# @title Ruby amqp gem: AMQP 0.9.1 Model Explained

h1. AMQP 0.9.1 Model Explained

h2. About this guide

This guide explains the AMQP 0.9.1 Model used by RabbitMQ. Understanding the AMQP Model will make a lot of other documentation, both for the Ruby amqp gem and
RabbitMQ itself, easier to follow. This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License</a> (including images & stylesheets). The source is available "on Github":https://github.com/ruby-amqp/amqp/tree/master/docs.


h3. What this guide covers

This guide covers:

 * High-level overview of the AMQP 0.9.1 Model
 * Key differences of the AMQP model from some other messaging models
 * What exchanges are
 * What queues are
 * What bindings are
 * How AMQP protocol is structured and what AMQP methods are
 * What attributes AMQP 0.9.1 messages have
 * What message acknowledgements are
 * What negative message acknowledgements are
 * and a lot of other things



h2. High-level overview of AMQP 0.9.1 and the AMQP Model

h3. What is AMQP

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) is a networking protocol which enables conforming client applications to communicate with conforming
messaging middleware brokers.


h3. Why AMQP was created

Messaging solutions have been around since the 1970s with a view to solving the problem of integrating incompatible products from diverse vendors. Without the use of messaging middleware, the integration of heterogenous systems has proved to be very expensive and complex. However, messaging solutions, such as IBM Websphere MQ and Tibco Enterprise Message Service, are also very costly and tend to be exclusively employed by large companies (who can afford them), especially those in the financial services industry.

There is also a problem with interoperability between messaging solutions. Vendors have created their own proprietary messaging protocols which do not interoperate with others, therefore resulting in 'vendor lock-in'.

AMQP has multiple design goals but two of the most important are:

 * To produce an open standard for messaging middleware
 * To enable interoperability between various technologies and platforms

There is a lot of software running on many operating systems built with multiple programming languages running on
various hardware architectures and virtual machines. AMQP not only makes it possible for these disparate systems to
communicate with one another, but also enables different products that implement AMQP to exchange information.


h3. Brokers and their role

Messaging brokers receive messages from _producers_ (applications that publish them) and route them to _consumers_ (applications
that process them).

If you imagine the human body, then brokers would be equivalent to centers of the nervous system and applications would be more like limbs.


h3. AMQP 0.9.1 Model in brief

The AMQP 0.9.1 Model has the following view of the world: messages are published by producers to _exchanges_, often compared to post offices or mailboxes. Exchanges then
distribute message copies to _queues_ using rules called _bindings_. Then AMQP brokers either push messages to _consumers_ subscribed to queues, or consumers
fetch/pull messages from queues on demand.

!https://github.com/ruby-amqp/amqp/raw/master/docs/diagrams/001_hello_world_example_routing.png!

When publishing a message, producers may specify various _message attributes_ (message metadata). Some of this metadata may be used by the broker, however, the rest of it
is completely opaque to the broker and is only used by applications that receive the message.

Networks are unreliable and applications may fail to process messages, therefore the AMQP Model has a notion of
_message acknowledgements_: when a message is pushed down to a consumer, the consumer _notifies the broker_, either automatically or as soon as the application
developer chooses to do so. When message acknowledgements are in use, a broker will only completely remove a message from a queue when it receives a notification for that message (or group of messages).

In certain situations, for example, when a message cannot be routed, messages may be _returned_ to producers, dropped, or, if the broker implements an extension,
placed into a so-called "dead letter queue". Producers choose how to handle situations like this by publishing messages using certain parameters.

Queues, exchanges and bindings are commonly referred to as _AMQP entities_.


h3. AMQP is a Programmable Protocol

AMQP 0.9.1 is a programmable protocol in the sense that AMQP entities and routing schemes are defined by applications themselves, not a broker administrator. Accordingly, provision is made for protocol
operations that declare queues and exchanges, define bindings between them, subscribe to queues and so on.

This gives application developers a lot of freedom but also requires them to be aware of potential definition conflicts. In practice, definition conflicts
are rare and often indicate misconfigurations. This can be very useful as it is a good thing if misconfigurations are caught early.

Applications declare the AMQP entities that they need, define necessary routing schemes and may choose to delete AMQP entities when they are no longer used.


h2. AMQP Exchanges and Exchange Types

_Exchanges_ are AMQP entities where messages are sent. Exchanges then take a message and route it into one or more (or no) queues. The routing algorithm used
depends on _exchange type_ and rules called _bindings_. AMQP 0.9.1 brokers typically provide 4 exchange types out of the box:

 * Direct exchange (typically used for for 1-to-1 communication or unicasting)
 * Fanout exchange (1-to-n communication or broadcasting)
 * Topic exchange (1-to-n or n-to-m communication, multicasting)
 * Headers exchange (message metadata-based routing)

but it is possible to extend AMQP 0.9.1 brokers with custom exchange types, for example:

 * x-random exchange (randomly chooses a queue to route incoming messages to)
 * x-recent-history (a fanout exchange that also keeps N recent messages in memory)
 * regular expressions based variations of headers exchange

and so on.

Besides the type, exchanges have a number of attributes, most imprortant of which are:

 * Name
 * Can be durable (information about them is persisted to disk and thus survives broker restarts) or non-durable (information is only kept in RAM)
 * Can have metadata associated with them on declaration


h2. AMQP Queues

Queues in the AMQP Model are very similar to queues in other message and "task queueing" systems: they store messages that are consumed by
applications. Like AMQP exchanges, an AMQP queue has a name and a durability property but also

 * Can be exclusive (used by only one connection)
 * Can be automatically deleted when last consumer unsubscribes
 * Can have metadata associated with them on declaration (some brokers use it to implement features like message TTL)


h2. AMQP Bindings

Bindings are rules that exchanges use (among other things) to route messages to queues. To instruct an exchange E to route messages to a queue Q,
Q has to _be bound_ to E. Bindings may have an optional _routing key_ attribute used by some exchange types. The purpose of the routing key is to
selectively match only specific (matching) messages published to an exchange to the bound queue. In other words, the routing key acts like a filter.

To draw an analogy:

 * Queue is like your destination in New York city
 * Exchange is like JFK airport
 * Bindings are routes from JFK to your destination. There can be none or more than one way to reach it

Having this layer of indirection enables routing scenarios that are impossible of very hard to implement using publishing directly to queues and
also eliminates certain amount of duplicated work application developers have to do.

If AMQP message cannot be routed to any queue (for example, because there are no bindings for the exchange it was published to), it is either
dropped or returned to the publisher, depending on message attributes the publisher has set.


h2. AMQP Message Consumers

Storing messages in queues is useless unless applications can _consume_ them. In the AMQP 0.9.1 Model, there are two ways for applications to do this:

 * Have messages pushed to them ("push API")
 * Fetch messages as needed ("pull API")

With the "push API", applications have to indicate interest in consuming messages from a particular queue. When they do so, we say that they _register a consumer_
or, simply put, _subscribe to a queue_. It is possible to have more than one consumer per queue or to register an _exclusive consumer_ (excludes all other consumers from
the queue while it is consuming).

Each consumer (subscription) has an identifier called a _consumer tag_. It can be used to unsubscribe from messages. Consumer tags are just strings.


h2. AMQP Message Attributes and Payload

Messages in the AMQP Model have _attributes_. Some attributes are so common that the AMQP v0.9.1 specification defines them and application developers do not have to think
about the exact attribute name. Some examples are

 * Content type
 * Content encoding
 * Routing key
 * Delivery mode (persistent or not)
 * Message priority
 * Message publishing timestamp
 * Expiration period
 * Producer application id

Some attributes are used by AMQP brokers, but most are open to interpretation by applications that receive them. Some attributes are optional and known
as _headers_. They are similar to X-Headers in HTTP. Message attributes are set when a message is published.

AMQP messages also have a _payload_ (the data that they carry). Brokers treat this data as opaque (it is neither modified nor used by them). It is possible for messages to contain only attributes
and no payload. It is common to use serialization formats like JSON, Thrift, Protocol Buffers and MessagePack
to serialize structured data
in order to publish it as AMQP message payload.


h2. AMQP Message Acknowledgements

Since networks are unreliable and applications fail, it is often necessary to have some kind of "processing acknowledgement". Sometimes it is only
necessary to acknowledge the fact that a message has been received. Sometimes acknowledgements mean that a message was validated and processed by a consumer,
for example, verified as having mandatory data and persisted to a data store or indexed.

This situation is very common, so AMQP 0.9.1 has a built-in feature called _message acknowledgements_ (sometimes referred to as _acks_) that consumers
use to confirm message delivery and/or processing. If an application crashes (AMQP broker notices this when connection is closed), if an acknowledgement for a
message was expected but not received by the AMQP broker, the message is re-queued (and possibly immediately delivered to another consumer, if any exists).

Having acknowledgements built into the protocol helps developers to build more robust software.


h2. AMQP 0.9.1 Methods

AMQP 0.9.1 is structured as a number of _methods_. Methods are operations (like HTTP methods) and have nothing in common with methods in object-oriented programming
languages. AMQP methods are grouped into _classes_. Classes are just logical groupings of AMQP methods. The "AMQP 0.9.1 reference":http://www.rabbitmq.com/amqp-0-9-1-reference.html can be found on
the RabbitMQ website.

Let us take a look at the _exchange.*_ class, a group of methods related to operations on exchanges. It includes the following operations:


 * exchange.declare
 * exchange.declare-ok
 * exchange.delete
 * exchange.delete-ok

(note that the RabbitMQ site reference also includes RabbitMQ-specific extensions to the exchange.* class that we will not discuss in this guide).

The operations above form logical pairs: *exchange.declare* and *exchange.declare-ok*,
*exchange.delete* and *exchange.delete-ok*. These operations are "requests" (sent by clients) and "responses" (sent by
brokers in response to the aforementioned "requests").

As an example, the client asks the broker to declare a new exchange using the *exchange.declare* method:

!https://img.skitch.com/20110720-c4qjdhmdrih9bn56npqnic4die.jpg!

As shown on the diagram above, *exchange.declare* carries several _parameters_. They enable the client to specify exchange name,
type, durability flag and so on.

If the operation succeeds, the broker responds with the *exchange.declare-ok* method:

!https://img.skitch.com/20110720-m4ptjbnex2sa52g6wdwj3e9ahm.jpg!

*exchange.declare-ok* does not carry any parameters except for the channel number (channels will be described later in this guide).

The sequence of events is very similar for another method pair, *queue.declare* and *queue.declare-ok*:

!https://img.skitch.com/20110720-tmxswrie71ubb5m5nh8n17idhk.jpg!

!https://img.skitch.com/20110720-g67urxg75c71qtwhwsjs684323.jpg!

Not all AMQP methods have counterparts. Some (*basic.publish* being the most widely used one) do not have corresponding "response" methods
and some others (*basic.get*, for example) have more than one possible "response".


h2. AMQP Connections

AMQP connections are typically long-lived. AMQP is an application level protocol that uses TCP for reliable delivery. AMQP connections use
authentication and can be protected using TLS (SSL). When an application no longer needs to be connected to an AMQP broker, it should gracefully
close the AMQP connection instead of abruptly closing the underlying TCP connection.


h2. AMQP Channels

Some applications need multiple connections to an AMQP broker. However, it is undesirable to keep many TCP connections open at the same time
because doing so consumes system resources and makes it more difficult to configure firewalls. AMQP 0.9.1 connections are multiplexed with
_channels_ that can be thought of as "lightweight connections that share a single TCP connection".

For applications that use multiple threads/processes/etc for processing, it is very common to open a new channel per thread (process, etc.)
and *not share* channels between them.

Communication on a particular channel is completely separate from communication on another channel, therefore every AMQP method also carries a channel number that clients
use to figure out which channel the method is for (and thus, which event handler needs to be invoked, for example).


h2. AMQP Virtual Hosts (vhosts)

To make it possible for a single broker to host multiple isolated "environments" (groups of users, exchanges, queues and so on), AMQP includes the concept
of _virtual hosts_ (vhosts). They are similar to virtual hosts used by many popular Web servers and provide completely isolated environments
in which AMQP entities live. AMQP clients specify what vhosts they want to use during AMQP connection negotiation.

An AMQP 0.9.1 vhost name can be any non-blank string. Some most common use cases for vhosts are

 * To separate AMQP entities used by different groups of applications
 * To separate multiple installations/environments (e.g. production, staging) of one or more applications
 * To implement a multi-tenant environment


h2. AMQP is Extensible

AMQP 0.9.1 has several extension points:

 * Custom exchange types let developers implement routing schemes that exchange types provided out-of-the-box do not cover well, for example, geodata-based routing.
 * Declaration of exchanges and queues can include additional attributes that the broker can use. For example, per-queue message TTL in RabbitMQ is implemented this way.
 * Broker-specific extensions to the protocol. See, for example, "extensions RabbitMQ implements":http://www.rabbitmq.com/extensions.html.
 * New AMQP 0.9.1 method classes can be introduced.
 * Brokers can be extended with additional plugins, for example, RabbitMQ management frontend and HTTP API are implemented as a plugin.

These features make the AMQP 0.9.1 Model even more flexible and applicable to a very broad range of problems.


h2. Key differences from some other messaging models

One key difference to understand about the AMQP 0.9.1 Model is that *messages are not sent to queues. They are sent to exchanges that route them to
queues according to rules called "bindings"*. This means that routing is primarily handled by AMQP brokers and not applications themselves.

TBD


h2. AMQP 0.9.1 clients ecosystem

h3. Overview

There are many AMQP 0.9.1 clients for many popular programming languages and platforms. Some of them follow AMQP terminology closely
and only provide implementation of AMQP methods. Some others have additional features, convenience methods and abstractions. Some of the
clients are asynchronous (non-blocking), some are synchronous (blocking), some support both models. Some clients support vendor-specific
extensions (for example, RabbitMQ-specific extensions).

Because one of the main AMQP goals is interoperability, it is a good idea for developers to understand protocol operations
and not limit themselves to terminology of a particular client library. This way communicating with developers using different libraries will
be significantly easier.



h2. Wrapping up

This is the end of the AMQP 0.9.1 Model tutorial. Congratulations! Armed with this knowledge, you will find it easier to follow the rest of
the amqp gem documentation as well as the rabbitmq.com documentation and the "rabbitmq-discuss mailing list":http://groups.google.com/group/rabbitmq-discuss

To stay up to date with amqp gem development, "follow @rubyamqp on Twitter":http://twitter.com/rubyamqp and "join our mailing list":http://groups.google.com/group/ruby-amqp.


h2. What to read next

Documentation is organized as a number of {file:docs/DocumentationGuidesIndex.textile documentation guides}, covering all kinds of
topics from {file:docs/Exchanges.textile use cases for various exchange types} to {file:docs/ErrorHandling.textile error handling} and
{file:docs/VendorSpecificExchanges.textile Broker-specific AMQP 0.9.1 extensions}.

We recommend that you read the following guides next, if possible, in this order:

 * {file:docs/ConnectingToTheBroker.textile Connection to the broker}. This guide explains how to connect to an AMQP broker and how to integrate the amqp gem into standalone and Web applications.
 * {file:docs/Queues.textile Working With Queues}. This guide focuses on features that consumer applications use heavily.
 * {file:docs/Exchanges.textile Working With Exchanges}. This guide focuses on features that producer applications use heavily.
 * {file:docs/PatternsAndUseCases.textile Patterns & Use Cases}. This guide focuses implementation of "common messaging patterns":http://www.eaipatterns.com/ using AMQP Model features as building blocks.
 * {file:docs/ErrorHandling.textile Error Handling & Recovery}. This guide explains how to handle protocol errors, network failures and other things that may go wrong in real world projects.

If you are migrating your application from earlier versions of the amqp gem (0.6.x and 0.7.x), to 0.8.x and later, there is the
{file:docs/08Migration.textile amqp gem 0.8 migration guide}.


h2. Authors

This guide was written by "Michael Klishin":http://twitter.com/michaelklishin and edited by "Chris Duncan":https://twitter.com/celldee.


h2. Tell us what you think!

Please take a moment to tell us what you think about this guide "on Twitter":http://twitter.com/rubyamqp or the "Ruby AMQP mailing list":http://groups.google.com/group/ruby-amqp.
Let us know what was unclear or what has not been covered. Maybe you do not like the guide style or grammar or discover spelling mistakes. Reader feedback is
key to making the documentation better.

If, for some reason, you cannot use the communication channels mentioned above, you can "contact the author of the guides directly":mailto:michaelklishin@me.com?subject=amqp%20gem%20documentation


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