLES

Start to debug `/bin/ls`; set some breakpoints; run up to the first one (this example doesn’t work on Unix yet):

`% acid /bin/ls
/bin/ls: mips plan 9 executable
/sys/lib/acid/port
/sys/lib/acid/mips
acid: new()
70094: system call _main ADD $−0x14,R29
70094: breakpoint main+0x4 MOVW R31,0x0(R29)
acid: pid
70094
acid: argv0 = **main:argv\s
acid: whatis argv0
integer variable format s
acid: *argv0
/bin/ls
acid: bpset(ls)
acid: cont()
70094: breakpoint ls ADD $−0x16c8,R29
acid:

`

Display elements of a linked list of structures:

`complex Str { 'D' 0 val; 'X' 4 next; };
s = *headstr;
while s != 0 do{

| complex Str s; print(s.val, "\n"); s = s.next;

}

`

Note the use of the `.` operator instead of `−>`.

Display an array of bytes declared in C as `char array[]`.

`*(array\s)

`

This example gives `array` string format, then prints the string beginning at the address (in acid notation) `*array`.

Trace the system calls executed by ls(1) (neither does this one):

`% acid −l truss /bin/ls
/bin/ls:386 plan 9 executable
/sys/lib/acid/port
/sys/lib/acid/kernel
/sys/lib/acid/truss
/sys/lib/acid/386
acid: progargs = "−l lib/profile"
acid: new()
acid: truss()
open("#c/pid", 0)

| return value: 3

pread(3, 0x7fffeeac, 20, −1)

| return value: 12 data: " 166 "

...
stat("lib/profile", 0x0000f8cc, 113)

| return value: 65

open("/env/timezone", 0)

| return value: 3

pread(3, 0x7fffd7c4, 1680, −1)

| return value: 1518 data: "EST −18000 EDT −14400 9943200 25664400 41392800 57718800 73447200 89168400 104896800 ..."

close(3)

| return value: 0

pwrite(1, "−−rw−rw−r−− M 9 rob rob 2519 Mar 22 10:29 lib/profile
", 54, −1)
−−rw−rw−r−− M 9 rob rob 2519 Mar 22 10:29 lib/profile

| return value: 54

...
166: breakpoint _exits+0x5 INTB $0x40
acid: cont()
`

FILES

| `/usr/local/plan9/acid/$objtype /usr/local/plan9/acid/port /usr/local/plan9/acid/kernel /usr/local/plan9/acid/trump /usr/local/plan9/acid/truss $home/lib/acid`

SOURCE

| `/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/acid`

SEE ALSO

| mk(1), db(1) Phil Winterbottom, “Acid Manual”.

DIAGNOSTICS

| At termination, kill commands are proposed for processes that are still active.

BUGS

There is no way to redirect the standard input and standard output of a new process.

Source line selection near the beginning of a file may pick an adjacent file.

With the extant stepping commands, one cannot step through instructions outside the text segment and it is hard to debug across process forks.

Breakpoints do not work yet. Therefore, commands such as `step`, `new`, and `truss` do not work either. `New` in particular will need some help to cope with dynamic libraries.