| MATRIX(3) | MATRIX(3)

NAME

| ident, matmul, matmulr, determinant, adjoint, invertmat, xformpoint, xformpointd, xformplane, pushmat, popmat, rot, qrot, scale, move, xform, ixform, persp, look, viewport – Geometric transformations

SYNOPSIS

`#include <draw.h>

` `#include <geometry.h>

` `void ident(Matrix m)

` `void matmul(Matrix a, Matrix b)

` `void matmulr(Matrix a, Matrix b)

` `double determinant(Matrix m)

` `void adjoint(Matrix m, Matrix madj)

` `double invertmat(Matrix m, Matrix inv)

` `Point3 xformpoint(Point3 p, Space *to, Space *from)

` `Point3 xformpointd(Point3 p, Space *to, Space *from)

` `Point3 xformplane(Point3 p, Space *to, Space *from)

` `Space *pushmat(Space *t)

` `Space *popmat(Space *t)

` `void rot(Space *t, double theta, int axis)

` `void qrot(Space *t, Quaternion q)

` `void scale(Space *t, double x, double y, double z)

` `void move(Space *t, double x, double y, double z)

` `void xform(Space *t, Matrix m)

` `void ixform(Space *t, Matrix m, Matrix inv)

` `int persp(Space *t, double fov, double n, double f)

` `void look(Space *t, Point3 eye, Point3 look, Point3 up)

` `void viewport(Space *t, Rectangle r, double aspect)
`

DESCRIPTION

These routines manipulate 3-space affine and projective transformations, represented as 4×4 matrices, thus:

`typedef double Matrix[4][4];

`

Ident stores an identity matrix in its argument. Matmul stores a×b in a. Matmulr stores b×a in b. Determinant returns the determinant of matrix m. Adjoint stores the adjoint (matrix of cofactors) of m in madj. Invertmat stores the inverse of matrix m in minv, returning m’s determinant. Should m be singular (determinant zero), invertmat stores its adjoint in minv.

The rest of the routines described here manipulate Spaces and transform Point3s. A Point3 is a point in three-space, represented by its homogeneous coordinates:

`typedef struct Point3 Point3;
struct Point3{

| double x, y, z, w;

};

`

The homogeneous coordinates (x, y, z, w) represent the Euclidean point (x/w, y/w, z/w) if w!=0, and a “point at infinity” if w=0.

A Space is just a data structure describing a coordinate system:

`typedef struct Space Space;
struct Space{

| Matrix t; Matrix tinv; Space *next;

};

`

It contains a pair of transformation matrices and a pointer to the Space’s parent. The matrices transform points to and from the “root coordinate system,” which is represented by a null Space pointer.

Pushmat creates a new Space. Its argument is a pointer to the parent space. Its result is a newly allocated copy of the parent, but with its `next` pointer pointing at the parent. Popmat discards the `Space` that is its argument, returning a pointer to the stack. Nominally, these two functions define a stack of transformations, but `pushmat` can be called multiple times on the same `Space` multiple times, creating a transformation tree.

Xformpoint and Xformpointd both transform points from the `Space` pointed to by from to the space pointed to by to. Either pointer may be null, indicating the root coordinate system. The difference between the two functions is that `xformpointd` divides x, y, z, and w by w, if w!=0, making (x, y, z) the Euclidean coordinates of the point.

Xformplane transforms planes or normal vectors. A plane is specified by the coefficients (a, b, c, d) of its implicit equation ax+by+cz+d=0. Since this representation is dual to the homogeneous representation of points, `libgeometry` represents planes by `Point3` structures, with (a, b, c, d) stored in (x, y, z, w).

The remaining functions transform the coordinate system represented by a `Space`. Their `Space *` argument must be non-null -- you can’t modify the root `Space`. Rot rotates by angle theta (in radians) about the given axis, which must be one of `XAXIS`, `YAXIS` or `ZAXIS`. Qrot transforms by a rotation about an arbitrary axis, specified by `Quaternion` q.

Scale scales the coordinate system by the given scale factors in the directions of the three axes. Move translates by the given displacement in the three axial directions.

Xform transforms the coordinate system by the given `Matrix`. If the matrix’s inverse is known a priori, calling ixform will save the work of recomputing it.

Persp does a perspective transformation. The transformation maps the frustum with apex at the origin, central axis down the positive y axis, and apex angle fov and clipping planes y=n and y=f into the double-unit cube. The plane y=n maps to y’=-1, y=f maps to y’=1.

Look does a view-pointing transformation. The `eye` point is moved to the origin. The line through the eye and look points is aligned with the y axis, and the plane containing the `eye`, `look` and `up` points is rotated into the x-y plane.

Viewport maps the unit-cube window into the given screen viewport. The viewport rectangle r has r`.min` at the top left-hand corner, and r`.max` just outside the lower right-hand corner. Argument aspect is the aspect ratio (dx/dy) of the viewport’s pixels (not of the whole viewport). The whole window is transformed to fit centered inside the viewport with equal slop on either top and bottom or left and right, depending on the viewport’s aspect ratio. The window is viewed down the y axis, with x to the left and z up. The viewport has x increasing to the right and y increasing down. The window’s y coordinates are mapped, unchanged, into the viewport’s z coordinates.

SOURCE

| `/usr/local/plan9/src/libgeometry/matrix.c`

SEE ALSO

| arith3(3)