Chapter 5. BibTeX
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## 5.3 bib files

This help entry contains the same information as Appendix B of the LaTeX manual. It describes the format of a bibliography database (`.BIB`) file.

A bibliography database file may contains two types of entry - an abbreviation definition or a reference entry for citation.

### 5.3.1 `@STRING` command

The `@STRING` command is used to define abbreviations for use by BibTeX within the bibliography database file. The command

     @string{jgg1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}

defines 'jgg1' to be the abbreviation for the string "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1". Parentheses can be used in place of the outermost braces in the @string command, and braces can be used instead of the quotation marks. The text must have matching braces.

The case of letters is ignored in an abbreviation as well as in the command name @string, so the command above could have been written:

     @STRING{JgG1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}

A `@string` command can appear anywhere before or between entries in a bibliography database file. However, it must come before any use of the abbreviation, so a sensible place for `@string` commands is at the beginning of the file. A `@string` command in the bibliography database file takes precedence over a definition made by the bibliography style, so it can be used to change the definition of an abbreviation such as 'Feb'.

### 5.3.2 Entry Format

A bibliography database file contains a series of reference entries like the following:

     @BOOK{kn:gnus,
           AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
           TITLE  = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
           PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
           ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk}             }

The `@BOOK` states that this is an entry of type book. various entry types are described below. The 'kn:gnus' is the citation key, as it appears in the argument of a `\cite` command referring to the entry.

This entry has four fields, named `AUTHOR`, `TITLE`, `PUBLISHER` and `ADDRESS`. The meanings of these and other fields are described below. A field consists of the name, an '=' character with optional space around it, followed by its text. The text of a field is a string of characters, with no unmatched braces, surrounded by either a pair of braces or a pair of '"' characters. Entry fields are separated from one another, and from the citation key, by commas. A comma may have optional space around it.

The outermost braces that surround the entire entry may be replaced by parentheses. As in TeX input files, an end-of-line character counts as a space and one space is equivalent to many spaces. Unlike TeX, BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry type, citation key and field names. The above entry could have been typed as follows:

    @BOOK(kn:gnus, author = {Donald E. Knudson},
          TITLE  = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
          PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
          ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk}             )

However, the case of letters does matter to LaTeX, so the citation key ("kn:gnus" in the example above) should appear exactly the same in all `\cite` commands in the LaTeX input file.

The quotes or braces can be omitted around text consisting entirely of numerals. The following two fields are equivalent:

    Volume = "27"           Volume = 27

### 5.3.3 Entry Types

When entering a reference in the bibliography database, the first thing to decide is what type of entry it is. No fixed classification scheme can be complete, but BibTeX provides enough entry types to handle almost any reference reasonably well.

References to different types of publications contain different information; a reference to a journal might include the volume and number of the journal, which is usually not meaningful for a book. Therefore, database entries of different types have different fields for each entry type, the fields are divided into three classes:

Required

  omitting the field will produce an error message and may result in a badly formatted bibliography entry. If the required information is not meaningful, you are using the wrong entry type.

Optional

  the field's information will be used if present, but can be omitted without causing any formatting problems. A reference should contain any available information that might help the reader, so you should include the optional field if it is applicable.

Ignored

  the field is ignored. BibTeX ignores any field that is not required or optional, so you can include any fields you want in a bibliography entry. It's often a good idea to put all relevant information about a reference in its bibliography entry - even information that may never appear in the bibliography. For example, if you want to keep an abstract of a paper in a computer file, put it in an 'abstract' field in the paper's bibliography entry. The bibliography database file is likely to be as good a place as any for the abstract, and it is possible to design a bibliography style for printing selected abstracts.

BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry type.

#### 5.3.3.1 article entry

An article from a journal or magazine.

Format:

    @ARTICLE{citation_key,
             required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, journal, year

Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.2 book entry

A book with an explicit publisher.

Format:

    @BOOK{citation_key,
          required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year

Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.3 booklet entry

A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.

Format:

    @BOOKLET{citation_key,
             required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: title

Optional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key

#### 5.3.3.4 conference entry

An article in the proceedings of a conference. This entry is identical to the 'inproceedings' entry and is included for compatibility with another text formatting system.

Format:

    @CONFERENCE{citation_key,
                required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year

Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.5 inbook entry

A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or a range of pages.

Format:

    @INBOOK{citation_key,
            required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher, year

Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.6 incollection entry

A part of a book with its own title.

Format:

    @INCOLLECTION{citation_key,
                  required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year

Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.7 inproceedings entry

An article in the proceedings of a conference.

Format:

    @INPROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
                   required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year

Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.8 manual entry

Technical documentation.

Format:

    @MANUAL{citation_key,
            required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: title

Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note, key

#### 5.3.3.9 mastersthesis entry

A Master's thesis.

Format:

    @MASTERSTHESIS{citation_key,
                   required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, school, year

Optional fields: address, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.10 misc entry

Use this type when nothing else seems appropriate.

Format:

    @MISC{citation_key,
          required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: none

Optional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key

#### 5.3.3.11 phdthesis entry

A PhD thesis.

Format:

    @PHDTHESIS{citation_key,
               required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, school, year

Optional fields: address, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.12 proceedings entry

The proceedings of a conference.

Format:

    @PROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
                 required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: title, year

Optional fields: editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.13 techreport entry

A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series.

Format:

    @TECHREPORT{citation_key,
                required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, institution, year

Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key

#### 5.3.3.14 unpublished entry

A document with an author and title, but not formally published.

Format:

    @UNPUBLISHED{citation_key,
                 required_fields [, optional_fields] }

Required fields: author, title, note

Optional fields: month, year, key

### 5.3.4 Field Text

The text of the field is enclosed in braces or double quote characters. A part of the text is said to be enclosed in braces if it lies inside a matching pair of braces other than the ones enclosing the entire entry or the entire field text.

BibTeX manipulates the case of letters in the field text as described in the subtopics below.

#### 5.3.4.1 Names

The text of an author or editor field represents a list of names. The bibliography style determines the format in which the name is printed: whether the first name or last name appears first, if the full first name or just the first initial is used, etc. The bibliography file entry simply tells BibTeX what the name is.

You should type an author's complete name and let the bibliography style decide what to abbreviate. (But an author's complete name may be "Donald~E. Knuth" or even "J.~P.~Morgan"; you should type it the way the author would like it to appear, if that's known.)

Most names can be entered in the obvious way, either with or without a comma, as in the following examples:

"John Paul Jones" "Jones, John Paul" "Ludwig von Beethoven" "von Beethoven, Ludwig"

Some people have multiple last names - for example, Per Brinch Hansen's last name is Brinch~Hansen. His name should be typed with a comma:

"Brinch Hansen, Per"

To understand why, you must understand how BibTeX handles names (for what follows, a "name" corresponds to a person).

Each name consists of four parts: First, von, Last, and~Jr; each part consists of a (possibly empty) list of name-tokens. For example the First part of Per Brinch~Hansen's name has the single token "Per"; the Last part has two, "Brinch" and "Hansen"; and the von and Jr parts are empty. If you had typed

"Per Brinch Hansen"

instead, BibTeX would erroneously think "Brinch" were a First-part token, just as "Paul" is a First-part token in "John~Paul Jones".

Here's another example:

"Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vallee Poussin"

This name has four tokens in the First part, two in the von, and two in the Last. Here BibTeX knows where one part ends and the other begins because the tokens in the von part begin with lower-case letters.

If you want BibTeX to consider something a single token, enclose it in braces. You should do this, for example, if a comma is part of a name:

"{Barnes and Noble, Inc.}" "{Barnes and} {Noble, Inc.}" "{Barnes} {and} {Noble,} {Inc.}"

The braces surrounding the comma keep "Inc." from being interpreted as a First token; this name has only a Last part, with either one, two, or four tokens (there must be a space separating the tokens in the second and third forms). Probably the second form is slightly more meaningful, but don't lose sleep over this since only rarely will an institution be an author or editor.

So the two names

"von Beethoven, Ludwig" "{von Beethoven}, Ludwig"

are considered by BibTeX to be different names. In the first, "Beethoven" is the Last part and "von" is the von part; in the second, which in this case happens to be incorrect, the Last part has a single token and there's no von part. The bibliography style will probably print both the same, but it may alphabetize and label them differently.

"Juniors" pose a special problem. Most people having "Jr." in their name precede it with a comma. Such a name should be entered as follows:

"Ford, Jr., Henry"

However, a few people do not use a comma. They are handled by considering the "Jr." to be part of the last Last token:

"{Steele Jr.}, Guy L." "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}"

This name has no Jr part.

To summarize, you may type a name in one of three forms:

"First von Last" "von Last, First" "von Last, Jr, First"

You may almost always use the first form; you shouldn't if either there's a Jr part or the Last part has multiple tokens but there's no von part.

If there are multiple authors or editors, their names must be separated by the word "and", surrounded by spaces, not enclosed in braces:

AUTHOR = "Ralph Alpher and Bethe, Hans and George Gamow"

Since BibTeX interprets commas as separating parts of a name and "and" as separating names themselves, this example has three coauthors: Ralph Alpher, Hans Bethe, and George Gamow. If the word "and" appears as part of a name, it must be enclosed in braces, as in the example of "Barnes and Noble,~Inc." given above. If you have too many names to list in a field, you can end the list with "and others"; the standard styles appropriately append an "et al."

BibTeX's rules are actually a bit more complicated than indicated here, but this description will suffice for most names.

#### 5.3.4.2 Titles

The bibliography style determines whether or not a title is capitalized; the titles of books usually are, the title of articles usually are not. You type a title the way it should appear if it is capitalized (you should capitalize everything but articles and unstressed conjunctions and prepositions, and even these should be capitalized as the first word or the first after a colon):

TITLE = "The Agony and the Ecstasy"

BibTeX will change uppercase letters to lowercase if appropriate. Uppercase letters that should not be changed are enclosed in braces. The following two titles are equivalent; the "A" of "Africa" will not be made lowercase.

"The Gnats and Gnus of {Africa}" "The Gnats and Gnus of {A}frica"

#### 5.3.4.3 Abbreviations

Instead of an ordinary text string, the text of a field can be replaced by an abbreviation for it. An abbreviation is a string of characters that starts with a letter and does not contain a space or any of the following ten characters:

`" # % ' ( ) , = { }`

The abbreviation is typed in place of the text field, with no braces or quotation marks. If 'jgg1' is an abbreviation for

Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1

then the following are equivalent:

JOURNAL = jgg1 JOURNAL = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"

Some abbreviations are predefined by the bibliography style. These always include the usual 3 letter abbreviations for the month: jan, feb, mar etc.

Bibliography styles usually contain abbreviations for the names of commonly referenced journals. Consult the Local Guide for a list of the predefined abbreviations for the bibliography styles available.

You can define your own abbreviations by using BibTeX's `@STRING` command.

### 5.3.5 Field Types

Below is a list of all fields recognized by the standard bibliography styles. An entry can also contain other fields, which are ignored by those styles.

BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the field names.

#### 5.3.5.1 address field

Publisher's address. For major publishing houses, just the city is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.

Format:

    ADDRESS = field_text

#### 5.3.5.2 annote field

An annotation, used only for annotated bibliography styles (which are not among the standard ones).

Format:

    ANNOTE = field_text

#### 5.3.5.3 author field

The name(s) of the author(s).

Format:

    AUTHOR = field_text

#### 5.3.5.4 booktitle field

Title of a book, part of which is being cited.

Format:

    BOOKTITLE = field_text

#### 5.3.5.5 chapter field

A chapter number.

Format:

    CHAPTER = field_text

#### 5.3.5.6 edition field

The edition of a book - for example, "second".

Format:

    EDITION = field_text

#### 5.3.5.7 editor field

Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an "author" field, then the "editor" field gives the editor of the book or collection in which the reference appears.

Format:

    EDITOR = field_text

#### 5.3.5.8 howpublished field

How something strange has been published.

Format:

    HOWPUBLISHED = field_text

#### 5.3.5.9 institution field

The institution that published the work.

Format:

    INSTITUTION = field_text

#### 5.3.5.10 journal field

A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals; see the Local Guide.

Format:

    JOURNAL = field_text

#### 5.3.5.11 key field

Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the "author" and "editor" fields are missing. This field should not be confused with the citation key that appears in the `\cite` command and at the beginning of the entry.

Format:

    KEY = field_text

#### 5.3.5.12 month field

The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written.

Format:

    MONTH = field_text

#### 5.3.5.13 note field

Any additional information that can help the reader.

Format:

    NOTE = field_text

#### 5.3.5.14 number field

The number of a journal, magazine, or technical report. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number.

Format:

    NUMBER = field_text

#### 5.3.5.15 organization field

The organization sponsoring a conference.

Format:

    ORGANIZATION = field_text

#### 5.3.5.16 pages field

A page number or range of numbers such as "42--111"; you may also have several of these, separating them with commas: "7,41,73--97". The standard styles convert a single dash to a double. >

Format:

    PAGES = field_text

#### 5.3.5.17 publisher field

The publisher's name.

Format:

    PUBLISHER = field_text

#### 5.3.5.18 school field

The name of the school where a thesis was written.

Format:

    SCHOOL = field_text

#### 5.3.5.19 series field

The name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, the the "title" field gives its title and an optional "series" field gives the name of a series in which the book is published.

Format:

    SERIES = field_text

#### 5.3.5.20 title field

The work's title.

Format:

    TITLE = field_text

#### 5.3.5.21 type field

The type of a technical report - for example, "Research Note".

Format:

    TYPE = field_text

#### 5.3.5.22 volume field

The volume of a journal or multivolume book work.

Format:

    VOLUME = field_text

#### 5.3.5.23 year field

The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it was written. This field's text should contain only numerals.

Format:

    YEAR = field_text

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