# Control points

Most techniques for aligning photographs involve Control points at some stage.

The principle is that by identifying the same physical features (a door, a tree, whatever) in more than one photo, it is possible to establish facts about the relative camera orientations mathematically. The pano12 library contains a program called PTOptimizer that does this job.

Each of these real-world features is defined as a pair of control points. Usually two pairs of control points are sufficient to simply align one photograph against another, and more photographs require more pairs - This alignment process is called control point optimisation.

As well as adjusting this roll, pitch & yaw orientation, often Field of View and other aspects of the lens correction model are optimised at the same time.

Control points can be picked manually by clicking with a mouse, and there are a number of GUI front-ends[*] to help you do this. There are other tools such as autopano-sift and autopano that can generate control points automatically with some limitations.

In addition to these simple control points, PTOptimizer allows users to define horizontal control points, vertical control points and straight line control points. These have various uses, but mainly they are good for Leveling a Finished Panorama[*] and perspective correction.

## Historical note

Before PTPicker[*], the GUI front-ends[*] and autopano/autopano-sift, control points were set by cutting and pasting the flags below into source photos. You were allowed up to twenty pairs of points and twenty images - Panorama Tools would read the bar codes embedded in the flags and generate a script for PTOptimizer.

This functionality is still available in the adjust menu of the Panorama Gimp plug-in[*], however the technique is extremely laborious and definitely not recommended.

[*]

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