# Module Cil

    module Cil: sig .. end

CIL API Documentation. An html version of this document can be found at http://hal.cs.berkeley.edu/cil

CIL API Documentation. An html version of this document can be found at http://hal.cs.berkeley.edu/cil

    val initCIL : unit -> unit

Call this function to perform some initialization. Call if after you have set `Cil.msvcMode`.

    val cilVersion : string

These are the CIL version numbers. A CIL version is a number of the form M.m.r (major, minor and release)

    val cilVersionMajor : int

    val cilVersionMinor : int

    val cilVersionRevision : int

This module defines the abstract syntax of CIL. It also provides utility functions for traversing the CIL data structures, and pretty-printing them. The parser for both the GCC and MSVC front-ends can be invoked as `Frontc.parse: string -> unit ->` `Cil.file`. This function must be given the name of a preprocessed C file and will return the top-level data structure that describes a whole source file. By default the parsing and elaboration into CIL is done as for GCC source. If you want to use MSVC source you must set the `Cil.msvcMode` to `true` and must also invoke the function `Frontc.setMSVCMode: unit -> unit`.
The Abstract Syntax of CIL
The top-level representation of a CIL source file (and the result of the parsing and elaboration). Its main contents is the list of global declarations and definitions. You can iterate over the globals in a `Cil.file` using the following iterators: `Cil.mapGlobals`, `Cil.iterGlobals` and `Cil.foldGlobals`. You can also use the `Cil.dummyFile` when you need a `Cil.file` as a placeholder. For each global item CIL stores the source location where it appears (using the type `Cil.location`)
`type ``file = {`

`` | `mutable fileName : `string`;` | `(*` | The complete file name | `*)`
`` | `mutable globals : `global list`;` | `(*` | List of globals as they will appear in the printed file | `*)`
`` | `mutable globinit : `fundec option`;` | `(*` | An optional global initializer function. This is a function where you can put stuff that must be executed before the program is started. This function is conceptually at the end of the file, although it is not part of the globals list. Use `Cil.getGlobInit` to create/get one. | `*)`
`` | `mutable globinitcalled : `bool`;` | `(*` | Whether the global initialization function is called in main. This should always be false if there is no global initializer. When you create a global initialization CIL will try to insert code in main to call it. This will not happen if your file does not contain a function called "main" | `*)`

}
Top-level representation of a C source file

    type comment = location * string

Globals. The main type for representing global declarations and definitions. A list of these form a CIL file. The order of globals in the file is generally important.
`type ``global =`

`|` | `GType of `typeinfo * location`` | `(*` | A typedef. All uses of type names (through the `TNamed` constructor) must be preceded in the file by a definition of the name. The string is the defined name and always not-empty. | `*)`
`|` | `GCompTag of `compinfo * location`` | `(*` | Defines a struct/union tag with some fields. There must be one of these for each struct/union tag that you use (through the `TComp` constructor) since this is the only context in which the fields are printed. Consequently nested structure tag definitions must be broken into individual definitions with the innermost structure defined first. | `*)`
`|` | `GCompTagDecl of `compinfo * location`` | `(*` | Declares a struct/union tag. Use as a forward declaration. This is printed without the fields. | `*)`
`|` | `GEnumTag of `enuminfo * location`` | `(*` | Declares an enumeration tag with some fields. There must be one of these for each enumeration tag that you use (through the `TEnum` constructor) since this is the only context in which the items are printed. | `*)`
`|` | `GEnumTagDecl of `enuminfo * location`` | `(*` | Declares an enumeration tag. Use as a forward declaration. This is printed without the items. | `*)`

`|`

`GVarDecl of `varinfo * location``

`(*`

A variable declaration (not a definition). If the variable has a function type then this is a prototype. There can be several declarations and at most one definition for a given variable. If both forms appear then they must share the same varinfo structure. A prototype shares the varinfo with the fundec of the definition. Either has storage Extern or there must be a definition in this file

`*)`

`|`

`GVar of `varinfo * initinfo * location``

`(*`

A variable definition. Can have an initializer. The initializer is updateable so that you can change it without requiring to recreate the list of globals. There can be at most one definition for a variable in an entire program. Cannot have storage Extern or function type. Note: the initializer field is kept for backwards compatibility, but it is now also available directly in the varinfo.

`*)`

`|` | `GFun of `fundec * location`` | `(*` | A function definition. | `*)`
`|` | `GAsm of `string * location`` | `(*` | Global asm statement. These ones can contain only a template | `*)`
`|` | `GPragma of `attribute * location`` | `(*` | Pragmas at top level. Use the same syntax as attributes | `*)`
`|` | `GText of `string`` | `(*` | Some text (printed verbatim) at top level. E.g., this way you can put comments in the output. | `*)`

A global declaration or definition
Types. A C type is represented in CIL using the type `Cil.typ`. Among types we differentiate the integral types (with different kinds denoting the sign and precision), floating point types, enumeration types, array and pointer types, and function types. Every type is associated with a list of attributes, which are always kept in sorted order. Use `Cil.addAttribute` and `Cil.addAttributes` to construct list of attributes. If you want to inspect a type, you should use `Cil.unrollType` or `Cil.unrollTypeDeep` to see through the uses of named types.
CIL is configured at build-time with the sizes and alignments of the underlying compiler (GCC or MSVC). CIL contains functions that can compute the size of a type (in bits) `Cil.bitsSizeOf`, the alignment of a type (in bytes) `Cil.alignOf_int`, and can convert an offset into a start and width (both in bits) using the function `Cil.bitsOffset`. At the moment these functions do not take into account the `packed` attributes and pragmas.
`type ``typ =`

`|` | `TVoid of `attributes`` | `(*` | Void type. Also predefined as `Cil.voidType` | `*)`
`|` | `TInt of `ikind * attributes`` | `(*` | An integer type. The kind specifies the sign and width. Several useful variants are predefined as `Cil.intType`, `Cil.uintType`, `Cil.longType`, `Cil.charType`. | `*)`
`|` | `TFloat of `fkind * attributes`` | `(*` | A floating-point type. The kind specifies the precision. You can also use the predefined constant `Cil.doubleType`. | `*)`
`|` | `TPtr of `typ * attributes`` | `(*` | Pointer type. Several useful variants are predefined as `Cil.charPtrType`, `Cil.charConstPtrType` (pointer to a constant character), `Cil.voidPtrType`, `Cil.intPtrType` | `*)`
`|` | `TArray of `typ * exp option * attributes`` | `(*` | Array type. It indicates the base type and the array length. | `*)`

`|`

`TFun of `typ * (string * typ * attributes) list option * bool
* attributes``

`(*`

Function type. Indicates the type of the result, the name, type and name attributes of the formal arguments (`None` if no arguments were specified, as in a function whose definition or prototype we have not seen; `Some []` means void). Use `Cil.argsToList` to obtain a list of arguments. The boolean indicates if it is a variable-argument function. If this is the type of a varinfo for which we have a function declaration then the information for the formals must match that in the function's sformals. Use `Cil.setFormals`, or `Cil.setFunctionType`, or `Cil.makeFormalVar` for this purpose.

`*)`

`|`

`TNamed of `typeinfo * attributes``

`(*`

The use of a named type. Each such type name must be preceded in the file by a `GType` global. This is printed as just the type name. The actual referred type is not printed here and is carried only to simplify processing. To see through a sequence of named type references, use `Cil.unrollType` or `Cil.unrollTypeDeep`. The attributes are in addition to those given when the type name was defined.

`*)`

`|`

`TComp of `compinfo * attributes``

`(*`

The most delicate issue for C types is that recursion that is possible by using structures and pointers. To address this issue we have a more complex representation for structured types (struct and union). Each such type is represented using the `Cil.compinfo` type. For each composite type the `Cil.compinfo` structure must be declared at top level using `GCompTag` and all references to it must share the same copy of the structure. The attributes given are those pertaining to this use of the type and are in addition to the attributes that were given at the definition of the type and which are stored in the `Cil.compinfo`.

`*)`

`|` | `TEnum of `enuminfo * attributes`` | `(*` | A reference to an enumeration type. All such references must share the enuminfo among them and with a `GEnumTag` global that precedes all uses. The attributes refer to this use of the enumeration and are in addition to the attributes of the enumeration itself, which are stored inside the enuminfo | `*)`
`|` | `TBuiltin_va_list of `attributes`` | `(*` | This is the same as the gcc's type with the same name | `*)`

There are a number of functions for querying the kind of a type. These are `Cil.isIntegralType`, `Cil.isArithmeticType`, `Cil.isPointerType`, `Cil.isScalarType`, `Cil.isFunctionType`, `Cil.isArrayType`.

There are two easy ways to scan a type. First, you can use the `Cil.existsType` to return a boolean answer about a type. This function is controlled by a user-provided function that is queried for each type that is used to construct the current type. The function can specify whether to terminate the scan with a boolean result or to continue the scan for the nested types.

The other method for scanning types is provided by the visitor interface (see `Cil.cilVisitor`).

If you want to compare types (or to use them as hash-values) then you should use instead type signatures (represented as `Cil.typsig`). These contain the same information as types but canonicalized such that simple Ocaml structural equality will tell whether two types are equal. Use `Cil.typeSig` to compute the signature of a type. If you want to ignore certain type attributes then use `Cil.typeSigWithAttrs`.
`type ``ikind =`

`|` | `IChar` | `(*` | `char` | `*)`
`|` | `ISChar` | `(*` | `signed char` | `*)`
`|` | `IUChar` | `(*` | `unsigned char` | `*)`
`|` | `IBool` | `(*` | `_Bool (C99)` | `*)`
`|` | `IInt` | `(*` | `int` | `*)`
`|` | `IUInt` | `(*` | `unsigned int` | `*)`
`|` | `IShort` | `(*` | `short` | `*)`
`|` | `IUShort` | `(*` | `unsigned short` | `*)`
`|` | `ILong` | `(*` | `long` | `*)`
`|` | `IULong` | `(*` | `unsigned long` | `*)`
`|` | `ILongLong` | `(*` | `long long` (or `_int64` on Microsoft Visual C) | `*)`
`|` | `IULongLong` | `(*` | `unsigned long long` (or `unsigned _int64` on Microsoft Visual C) | `*)`

Various kinds of integers
`type ``fkind =`

`|` | `FFloat` | `(*` | `float` | `*)`
`|` | `FDouble` | `(*` | `double` | `*)`
`|` | `FLongDouble` | `(*` | `long double` | `*)`

Various kinds of floating-point numbers
Attributes.
`type ``attribute =`

`|` | `Attr of `string * attrparam list`` | `(*` | An attribute has a name and some optional parameters. The name should not start or end with underscore. When CIL parses attribute names it will strip leading and ending underscores (to ensure that the multitude of GCC attributes such as const, __const and __const__ all mean the same thing.) | `*)`

    type attributes = attribute list

Attributes are lists sorted by the attribute name. Use the functions `Cil.addAttribute` and `Cil.addAttributes` to insert attributes in an attribute list and maintain the sortedness.
`type ``attrparam =`

`|` | `AInt of `int`` | `(*` | An integer constant | `*)`
`|` | `AStr of `string`` | `(*` | A string constant | `*)`
`|` | `ACons of `string * attrparam list`` | `(*` | Constructed attributes. These are printed `foo(a1,a2,...,an)`. The list of parameters can be empty and in that case the parentheses are not printed. | `*)`
`|` | `ASizeOf of `typ`` | `(*` | A way to talk about types | `*)`
`|` | `ASizeOfE of `attrparam``
`|` | `ASizeOfS of `typsig`` | `(*` | Replacement for ASizeOf in type signatures. Only used for attributes inside typsigs. | `*)`
`|` | `AAlignOf of `typ``
`|` | `AAlignOfE of `attrparam``
`|` | `AAlignOfS of `typsig``
`|` | `AUnOp of `unop * attrparam``
`|` | `ABinOp of `binop * attrparam * attrparam``
`|` | `ADot of `attrparam * string`` | `(*` | a.foo * | `*)`
`|` | `AStar of `attrparam`` | `(*` | a | `*)`
`|` | `AAddrOf of `attrparam`` | `(*` | & a * | `*)`
`|` | `AIndex of `attrparam * attrparam`` | `(*` | a1`a2` | `*)`
`|` | `AQuestion of `attrparam * attrparam * attrparam`` | `(*` | a1 ? a2 : a3 * | `*)`

The type of parameters of attributes
Structures. The `Cil.compinfo` describes the definition of a structure or union type. Each such `Cil.compinfo` must be defined at the top-level using the `GCompTag` constructor and must be shared by all references to this type (using either the `TComp` type constructor or from the definition of the fields.

If all you need is to scan the definition of each composite type once, you can do that by scanning all top-level `GCompTag`.

Constructing a `Cil.compinfo` can be tricky since it must contain fields that might refer to the host `Cil.compinfo` and furthermore the type of the field might need to refer to the `Cil.compinfo` for recursive types. Use the `Cil.mkCompInfo` function to create a `Cil.compinfo`. You can easily fetch the `Cil.fieldinfo` for a given field in a structure with `Cil.getCompField`.
`type ``compinfo = {`

`` | `mutable cstruct : `bool`;` | `(*` | True if struct, False if union | `*)`
`` | `mutable cname : `string`;` | `(*` | The name. Always non-empty. Use `Cil.compFullName` to get the full name of a comp (along with the struct or union) | `*)`
`` | `mutable ckey : `int`;` | `(*` | A unique integer. This is assigned by `Cil.mkCompInfo` using a global variable in the Cil module. Thus two identical structs in two different files might have different keys. Use `Cil.copyCompInfo` to copy structures so that a new key is assigned. | `*)`
`` | `mutable cfields : `fieldinfo list`;` | `(*` | Information about the fields. Notice that each fieldinfo has a pointer back to the host compinfo. This means that you should not share fieldinfo's between two compinfo's | `*)`
`` | `mutable cattr : `attributes`;` | `(*` | The attributes that are defined at the same time as the composite type. These attributes can be supplemented individually at each reference to this `compinfo` using the `TComp` type constructor. | `*)`
`` | `mutable cdefined : `bool`;` | `(*` | This boolean flag can be used to distinguish between structures that have not been defined and those that have been defined but have no fields (such things are allowed in gcc). | `*)`
`` | `mutable creferenced : `bool`;` | `(*` | True if used. Initially set to false. | `*)`

}
The definition of a structure or union type. Use `Cil.mkCompInfo` to make one and use `Cil.copyCompInfo` to copy one (this ensures that a new key is assigned and that the fields have the right pointers to parents.).
Structure fields. The `Cil.fieldinfo` structure is used to describe a structure or union field. Fields, just like variables, can have attributes associated with the field itself or associated with the type of the field (stored along with the type of the field).
`type ``fieldinfo = {`

`` | `mutable fcomp : `compinfo`;` | `(*` | The host structure that contains this field. There can be only one `compinfo` that contains the field. | `*)`
`` | `mutable fname : `string`;` | `(*` | The name of the field. Might be the value of `Cil.missingFieldName` in which case it must be a bitfield and is not printed and it does not participate in initialization | `*)`
`` | `mutable ftype : `typ`;` | `(*` | The type | `*)`
`` | `mutable fbitfield : `int option`;` | `(*` | If a bitfield then ftype should be an integer type and the width of the bitfield must be 0 or a positive integer smaller or equal to the width of the integer type. A field of width 0 is used in C to control the alignment of fields. | `*)`
`` | `mutable fattr : `attributes`;` | `(*` | The attributes for this field (not for its type) | `*)`
`` | `mutable floc : `location`;` | `(*` | The location where this field is defined | `*)`

}
Information about a struct/union field
Enumerations. Information about an enumeration. This is shared by all references to an enumeration. Make sure you have a `GEnumTag` for each of of these.
`type ``enuminfo = {`

`` | `mutable ename : `string`;` | `(*` | The name. Always non-empty. | `*)`
`` | `mutable eitems : `(string * exp * location) list`;` | `(*` | Items with names and values. This list should be non-empty. The item values must be compile-time constants. | `*)`
`` | `mutable eattr : `attributes`;` | `(*` | The attributes that are defined at the same time as the enumeration type. These attributes can be supplemented individually at each reference to this `enuminfo` using the `TEnum` type constructor. | `*)`
`` | `mutable ereferenced : `bool`;` | `(*` | True if used. Initially set to false | `*)`
`` | `mutable ekind : `ikind`;` | `(*` | The integer kind used to represent this enum. Per ANSI-C, this should always be IInt, but gcc allows other integer kinds | `*)`

}
Information about an enumeration
Enumerations. Information about an enumeration. This is shared by all references to an enumeration. Make sure you have a `GEnumTag` for each of of these.
`type ``typeinfo = {`

`` | `mutable tname : `string`;` | `(*` | The name. Can be empty only in a `GType` when introducing a composite or enumeration tag. If empty cannot be referred to from the file | `*)`
`` | `mutable ttype : `typ`;` | `(*` | The actual type. This includes the attributes that were present in the typedef | `*)`
`` | `mutable treferenced : `bool`;` | `(*` | True if used. Initially set to false | `*)`

}
Information about a defined type
Variables. Each local or global variable is represented by a unique `Cil.varinfo` structure. A global `Cil.varinfo` can be introduced with the `GVarDecl` or `GVar` or `GFun` globals. A local varinfo can be introduced as part of a function definition `Cil.fundec`.

All references to a given global or local variable must refer to the same copy of the `varinfo`. Each `varinfo` has a globally unique identifier that can be used to index maps and hashtables (the name can also be used for this purpose, except for locals from different functions). This identifier is constructor using a global counter.

It is very important that you construct `varinfo` structures using only one of the following functions:

- `Cil.makeGlobalVar` : to make a global variable
- `Cil.makeTempVar` : to make a temporary local variable whose name will be generated so that to avoid conflict with other locals.
- `Cil.makeLocalVar` : like `Cil.makeTempVar` but you can specify the exact name to be used.
- `Cil.copyVarinfo`: make a shallow copy of a varinfo assigning a new name and a new unique identifier

A `varinfo` is also used in a function type to denote the list of formals.
`type ``varinfo = {`

`` | `mutable vname : `string`;` | `(*` | The name of the variable. Cannot be empty. It is primarily your responsibility to ensure the uniqueness of a variable name. For local variables `Cil.makeTempVar` helps you ensure that the name is unique. | `*)`
`` | `mutable vtype : `typ`;` | `(*` | The declared type of the variable. | `*)`
`` | `mutable vattr : `attributes`;` | `(*` | A list of attributes associated with the variable. | `*)`
`` | `mutable vstorage : `storage`;` | `(*` | The storage-class | `*)`
`` | `mutable vglob : `bool`;` | `(*` | True if this is a global variable | `*)`
`` | `mutable vinline : `bool`;` | `(*` | Whether this varinfo is for an inline function. | `*)`
`` | `mutable vdecl : `location`;` | `(*` | Location of variable declaration. | `*)`
`` | `vinit : `initinfo`;` | `(*` | Optional initializer. Only used for static and global variables. Initializers for other types of local variables are turned into assignments. Not mutable because the init field in initinfo is mutable already. | `*)`
`` | `mutable vid : `int`;` | `(*` | A unique integer identifier. This field will be set for you if you use one of the `Cil.makeFormalVar`, `Cil.makeLocalVar`, `Cil.makeTempVar`, `Cil.makeGlobalVar`, or `Cil.copyVarinfo`. | `*)`
`` | `mutable vaddrof : `bool`;` | `(*` | True if the address of this variable is taken. CIL will set these flags when it parses C, but you should make sure to set the flag whenever your transformation create `AddrOf` expression. | `*)`
`` | `mutable vreferenced : `bool`;` | `(*` | True if this variable is ever referenced. This is computed by `Rmtmps.removeUnusedTemps`. It is safe to just initialize this to False | `*)`
`` | `mutable vdescr : `Pretty.doc`;` | `(*` | For most temporary variables, a description of what the var holds. (e.g. for temporaries used for function call results, this string is a representation of the function call.) | `*)`
`` | `mutable vdescrpure : `bool`;` | `(*` | Indicates whether the vdescr above is a pure expression or call. Printing a non-pure vdescr more than once may yield incorrect results. | `*)`

}
Information about a variable.
`type ``storage =`

`|` | `NoStorage` | `(*` | The default storage. Nothing is printed | `*)`
`|` | `Static`
`|` | `Register`
`|` | `Extern`

Storage-class information
Expressions. The CIL expression language contains only the side-effect free expressions of C. They are represented as the type `Cil.exp`. There are several interesting aspects of CIL expressions:

Integer and floating point constants can carry their textual representation. This way the integer 15 can be printed as 0xF if that is how it occurred in the source.

CIL uses 64 bits to represent the integer constants and also stores the width of the integer type. Care must be taken to ensure that the constant is representable with the given width. Use the functions `Cil.kinteger`, `Cil.kinteger64` and `Cil.integer` to construct constant expressions. CIL predefines the constants `Cil.zero`, `Cil.one` and `Cil.mone` (for -1).

Use the functions `Cil.isConstant` and `Cil.isInteger` to test if an expression is a constant and a constant integer respectively.

CIL keeps the type of all unary and binary expressions. You can think of that type qualifying the operator. Furthermore there are different operators for arithmetic and comparisons on arithmetic types and on pointers.

Another unusual aspect of CIL is that the implicit conversion between an expression of array type and one of pointer type is made explicit, using the `StartOf` expression constructor (which is not printed). If you apply the `AddrOf}`constructor to an lvalue of type `T` then you will be getting an expression of type `TPtr(T)`.

You can find the type of an expression with `Cil.typeOf`.

You can perform constant folding on expressions using the function `Cil.constFold`.
`type ``exp =`

`|` | `Const of `constant`` | `(*` | Constant | `*)`
`|` | `Lval of `lval`` | `(*` | Lvalue | `*)`
`|` | `SizeOf of `typ`` | `(*` | sizeof(<type>). Has `unsigned int` type (ISO 6.5.3.4). This is not turned into a constant because some transformations might want to change types | `*)`
`|` | `SizeOfE of `exp`` | `(*` | sizeof(<expression>) | `*)`
`|` | `SizeOfStr of `string`` | `(*` | sizeof(string_literal). We separate this case out because this is the only instance in which a string literal should not be treated as having type pointer to character. | `*)`
`|` | `AlignOf of `typ`` | `(*` | This corresponds to the GCC __alignof_. Has `unsigned int` type | `*)`
`|` | `AlignOfE of `exp``
`|` | `UnOp of `unop * exp * typ`` | `(*` | Unary operation. Includes the type of the result. | `*)`
`|` | `BinOp of `binop * exp * exp * typ`` | `(*` | Binary operation. Includes the type of the result. The arithmetic conversions are made explicit for the arguments. | `*)`
`|` | `Question of `exp * exp * exp * typ`` | `(*` | (a ? b : c) operation. Includes the type of the result | `*)`
`|` | `CastE of `typ * exp`` | `(*` | Use `Cil.mkCast` to make casts. | `*)`
`|` | `AddrOf of `lval`` | `(*` | Always use `Cil.mkAddrOf` to construct one of these. Apply to an lvalue of type `T` yields an expression of type `TPtr(T)`. Use `Cil.mkAddrOrStartOf` to make one of these if you are not sure which one to use. | `*)`
`|` | `AddrOfLabel of `stmt ref``

`|`

`StartOf of `lval``

`(*`

Conversion from an array to a pointer to the beginning of the array. Given an lval of type `TArray(T)` produces an expression of type `TPtr(T)`. Use `Cil.mkAddrOrStartOf` to make one of these if you are not sure which one to use. In C this operation is implicit, the `StartOf` operator is not printed. We have it in CIL because it makes the typing rules simpler.

`*)`

Expressions (Side-effect free)
Constants.
`type ``constant =`

`|` | `CInt64 of `int64 * ikind * string option`` | `(*` | Integer constant. Give the ikind (see ISO9899 6.1.3.2) and the textual representation, if available. (This allows us to print a constant as, for example, 0xF instead of 15.) Use `Cil.integer` or `Cil.kinteger` to create these. Watch out for integers that cannot be represented on 64 bits. OCAML does not give Overflow exceptions. | `*)`
`|` | `CStr of `string`` | `(*` | String constant. The escape characters inside the string have been already interpreted. This constant has pointer to character type! The only case when you would like a string literal to have an array type is when it is an argument to sizeof. In that case you should use SizeOfStr. | `*)`

`|`

`CWStr of `int64 list``

`(*`

Wide character string constant. Note that the local interpretation of such a literal depends on `Cil.wcharType` and `Cil.wcharKind`. Such a constant has type pointer to `Cil.wcharType`. The escape characters in the string have not been "interpreted" in the sense that L"A\xabcd" remains "A\xabcd" rather than being represented as the wide character list with two elements: 65 and 43981. That "interpretation" depends on the underlying wide character type.

`*)`

`|` | `CChr of `char`` | `(*` | Character constant. This has type int, so use charConstToInt to read the value in case sign-extension is needed. | `*)`
`|` | `CReal of `float * fkind * string option`` | `(*` | Floating point constant. Give the fkind (see ISO 6.4.4.2) and also the textual representation, if available. | `*)`
`|` | `CEnum of `exp * string * enuminfo`` | `(*` | An enumeration constant with the given value, name, from the given enuminfo. This is used only if `Cil.lowerConstants` is true (default). Use `Cil.constFoldVisitor` to replace these with integer constants. | `*)`

Literal constants
`type ``unop =`

`|` | `Neg` | `(*` | Unary minus | `*)`
`|` | `BNot` | `(*` | Bitwise complement (~) | `*)`
`|` | `LNot` | `(*` | Logical Not (!) | `*)`

Unary operators
`type ``binop =`

`|` | `PlusA` | `(*` | arithmetic + | `*)`
`|` | `PlusPI` | `(*` | pointer + integer | `*)`
`|` | `IndexPI` | `(*` | pointer + integer but only when it arises from an expression `e[i]` when `e` is a pointer and not an array. This is semantically the same as PlusPI but CCured uses this as a hint that the integer is probably positive. | `*)`
`|` | `MinusA` | `(*` | arithmetic - | `*)`
`|` | `MinusPI` | `(*` | pointer - integer | `*)`
`|` | `MinusPP` | `(*` | pointer - pointer | `*)`
`|` | `Mult`
`|` | `Div` | `(*` | / | `*)`
`|` | `Mod` | `(*` | % | `*)`
`|` | `Shiftlt` | `(*` | shift left | `*)`
`|` | `Shiftrt` | `(*` | shift right | `*)`
`|` | `Lt` | `(*` | < (arithmetic comparison) | `*)`
`|` | `Gt` | `(*` | > (arithmetic comparison) | `*)`
`|` | `Le` | `(*` | <= (arithmetic comparison) | `*)`
`|` | `Ge` | `(*` | > (arithmetic comparison) | `*)`
`|` | `Eq` | `(*` | == (arithmetic comparison) | `*)`
`|` | `Ne` | `(*` | != (arithmetic comparison) | `*)`
`|` | `BAnd` | `(*` | bitwise and | `*)`
`|` | `BXor` | `(*` | exclusive-or | `*)`
`|` | `BOr` | `(*` | inclusive-or | `*)`
`|` | `LAnd` | `(*` | logical and. Unlike other expressions this one does not always evaluate both operands. If you want to use these, you must set `Cil.useLogicalOperators`. | `*)`
`|` | `LOr` | `(*` | logical or. Unlike other expressions this one does not always evaluate both operands. If you want to use these, you must set `Cil.useLogicalOperators`. | `*)`

Binary operations
Lvalues. Lvalues are the sublanguage of expressions that can appear at the left of an assignment or as operand to the address-of operator. In C the syntax for lvalues is not always a good indication of the meaning of the lvalue. For example the C value

    a[0][1][2]

might involve 1, 2 or 3 memory reads when used in an expression context, depending on the declared type of the variable `a`. If `a` has type `int [4][4][4]` then we have one memory read from somewhere inside the area that stores the array `a`. On the other hand if `a` has type `int ***` then the expression really means `* ( * ( * (a + 0) + 1) + 2)`, in which case it is clear that it involves three separate memory operations.

An lvalue denotes the contents of a range of memory addresses. This range is denoted as a host object along with an offset within the object. The host object can be of two kinds: a local or global variable, or an object whose address is in a pointer expression. We distinguish the two cases so that we can tell quickly whether we are accessing some component of a variable directly or we are accessing a memory location through a pointer. To make it easy to tell what an lvalue means CIL represents lvalues as a host object and an offset (see `Cil.lval`). The host object (represented as `Cil.lhost`) can be a local or global variable or can be the object pointed-to by a pointer expression. The offset (represented as `Cil.offset`) is a sequence of field or array index designators.

Both the typing rules and the meaning of an lvalue is very precisely specified in CIL.

The following are a few useful function for operating on lvalues:

- `Cil.mkMem` - makes an lvalue of `Mem` kind. Use this to ensure that certain equivalent forms of lvalues are canonized. For example, `*&x = x`.
- `Cil.typeOfLval` - the type of an lvalue
- `Cil.typeOffset` - the type of an offset, given the type of the host.
- `Cil.addOffset` and `Cil.addOffsetLval` - extend sequences of offsets.
- `Cil.removeOffset` and `Cil.removeOffsetLval` - shrink sequences of offsets.

The following equivalences hold

    Mem(AddrOf(Mem a, aoff)), off   = Mem a, aoff + off
    Mem(AddrOf(Var v, aoff)), off   = Var v, aoff + off
    AddrOf (Mem a, NoOffset)        = a

    type lval = lhost * offset

An lvalue
`type ``lhost =`

`|` | `Var of `varinfo`` | `(*` | The host is a variable. | `*)`
`|` | `Mem of `exp`` | `(*` | The host is an object of type `T` when the expression has pointer `TPtr(T)`. | `*)`

The host part of an `Cil.lval`.
`type ``offset =`

`|` | `NoOffset` | `(*` | No offset. Can be applied to any lvalue and does not change either the starting address or the type. This is used when the lval consists of just a host or as a terminator in a list of other kinds of offsets. | `*)`
`|` | `Field of `fieldinfo * offset`` | `(*` | A field offset. Can be applied only to an lvalue that denotes a structure or a union that contains the mentioned field. This advances the offset to the beginning of the mentioned field and changes the type to the type of the mentioned field. | `*)`
`|` | `Index of `exp * offset`` | `(*` | An array index offset. Can be applied only to an lvalue that denotes an array. This advances the starting address of the lval to the beginning of the mentioned array element and changes the denoted type to be the type of the array element | `*)`

The offset part of an `Cil.lval`. Each offset can be applied to certain kinds of lvalues and its effect is that it advances the starting address of the lvalue and changes the denoted type, essentially focusing to some smaller lvalue that is contained in the original one.
Initializers. A special kind of expressions are those that can appear as initializers for global variables (initialization of local variables is turned into assignments). The initializers are represented as type `Cil.init`. You can create initializers with `Cil.makeZeroInit` and you can conveniently scan compound initializers them with `Cil.foldLeftCompound`.
`type ``init =`

`|` | `SingleInit of `exp`` | `(*` | A single initializer | `*)`

`|`

`CompoundInit of `typ * (offset * init) list``

`(*`

Used only for initializers of structures, unions and arrays. The offsets are all of the form `Field(f, NoOffset)` or `Index(i, NoOffset)` and specify the field or the index being initialized. For structures all fields must have an initializer (except the unnamed bitfields), in the proper order. This is necessary since the offsets are not printed. For unions there must be exactly one initializer. If the initializer is not for the first field then a field designator is printed, so you better be on GCC since MSVC does not understand this. For arrays, however, we allow you to give only a prefix of the initializers. You can scan an initializer list with `Cil.foldLeftCompound`.

`*)`

Initializers for global variables.
`type ``initinfo = {`

`` | `mutable init : `init option`;`

}
We want to be able to update an initializer in a variable, so we define it as a mutable field
Function definitions. A function definition is always introduced with a `GFun` constructor at the top level. All the information about the function is stored into a `Cil.fundec`. Some of the information (e.g. its name, type, storage, attributes) is stored as a `Cil.varinfo` that is a field of the `fundec`. To refer to the function from the expression language you must use the `varinfo`.

The function definition contains, in addition to the body, a list of all the local variables and separately a list of the formals. Both kind of variables can be referred to in the body of the function. The formals must also be shared with the formals that appear in the function type. For that reason, to manipulate formals you should use the provided functions `Cil.makeFormalVar` and `Cil.setFormals` and `Cil.makeFormalVar`.
`type ``fundec = {`

`` | `mutable svar : `varinfo`;` | `(*` | Holds the name and type as a variable, so we can refer to it easily from the program. All references to this function either in a function call or in a prototype must point to the same `varinfo`. | `*)`
`` | `mutable sformals : `varinfo list`;` | `(*` | Formals. These must be in the same order and with the same information as the formal information in the type of the function. Use `Cil.setFormals` or `Cil.setFunctionType` or `Cil.makeFormalVar` to set these formals and ensure that they are reflected in the function type. Do not make copies of these because the body refers to them. | `*)`
`` | `mutable slocals : `varinfo list`;` | `(*` | Locals. Does NOT include the sformals. Do not make copies of these because the body refers to them. | `*)`
`` | `mutable smaxid : `int`;` | `(*` | Max local id. Starts at 0. Used for creating the names of new temporary variables. Updated by `Cil.makeLocalVar` and `Cil.makeTempVar`. You can also use `Cil.setMaxId` to set it after you have added the formals and locals. | `*)`
`` | `mutable sbody : `block`;` | `(*` | The function body. | `*)`
`` | `mutable smaxstmtid : `int option`;` | `(*` | max id of a (reachable) statement in this function, if we have computed it. range = 0 ... (smaxstmtid-1). This is computed by `Cil.computeCFGInfo`. | `*)`
`` | `mutable sallstmts : `stmt list`;` | `(*` | After you call `Cil.computeCFGInfo` this field is set to contain all statements in the function | `*)`

}
Function definitions.
`type ``block = {`

`` | `mutable battrs : `attributes`;` | `(*` | Attributes for the block | `*)`
`` | `mutable bstmts : `stmt list`;` | `(*` | The statements comprising the block | `*)`

}
A block is a sequence of statements with the control falling through from one element to the next
Statements. CIL statements are the structural elements that make the CFG. They are represented using the type `Cil.stmt`. Every statement has a (possibly empty) list of labels. The `Cil.stmtkind` field of a statement indicates what kind of statement it is.

Use `Cil.mkStmt` to make a statement and the fill-in the fields.

CIL also comes with support for control-flow graphs. The `sid` field in `stmt` can be used to give unique numbers to statements, and the `succs` and `preds` fields can be used to maintain a list of successors and predecessors for every statement. The CFG information is not computed by default. Instead you must explicitly use the functions `Cil.prepareCFG` and `Cil.computeCFGInfo` to do it.
`type ``stmt = {`

`` | `mutable labels : `label list`;` | `(*` | Whether the statement starts with some labels, case statements or default statements. | `*)`
`` | `mutable skind : `stmtkind`;` | `(*` | The kind of statement | `*)`
`` | `mutable sid : `int`;` | `(*` | A number (>= 0) that is unique in a function. Filled in only after the CFG is computed. | `*)`
`` | `mutable succs : `stmt list`;` | `(*` | The successor statements. They can always be computed from the skind and the context in which this statement appears. Filled in only after the CFG is computed. | `*)`
`` | `mutable preds : `stmt list`;` | `(*` | The inverse of the succs function. | `*)`

}
Statements.
`type ``label =`

`|` | `Label of `string * location * bool`` | `(*` | A real label. If the bool is "true", the label is from the input source program. If the bool is "false", the label was created by CIL or some other transformation | `*)`
`|` | `Case of `exp * location`` | `(*` | A case statement. This expression is lowered into a constant if `Cil.lowerConstants` is set to true. | `*)`
`|` | `Default of `location`` | `(*` | A default statement | `*)`

Labels
`type ``stmtkind =`

`|` | `Instr of `instr list`` | `(*` | A group of instructions that do not contain control flow. Control implicitly falls through. | `*)`
`|` | `Return of `exp option * location`` | `(*` | The return statement. This is a leaf in the CFG. | `*)`
`|` | `Goto of `stmt ref * location`` | `(*` | A goto statement. Appears from actual goto's in the code or from goto's that have been inserted during elaboration. The reference points to the statement that is the target of the Goto. This means that you have to update the reference whenever you replace the target statement. The target statement MUST have at least a label. | `*)`
`|` | `ComputedGoto of `exp * location``
`|` | `Break of `location`` | `(*` | A break to the end of the nearest enclosing Loop or Switch | `*)`
`|` | `Continue of `location`` | `(*` | A continue to the start of the nearest enclosing `Loop` | `*)`
`|` | `If of `exp * block * block * location`` | `(*` | A conditional. Two successors, the "then" and the "else" branches. Both branches fall-through to the successor of the If statement. | `*)`
`|` | `Switch of `exp * block * stmt list * location`` | `(*` | A switch statement. The statements that implement the cases can be reached through the provided list. For each such target you can find among its labels what cases it implements. The statements that implement the cases are somewhere within the provided `block`. | `*)`
`|` | `Loop of `block * location * stmt option * stmt option`` | `(*` | A `while(1)` loop. The termination test is implemented in the body of a loop using a `Break` statement. If prepareCFG has been called, the first stmt option will point to the stmt containing the continue label for this loop and the second will point to the stmt containing the break label for this loop. | `*)`
`|` | `Block of `block`` | `(*` | Just a block of statements. Use it as a way to keep some block attributes local | `*)`
`|` | `TryFinally of `block * block * location``
`|` | `TryExcept of `block * (instr list * exp) * block * location``

The various kinds of control-flow statements statements
Instructions. An instruction `Cil.instr` is a statement that has no local (intraprocedural) control flow. It can be either an assignment, function call, or an inline assembly instruction.
`type ``instr =`

`|` | `Set of `lval * exp * location`` | `(*` | An assignment. The type of the expression is guaranteed to be the same with that of the lvalue | `*)`

`|`

`Call of `lval option * exp * exp list * location``

`(*`

A function call with the (optional) result placed in an lval. It is possible that the returned type of the function is not identical to that of the lvalue. In that case a cast is printed. The type of the actual arguments are identical to those of the declared formals. The number of arguments is the same as that of the declared formals, except for vararg functions. This construct is also used to encode a call to "__builtin_va_arg". In this case the second argument (which should be a type T) is encoded SizeOf(T)

`*)`

`|`

`Asm of `attributes * string list * (string option * string * lval) list
* (string option * string * exp) list * string list * location``

`(*`

There are for storing inline assembly. They follow the GCC specification:

      asm [volatile] ("...template..." "..template.."
                      : "c1" (o1), "c2" (o2), ..., "cN" (oN)
                      : "d1" (i1), "d2" (i2), ..., "dM" (iM)
                      : "r1", "r2", ..., "nL" );

where the parts are

- `volatile` (optional): when present, the assembler instruction cannot be removed, moved, or otherwise optimized
- template: a sequence of strings, with %0, %1, %2, etc. in the string to refer to the input and output expressions. I think they're numbered consecutively, but the docs don't specify. Each string is printed on a separate line. This is the only part that is present for MSVC inline assembly.
- "ci" (oi): pairs of constraint-string and output-lval; the constraint specifies that the register used must have some property, like being a floating-point register; the constraint string for outputs also has "=" to indicate it is written, or "+" to indicate it is both read and written; 'oi' is the name of a C lvalue (probably a variable name) to be used as the output destination
- "dj" (ij): pairs of constraint and input expression; the constraint is similar to the "ci"s. the 'ij' is an arbitrary C expression to be loaded into the corresponding register
- "rk": registers to be regarded as "clobbered" by the instruction; "memory" may be specified for arbitrary memory effects

an example (from gcc manual):

      asm volatile ("movc3 %0,%1,%2"
                    : /* no outputs */
                    : "g" (from), "g" (to), "g" (count)
                    : "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3", "r4", "r5");

Starting with gcc 3.1, the operands may have names:

      asm volatile ("movc3 %[in0],%1,%2"
                    : /* no outputs */
                    : [in0] "g" (from), "g" (to), "g" (count)
                    : "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3", "r4", "r5");

`*)`

Instructions.
`type ``location = {`

`` | `line : `int`;` | `(*` | The line number. -1 means "do not know" | `*)`
`` | `file : `string`;` | `(*` | The name of the source file | `*)`
`` | `byte : `int`;` | `(*` | The byte position in the source file | `*)`

}
Describes a location in a source file.
`type ``typsig =`

`|` | `TSArray of `typsig * int64 option * attribute list``
`|` | `TSPtr of `typsig * attribute list``
`|` | `TSComp of `bool * string * attribute list``
`|` | `TSFun of `typsig * typsig list * bool * attribute list``
`|` | `TSEnum of `string * attribute list``
`|` | `TSBase of `typ``

Type signatures. Two types are identical iff they have identical signatures. These contain the same information as types but canonicalized. For example, two function types that are identical except for the name of the formal arguments are given the same signature. Also, `TNamed` constructors are unrolled.
Lowering Options

    val lowerConstants : bool ref

Do lower constants (default true)

    val insertImplicitCasts : bool ref

Do insert implicit casts (default true)
`type ``featureDescr = {`

`` | `fd_enabled : `bool ref`;` | `(*` | The enable flag. Set to default value | `*)`
`` | `fd_name : `string`;` | `(*` | This is used to construct an option "--doxxx" and "--dontxxx" that enable and disable the feature | `*)`
`` | `fd_description : `string`;` | `(*` | A longer name that can be used to document the new options | `*)`
`` | `fd_extraopt : `(string * Arg.spec * string) list`;` | `(*` | Additional command line options. The description strings should usually start with a space for Arg.align to print the --help nicely. | `*)`
`` | `fd_doit : `file -> unit`;` | `(*` | This performs the transformation | `*)`
`` | `fd_post_check : `bool`;` | `(*` | Whether to perform a CIL consistency checking after this stage, if checking is enabled (--check is passed to cilly). Set this to true if your feature makes any changes for the program. | `*)`

}
To be able to add/remove features easily, each feature should be package as an interface with the following interface. These features should be

    val compareLoc : location -> location -> int

Comparison function for locations. * Compares first by filename, then line, then byte
Values for manipulating globals

    val emptyFunction : string -> fundec

Make an empty function

    val setFormals : fundec -> varinfo list -> unit

Update the formals of a `fundec` and make sure that the function type has the same information. Will copy the name as well into the type.

    val setFunctionType : fundec -> typ -> unit

Set the types of arguments and results as given by the function type passed as the second argument. Will not copy the names from the function type to the formals

    val setFunctionTypeMakeFormals : fundec -> typ -> unit

Set the type of the function and make formal arguments for them

    val setMaxId : fundec -> unit

Update the smaxid after you have populated with locals and formals (unless you constructed those using `Cil.makeLocalVar` or `Cil.makeTempVar`.

    val dummyFunDec : fundec

A dummy function declaration handy when you need one as a placeholder. It contains inside a dummy varinfo.

    val dummyFile : file

A dummy file

    val saveBinaryFile : file -> string -> unit

Write a `Cil.file` in binary form to the filesystem. The file can be read back in later using `Cil.loadBinaryFile`, possibly saving parsing time. The second argument is the name of the file that should be created.

    val saveBinaryFileChannel : file -> out_channel -> unit

Write a `Cil.file` in binary form to the filesystem. The file can be read back in later using `Cil.loadBinaryFile`, possibly saving parsing time. Does not close the channel.

    val loadBinaryFile : string -> file

Read a `Cil.file` in binary form from the filesystem. The first argument is the name of a file previously created by `Cil.saveBinaryFile`. Because this also reads some global state, this should be called before any other CIL code is parsed or generated.

    val getGlobInit : ?main_name:string -> file -> fundec

Get the global initializer and create one if it does not already exist. When it creates a global initializer it attempts to place a call to it in the main function named by the optional argument (default "main")

    val iterGlobals : file -> (global -> unit) -> unit

Iterate over all globals, including the global initializer

    val foldGlobals : file -> ('a -> global -> 'a) -> 'a -> 'a

Fold over all globals, including the global initializer

    val mapGlobals : file -> (global -> global) -> unit

Map over all globals, including the global initializer and change things in place

    val findOrCreateFunc : file -> string -> typ -> varinfo

Find a function or function prototype with the given name in the file. If it does not exist, create a prototype with the given type, and return the new varinfo. This is useful when you need to call a libc function whose prototype may or may not already exist in the file.

Because the new prototype is added to the start of the file, you shouldn't refer to any struct or union types in the function type.

    val new_sid : unit -> int

    val prepareCFG : fundec -> unit

Prepare a function for CFG information computation by `Cil.computeCFGInfo`. This function converts all `Break`, `Switch`, `Default` and `Continue` `Cil.stmtkind`s and `Cil.label`s into `If`s and `Goto`s, giving the function body a very CFG-like character. This function modifies its argument in place.

    val computeCFGInfo : fundec -> bool -> unit

Compute the CFG information for all statements in a fundec and return a list of the statements. The input fundec cannot have `Break`, `Switch`, `Default`, or `Continue` `Cil.stmtkind`s or `Cil.label`s. Use `Cil.prepareCFG` to transform them away. The second argument should be `true` if you wish a global statement number, `false` if you wish a local (per-function) statement numbering. The list of statements is set in the sallstmts field of a fundec.

NOTE: unless you want the simpler control-flow graph provided by prepareCFG, or you need the function's smaxstmtid and sallstmt fields filled in, we recommend you use `Cfg.computeFileCFG` instead of this function to compute control-flow information. `Cfg.computeFileCFG` is newer and will handle switch, break, and continue correctly.

    val copyFunction : fundec -> string -> fundec

Create a deep copy of a function. There should be no sharing between the copy and the original function

    val pushGlobal : global ->
           types:global list ref ->
           variables:global list ref -> unit

CIL keeps the types at the beginning of the file and the variables at the end of the file. This function will take a global and add it to the corresponding stack. Its operation is actually more complicated because if the global declares a type that contains references to variables (e.g. in sizeof in an array length) then it will also add declarations for the variables to the types stack

    val invalidStmt : stmt

An empty statement. Used in pretty printing

    val builtinFunctions : (string, typ * typ list * bool) Hashtbl.t

A list of the built-in functions for the current compiler (GCC or MSVC, depending on `!msvcMode`). Maps the name to the result and argument types, and whether it is vararg. Initialized by `Cil.initCIL`

This map replaces `gccBuiltins` and `msvcBuiltins` in previous versions of CIL.

    val builtinLoc : location

This is used as the location of the prototypes of builtin functions.
Values for manipulating initializers

    val makeZeroInit : typ -> init

Make a initializer for zero-ing a data type

    val foldLeftCompound : implicit:bool ->
           doinit:(offset -> init -> typ -> 'a -> 'a) ->
           ct:typ -> initl:(offset * init) list -> acc:'a -> 'a

Fold over the list of initializers in a Compound (not also the nested ones). `doinit` is called on every present initializer, even if it is of compound type. The parameters of `doinit` are: the offset in the compound (this is `Field(f,NoOffset)` or `Index(i,NoOffset)`), the initializer value, expected type of the initializer value, accumulator. In the case of arrays there might be missing zero-initializers at the end of the list. These are scanned only if `implicit` is true. This is much like `List.fold_left` except we also pass the type of the initializer.

This is a good way to use it to scan even nested initializers :

      let rec myInit (lv: lval) (i: init) (acc: 'a) : 'a =
          match i with
            SingleInit e -> ... do something with lv and e and acc ...
          | CompoundInit (ct, initl) ->
             foldLeftCompound ~implicit:false
                 ~doinit:(fun off' i' t' acc ->
                            myInit (addOffsetLval lv off') i' acc)
                 ~ct:ct
                 ~initl:initl
                 ~acc:acc

Values for manipulating types

    val voidType : typ

void

    val isVoidType : typ -> bool

is the given type "void"?

    val isVoidPtrType : typ -> bool

is the given type "void *"?

    val intType : typ

int

    val uintType : typ

unsigned int

    val longType : typ

long

    val ulongType : typ

unsigned long

    val charType : typ

char

    val charPtrType : typ

char *

    val wcharKind : ikind ref

wchar_t (depends on architecture) and is set when you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val wcharType : typ ref

    val charConstPtrType : typ

char const *

    val voidPtrType : typ

void *

    val intPtrType : typ

int *

    val uintPtrType : typ

unsigned int *

    val doubleType : typ

double

    val upointType : typ ref

An unsigned integer type that fits pointers. Depends on `Cil.msvcMode` and is set when you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val ptrdiffType : typ ref

An unsigned integer type that fits pointer difference. Depends on `Cil.msvcMode` and is set when you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val typeOfSizeOf : typ ref

An unsigned integer type that is the type of sizeof. Depends on `Cil.msvcMode` and is set when you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val kindOfSizeOf : ikind ref

The integer kind of `Cil.typeOfSizeOf`. Set when you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val isSigned : ikind -> bool

Returns true if and only if the given integer type is signed.

    val mkCompInfo : bool ->
           string ->
           (compinfo ->
            (string * typ * int option * attributes * location) list) ->
           attributes -> compinfo

Creates a a (potentially recursive) composite type. The arguments are: (1) a boolean indicating whether it is a struct or a union, (2) the name (always non-empty), (3) a function that when given a representation of the structure type constructs the type of the fields recursive type (the first argument is only useful when some fields need to refer to the type of the structure itself), and (4) a list of attributes to be associated with the composite type. The resulting compinfo has the field "cdefined" only if the list of fields is non-empty.

    val copyCompInfo : compinfo -> string -> compinfo

Makes a shallow copy of a `Cil.compinfo` changing the name and the key.

    val missingFieldName : string

This is a constant used as the name of an unnamed bitfield. These fields do not participate in initialization and their name is not printed.

    val compFullName : compinfo -> string

Get the full name of a comp

    val isCompleteType : typ -> bool

Returns true if this is a complete type. This means that sizeof(t) makes sense. Incomplete types are not yet defined structures and empty arrays.

    val unrollType : typ -> typ

Unroll a type until it exposes a non `TNamed`. Will collect all attributes appearing in `TNamed`!!!

    val unrollTypeDeep : typ -> typ

Unroll all the TNamed in a type (even under type constructors such as `TPtr`, `TFun` or `TArray`. Does not unroll the types of fields in `TComp` types. Will collect all attributes

    val separateStorageModifiers : attribute list -> attribute list * attribute list

Separate out the storage-modifier name attributes

    val isIntegralType : typ -> bool

True if the argument is an integral type (i.e. integer or enum)

    val isArithmeticType : typ -> bool

True if the argument is an arithmetic type (i.e. integer, enum or floating point

    val isPointerType : typ -> bool

True if the argument is a pointer type

    val isScalarType : typ -> bool

True if the argument is a scalar type

    val isFunctionType : typ -> bool

True if the argument is a function type

    val argsToList : (string * typ * attributes) list option ->
           (string * typ * attributes) list

Obtain the argument list ([] if None)

    val isArrayType : typ -> bool

True if the argument is an array type

    exception LenOfArray

Raised when `Cil.lenOfArray` fails either because the length is `None` or because it is a non-constant expression

    val lenOfArray : exp option -> int

Call to compute the array length as present in the array type, to an integer. Raises `Cil.LenOfArray` if not able to compute the length, such as when there is no length or the length is not a constant.

    val getCompField : compinfo -> string -> fieldinfo

Return a named fieldinfo in compinfo, or raise Not_found
`type ``existsAction =`

`|` | `ExistsTrue` | `(*` | We have found it | `*)`
`|` | `ExistsFalse` | `(*` | Stop processing this branch | `*)`
`|` | `ExistsMaybe` | `(*` | This node is not what we are looking for but maybe its successors are | `*)`

A datatype to be used in conjunction with `existsType`

    val existsType : (typ -> existsAction) -> typ -> bool

Scans a type by applying the function on all elements. When the function returns ExistsTrue, the scan stops with true. When the function returns ExistsFalse then the current branch is not scanned anymore. Care is taken to apply the function only once on each composite type, thus avoiding circularity. When the function returns ExistsMaybe then the types that construct the current type are scanned (e.g. the base type for TPtr and TArray, the type of fields for a TComp, etc).

    val splitFunctionType : typ ->
           typ * (string * typ * attributes) list option * bool *
           attributes

Given a function type split it into return type, arguments, is_vararg and attributes. An error is raised if the type is not a function type

Same as `Cil.splitFunctionType` but takes a varinfo. Prints a nicer error message if the varinfo is not for a function

    val splitFunctionTypeVI : varinfo ->
           typ * (string * typ * attributes) list option * bool *
           attributes

Type signatures
Type signatures. Two types are identical iff they have identical signatures. These contain the same information as types but canonicalized. For example, two function types that are identical except for the name of the formal arguments are given the same signature. Also, `TNamed` constructors are unrolled.

    val d_typsig : unit -> typsig -> Pretty.doc

Print a type signature

    val typeSig : typ -> typsig

Compute a type signature

    val typeSigWithAttrs : ?ignoreSign:bool ->
           (attributes -> attributes) -> typ -> typsig

Like `Cil.typeSig` but customize the incorporation of attributes. Use ~ignoreSign:true to convert all signed integer types to unsigned, so that signed and unsigned will compare the same.

    val setTypeSigAttrs : attributes -> typsig -> typsig

Replace the attributes of a signature (only at top level)

    val typeSigAttrs : typsig -> attributes

Get the top-level attributes of a signature
Lvalues

    val makeVarinfo : bool -> string -> ?init:init -> typ -> varinfo

Make a varinfo. Use this (rarely) to make a raw varinfo. Use other functions to make locals (`Cil.makeLocalVar` or `Cil.makeFormalVar` or `Cil.makeTempVar`) and globals (`Cil.makeGlobalVar`). Note that this function will assign a new identifier. The first argument specifies whether the varinfo is for a global.

    val makeFormalVar : fundec -> ?where:string -> string -> typ -> varinfo

Make a formal variable for a function. Insert it in both the sformals and the type of the function. You can optionally specify where to insert this one. If where = "^" then it is inserted first. If where = "$" then it is inserted last. Otherwise where must be the name of a formal after which to insert this. By default it is inserted at the end.

    val makeLocalVar : fundec ->
           ?insert:bool -> string -> ?init:init -> typ -> varinfo

Make a local variable and add it to a function's slocals (only if insert = true, which is the default). Make sure you know what you are doing if you set insert=false.

    val makeTempVar : fundec ->
           ?insert:bool ->
           ?name:string ->
           ?descr:Pretty.doc -> ?descrpure:bool -> typ -> varinfo

Make a temporary variable and add it to a function's slocals. CIL will ensure that the name of the new variable is unique in this function, and will generate this name by appending a number to the specified string ("__cil_tmp" by default).

The variable will be added to the function's slocals unless you explicitly set insert=false. (Make sure you know what you are doing if you set insert=false.)

Optionally, you can give the variable a description of its contents that will be printed by descriptiveCilPrinter.

    val makeGlobalVar : string -> typ -> varinfo

Make a global variable. Your responsibility to make sure that the name is unique

    val copyVarinfo : varinfo -> string -> varinfo

Make a shallow copy of a `varinfo` and assign a new identifier

    val newVID : unit -> int

Generate a new variable ID. This will be different than any variable ID that is generated by `Cil.makeLocalVar` and friends

    val addOffsetLval : offset -> lval -> lval

Add an offset at the end of an lvalue. Make sure the type of the lvalue and the offset are compatible.

    val addOffset : offset -> offset -> offset

`addOffset o1 o2` adds `o1` to the end of `o2`.

    val removeOffsetLval : lval -> lval * offset

Remove ONE offset from the end of an lvalue. Returns the lvalue with the trimmed offset and the final offset. If the final offset is `NoOffset` then the original `lval` did not have an offset.

    val removeOffset : offset -> offset * offset

Remove ONE offset from the end of an offset sequence. Returns the trimmed offset and the final offset. If the final offset is `NoOffset` then the original `lval` did not have an offset.

    val typeOfLval : lval -> typ

Compute the type of an lvalue

    val typeOffset : typ -> offset -> typ

Compute the type of an offset from a base type
Values for manipulating expressions

    val zero : exp

0

    val one : exp

1

    val mone : exp

-1

    val kintegerCilint : ikind -> Cilint.cilint -> exp

Construct an integer of a given kind, from a cilint. If needed it will truncate the integer to be within the representable range for the given kind.

    val kinteger64 : ikind -> int64 -> exp

Construct an integer of a given kind, using OCaml's int64 type. If needed it will truncate the integer to be within the representable range for the given kind.

    val kinteger : ikind -> int -> exp

Construct an integer of a given kind. Converts the integer to int64 and then uses kinteger64. This might truncate the value if you use a kind that cannot represent the given integer. This can only happen for one of the Char or Short kinds

    val integer : int -> exp

Construct an integer of kind IInt. On targets where C's 'int' is 16-bits, the integer may get truncated.

    val getInteger : exp -> Cilint.cilint option

If the given expression is an integer constant or a CastE'd integer constant, return that constant's value. Otherwise return None.

    val i64_to_int : int64 -> int

Convert a 64-bit int to an OCaml int, or raise an exception if that can't be done.

    val cilint_to_int : Cilint.cilint -> int

Convert a cilint int to an OCaml int, or raise an exception if that can't be done.

    val isConstant : exp -> bool

True if the expression is a compile-time constant

    val isConstantOffset : offset -> bool

True if the given offset contains only field nanmes or constant indices.

    val isZero : exp -> bool

True if the given expression is a (possibly cast'ed) integer or character constant with value zero

    val charConstToInt : char -> constant

Given the character c in a (CChr c), sign-extend it to 32 bits. (This is the official way of interpreting character constants, according to ISO C 6.4.4.4.10, which says that character constants are chars cast to ints) Returns CInt64(sign-extened c, IInt, None)

    val constFold : bool -> exp -> exp

Do constant folding on an expression. If the first argument is true then will also compute compiler-dependent expressions such as sizeof. See also `Cil.constFoldVisitor`, which will run constFold on all expressions in a given AST node.

    val constFoldBinOp : bool -> binop -> exp -> exp -> typ -> exp

Do constant folding on a binary operation. The bulk of the work done by `constFold` is done here. If the first argument is true then will also compute compiler-dependent expressions such as sizeof

    val increm : exp -> int -> exp

Increment an expression. Can be arithmetic or pointer type

    val var : varinfo -> lval

Makes an lvalue out of a given variable

    val mkAddrOf : lval -> exp

Make an AddrOf. Given an lvalue of type T will give back an expression of type ptr(T). It optimizes somewhat expressions like "& v" and "& v`0`"

    val mkAddrOrStartOf : lval -> exp

Like mkAddrOf except if the type of lval is an array then it uses StartOf. This is the right operation for getting a pointer to the start of the storage denoted by lval.

    val mkMem : addr:exp -> off:offset -> lval

Make a Mem, while optimizing AddrOf. The type of the addr must be TPtr(t) and the type of the resulting lval is t. Note that in CIL the implicit conversion between an array and the pointer to the first element does not apply. You must do the conversion yourself using StartOf

    val mkString : string -> exp

Make an expression that is a string constant (of pointer type)

    val mkCastT : e:exp -> oldt:typ -> newt:typ -> exp

Construct a cast when having the old type of the expression. If the new type is the same as the old type, then no cast is added.

    val mkCast : e:exp -> newt:typ -> exp

Like `Cil.mkCastT` but uses typeOf to get `oldt`

    val stripCasts : exp -> exp

Removes casts from this expression, but ignores casts within other expression constructs. So we delete the (A) and (B) casts from "(A)(B)(x + (C)y)", but leave the (C) cast.

    val typeOf : exp -> typ

Compute the type of an expression

    val parseInt : string -> exp

Convert a string representing a C integer literal to an expression. Handles the prefixes 0x and 0 and the suffixes L, U, UL, LL, ULL
Values for manipulating statements

    val mkStmt : stmtkind -> stmt

Construct a statement, given its kind. Initialize the `sid` field to -1, and `labels`, `succs` and `preds` to the empty list

    val mkBlock : stmt list -> block

Construct a block with no attributes, given a list of statements

    val mkStmtOneInstr : instr -> stmt

Construct a statement consisting of just one instruction

    val compactStmts : stmt list -> stmt list

Try to compress statements so as to get maximal basic blocks. use this instead of List.@ because you get fewer basic blocks

    val mkEmptyStmt : unit -> stmt

Returns an empty statement (of kind `Instr`)

    val dummyInstr : instr

A instr to serve as a placeholder

    val dummyStmt : stmt

A statement consisting of just `dummyInstr`

    val mkWhile : guard:exp -> body:stmt list -> stmt list

Make a while loop. Can contain Break or Continue

    val mkForIncr : iter:varinfo ->
           first:exp ->
           stopat:exp -> incr:exp -> body:stmt list -> stmt list

Make a for loop for(i=start; i<past; i += incr) { ... }. The body can contain Break but not Continue. Can be used with i a pointer or an integer. Start and done must have the same type but incr must be an integer

    val mkFor : start:stmt list ->
           guard:exp -> next:stmt list -> body:stmt list -> stmt list

Make a for loop for(start; guard; next) { ... }. The body can contain Break but not Continue !!!
Values for manipulating attributes
`type ``attributeClass =`

`|` | `AttrName of `bool`` | `(*` | Attribute of a name. If argument is true and we are on MSVC then the attribute is printed using __declspec as part of the storage specifier | `*)`
`|` | `AttrFunType of `bool`` | `(*` | Attribute of a function type. If argument is true and we are on MSVC then the attribute is printed just before the function name | `*)`
`|` | `AttrType` | `(*` | Attribute of a type | `*)`

Various classes of attributes

    val attributeHash : (string, attributeClass) Hashtbl.t

This table contains the mapping of predefined attributes to classes. Extend this table with more attributes as you need. This table is used to determine how to associate attributes with names or types

    val partitionAttributes : default:attributeClass ->
           attributes ->
           attribute list * attribute list * attribute list

Partition the attributes into classes:name attributes, function type, and type attributes

    val addAttribute : attribute -> attributes -> attributes

Add an attribute. Maintains the attributes in sorted order of the second argument

    val addAttributes : attribute list -> attributes -> attributes

Add a list of attributes. Maintains the attributes in sorted order. The second argument must be sorted, but not necessarily the first

    val dropAttribute : string -> attributes -> attributes

Remove all attributes with the given name. Maintains the attributes in sorted order.

    val dropAttributes : string list -> attributes -> attributes

Remove all attributes with names appearing in the string list. Maintains the attributes in sorted order

    val filterAttributes : string -> attributes -> attributes

Retains attributes with the given name

    val hasAttribute : string -> attributes -> bool

True if the named attribute appears in the attribute list. The list of attributes must be sorted.

    val typeAttrs : typ -> attribute list

Returns all the attributes contained in a type. This requires a traversal of the type structure, in case of composite, enumeration and named types

    val setTypeAttrs : typ -> attributes -> typ

    val typeAddAttributes : attribute list -> typ -> typ

Add some attributes to a type

    val typeRemoveAttributes : string list -> typ -> typ

Remove all attributes with the given names from a type. Note that this does not remove attributes from typedef and tag definitions, just from their uses

    val expToAttrParam : exp -> attrparam

Convert an expression into an attrparam, if possible. Otherwise raise NotAnAttrParam with the offending subexpression

    exception NotAnAttrParam of exp

The visitor
`type `'a` visitAction =`

`|` | `SkipChildren` | `(*` | Do not visit the children. Return the node as it is. | `*)`
`|` | `DoChildren` | `(*` | Continue with the children of this node. Rebuild the node on return if any of the children changes (use == test) | `*)`
`|` | `ChangeTo of `'a`` | `(*` | Replace the expression with the given one | `*)`
`|` | `ChangeDoChildrenPost of `'a * ('a -> 'a)`` | `(*` | First consider that the entire exp is replaced by the first parameter. Then continue with the children. On return rebuild the node if any of the children has changed and then apply the function on the node | `*)`

Different visiting actions. 'a will be instantiated with `exp`, `instr`, etc.

    class type cilVisitor = object .. end

A visitor interface for traversing CIL trees.

    class nopCilVisitor : cilVisitor

Default Visitor.

    val visitCilFile : cilVisitor -> file -> unit

Visit a file. This will will re-cons all globals TWICE (so that it is tail-recursive). Use `Cil.visitCilFileSameGlobals` if your visitor will not change the list of globals.

    val visitCilFileSameGlobals : cilVisitor -> file -> unit

A visitor for the whole file that does not change the globals (but maybe changes things inside the globals). Use this function instead of `Cil.visitCilFile` whenever appropriate because it is more efficient for long files.

    val visitCilGlobal : cilVisitor -> global -> global list

Visit a global

    val visitCilFunction : cilVisitor -> fundec -> fundec

Visit a function definition

    val visitCilExpr : cilVisitor -> exp -> exp

    val visitCilLval : cilVisitor -> lval -> lval

Visit an lvalue

    val visitCilOffset : cilVisitor -> offset -> offset

Visit an lvalue or recursive offset

    val visitCilInitOffset : cilVisitor -> offset -> offset

Visit an initializer offset

    val visitCilInstr : cilVisitor -> instr -> instr list

Visit an instruction

    val visitCilStmt : cilVisitor -> stmt -> stmt

Visit a statement

    val visitCilBlock : cilVisitor -> block -> block

Visit a block

    val visitCilType : cilVisitor -> typ -> typ

Visit a type

    val visitCilVarDecl : cilVisitor -> varinfo -> varinfo

Visit a variable declaration

    val visitCilInit : cilVisitor -> varinfo -> offset -> init -> init

Visit an initializer, pass also the variable to which this belongs and the offset.

    val visitCilAttributes : cilVisitor -> attribute list -> attribute list

Visit a list of attributes
Utility functions

    val msvcMode : bool ref

Whether the pretty printer should print output for the MS VC compiler. Default is GCC. After you set this function you should call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val makeStaticGlobal : bool ref

Whether to convert local static variables into global static variables

    val useLogicalOperators : bool ref

Whether to use the logical operands LAnd and LOr. By default, do not use them because they are unlike other expressions and do not evaluate both of their operands

    val useComputedGoto : bool ref

Whether to use GCC's computed gotos. By default, do not use them and replace them by a switch.

    val oldstyleExternInline : bool ref

Set this to true to get old-style handling of gcc's extern inline C extension: old-style: the extern inline definition is used until the actual definition is seen (as long as optimization is enabled) new-style: the extern inline definition is used only if there is no actual definition (as long as optimization is enabled) Note that CIL assumes that optimization is always enabled ;-)

    val constFoldVisitor : bool -> cilVisitor

A visitor that does constant folding. Pass as argument whether you want machine specific simplifications to be done, or not.
`type ``lineDirectiveStyle =`

`|` | `LineComment` | `(*` | Before every element, print the line number in comments. This is ignored by processing tools (thus errors are reproted in the CIL output), but useful for visual inspection | `*)`
`|` | `LineCommentSparse` | `(*` | Like LineComment but only print a line directive for a new source line | `*)`
`|` | `LinePreprocessorInput` | `(*` | Use # nnn directives (in gcc mode) | `*)`
`|` | `LinePreprocessorOutput` | `(*` | Use #line directives | `*)`

Styles of printing line directives

    val lineDirectiveStyle : lineDirectiveStyle option ref

How to print line directives

    val print_CIL_Input : bool ref

Whether we print something that will only be used as input to our own parser. In that case we are a bit more liberal in what we print

    val printCilAsIs : bool ref

Whether to print the CIL as they are, without trying to be smart and print nicer code. Normally this is false, in which case the pretty printer will turn the while(1) loops of CIL into nicer loops, will not print empty "else" blocks, etc. There is one case howewer in which if you turn this on you will get code that does not compile: if you use varargs the __builtin_va_arg function will be printed in its internal form.

    val lineLength : int ref

The length used when wrapping output lines. Setting this variable to a large integer will prevent wrapping and make #line directives more accurate.

    val forgcc : string -> string

Return the string 's' if we're printing output for gcc, suppres it if we're printing for CIL to parse back in. the purpose is to hide things from gcc that it complains about, but still be able to do lossless transformations when CIL is the consumer
Debugging support

    val currentLoc : location ref

A reference to the current location. If you are careful to set this to the current location then you can use some built-in logging functions that will print the location.

    val currentGlobal : global ref

A reference to the current global being visited
CIL has a fairly easy to use mechanism for printing error messages. This mechanism is built on top of the pretty-printer mechanism (see `Pretty.doc`) and the error-message modules (see `Errormsg.error`).

Here is a typical example for printing a log message:

    ignore (Errormsg.log "Expression %a is not positive (at %s:%i)\n"
                            d_exp e loc.file loc.line)

and here is an example of how you print a fatal error message that stop the execution:

    Errormsg.s (Errormsg.bug "Why am I here?")

Notice that you can use C format strings with some extension. The most useful extension is "%a" that means to consumer the next two argument from the argument list and to apply the first to `unit` and then to the second and to print the resulting `Pretty.doc`. For each major type in CIL there is a corresponding function that pretty-prints an element of that type:

    val d_loc : unit -> location -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a location

    val d_thisloc : unit -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print the `Cil.currentLoc`

    val d_ikind : unit -> ikind -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an integer of a given kind

    val d_fkind : unit -> fkind -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a floating-point kind

    val d_storage : unit -> storage -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print storage-class information

    val d_const : unit -> constant -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a constant

    val derefStarLevel : int

    val indexLevel : int

    val arrowLevel : int

    val addrOfLevel : int

    val additiveLevel : int

    val comparativeLevel : int

    val bitwiseLevel : int

    val getParenthLevel : exp -> int

Parentheses level. An expression "a op b" is printed parenthesized if its parentheses level is >= that that of its context. Identifiers have the lowest level and weakly binding operators (e.g. |) have the largest level. The correctness criterion is that a smaller level MUST correspond to a stronger precedence!

    class type cilPrinter = object .. end

A printer interface for CIL trees.

    class defaultCilPrinterClass : cilPrinter

    val defaultCilPrinter : cilPrinter

    class plainCilPrinterClass : cilPrinter

These are pretty-printers that will show you more details on the internal CIL representation, without trying hard to make it look like C

    val plainCilPrinter : cilPrinter

    class type descriptiveCilPrinter = object .. end

    class descriptiveCilPrinterClass : bool -> descriptiveCilPrinter

Like defaultCilPrinterClass, but instead of temporary variable names it prints the description that was provided when the temp was created.

    val descriptiveCilPrinter : descriptiveCilPrinter

    val printerForMaincil : cilPrinter ref

zra: This is the pretty printer that Maincil will use. by default it is set to defaultCilPrinter

    val printType : cilPrinter -> unit -> typ -> Pretty.doc

Print a type given a pretty printer

    val printExp : cilPrinter -> unit -> exp -> Pretty.doc

Print an expression given a pretty printer

    val printLval : cilPrinter -> unit -> lval -> Pretty.doc

Print an lvalue given a pretty printer

    val printGlobal : cilPrinter -> unit -> global -> Pretty.doc

Print a global given a pretty printer

    val printAttr : cilPrinter -> unit -> attribute -> Pretty.doc

Print an attribute given a pretty printer

    val printAttrs : cilPrinter -> unit -> attributes -> Pretty.doc

Print a set of attributes given a pretty printer

    val printInstr : cilPrinter -> unit -> instr -> Pretty.doc

Print an instruction given a pretty printer

    val printStmt : cilPrinter -> unit -> stmt -> Pretty.doc

Print a statement given a pretty printer. This can take very long (or even overflow the stack) for huge statements. Use `Cil.dumpStmt` instead.

    val printBlock : cilPrinter -> unit -> block -> Pretty.doc

Print a block given a pretty printer. This can take very long (or even overflow the stack) for huge block. Use `Cil.dumpBlock` instead.

    val dumpStmt : cilPrinter -> out_channel -> int -> stmt -> unit

Dump a statement to a file using a given indentation. Use this instead of `Cil.printStmt` whenever possible.

    val dumpBlock : cilPrinter -> out_channel -> int -> block -> unit

Dump a block to a file using a given indentation. Use this instead of `Cil.printBlock` whenever possible.

    val printInit : cilPrinter -> unit -> init -> Pretty.doc

Print an initializer given a pretty printer. This can take very long (or even overflow the stack) for huge initializers. Use `Cil.dumpInit` instead.

    val dumpInit : cilPrinter -> out_channel -> int -> init -> unit

Dump an initializer to a file using a given indentation. Use this instead of `Cil.printInit` whenever possible.

    val d_type : unit -> typ -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a type using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_exp : unit -> exp -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an expression using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_lval : unit -> lval -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an lvalue using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_offset : Pretty.doc -> unit -> offset -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an offset using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`, given the pretty printing for the base.

    val d_init : unit -> init -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an initializer using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`. This can be extremely slow (or even overflow the stack) for huge initializers. Use `Cil.dumpInit` instead.

    val d_binop : unit -> binop -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a binary operator

    val d_unop : unit -> unop -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a unary operator

    val d_attr : unit -> attribute -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an attribute using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_attrparam : unit -> attrparam -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an argument of an attribute using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_attrlist : unit -> attributes -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a list of attributes using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_instr : unit -> instr -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an instruction using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_label : unit -> label -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a label using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`

    val d_stmt : unit -> stmt -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a statement using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`. This can be extremely slow (or even overflow the stack) for huge statements. Use `Cil.dumpStmt` instead.

    val d_block : unit -> block -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a block using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`. This can be extremely slow (or even overflow the stack) for huge blocks. Use `Cil.dumpBlock` instead.

    val d_global : unit -> global -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print the internal representation of a global using `Cil.defaultCilPrinter`. This can be extremely slow (or even overflow the stack) for huge globals (such as arrays with lots of initializers). Use `Cil.dumpGlobal` instead.

    val dn_exp : unit -> exp -> Pretty.doc

Versions of the above pretty printers, that don't print #line directives

    val dn_lval : unit -> lval -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_init : unit -> init -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_type : unit -> typ -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_global : unit -> global -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_attrlist : unit -> attributes -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_attr : unit -> attribute -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_attrparam : unit -> attrparam -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_stmt : unit -> stmt -> Pretty.doc

    val dn_instr : unit -> instr -> Pretty.doc

    val d_shortglobal : unit -> global -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print a short description of the global. This is useful for error messages

    val dumpGlobal : cilPrinter -> out_channel -> global -> unit

Pretty-print a global. Here you give the channel where the printout should be sent.

    val dumpFile : cilPrinter -> out_channel -> string -> file -> unit

Pretty-print an entire file. Here you give the channel where the printout should be sent.
the following error message producing functions also print a location in the code. use `Errormsg.bug` and `Errormsg.unimp` if you do not want that

    val bug : ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Errormsg.bug` except that `Cil.currentLoc` is also printed

    val unimp : ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Errormsg.unimp` except that `Cil.currentLoc`is also printed

    val error : ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Errormsg.error` except that `Cil.currentLoc` is also printed

    val errorLoc : location -> ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Cil.error` except that it explicitly takes a location argument, instead of using the `Cil.currentLoc`

    val warn : ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Errormsg.warn` except that `Cil.currentLoc` is also printed

    val warnOpt : ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Errormsg.warnOpt` except that `Cil.currentLoc` is also printed. This warning is printed only of `Errormsg.warnFlag` is set.

    val warnContext : ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Errormsg.warn` except that `Cil.currentLoc` and context is also printed

    val warnContextOpt : ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Errormsg.warn` except that `Cil.currentLoc` and context is also printed. This warning is printed only of `Errormsg.warnFlag` is set.

    val warnLoc : location -> ('a, unit, Pretty.doc) format -> 'a

Like `Cil.warn` except that it explicitly takes a location argument, instead of using the `Cil.currentLoc`
Sometimes you do not want to see the syntactic sugar that the above pretty-printing functions add. In that case you can use the following pretty-printing functions. But note that the output of these functions is not valid C

    val d_plainexp : unit -> exp -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print the internal representation of an expression

    val d_plaininit : unit -> init -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print the internal representation of an integer

    val d_plainlval : unit -> lval -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print the internal representation of an lvalue
Pretty-print the internal representation of an lvalue offset val d_plainoffset: unit -> offset -> Pretty.doc

    val d_plaintype : unit -> typ -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print the internal representation of a type

    val dd_exp : unit -> exp -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-print an expression while printing descriptions rather than names of temporaries.

Pretty-print an lvalue on the left side of an assignment. If there is an offset or memory dereference, temporaries will be replaced by descriptions as in dd_exp. If the lval is a temp var, that var will not be replaced by a description; use "dd_exp () (Lval lv)" if that's what you want.

    val dd_lval : unit -> lval -> Pretty.doc

ALPHA conversion has been moved to the Alpha module.

    val uniqueVarNames : file -> unit

Assign unique names to local variables. This might be necessary after you transformed the code and added or renamed some new variables. Names are not used by CIL internally, but once you print the file out the compiler downstream might be confused. You might have added a new global that happens to have the same name as a local in some function. Rename the local to ensure that there would never be confusioin. Or, viceversa, you might have added a local with a name that conflicts with a global
Optimization Passes

    val peepHole2 : (instr * instr -> instr list option) -> stmt list -> unit

A peephole optimizer that processes two adjacent instructions and possibly replaces them both. If some replacement happens, then the new instructions are themselves subject to optimization

    val peepHole1 : (instr -> instr list option) -> stmt list -> unit

Similar to `peepHole2` except that the optimization window consists of one instruction, not two
Machine dependency

    exception SizeOfError of string * typ

Raised when one of the bitsSizeOf functions cannot compute the size of a type. This can happen because the type contains array-length expressions that we don't know how to compute or because it is a type whose size is not defined (e.g. TFun or an undefined compinfo). The string is an explanation of the error

    val unsignedVersionOf : ikind -> ikind

Give the unsigned kind corresponding to any integer kind

    val signedVersionOf : ikind -> ikind

Give the signed kind corresponding to any integer kind

    val intRank : ikind -> int

Return the integer conversion rank of an integer kind

    val commonIntKind : ikind -> ikind -> ikind

Return the common integer kind of the two integer arguments, as defined in ISO C 6.3.1.8 ("Usual arithmetic conversions")

    val intKindForSize : int -> bool -> ikind

The signed integer kind for a given size (unsigned if second argument is true). Raises Not_found if no such kind exists

    val floatKindForSize : int -> fkind

The float kind for a given size. Raises Not_found if no such kind exists

    val bytesSizeOfInt : ikind -> int

The size in bytes of the given int kind.

    val bitsSizeOf : typ -> int

The size of a type, in bits. Trailing padding is added for structs and arrays. Raises `Cil.SizeOfError` when it cannot compute the size. This function is architecture dependent, so you should only call this after you call `Cil.initCIL`. Remember that on GCC sizeof(void) is 1!

    val truncateCilint : ikind -> Cilint.cilint -> Cilint.cilint * Cilint.truncation

Represents an integer as for a given kind. Returns a truncation flag saying that the value fit in the kind (NoTruncation), didn't fit but no "interesting" bits (all-0 or all-1) were lost (ValueTruncation) or that bits were lost (BitTruncation). Another way to look at the ValueTruncation result is that if you had used the kind of opposite signedness (e.g. IUInt rather than IInt), you would gave got NoTruncation...

    val fitsInInt : ikind -> Cilint.cilint -> bool

True if the integer fits within the kind's range

    val intKindForValue : Cilint.cilint -> bool -> ikind

Return the smallest kind that will hold the integer's value. The kind will be unsigned if the 2nd argument is true, signed otherwise. Note that if the value doesn't fit in any of the available types, you will get ILongLong (2nd argument false) or IULongLong (2nd argument true).

    val mkCilint : ikind -> int64 -> Cilint.cilint

Construct a cilint from an integer kind and int64 value. Used for getting the actual constant value from a CInt64(n, ik, _) constant.

    val sizeOf : typ -> exp

The size of a type, in bytes. Returns a constant expression or a "sizeof" expression if it cannot compute the size. This function is architecture dependent, so you should only call this after you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val alignOf_int : typ -> int

The minimum alignment (in bytes) for a type. This function is architecture dependent, so you should only call this after you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val bitsOffset : typ -> offset -> int * int

Give a type of a base and an offset, returns the number of bits from the base address and the width (also expressed in bits) for the subobject denoted by the offset. Raises `Cil.SizeOfError` when it cannot compute the size. This function is architecture dependent, so you should only call this after you call `Cil.initCIL`.

    val char_is_unsigned : bool ref

Whether "char" is unsigned. Set after you call `Cil.initCIL`

    val little_endian : bool ref

Whether the machine is little endian. Set after you call `Cil.initCIL`

    val underscore_name : bool ref

Whether the compiler generates assembly labels by prepending "_" to the identifier. That is, will function foo() have the label "foo", or "_foo"? Set after you call `Cil.initCIL`

    val locUnknown : location

Represents a location that cannot be determined

    val get_instrLoc : instr -> location

Return the location of an instruction

    val get_globalLoc : global -> location

Return the location of a global, or locUnknown

    val get_stmtLoc : stmtkind -> location

Return the location of a statement, or locUnknown

    val dExp : Pretty.doc -> exp

Generate an `Cil.exp` to be used in case of errors.

    val dInstr : Pretty.doc -> location -> instr

Generate an `Cil.instr` to be used in case of errors.

    val dGlobal : Pretty.doc -> location -> global

Generate a `Cil.global` to be used in case of errors.

    val mapNoCopy : ('a -> 'a) -> 'a list -> 'a list

Like map but try not to make a copy of the list

    val mapNoCopyList : ('a -> 'a list) -> 'a list -> 'a list

Like map but each call can return a list. Try not to make a copy of the list

    val startsWith : string -> string -> bool

sm: return true if the first is a prefix of the second string

    val endsWith : string -> string -> bool

return true if the first is a suffix of the second string

    val stripUnderscores : string -> string

If string has leading and trailing __, strip them.
An Interpreter for constructing CIL constructs
`type ``formatArg =`

`|` | `Fe of `exp``
`|` | `Feo of `exp option`` | `(*` | For array lengths | `*)`
`|` | `Fu of `unop``
`|` | `Fb of `binop``
`|` | `Fk of `ikind``
`|` | `FE of `exp list`` | `(*` | For arguments in a function call | `*)`
`|` | `Ff of `(string * typ * attributes)`` | `(*` | For a formal argument | `*)`
`|` | `FF of `(string * typ * attributes) list`` | `(*` | For formal argument lists | `*)`
`|` | `Fva of `bool`` | `(*` | For the ellipsis in a function type | `*)`
`|` | `Fv of `varinfo``
`|` | `Fl of `lval``
`|` | `Flo of `lval option``
`|` | `Fo of `offset``
`|` | `Fc of `compinfo``
`|` | `Fi of `instr``
`|` | `FI of `instr list``
`|` | `Ft of `typ``
`|` | `Fd of `int``
`|` | `Fg of `string``
`|` | `Fs of `stmt``
`|` | `FS of `stmt list``
`|` | `FA of `attributes``
`|` | `Fp of `attrparam``
`|` | `FP of `attrparam list``
`|` | `FX of `string``

The type of argument for the interpreter

    val d_formatarg : unit -> formatArg -> Pretty.doc

Pretty-prints a format arg

    val warnTruncate : bool ref

Emit warnings when truncating integer constants (default true)

    val envMachine : Machdep.mach option ref

Machine model specified via CIL_MACHINE environment variable

    val convertInts : int64 -> ikind -> int64 -> ikind -> int64 * int64 * ikind

Deprecated.. Convert two int64/kind pairs to a common int64/int64/kind triple.

    val isInteger : exp -> int64 option

Deprecated.. Can't handle large 64-bit unsigned constants correctly - use getInteger instead. If the given expression is a (possibly cast'ed) character or an integer constant, return that integer. Otherwise, return None.

    val truncateInteger64 : ikind -> int64 -> int64 * bool

Deprecated.. Use truncateCilint instead. Represents an integer as for a given kind. Returns a flag saying whether the value was changed during truncation (because it was too large to fit in k).

    val gccBuiltins : (string, typ * typ list * bool) Hashtbl.t

Deprecated.. For compatibility with older programs, these are aliases for `Cil.builtinFunctions`

    val msvcBuiltins : (string, typ * typ list * bool) Hashtbl.t

Deprecated.. For compatibility with older programs, these are aliases for `Cil.builtinFunctions`