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#$BiologicalLivingObject   living things
The collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (or BLO s) might either be instances of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or components of such whole living organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm).
guid: bd58a6ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$OrganicStuff  #$ComplexPhysicalObject  #$NaturalTangibleStuff  
direct generalization of: #$Cell #$Organism-Whole #$ReproductiveSystem #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart #$Chest-BodyPart #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$Stomach #$Brain #$Liver #$Head-AnimalBodyPart #$FaceOfAnimal #$Skin #$Head-Vertebrate #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart #$Mouth #$Arm #$NervousSystem #$CirculatorySystem #$Heart #$MuscularSystem #$Nose #$Torso #$Hand #$SkeletalSystem #$RespiratorySystem #$DigestiveSystem #$Lung #$Eye #$Leg #$AnimalBLO #$PlantBLO #$Embryo #$OrganismPart
#$Organism-Whole   organisms
A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Organism-Whole is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to be instances of #$Organism-Whole include instances of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
direct generalization of: #$Animal #$MulticellularOrganism #$AquaticOrganism #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant #$Carnivore #$Fungus #$MoneraKingdom #$Heterotroph #$Microorganism #$EukaryoticOrganism
#$OrganismClassificationType   types of organism    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismClassificationType is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole (q.v.), where membership in that sub-collection is determined by satisfaction of some set of classificatory criteria accepted by some scientific community. The scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that #$OrganismClassificationType is _not_ an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollection, since there are scientific classifications along different dimensions. Many specializations of #$OrganismClassificationType are, however, instances of #$SiblingDisjointCollection.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ConventionalClassificationType  #$ExistingObjectType  
direct generalization of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity #$BiologicalTaxon
#$OrganismTypeByHabitat   types of organism classified by habitat
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms (i.e., a specialization of #$Organism-Whole) all of whom share the same sort of habitat. Instances of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat include #$AquaticOrganism and #$TerrestrialOrganism.
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direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollection #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ExistingObjectType  
#$BiologicalTaxonType   types of biological taxon
An instance of #$CollectionTypeType, and a specialization of #$DisjointCollectionType. Each instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType is a specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon (q.v.). Notable instances of #$BiologicalTaxonType include #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalClass, and #$BiologicalFamily.
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direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection #$DisjointCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$SecondOrderCollection  #$DisjointCollectionType  
#$BiologicalTaxon   taxonomic groups    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of ranked categories accepted by biologists for the biological classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Includes all levels of taxons. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType and #$OrganismClassificationType.
guid: bd58e2e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollection #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$OrganismClassificationType  
direct generalization of: #$BiologicalOrder #$BiologicalGenus #$BiologicalSuborder #$BiologicalFamily #$BiologicalSubfamily #$BiologicalSpecies #$BiologicalSubclass #$BiologicalSubspecies #$BiologicalClass #$BiologicalDivision #$BiologicalKingdom #$BiologicalPhylum #$BiologicalSubkingdom #$BiologicalSubphylum
#$BiologicalKingdom   kingdoms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$BiologicalKingdom is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole whose instances all belong to one of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Notable instances of #$BiologicalKingdom include #$Animal, #$Plant, #$ProtistaKingdom, and #$MoneraKingdom.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalSubkingdom   biological subkingdoms
A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom is an immediate taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalSubkingdom include #$Protozoan, #$EmbryophyteSubkingdom, and #$AlgaeSubkingdom.
guid: bd589857-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalPhylum   biological phyla    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalDivision   biological divisions
A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalDivision is a main taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are instances of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.), rather than #$BiologicalDivision.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalClass   biological classes    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalSubclass   biological subclasses    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder.
guid: bd58cba7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalOrder   biological orders    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily.
guid: bd58e329-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalFamily   biological families    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification.
guid: bd58cb2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalGenus   biological genera    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus.
guid: bd589a9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalSpecies   species
An instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType. Each instance of #$BiologicalSpecies is the lowest taxon common to both parents of fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, common to parent and child. Members of different species cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. An instance of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular instance of #$BiologicalGenus.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
#$BiologicalSubspecies   subspecies    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different subspecies can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding, but the offspring are not members of the parental subspecies although they are members of the common #$BiologicalSpecies. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalSpecies. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of a single species. This can happen naturally through geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction to create, for example, #$Dog breeds or crop strains.
guid: c0b6222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  
An abbreviated taxonomic 
hierarchy from #$BiologicalKingdom to #$BiologicalSpecies:
#$superTaxons   super taxons
A specialization of #$genls used to relate instances of #$BiologicalTaxon. (#$superTaxons TAXON SUPERTAXON) means that SUPERTAXON is above the more specific TAXON in the biological taxon hierarchy; i.e. the later taxon is more general and inclusive than the former. Every instance of TAXON must therefore also be an instance of SUPERTAXON. For example, (#$superTaxons #$DomesticCat #$FelisGenus) holds. See also #$taxonMembers.
guid: bd58e36e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$OpenCycDefinitionalPredicate #$DefinitionalPredicate
direct specialization of: #$genls
#$taxonMembers   taxon members    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$taxonMembers is used to relate taxonomic groups to the types of organism that belong to those groups. (#$taxonMembers TAXON ORGTYPE) means that the #$BiologicalTaxon TAXON includes the #$OrganismClassificationType ORGTYPE. ORGTYPE may or may not be a scientific category; nonetheless, all members are classified under the scientific taxon TAXON. If ORGTYPE is also an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon, use the more specific (#$superTaxons ORGTYPE TAXON). Example: (#$taxonMembers #$Mammal #$FemalePerson). Organism types may be related to more than one taxon, so long as they are at diffent levels (e.g. #$BiologicalClass and #$BiologicalOrder).
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$memberOfSpecies   member of species    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$memberOfSpecies ORG SPECIES) means that the organism ORG is a member of the #$BiologicalSpecies SPECIES.
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direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot
direct specialization of: #$isa

Organism By Taxonomic Kingdom


#$Plant   plants (garden supplies)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$Plant is the collection of all plants; it is a member of the #$BiologicalKingdom and contains the primary subjects of #$Biology. Plants are typically stationary, living, whole organisms; the cells of plants generally lack cholesterol and have cell walls that include substances of #$Cellulose. Most, though not all, plants are capable of making sugars by #$Photosynthesis-Plant processes and have green parts. Some example subsets of #$Plant are the collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss.
guid: bd58c6e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticOrganism  #$VegetableMatter  #$PlantBLO  #$TopAndBottomSidedObject  
direct generalization of: #$CropPlant #$Vine-Plant #$Plant-Woody #$Plant-NonWoody #$FloweringPlant
#$Animal   animals    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all animals. This large class of organisms is one instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Animals are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are instances of #$Heterotroph, incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a specialization of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal.
guid: bd58b031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$PerceptualAgent  #$SolidTangibleThing  #$AnimalBLO  #$Heterotroph  #$EukaryoticOrganism  
direct generalization of: #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$MedicalPatient #$Person #$Invertebrate #$ChordataPhylum #$NonPersonAnimal #$AdultAnimal #$FemaleAnimal #$MaleAnimal #$MigratoryAnimal #$Vertebrate #$Herbivore #$Arthropod #$JuvenileAnimal #$OviparousAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$Homeotherm #$CaptiveAnimal
#$Fungus   Mycota    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of fungi, the stationary, saprophytic, and symbiotic or parasitic eukaryotic organisms constituting an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom in many systems of classification. #$Fungus the specializations #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus. Unlike most other instances of #$Plant, mushrooms are incapable of performing processes of #$Photosynthesis-Generic.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph  #$EukaryoticOrganism  
#$SingleCellOrganism   single-celled organisms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$Microorganism and #$Cell. Each instance of #$SingleCellOrganism is an organism composed of a single self-reproducing living cell. Notable specializations of #$SingleCellOrganism include #$Protozoan, #$ProkaryoticCell, and #$Algae-LikeProtist.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity
direct specialization of: #$Cell  #$Microorganism  
direct generalization of: #$ProkaryoticCell #$Protozoan
#$ProkaryoticCell   prokaryotic organisms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$SingleCellOrganism. Each instance of #$ProkaryoticCell is a single-celled organism that lacks both a nucleus and mitochondria. Notable specializations of #$ProkaryoticCell include #$Bacterium, #$MoneraKingdom, and #$BlueGreenAlgae.
guid: bd58d537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$SingleCellOrganism  
direct generalization of: #$MoneraKingdom
#$Bacterium   bacteria    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of bacteria; a subset of #$SingleCellOrganism. Each element of #$Bacterium is also an element of #$ProkaryoticCell and of #$Heterotroph. Bacteria are typically incapable of processes of #$Photosynthesis-Bacterial. The class #$Bacterium, also called the Schizomycophyta, is one of the divisions of the #$MoneraKingdom. Many bacteria cause diseases that are instances of #$BacterialInfection in both plants and animals, but some are beneficial or even necessary for life. Compare with the #$BlueGreenAlgae.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of: #$MoneraKingdom  
#$BlueGreenAlgae   Cyanobacteria    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of (mostly dark blue-green in bulk) aquatic organisms called Blue-green Algae or sometimes Cyanobacteria. The elements of #$BlueGreenAlgae are also elements of #$Autotroph and of #$ProkaryoticCell, and they carry out processes of #$Photosynthesis-Bacterial. The class of #$BlueGreenAlgae, also called Cyanophyta, is one of the #$BiologicalDivisions of the #$MoneraKingdom. (Compare with #$Bacterium.)
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of: #$MoneraKingdom  
#$MoneraKingdom   Monera    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of both #$Organism-Whole and #$ProkaryoticCell. Each instance of #$MoneraKingdom is a one-celled prokaryotic organism (so each instance lacks a nuclear membrane, as well as other internal organelles). Specializations of #$MoneraKingdom include #$PseudomonasMallei, #$Plague-Bacterium, and #$EscherichiaColi.
guid: bd58cb4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$ProkaryoticCell  
#$ProtistaKingdom   protista kingdom
An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom and a specialization of #$EukaryoticOrganism. Each instance of #$ProtistaKingdom is a eukaryotic organism that is _not_ a plant, animal, or fungus. All unicellular eukaryotic organisms are instances of #$ProtistaKingdom, although not all instances of #$ProtistaKingdom are unicellular organisms. Notable specializations of #$ProtistaKingdom include #$Protozoan, #$SlimeMold, and #$Algae-LikeProtist.
guid: bd58a629-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticOrganism  
direct generalization of: #$Protozoan
#$Protozoan   protozoa    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of protozoa; a subcollection of #$SingleCellOrganism. Instances of #$Protozoan are also instances of #$EukaryoticCell. Subcollections include #$Amoeba and many others. Protozoa lack cell walls made of cellulose. Many protozoa are motile, using pseudopoda, cilia, or flagella to move. Some cause diseases in larger organisms. The class #$Protozoan is an instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom in many classification systems, sometimes placed under the #$ProtistaKingdom.
guid: bd58a5e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubkingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  #$SingleCellOrganism  #$ProtistaKingdom  
#$Algae-LikeProtist   algae-like Protists    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of protists (organisms classed in the #$ProtistaKingdom) that are said to be algae-like, such as golden algae or diatoms.
guid: bd58a5a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubkingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  #$SingleCellOrganism  #$ProtistaKingdom  
#$SlimeMold   slime molds    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of slime molds, peculiar creatures that exist in multiple phases, sometimes as scattered cells, sometimes as macroscopic colony-creatures able to move slowly, with vaguely fungal mechanisms. The class of slime molds is treated in many classification systems as an instance of #$BiologicalDivision, called Myxomycota, under the #$ProtistaKingdom. See also #$TrueSlimeMold and #$CellularSlimeMold.
guid: bd58f7c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  #$SingleCellOrganism  #$ProtistaKingdom  
#$Virus   virii (microorganisms)    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of #$Microorganisms. Each instance of #$Virus consisting mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber) containing viral DNA or RNA. Viruses have no cells, but reproduce by inserting into living cells the viral DNA or RNA, which then uses cellular mechanisms to create new viruses. Viruses cause many diseases in all other types of organisms; some can infect elements of #$Bacterium. Note that #$Virus excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists.
guid: bd589742-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Microorganism  

Organism By Habitat


#$AquaticOrganism   aquatic organisms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each subcollection of #$AquaticOrganism is a type of organism adapted to life underwater, whose instances spend all or most of their time immersed in water. A notable specialization of #$AquaticOrganism is #$Fish.
guid: bd589715-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$Fish
#$TerrestrialOrganism   terrestrial organisms
A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$TerrestrialOrganism is an organism adapted to life on land, out of water. Instances of #$TerrestrialOrganism spend all or most of their time out of the water, either on the land surface or under it. Specializations of #$TerrestrialOrganism include #$Dog, #$Bird, and #$Person.
guid: bd590841-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$CanineAnimal #$Vine-Plant #$Plant-Woody #$Primate #$Bird

Organism By Source Of Nutrients


#$Heterotroph   heterotrophs    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$Heterotroph is an organism incapable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. All instances of #$Animal are instances of #$Heterotroph, since animals must eat other living things, or parts of living things, in order to get the nutrients they need to live. Other specializations of #$Heterotroph include #$ParasiticOrganism and #$Fungus.
guid: bd590331-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$Fungus #$Animal #$Omnivore
#$Omnivore   omnivores
A specialization of #$Heterotroph (q.v.) and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType. Instances of #$Omnivore are those animals whose natural diets consist of both plants (or plant parts or plant-derived products) and animals (or animal parts or animal-derived products). Thus a human vegetarian is still omnivorous, since meat is part of our natural diet. Specializations of this collection include #$Pig, #$Bear, and #$Person. See also #$Herbivore and #$Carnivore.
guid: bd58a5e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph  
direct generalization of: #$Person
#$Herbivore   herbivores
A specialization of #$Animal. An animal is an instance of #$Herbivore just in case it is an animal whose natural diet consists exclusively of plants or plant parts. (Thus a horse that was forced or conditioned by humans to eat meat would still be a herbivore, since meat is not part of its natural diet.) Notable specializations of #$Herbivore include the collections #$Ruminant and #$EquineAnimal.
guid: bd5902f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
#$Carnivore   meat-eating organisms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll.
guid: bd5904f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$CanineAnimal
#$Saprophyte   saprophytic organisms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of heterotrophic plants, fungi, or bacteria that live and feed on dead organic matter.
guid: bd58a626-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph  
#$Autotroph   autotrophs    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of organisms capable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. Photosynthetic plants fall into this category, as do certain bacteria. See #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Cf. #$Heterotroph.
guid: bd58ed15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  

Animal By Taxonomic Phylum With Samples


#$ChordataPhylum   chordates
An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All chordate taxa have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the specializations of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.
guid: bd59063b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalPhylum
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$Vertebrate
#$Arthropod   arthropods    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum whose #$taxonMembers include (mostly) the numerous collections of chitin-armored invertebrates that have jointed bodies and limbs, e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc.
guid: bd58b048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalPhylum
direct specialization of: #$Invertebrate  
direct generalization of: #$Insect
#$Vertebrate   vertebrates
An instance of #$BiologicalTaxon within the #$BiologicalPhylum #$ChordataPhylum. Each instance of #$Vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused. Notable specializations of #$Vertebrate include #$Mammal, #$Reptile, #$Bird, and #$Fish.
guid: bd58a5e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubphylum
direct specialization of: #$ChordataPhylum  #$HexalateralObject  
direct generalization of: #$Reptile #$Amphibian #$Mammal #$Bird #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$HerdAnimal #$Fish
#$Invertebrate   invertebrates    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of animals. Every instance of #$Invertebrate is an animal that lacks a backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.
guid: bd58984b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$WildAnimal  #$Poikilotherm  #$FrontAndBackSidedObject  
direct generalization of: #$Arthropod
#$Insect   insects    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Arthropod. Each instance of #$Insect is an arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, a pair of antennae, and sometimes two pairs of wings. Specializations of #$Insect include #$Bee, #$Ant, and #$Butterfly.
guid: bd58b8f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$Vermin  #$Arthropod  

Vertebrates By Taxonomic Class


#$Fish   fish (animals)
An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Fish is a cold-blooded animal (see the collection #$Poikilotherm) with gills and fins. Each instance of #$Fish spends all or almost all of its life under water. Note that the collection #$Fish excludes fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal, such as porpoises and whales. Specializations of #$Fish include the collections #$Salmon, #$Catfish, and #$Tuna.
guid: bd58df53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  #$Poikilotherm  #$NonPersonAnimal  #$Vertebrate  #$AquaticOrganism  
#$Bird   birds (animals)
An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded, winged animal covered with feathers. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly.
guid: bd58bc48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$AirBreathingVertebrate  #$OviparousAnimal  #$Homeotherm  
direct generalization of: #$Waterfowl #$Penguin #$FlightlessBird
#$Mammal   mammals    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a sub-taxon of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Mammal is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The skin of instances of #$Mammal is typically covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or plates, as in pangolins), but some types are almost hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live young rather than laying eggs, and have teats, which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk from mammary glands.
guid: bd58a628-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$HumanScaleObject  #$AirBreathingVertebrate  #$Homeotherm  
direct generalization of: #$CarnivoreOrder #$Eutheria
#$Reptile   reptiles
An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Reptile is an air-breathing, cold-blooded vertebrate with a body covered by scales or bony plates. Notable specializations of #$Reptile include #$Snake, #$Lizard, and #$Turtle. Most species of #$Reptile are oviparous (see #$OviparousAnimal), but some are viviparous (see #$ViviparousAnimal).
guid: bd58f230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal  #$AirBreathingVertebrate  #$Poikilotherm  
#$Amphibian   amphibians    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all #$Organism-Wholes which are members of the #$BiologicalClass Amphibia, being a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Members of this class are smooth skinned #$Vertebrates which hatch from eggs to form aquatic larvae [see #$Larva]. These larvae metamorphose into an air-breathing adult [see AirBreathingVertebrate] (normally) having #$Lungs. Subsets of this collection include #$Frogs and #$Salamanders.
guid: bd58e024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$Vertebrate  #$Poikilotherm  #$NonPersonAnimal  

Some Sample Kinds Of Mammal


#$Primate   primates    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$BiologicalOrder, and a sub-taxon of #$Mammal. Instances of #$Primate have relatively large brain cases, an unfused radius and ulna in the forelimbs, an unfused tibia and fibula in the hind limbs, and opposable thumbs. Notable specializations of #$Primate include #$Person, #$Orangutan, #$Gorilla, and #$Baboon.
guid: bd58a674-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalOrder
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$Eutheria  
direct generalization of: #$Person #$HominidaeFamily
#$Person   people (primates)
The collection of all human beings. Something is an instance of #$Person just in case it is a member of the species Homo Sapiens, and thus #$Person is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies in the #$BiologyMt. Persons are the most intelligent kind of #$Primate, and the only kind known to be naturally capable of speaking a language. #$Person excludes non-human legal persons, who are, however, included in the collection #$LegalAgent.
guid: bd588092-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$Omnivore  #$LegalAgent  #$HumanOccupationConstructResident  #$HomoGenus  
direct generalization of: #$UnemployedPerson #$PersonWithOccupation #$Student #$Athlete #$HumanAdult #$MalePerson #$FemalePerson #$HumanChild #$UnitedStatesPerson #$Leader
#$CanineAnimal   canines (animals)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of dog-like members of species belonging to the #$CarnivoreOrder. The collection #$CanineAnimal includes the subsets #$Dog, #$Wolf, #$Fox, etc. Canine animals constitute an instance of #$BiologicalFamily, the Canidae.
guid: bd58d044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalFamily
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$CarnivoreOrder  #$Carnivore  
direct generalization of: #$Dog
#$Dog   dogs (domesticated animals)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all dogs of all breeds. Elements of #$Dog may be members of #$DomesticPet or of #$WildAnimal; e.g., #$Dog includes the dingo dogs of #$Australia. However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf, #$Fox, and the other non-dog subsets of #$CanineAnimal. #$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris.
guid: bd58daa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$CanineAnimal  #$DomesticatedAnimal  
#$Wolf   wolves    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all wolves; a subset of #$CanineAnimal. By default, members of #$Wolf are elements of #$WildAnimal. Wolves are not included in the collection #$Dog. The collection #$Wolf does not correspond to any biological taxon. Note that members of the collection #$Wolf-Red are included in this collection as well as members of the collection #$Wolf-Gray.
guid: bd58c31f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$CanineAnimal  
#$Whale   whales    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all whales, including most types of cetacean. #$Whale is a subset of #$Mammal, including the largest mammals on Earth.
guid: bd58dc2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Eutheria  
#$EquineAnimal   equines    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of animals including horses and species closely related to horses. Subsets of #$EquineAnimal include #$Horse, #$Donkey, #$Zebra, #$Mule, among others.
guid: bd58837e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$MountableTransporter  #$Herbivore  #$NonPersonAnimal  #$Eutheria  
#$Horse   E. caballus    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all horses, of all breeds; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Horses may be domesticated (for riding, draught, racing or breeding) or wild; see #$DomesticatedAnimal, #$WildAnimal. #$Horse constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies (called Equus caballus). Horses can interbreed with donkeys to produce a nonfertile mule or a jenny (see #$Donkey, #$Mule).
guid: c10060dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$HerdAnimal  
#$Zebra   zebras    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all zebras; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. These black-and-white striped relatives of horses are native to the #$ContinentOfAfrica. Zebras are almost impossible to tame, therefore by default they are elements of #$WildAnimal, although a few have been successfully domesticated and harnessed.
guid: bd589c55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$HerdAnimal  
#$Donkey   donkeys    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all donkeys; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Also called burros, donkeys are slightly smaller than most horses. Elements of #$Donkey may belong to either of the collections #$DomesticatedAnimal or #$WildAnimal. Domesticated donkeys are used for draught and riding. Donkeys can interbreed with horses to produce a nonfertile mule or a jenny (see #$Horse, #$Mule).
guid: bd58bf02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$MountableTransporter  
#$Mule   mules (herbivores)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all mules; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Elements of #$Mule are the infertile hybrid offspring of a horse father and a donkey mother. Mules are presumed to be elements of #$DomesticatedAnimal, used for draught or riding. (An offspring of a donkey father and horse mother is called a jenny, and is recognizably distinct from the larger mule.) See also #$Horse, #$Donkey.
guid: bd58bec0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$DomesticatedAnimal  
#$Platypus   duck-billed platypuses    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all duck-billed platypi; a subset of #$Mammal. Elements of #$Platypus are Australian monotreme mammals, the females of which order lay eggs and lactate over a broad chest area rather than through teats. They have broad leathery bills and webbed feet. They swim in streams and rivers and live in burrows. #$Platypus constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies (also called Ornithorhynchus anatinus).
guid: bd58aa64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal  

Some Sample Kinds Of Reptile


#$Turtle   turtles    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all turtles; a subset of #$Reptile. Elements of #$Turtle are toothless reptiles with hard or else leathery enclosing shells. Turtles may live on land or in fresh or salt water. #$Turtle constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalOrder (also called Testudinata), which is of the #$BiologicalClass #$Reptile.
guid: bd58f8c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  
#$Snake   snakes (animals)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all snakes; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Snake is a limbless, scaly, vermiform reptile with a long, narrow, tapering, mostly smooth body. Snakes in many species have poisonous and sometimes fatal bites. Snakes live on land, in trees, in fresh water, and in the sea (sea snakes). #$Snake constitutes a biological suborder (also called Serpentes or Ophidia).
guid: bd5893ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  
#$Lizard   lizards (animals)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all lizards; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Lizard is a toothed reptile with a tail and (with some exceptions) limbs, external ears, eyes with movable lids, and without enclosing shells. Reptiles range in size from less than an inch long to that of the large #$KomodoDragon. The collection #$Lizard constitutes a biological suborder (also called Sauria or Lacertilia). Colloquially, `lizard' may denote a crocodile, but compare #$Crocodilian.
guid: bd58f0af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  
#$Crocodilian   crocodilians    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all alligators, crocodiles, caimans and gavials; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Crocodilian is a lizard-like aquatic or semi-aquatic reptile. (#$Crocodilian is not, however, a subset of #$Lizard.) Crocodilians are amphibious, carnivorous animals with many big sharp teeth and powerful bites.
guid: bd58dfcb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalOrder
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  
#$Crocodile   crocodiles    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all crocodiles. These so-called True Crocodiles are distinct from alligators. The collection #$Crocodile constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians. Cf. #$Alligator.
guid: bd58cbb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  
#$Alligator   alligators    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all alligators; a subset of #$Crocodilian. #$Alligator includes all the American Alligators and South American Caimans; it does NOT include crocodiles proper. The collection #$Alligator constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians. Cf. #$Crocodile.
guid: bd58c77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  

Some Sample Kinds Of Bird


#$Pigeon   pigeons    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all common pigeons (which does not include doves).
guid: bd58c5ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalFamily
direct specialization of: #$Bird  #$WildAnimal  
#$Poultry   domestic fowl    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all domesticated farm birds bred and kept for meat or eggs. The collection #$Poultry includes members of its subsets #$Chicken, #$Turkey, #$Duck, #$Goose-Bird, etc.
guid: bd58c9d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  #$Bird  
#$Chicken   G. gallus    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all chickens (which excludes guinea fowl).
guid: bd59020d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$Bird  
#$Eagle   eagles (birds)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all eagles.
guid: bd5886a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Vulture   vultures    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all vultures.
guid: bd58c56b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Bird  
#$Ostrich   S. camelus    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all ostriches.
guid: bd67b796-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$FlightlessBird  
#$Parrot   parrots    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all parrots.
guid: bd6640c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Bird  

Some Sample Kinds Of Amphibian


#$Frog   frogs    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all frogs (which excludes toads).
guid: bd58dc4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Amphibian  

Animal By Stage Of Development


#$Embryo   embryos    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.
guid: c0fd5c79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
#$EmbryoFn   embryo fn    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance LIFETYPE of #$OrganismClassificationType (q.v.), #$EmbryoFn returns the collection of organisms which are embryonic instances of LIFETYPE. For instance, (#$EmbryoFn #$Dog) is the collection of all embryonic instances of #$Dog.
guid: c0fd5c85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReifiableFunction #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$Individual
#$JuvenileAnimal   baby animals    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$LifeStageType, and a specialization of #$Animal. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature.
guid: c10c20a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$PortableObject  #$Animal  
#$JuvenileFn   juvenile fn    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$JuvenileFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$JuvenileFn ORGCLASSTYPE) represents that subcollection of #$JuvenileAnimal whose instances are the juveniles of the group of animals denoted by ORGCLASSTYPE. E.g., (#$JuvenileFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all fawns. Certain kinds of organisms have no juveniles (e.g., the members of #$Amoeba).
guid: c10c2004-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MacroRelation #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual
#$AdultAnimal   adults    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all adult animals (including adult people), meaning all instances of #$Animal that are mature enough to bear offspring, or older.
guid: c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$HumanAdult
#$Pupa   pupae    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of stages in the lives of individual organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each element of #$Pupa is a stage during which a metamorphic insect such as a butterfly changes its form from the larval to the adult stage.
guid: c10081af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Insect  
#$Larva   larvae    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The stage of a metamorphic insect immediately after hatching, during which it is wingless and often wormlike.
guid: c10081bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Arthropod  
#$Imago   imagos    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of stages in the lives of individual organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each element of #$Imago is a metamorphic insect during its adult stage.
guid: c10081da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Insect  #$AdultAnimal  

Animal By Sex


#$FemaleFn   female fn    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$FemaleFn ORGTYPE) returns the subcollection of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the females of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$FemaleFn #$Person) and #$FemalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$FemaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all female members of #$Deer.
guid: c10c17fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual
#$MaleFn   male fn    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$MaleFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$MaleFn ORGTYPE) returns that subcollection of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the males of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$MaleFn #$Person) and #$MalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$MaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all bucks.
guid: c10c1550-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual
#$hasGender   gender (functional slot)
(#$hasGender ORGANISM SEX) means that the sex of ORGANISM is SEX.
guid: bd58930b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot #$ObjectPredicate #$BinaryAttributePredicate
direct specialization of: #$hasAttributes
#$GenderOfLivingThing   genders (attribute values)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of genders that organisms can have.
guid: bd58a890-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType
direct specialization of: #$AttributeValue  
#$Masculine   male (gender)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$Masculine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is male, or that a word has what is called masculine gender.
guid: bd590c7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AttributeValue #$Individual
#$Feminine   female (gender)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is female, or that a word has what is called feminine gender.
guid: bd58934f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AttributeValue #$Individual
#$MaleAnimal   male animals
The collection of all male animals.
guid: bd58e943-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType #$AnimalTypeByGender
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$MalePerson
#$FemaleAnimal   female animals
The collection of all female animals.
guid: bd5890f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByGender #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$FemalePerson
#$MalePerson   male people
The collection of all male persons.
guid: bd58d6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByCulture
direct specialization of: #$Person  #$MaleAnimal  
direct generalization of: #$AdultMalePerson
#$FemalePerson is the atomic form of (#$FemaleFn #$Person)(#$FemaleFn #$Person)
The collection of all female persons.
guid: bd58d6e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByCulture #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$FemaleAnimal  #$Person  
direct generalization of: #$AdultFemalePerson

Animals By Gross Form


#$AnimalBodyShapeType   animal body shape type    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of animal body shape types; instances are specializations of #$Configuration which describe standard arrangements of animal body parts which are the standard body shapes.
guid: bd58948d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
direct specialization of: #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType  #$GenericShapeType  
#$AnimalBodyShapeType   animal body shape type    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of animal body shape types; instances are specializations of #$Configuration which describe standard arrangements of animal body parts which are the standard body shapes.
guid: bd58948d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
direct specialization of: #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType  #$GenericShapeType  
#$Worm   worms (animals)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all worms; a subset of #$Animal. Each element of #$Worm is a long, thin, flexible, tubular or thread-like or ribbon-shaped animal (excluding eels, snakes, and limbless lizards); most worms are small or even microscopic. The collection #$Worm includes members of numerous worm phyla (see #$BiologicalPhylum), for example, Annelida (earthworms, etc.), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (nematodes), Nemertia, tapeworms, liver flukes, etc. #$Worm also includes the vermiform larval stages of several species of #$Arthropod. #$Worm is not a standard scientific category (see #$BiologicalTaxon).
guid: c0fd58ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Invertebrate  

Animals By Miscellaneous Criteria


#$NonPersonAnimal   non-human animals
The collection of all instances of #$Animal that are not instances of #$Person.
guid: bd58e066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$Vermin #$WildAnimal #$TameAnimal #$CanineAnimal #$CarnivoreOrder #$Reptile #$Bird #$HerdAnimal #$OviparousAnimal #$Amphibian #$Fish
#$SentientAnimal   sentient animals    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subset of #$Animal, the collection of all animals which have a mind and are capable of conscious thought, or at least are best treated as such if you have to deal with them.
guid: bd58a520-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$NonPersonAnimal #$Vertebrate
#$MigratoryAnimal   migratory animals    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$Animal; the collection of animals that change their dwelling place on a periodic, typically seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually characteristic of particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies.
guid: c1009f65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
#$HerdAnimal   herd animals    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$Animal; the collection of all large plant-eating animals that travel and graze in social groups. Instances of #$HerdAnimal also belong to #$Herbivore; they include most instances of #$Ruminant and may also include Triceretops.
guid: bd5f5651-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal  #$Vertebrate  
#$CaptiveAnimal   captive animals    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all animals that are caged, tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive. There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims.
guid: c100573e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
#$DomesticatedAnimal   domesticated animals (tame animals)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$Animal; the collection of all animals which are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and whose relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does NOT include instances of #$Tiger being kept in zoos, though it arguably includes Shamu or Flipper. Cf. #$WildAnimal, #$CaptiveAnimal.
guid: c10c22cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$TameAnimal  
direct generalization of: #$DomesticPet #$Dog
#$WildAnimal   wild animals    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all animals that are not domesticated or tame. Note that a captive animal may still be a wild animal, e.g., zoo animals that are not tame or domesticated. Cf. #$CaptiveAnimal, #$DomesticatedAnimal.
guid: c100532b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal  
direct generalization of: #$Invertebrate
#$DomesticPet   domestic pets    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$DomesticatedAnimal. Each specialization of #$DomesticPet is a type of domesticated animal kept by humans primarily for companionship. Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners.
guid: bd590532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$PortableObject  #$HumanOccupationConstructResident  #$DomesticatedAnimal  
#$Vermin   pests    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of animals considered undesirable to find living in human habitation buildings or other facilities.
guid: bd58a57c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal  
direct generalization of: #$Insect
#$DeadAnimal   corpses    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose instances must be alive). Each instance of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing.
guid: bd5894c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$OrganicStuff  

Plants By Botanical Taxonomy


#$FloweringPlant   flowering plants
An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance of #$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see the collection #$FloweryPlant.
guid: bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$Plant  
direct generalization of: #$MonocotSubclass #$FloweryPlant
#$GymnospermGroup   gymnosperms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A biological group of plant classes within the #$PterophytinaSubdivision whose members all bear seeds which are not protected by a carpel. The #$GymnospermGroup includes the #$Conifers and gingkos. See also #$Seed, #$Carpel.
guid: bd5882cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$Plant  
#$FloweringPlant   flowering plants
An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance of #$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see the collection #$FloweryPlant.
guid: bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$Plant  
direct generalization of: #$MonocotSubclass #$FloweryPlant
#$Succulent-Plant   succulents    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all succulent #$Plants (of various #$BiologicalSpecies).
guid: c0fe06c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Plant-NonWoody  
#$DicotSubclass   dicots    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
One of the two subclasses in the angiosperm class. Includes taxa whose members usually have two cotyledons in the embryo phase, may have a cambium, and usually have broad leaves with branching veins.
guid: bd58e3ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubclass
direct specialization of: #$FloweringPlant  
#$MonocotSubclass   monocots    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An angiosperm subclass containing taxa whose members have only one cotyledon in the embryo phase and lack normal secondary growth.
guid: bd58b0d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubclass
direct specialization of: #$FloweringPlant  
#$MonoeciousPlantSpecies   monoecious plants    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies of monoecious #$Plants (plant species in which one plant has both male and female reproductive organs, e.g., stamen and pistil, but in widely separated structures on the plant). Compare #$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies and #$DioeciousPlantSpecies.
guid: bd589cb9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalSpecies  
#$DioeciousPlantSpecies   dioecious plants    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies of dioecious #$Plants, or plant species in which each individual plant has only the reproductive organs of one sex, not both (e.g., either female pistil or male stamen). Compare #$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies and #$MonoeciousPlantSpecies.
guid: bd58e4b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalSpecies  
#$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies   hermaphroditic plants    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies of normally hermaphroditic #$Plants, plants with male and female organs occurring together in the same structure (e.g., pistils and stamens in the same flower). Compare #$DioeciousPlantSpecies and #$MonoeciousPlantSpecies.
guid: bd5890bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalSpecies  

Plants By Gross Form


#$PlantPhysiologicalAttribute   plant physiological attribute    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of attributes referring to the physiological properties of plants. At the very least, these include seasonal stages, physical properties, and plant health. These attributes apply to entire #$Plants rather than just to certain parts of them.
guid: bd61e030-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PhysicalAttributeOfTangibleOnly  
#$Vine-Plant   vines    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of vine plants, #$Plants that are in the form (gross form and habit) of long tendrils or long, narrow, flexible ropy strands.
guid: bd58c2a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Plant  #$TerrestrialOrganism  
#$Plant-NonWoody   herbaceous plants    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of non-woody, herbaceous #$Plants. Those #$Plants such as grasses, herbs, wildflowers, etc. which are fairly low-growing, often annual, and don't grow woody stems. Excludes large, hard bamboos, and Balsa.
guid: c10adb62-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Plant  
direct generalization of: #$Vegetable-Plant
#$Plant-Woody   woody plants    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$Plants that have woody or hard trunks, stems or branches (and usually roots). includes large, hard bamboos, and balsa.
guid: c0fde301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$Plant  
direct generalization of: #$Tree-ThePlant #$EvergreenPlant #$DeciduousPlant #$Bush
#$Tree-ThePlant   trees
A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$Tree-ThePlant is a tall woody plant (typical mature specimens are usually taller than a person or a bush), generally having a branching form overall, and with roots in the ground, a trunk, and the branches having numerous leaves exposed to the sky. Notable specializations of #$Tree-ThePlant include #$OakTree, #$MapleTree, #$GiantSequoia, and #$BananaTree.
guid: bd58cf75-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody  
#$Bush   bushes (plants)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of plants; a subcollecction of #$Plant-Woody. The collection #$Bush includes all bushes, i.e., woody plants of branching growth habit that lack substantial trunks and are not usually taller than a person (and they are shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries.
guid: bd589a2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody  
#$FloweryPlant   flowers (plants)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$FloweringPlant. Each instance of #$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in bloom (i.e., has flowers showing). The collection #$FloweryPlant includes both flowering bushes and trees with visible flowers.
guid: bd58a916-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$FloweringPlant  
#$Vegetable-Plant   vegetables (plants)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of plants that play a special role in human nutrition. Each instance of #$Vegetable-Plant is a plant that produces the edible things that we normally call `vegetables' (which can include fruits, seeds, stalks, leaves, or other parts, or even the whole plant). The instances of #$Vegetable-Plant grow in gardens and produce the vegetables that are eaten; vegetable plants are not necessarily also instances of #$Food. See #$Vegetable-Food for the collection of vegetables--plants or (more usually) plant parts--that are eaten by humans.
guid: bd58c247-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Plant-NonWoody  
#$PlantProduct   plant products    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$Products that are plants or plant parts (individually or in bulk), or substances derived from plants, which are produced by people or countries and made available for use, sale or exchange.
guid: bd58923e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType #$ProductType
direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  #$VegetableMatter  
direct generalization of: #$Vegetable-Food #$Wood

Plants By Seasonal Change


#$DeciduousPlant   deciduous plants    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of plants. Each instance of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones.
guid: bd588481-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody  
#$EvergreenPlant   evergreens
A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains its leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. See also the collection #$DeciduousPlant.
guid: c0fdff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody  
#$TrueFungus   true fungi    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of fungi. #$TrueFungus contains the subsets #$Mushroom and #$Yeast.
guid: bd58d931-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of: #$Fungus  
#$Mushroom   mushrooms    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all mushrooms (a kind of #$Fungus) including puffballs, toadstools, bark ears, morels, etc.
guid: bd58a3ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointFoodType #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Fungus  #$Food  

Organism Parts


#$Organism-Whole   organisms
A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Organism-Whole is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to be instances of #$Organism-Whole include instances of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar.
guid: bd58c4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
direct generalization of: #$Animal #$MulticellularOrganism #$AquaticOrganism #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant #$Carnivore #$Fungus #$MoneraKingdom #$Heterotroph #$Microorganism #$EukaryoticOrganism
#$OrganismPart   organism parts    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all the anatomical parts of all living organisms. It includes gross anatomical parts and microscopic anatomical parts of every individual of every species.
guid: c1005766-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
direct generalization of: #$MuscleTissue #$Sac-Organic #$CellPart #$Tumor #$PlantPart #$ExternalAnatomicalPart #$InternalAnatomicalPart #$AnimalBodyRegion
#$PlantPart   plant parts    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all physical parts of #$Plants of all kinds. In the traditional view, plant organs are of four types: leaves, stems, roots and flowers. It seems useful to have a category for smaller plant parts which display a similar level of organization (they have vascular tissue, ground tissue, and an epidermis) but have not been included in the traditional view.
guid: bd58ee6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PlantBLO  #$OrganismPart  
direct generalization of: #$Fruit #$BotanicalOrgan
#$PlantPartType   types of plant part    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each element of #$PlantPartType is a collection of parts of plants, characterized by their structure and function, rather than along taxonomic lines. Since #$PlantPartType is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection, any two instances of it (such as #$NutShell and #$Leaf) can be assumed disjoint, unless we know that one is a subset of the other. (For more information, see comment on #$SiblingDisjointCollection.)
guid: c0fdeed5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
direct specialization of: #$OrganismPartType  
#$Cell   biological cells    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of living cells; a specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells.
guid: bd58ee63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismConstituentType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
direct generalization of: #$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism
#$EukaryoticCell   eukaryotic cells    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of eukaryotic cells, #$Cells which serve as the basic structural unit of eukaryotic organisms. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei.
guid: bd58eee7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Cell  
direct generalization of: #$HaploidCell #$Protozoan
#$AnimalCell   animal cells    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$Cells that #$Animals and parts of #$Animals are made of.
guid: bd58c15b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  
#$BotanicalCell   botanical cells    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subset of #$Cell. #$BotanicalCell is the collection of cells which constitute the elements of #$Plant and #$PlantPart, e.g., the cells making up elements of #$BotanicalOrgan, of #$Seed, and of #$Spore-PlantLifeStage.
guid: bd58ede5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  
#$HaploidCell   haploid cells    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The subcollection of #$EukaryoticCell whose instances are cells which have single chromosome sets. For example, gametes such as sperm and ova. There are, however, haploid forms of some multicelluar organisms.
guid: c10c1d14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  
direct generalization of: #$Gamete #$SpermCell #$Ovum
#$DiploidCell   diploid cells    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$EukaryoticCells with paired chromosomes (two sets during the metaphase of mitosis). This is the standard arrangement for the cells in the bodies of adult multicellular organisms.
guid: c10c1a8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  
#$CellPart   cell parts    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc.
guid: c10c2471-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$MicroscopicScaleObject  #$OrganismPart  
#$AnimalBLO   animal b l o    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject which includes all the instances of #$Animal and of #$AnimalBodyPart and #$AnimalBodyRegion.
guid: c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
direct generalization of: #$SpermCell #$Animal #$AnimalBodyRegion
#$Ovum   ova    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$Cell. #$Ovum is the collection of specialized #$Gametes produced by #$Meiosis in the reproductive tract of female animals. Each ovum usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when fertilized by a #$SpermCell, it becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. Also called 'egg'. See also #$FemaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.
guid: bd58bd8a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Gamete  
#$SpermCell   sperm (cells)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$Cell. #$SpermCell is the collection of specialized gamete cells which are produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of male animals. Each sperm cell usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when it fertilizes an ovum, the ovum becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. See also #$MaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.
guid: bd58ef77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$AnimalBLO  #$Gamete  
#$Egg-Birds   bird's eggs    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of complex ovum structures produced and emitted (laid) by female birds, in which the ovum is swollen with yolk (a food reserve substance), and around which other stuff (the white and the shell) is secreted before the egg is laid. Bird eggs have usually been fertilized before the shell forms around them; chicken eggs sold commercially for food are usually unfertilized.
guid: bd5895fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$AnimalBLO  
#$PlantBLO   plants or plant parts    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$PlantBLO includes the instances of #$Plant and of #$PlantPart.
guid: c0fe06bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
direct generalization of: #$Plant #$PlantPart #$Seed
#$Seed   seeds
A specialization of #$PlantBLO. Each instance of #$Seed is a small nodule or granule consisting of a young angiosperm and its protective container during the early (zygotic and embryonic stages) of development. If conditions are right, instances of #$Seed will grow to become adult plants.
guid: bd58abc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$PlantBLO  
#$FruitFn   fruit fn    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$FruitFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction, which is used to denote the various natural kinds of fruit. #$FruitFn takes a single plant collection as its argument and returns the collection of fruits of that type of plant. (#$FruitFn PLANTTYPE) denotes the collection of all fruits from the elements of PLANTTYPE. Examples: (#$FruitFn #$AppleTree) denotes the collection of apples; (#$FruitFn #$CashewTree) denotes the fruit of the cashew tree (note this does NOT correspond with #$Cashew-TheNut; the red pulpy fruit is used to make cashew wine).
guid: bd58a976-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$UnaryFunction #$Individual
#$Fruit   fruits    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$PlantPart. Each instance of #$Fruit is a plant structure containing the seeds of an angiosperm. Many types of #$Fruit have fleshy walls having high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of flowers). See also #$EdibleFruit.
guid: bd58e5d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismPartType #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$ExternalAnatomicalPart  #$PlantPart  
#$Seedling   seedlings    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subset of #$Plant. #$Seedling is the collection of all growing plants in the stage after germination but before primary development. The seedling stage begins with the rupture of the seed coat and ends at the vague time that the growing plant is 'well established'.
guid: bd58ff65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Plant  
#$Bulb-ThePlantPart   bulbs (living things)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of parts found in some monocotyledonous plants. Typical elements of #$Bulb-ThePlantPart are found just below the surface of the soil. A plant bulb is NOT a root; rather, it is a very short stem with associated leaf bases that are thick and broad, forming a roundish bulb with many layers of leaf bases.
guid: bd58f148-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PlantBLO  
#$BotanicalOrgan   botanical organs    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$PlantPart, the collection #$BotanicalOrgan includes parts of a plant which are major morphological and functional divisions of individual plants, typically consisting of stems, flowers, roots, leaves, etc.
guid: bd58f8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PlantPart  
#$Flower-BotanicalPart   blossoms (botanical organs)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all reproductive organs of angiosperm plants. May or may not look like conventional 'flowers'.
guid: bd590693-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$OrganismPartType
direct specialization of: #$ExternalAnatomicalPart  #$BotanicalOrgan  
#$PlantPartType   types of plant part    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each element of #$PlantPartType is a collection of parts of plants, characterized by their structure and function, rather than along taxonomic lines. Since #$PlantPartType is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection, any two instances of it (such as #$NutShell and #$Leaf) can be assumed disjoint, unless we know that one is a subset of the other. (For more information, see comment on #$SiblingDisjointCollection.)
guid: c0fdeed5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
direct specialization of: #$OrganismPartType  

Biological Events


#$BiologicalEvent   biological events    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An event in which a biological thing is a #$bodilyDoer.
guid: bd5902b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$PhysicalEvent  
direct generalization of: #$Dying #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$BiologicalDestructionEvent #$BiologicalProductionEvent #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$PregnancyEndingEvent
#$BiologicalTransportationEvent   biological transportation event    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of processes involving living structures in which objects are transported.
guid: bd58fce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$TransportationEvent  
direct generalization of: #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$DigestionEvent
#$BiologicalMetabolismEvent   metabolism    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological processes in which substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less complex than the substrates.
guid: bd58ee48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalEvent  
direct generalization of: #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent
#$BirthEvent   births    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant (therefore a #$BirthEvent is an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent), while the child changes from being inside the mother and relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage, although different English terms apply to different stages of in utero development in mammals and not all of these terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment).
guid: bd58b30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$MedicalCareEvent  #$EmittingAnObject  #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent  #$PregnancyEndingEvent  
#$BiologicalDestructionEvent   biological destruction    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent and #$BiologicalEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent, something is destroyed by some instance(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.). Notable specializations of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent include #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent, #$DigestionEvent, and #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent.
guid: bd58b316-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PhysicalDestructionEvent  #$BiologicalEvent  
direct generalization of: #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent
#$Killing-Biological   killing    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent and #$AnimalActivity. In each instance of #$Killing-Biological, one living organism ends (either intentionally or unintentionally) the life of another living organism.
guid: bd58ac2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$MammalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$PhysicalDestructionEvent  #$AnimalActivity  #$HarmingAnAgent  
#$PregnancyEndingEvent   pregnancy ending events    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events which terminate a pregnancy, including birth, abortion, and miscarriage.
guid: c0fd51d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent  #$AnimalActivity  #$BiologicalEvent  
direct generalization of: #$BirthEvent
#$DecompositionEvent   decomposed    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose.
guid: bd58b357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$DecompositionProcess  
direct generalization of: #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent
#$BiologicalProductionEvent   biological production    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent and #$BiologicalEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to produce a product, and at least one instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.) is the producer. Specializations of #$BiologicalProductionEvent include #$SecretionEvent and #$BiologicalReproductionEvent.
guid: bd58c40f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$PhysicalCreationEvent  #$Production-Generic  #$BiologicalEvent  
direct generalization of: #$SecretionEvent #$BiologicalReproductionEvent
#$BiologicalGrowthEvent   growth (biological event)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalGrowthEvent, a living structure (not necessarily a whole organism) increases in size.
guid: bd58bcbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalEvent  #$PhysicalCreationEvent  
#$BiologicalIntakeEvent   biological intake events    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$BiologicalTransportationEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some living structure.
guid: bd588866-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$AnimalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTransportationEvent  
direct generalization of: #$Ingesting #$Inhaling #$Swallowing
#$BiologicalReproductionEvent   reproduction events    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each instance of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or more biological organisms (related to the event by #$parentActors) produce new organisms (related to the event by #$offspringActors), generally of the same kind as the parents.
guid: bd58d8c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalProductionEvent  
direct generalization of: #$SexualReproductionEvent
#$parentActors   parent (actor slot)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$parentActors EV P) means that organism P is one of the parents in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EV.
guid: bd58d9cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
direct specialization of: #$preActors
#$offspringActors   offspring (actor slot)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$offspringActors EVENT ORGANISM) means that ORGANISM is an offspring created in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EVENT .
guid: bd58d98a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects
#$AsexualReproductionEvent   asexual reproduction    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$AsexualReproductionEvent, an organism produces offspring via asexual means. E.g., mitotic division by instances of #$SingleCellOrganism; and budding, root-sprouting, etc., for (various) instances of #$Plant).
guid: bd589292-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalReproductionEvent  
#$SexualReproductionEvent   sexual reproduction    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent. In each instance of #$SexualReproductionEvent, two #$parentActors produce one or more offspring. Sexual activity which does not result in offspring is not included in this concept. On the other hand, if offspring begin to develop, but never finish (e.g., it just hasn't finished yet, or the mother dies, or the offspring is aborted, or the offspring doesn't survive to independence, etc.), then that is still considered an instance of #$SexualReproductionEvent but an incomplete one. The example of #$SexualReproductionEvent most familiar to most people is when two mammals, one male and one female, mate; sperm from the male combines with one or more eggs inside the female and the resulting offspring develop(s), inside the female parent and dependent upon her for nutrition, until it/they is/are born. However, #$SexualReproductionEvent is more general than that, and would include these examples: Two birds mate; the female lays one or more eggs; both parents incubate the eggs until they hatch. Two fish engage in courtship; the female expells her eggs; the male expells his sperm on top of them, and they swim away leaving many fertilized eggs to develop into juvenile fish. One oak tree's flowers give off airborne pollen; some grains land on the stigma of another tree's flower and fertilize the ovary inside, which then develops into an acorn which is shed by the female parent at the end of summer.
guid: bd58e9a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalReproductionEvent  
#$BiologicalFusionEvent   biological fusion    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalFusionEvent, living structures fuse to form a single living structure.
guid: bd58bcff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$FusionEvent  #$BiologicalProductionEvent  
#$ReproductiveFertilizationEvent   fertilization (biological event)    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$ReproductiveFertilizationEvent, gametes fuse to form a zygote.
guid: bd58a9d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$FusionEvent  
#$SecretionEvent   secreting
A specialization of both #$EmittingAnObject and #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each instance of #$SecretionEvent is an event in which a living animal or plant secretes from its body some instance of #$Secretion-Bodily (q.v.).
guid: bd58c3cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$EmittingAnObject  #$BiologicalProductionEvent  
#$AnimalActivity   activities (localized spatial things)
A specialization of #$Action. Each instance of #$AnimalActivity is an action each of whose doers (see the predicate #$doneBy) is either an animal (i.e., an instance of the collection #$Animal) or a group of animals (i.e., an instance of the collection #$Group, all of whose group-members are instances of the collection #$Animal).
guid: bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Action  #$Event-Localized  
direct generalization of: #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent #$TakingSomething #$IncurringAnInjury #$HumanActivity #$GivingSomething #$LearnedActivity #$LocomotionEvent-Animal #$Starvation #$Killing-Biological #$BodyMovementEvent #$DigestionEvent #$GoingToSleep #$WakingUpFromSleep #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$PregnancyEndingEvent #$EncounteringSomething #$GoingSomewhere
#$AnimalMigration   migrations    **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**    **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S.
guid: c1009284-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Translation-RoundTrip  #$LocomotionEvent-Animal  


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