# FFmpeg FAQ

# Table of Contents

- 1 General Questions
  - 1.1 Why doesn’t FFmpeg support feature [xyz]?
  - 1.2 FFmpeg does not support codec XXX. Can you include a Windows DLL loader to support it?
  - 1.3 I cannot read this file although this format seems to be supported by ffmpeg.
  - 1.4 Which codecs are supported by Windows?
- 2 Compilation
  - 2.1 `error: can't find a register in class 'GENERAL_REGS' while reloading 'asm'`
- 3 Usage
  - 3.1 ffmpeg does not work; what is wrong?
  - 3.2 How do I encode single pictures into movies?
  - 3.3 How do I encode movie to single pictures?
  - 3.4 Why do I see a slight quality degradation with multithreaded MPEG* encoding?
  - 3.5 How can I read from the standard input or write to the standard output?
  - 3.6 -f jpeg doesn’t work.
  - 3.7 Why can I not change the frame rate?
  - 3.8 How do I encode Xvid or DivX video with ffmpeg?
  - 3.9 Which are good parameters for encoding high quality MPEG-4?
  - 3.10 Which are good parameters for encoding high quality MPEG-1/MPEG-2?
  - 3.11 Interlaced video looks very bad when encoded with ffmpeg, what is wrong?
  - 3.12 How can I read DirectShow files?
  - 3.13 How can I join video files?
  - 3.14 How can I concatenate video files?
    - 3.14.1 Concatenating using filters
    - 3.14.2 Concatenating at the file level
    - 3.14.3 Concatenating using raw audio and video
  - 3.15 -profile option fails when encoding H.264 video with AAC audio
  - 3.16 Using ‘`-f lavfi`’, audio becomes mono for no apparent reason.
  - 3.17 Why does FFmpeg not see the subtitles in my VOB file?
- 4 Development
  - 4.1 Are there examples illustrating how to use the FFmpeg libraries, particularly libavcodec and libavformat?
  - 4.2 Can you support my C compiler XXX?
  - 4.3 Is Microsoft Visual C++ supported?
  - 4.4 Can I use FFmpeg or libavcodec under Windows?
  - 4.5 Can you add automake, libtool or autoconf support?
  - 4.6 Why not rewrite FFmpeg in object-oriented C++?
  - 4.7 Why are the ffmpeg programs devoid of debugging symbols?
  - 4.8 I do not like the LGPL, can I contribute code under the GPL instead?
  - 4.9 I’m using FFmpeg from within my C application but the linker complains about missing symbols from the libraries themselves.
  - 4.10 I’m using FFmpeg from within my C++ application but the linker complains about missing symbols which seem to be available.
  - 4.11 I’m using libavutil from within my C++ application but the compiler complains about ’UINT64_C’ was not declared in this scope
  - 4.12 I have a file in memory / a API different from *open/*read/ libc how do I use it with libavformat?
  - 4.13 Where can I find libav* headers for Pascal/Delphi?
  - 4.14 Where is the documentation about ffv1, msmpeg4, asv1, 4xm?
  - 4.15 How do I feed H.263-RTP (and other codecs in RTP) to libavcodec?
  - 4.16 AVStream.r_frame_rate is wrong, it is much larger than the frame rate.
  - 4.17 Why is `make fate` not running all tests?
  - 4.18 Why is `make fate` not finding the samples?

# 1 General Questions

## 1.1 Why doesn’t FFmpeg support feature [xyz]?

Because no one has taken on that task yet. FFmpeg development is driven by the tasks that are important to the individual developers. If there is a feature that is important to you, the best way to get it implemented is to undertake the task yourself or sponsor a developer.

## 1.2 FFmpeg does not support codec XXX. Can you include a Windows DLL loader to support it?

No. Windows DLLs are not portable, bloated and often slow. Moreover FFmpeg strives to support all codecs natively. A DLL loader is not conducive to that goal.

## 1.3 I cannot read this file although this format seems to be supported by ffmpeg.

Even if ffmpeg can read the container format, it may not support all its codecs. Please consult the supported codec list in the ffmpeg documentation.

## 1.4 Which codecs are supported by Windows?

Windows does not support standard formats like MPEG very well, unless you install some additional codecs.

The following list of video codecs should work on most Windows systems:

‘`msmpeg4v2`’

  .avi/.asf

‘`msmpeg4`’

  .asf only

‘`wmv1`’

  .asf only

‘`wmv2`’

  .asf only

‘`mpeg4`’

  Only if you have some MPEG-4 codec like ffdshow or Xvid installed.

‘`mpeg1video`’

  .mpg only

Note, ASF files often have .wmv or .wma extensions in Windows. It should also be mentioned that Microsoft claims a patent on the ASF format, and may sue or threaten users who create ASF files with non-Microsoft software. It is strongly advised to avoid ASF where possible.

The following list of audio codecs should work on most Windows systems:

‘`adpcm_ima_wav`’
‘`adpcm_ms`’
‘`pcm_s16le`’

  always

‘`libmp3lame`’

  If some MP3 codec like LAME is installed.

# 2 Compilation

## 2.1 `error: can't find a register in class 'GENERAL_REGS' while reloading 'asm'`

This is a bug in gcc. Do not report it to us. Instead, please report it to the gcc developers. Note that we will not add workarounds for gcc bugs.

Also note that (some of) the gcc developers believe this is not a bug or not a bug they should fix: http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=11203. Then again, some of them do not know the difference between an undecidable problem and an NP-hard problem...

# 3 Usage

## 3.1 ffmpeg does not work; what is wrong?

Try a `make distclean` in the ffmpeg source directory before the build. If this does not help see (http://ffmpeg.org/bugreports.html).

## 3.2 How do I encode single pictures into movies?

First, rename your pictures to follow a numerical sequence. For example, img1.jpg, img2.jpg, img3.jpg,... Then you may run:

      ffmpeg -f image2 -i img%d.jpg /tmp/a.mpg

Notice that ‘`%d`’ is replaced by the image number.

‘`img%03d.jpg`’ means the sequence ‘`img001.jpg`’, ‘`img002.jpg`’, etc...

If you have large number of pictures to rename, you can use the following command to ease the burden. The command, using the bourne shell syntax, symbolically links all files in the current directory that match `*jpg` to the ‘`/tmp`’ directory in the sequence of ‘`img001.jpg`’, ‘`img002.jpg`’ and so on.

      x=1; for i in *jpg; do counter=$(printf %03d $x); ln -s "$i" /tmp/img"$counter".jpg; x=$(($x+1)); done

If you want to sequence them by oldest modified first, substitute `$(ls -r -t *jpg)` in place of `*jpg`.

Then run:

      ffmpeg -f image2 -i /tmp/img%03d.jpg /tmp/a.mpg

The same logic is used for any image format that ffmpeg reads.

## 3.3 How do I encode movie to single pictures?

Use:

      ffmpeg -i movie.mpg movie%d.jpg

The ‘`movie.mpg`’ used as input will be converted to ‘`movie1.jpg`’, ‘`movie2.jpg`’, etc...

Instead of relying on file format self-recognition, you may also use

‘`-c:v ppm`’
‘`-c:v png`’
‘`-c:v mjpeg`’

to force the encoding.

Applying that to the previous example:

      ffmpeg -i movie.mpg -f image2 -c:v mjpeg menu%d.jpg

Beware that there is no "jpeg" codec. Use "mjpeg" instead.

## 3.4 Why do I see a slight quality degradation with multithreaded MPEG* encoding?

For multithreaded MPEG* encoding, the encoded slices must be independent, otherwise thread n would practically have to wait for n-1 to finish, so it’s quite logical that there is a small reduction of quality. This is not a bug.

## 3.5 How can I read from the standard input or write to the standard output?

Use ‘`-`’ as file name.

## 3.6 -f jpeg doesn’t work.

Try ’-f image2 test%d.jpg’.

## 3.7 Why can I not change the frame rate?

Some codecs, like MPEG-1/2, only allow a small number of fixed frame rates. Choose a different codec with the -c:v command line option.

## 3.8 How do I encode Xvid or DivX video with ffmpeg?

Both Xvid and DivX (version 4+) are implementations of the ISO MPEG-4 standard (note that there are many other coding formats that use this same standard). Thus, use ’-c:v mpeg4’ to encode in these formats. The default fourcc stored in an MPEG-4-coded file will be ’FMP4’. If you want a different fourcc, use the ’-vtag’ option. E.g., ’-vtag xvid’ will force the fourcc ’xvid’ to be stored as the video fourcc rather than the default.

## 3.9 Which are good parameters for encoding high quality MPEG-4?

’-mbd rd -flags +mv4+aic -trellis 2 -cmp 2 -subcmp 2 -g 300 -pass 1/2’, things to try: ’-bf 2’, ’-flags qprd’, ’-flags mv0’, ’-flags skiprd’.

## 3.10 Which are good parameters for encoding high quality MPEG-1/MPEG-2?

’-mbd rd -trellis 2 -cmp 2 -subcmp 2 -g 100 -pass 1/2’ but beware the ’-g 100’ might cause problems with some decoders. Things to try: ’-bf 2’, ’-flags qprd’, ’-flags mv0’, ’-flags skiprd.

## 3.11 Interlaced video looks very bad when encoded with ffmpeg, what is wrong?

You should use ’-flags +ilme+ildct’ and maybe ’-flags +alt’ for interlaced material, and try ’-top 0/1’ if the result looks really messed-up.

## 3.12 How can I read DirectShow files?

If you have built FFmpeg with `./configure --enable-avisynth` (only possible on MinGW/Cygwin platforms), then you may use any file that DirectShow can read as input.

Just create an "input.avs" text file with this single line ...

      DirectShowSource("C:\path to your file\yourfile.asf")

... and then feed that text file to ffmpeg:

      ffmpeg -i input.avs

For ANY other help on Avisynth, please visit the Avisynth homepage.

## 3.13 How can I join video files?

To "join" video files is quite ambiguous. The following list explains the different kinds of "joining" and points out how those are addressed in FFmpeg. To join video files may mean:

- To put them one after the other: this is called to concatenate them (in short: concat) and is addressed in this very faq.
- To put them together in the same file, to let the user choose between the different versions (example: different audio languages): this is called to multiplex them together (in short: mux), and is done by simply invoking ffmpeg with several ‘`-i`’ options.
- For audio, to put all channels together in a single stream (example: two mono streams into one stereo stream): this is sometimes called to merge them, and can be done using the `amerge` filter.
- For audio, to play one on top of the other: this is called to mix them, and can be done by first merging them into a single stream and then using the `pan` filter to mix the channels at will.
- For video, to display both together, side by side or one on top of a part of the other; it can be done using the `overlay` video filter.

## 3.14 How can I concatenate video files?

There are several solutions, depending on the exact circumstances.

### 3.14.1 Concatenating using filters

FFmpeg has a `concat` filter designed specifically for that, with examples in the documentation.

### 3.14.2 Concatenating at the file level

A few multimedia containers (MPEG-1, MPEG-2 PS, DV) allow to concatenate video by merely concatenating the files them.

Hence you may concatenate your multimedia files by first transcoding them to these privileged formats, then using the humble `cat` command (or the equally humble `copy` under Windows), and finally transcoding back to your format of choice.

    ffmpeg -i input1.avi -qscale:v 1 intermediate1.mpg
    ffmpeg -i input2.avi -qscale:v 1 intermediate2.mpg
    cat intermediate1.mpg intermediate2.mpg > intermediate_all.mpg
    ffmpeg -i intermediate_all.mpg -qscale:v 2 output.avi

Additionally, you can use the `concat` protocol instead of `cat` or `copy` which will avoid creation of a potentially huge intermediate file.

    ffmpeg -i input1.avi -qscale:v 1 intermediate1.mpg
    ffmpeg -i input2.avi -qscale:v 1 intermediate2.mpg
    ffmpeg -i concat:"intermediate1.mpg|intermediate2.mpg" -c copy intermediate_all.mpg
    ffmpeg -i intermediate_all.mpg -qscale:v 2 output.avi

Note that you may need to escape the character "|" which is special for many shells.

Another option is usage of named pipes, should your platform support it:

    mkfifo intermediate1.mpg
    mkfifo intermediate2.mpg
    ffmpeg -i input1.avi -qscale:v 1 -y intermediate1.mpg < /dev/null &
    ffmpeg -i input2.avi -qscale:v 1 -y intermediate2.mpg < /dev/null &
    cat intermediate1.mpg intermediate2.mpg |\
    ffmpeg -f mpeg -i - -qscale:v 2 -c:v mpeg4 -acodec libmp3lame -q:a 4 output.avi

### 3.14.3 Concatenating using raw audio and video

Similarly, the yuv4mpegpipe format, and the raw video, raw audio codecs also allow concatenation, and the transcoding step is almost lossless. When using multiple yuv4mpegpipe(s), the first line needs to be discarded from all but the first stream. This can be accomplished by piping through `tail` as seen below. Note that when piping through `tail` you must use command grouping, `{ ;}`, to background properly.

For example, let’s say we want to concatenate two FLV files into an output.flv file:

    mkfifo temp1.a
    mkfifo temp1.v
    mkfifo temp2.a
    mkfifo temp2.v
    mkfifo all.a
    mkfifo all.v
    ffmpeg -i input1.flv -vn -f u16le -acodec pcm_s16le -ac 2 -ar 44100 - > temp1.a < /dev/null &
    ffmpeg -i input2.flv -vn -f u16le -acodec pcm_s16le -ac 2 -ar 44100 - > temp2.a < /dev/null &
    ffmpeg -i input1.flv -an -f yuv4mpegpipe - > temp1.v < /dev/null &
    { ffmpeg -i input2.flv -an -f yuv4mpegpipe - < /dev/null | tail -n +2 > temp2.v ; } &
    cat temp1.a temp2.a > all.a &
    cat temp1.v temp2.v > all.v &
    ffmpeg -f u16le -acodec pcm_s16le -ac 2 -ar 44100 -i all.a \
           -f yuv4mpegpipe -i all.v \
           -qscale:v 2 -y output.flv
    rm temp[12].[av] all.[av]

## 3.15 -profile option fails when encoding H.264 video with AAC audio

`ffmpeg` prints an error like

    Undefined constant or missing '(' in 'baseline'
    Unable to parse option value "baseline"
    Error setting option profile to value baseline.

Short answer: write ‘`-profile:v`’ instead of ‘`-profile`’.

Long answer: this happens because the ‘`-profile`’ option can apply to both video and audio. Specifically the AAC encoder also defines some profiles, none of which are named baseline.

The solution is to apply the ‘`-profile`’ option to the video stream only by using Stream specifiers. Appending `:v` to it will do exactly that.

## 3.16 Using ‘`-f lavfi`’, audio becomes mono for no apparent reason.

Use ‘`-dumpgraph -`’ to find out exactly where the channel layout is lost.

Most likely, it is through `auto-inserted aconvert`. Try to understand why the converting filter was needed at that place.

Just before the output is a likely place, as ‘`-f lavfi`’ currently only support packed S16.

Then insert the correct `aconvert` explicitly in the filter graph, specifying the exact format.

    aconvert=s16:stereo:packed

## 3.17 Why does FFmpeg not see the subtitles in my VOB file?

VOB and a few other formats do not have a global header that describes everything present in the file. Instead, applications are supposed to scan the file to see what it contains. Since VOB files are frequently large, only the beginning is scanned. If the subtitles happen only later in the file, they will not be initally detected.

Some applications, including the `ffmpeg` command-line tool, can only work with streams that were detected during the initial scan; streams that are detected later are ignored.

The size of the initial scan is controlled by two options: `probesize` (default ~5 Mo) and `analyzeduration` (default 5,000,000 µs = 5 s). For the subtitle stream to be detected, both values must be large enough.

# 4 Development

## 4.1 Are there examples illustrating how to use the FFmpeg libraries, particularly libavcodec and libavformat?

Yes. Check the ‘`doc/examples`’ directory in the source repository, also available online at: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/tree/master/doc/examples.

Examples are also installed by default, usually in `$PREFIX/share/ffmpeg/examples`.

Also you may read the Developers Guide of the FFmpeg documentation. Alternatively, examine the source code for one of the many open source projects that already incorporate FFmpeg at (projects.html).

## 4.2 Can you support my C compiler XXX?

It depends. If your compiler is C99-compliant, then patches to support it are likely to be welcome if they do not pollute the source code with `#ifdef`s related to the compiler.

## 4.3 Is Microsoft Visual C++ supported?

No. Microsoft Visual C++ is not compliant to the C99 standard and does not - among other things - support the inline assembly used in FFmpeg. If you wish to use MSVC++ for your project then you can link the MSVC++ code with libav* as long as you compile the latter with a working C compiler. For more information, see the Microsoft Visual C++ compatibility section in the FFmpeg documentation.

There have been efforts to make FFmpeg compatible with MSVC++ in the past. However, they have all been rejected as too intrusive, especially since MinGW does the job adequately. None of the core developers work with MSVC++ and thus this item is low priority. Should you find the silver bullet that solves this problem, feel free to shoot it at us.

We strongly recommend you to move over from MSVC++ to MinGW tools.

## 4.4 Can I use FFmpeg or libavcodec under Windows?

Yes, but the Cygwin or MinGW tools must be used to compile FFmpeg. Read the Windows section in the FFmpeg documentation to find more information.

To get help and instructions for building FFmpeg under Windows, check out the FFmpeg Windows Help Forum at http://ffmpeg.arrozcru.org/.

## 4.5 Can you add automake, libtool or autoconf support?

No. These tools are too bloated and they complicate the build.

## 4.6 Why not rewrite FFmpeg in object-oriented C++?

FFmpeg is already organized in a highly modular manner and does not need to be rewritten in a formal object language. Further, many of the developers favor straight C; it works for them. For more arguments on this matter, read "Programming Religion".

## 4.7 Why are the ffmpeg programs devoid of debugging symbols?

The build process creates ffmpeg_g, ffplay_g, etc. which contain full debug information. Those binaries are stripped to create ffmpeg, ffplay, etc. If you need the debug information, use the *_g versions.

## 4.8 I do not like the LGPL, can I contribute code under the GPL instead?

Yes, as long as the code is optional and can easily and cleanly be placed under #if CONFIG_GPL without breaking anything. So, for example, a new codec or filter would be OK under GPL while a bug fix to LGPL code would not.

## 4.9 I’m using FFmpeg from within my C application but the linker complains about missing symbols from the libraries themselves.

FFmpeg builds static libraries by default. In static libraries, dependencies are not handled. That has two consequences. First, you must specify the libraries in dependency order: `-lavdevice` must come before `-lavformat`, `-lavutil` must come after everything else, etc. Second, external libraries that are used in FFmpeg have to be specified too.

An easy way to get the full list of required libraries in dependency order is to use `pkg-config`.

      c99 -o program program.c $(pkg-config --cflags --libs libavformat libavcodec)

See ‘`doc/example/Makefile`’ and ‘`doc/example/pc-uninstalled`’ for more details.

## 4.10 I’m using FFmpeg from within my C++ application but the linker complains about missing symbols which seem to be available.

FFmpeg is a pure C project, so to use the libraries within your C++ application you need to explicitly state that you are using a C library. You can do this by encompassing your FFmpeg includes using `extern "C"`.

See http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/mixing-c-and-cpp.html#faq-32.3

## 4.11 I’m using libavutil from within my C++ application but the compiler complains about ’UINT64_C’ was not declared in this scope

FFmpeg is a pure C project using C99 math features, in order to enable C++ to use them you have to append -D__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS to your CXXFLAGS

## 4.12 I have a file in memory / a API different from *open/*read/ libc how do I use it with libavformat?

You have to implement a URLProtocol, see ‘`libavformat/file.c`’ in FFmpeg and ‘`libmpdemux/demux_lavf.c`’ in MPlayer sources.

## 4.13 Where can I find libav* headers for Pascal/Delphi?

see http://www.iversenit.dk/dev/ffmpeg-headers/

## 4.14 Where is the documentation about ffv1, msmpeg4, asv1, 4xm?

see http://www.ffmpeg.org/~michael/

## 4.15 How do I feed H.263-RTP (and other codecs in RTP) to libavcodec?

Even if peculiar since it is network oriented, RTP is a container like any other. You have to demux RTP before feeding the payload to libavcodec. In this specific case please look at RFC 4629 to see how it should be done.

## 4.16 AVStream.r_frame_rate is wrong, it is much larger than the frame rate.

r_frame_rate is NOT the average frame rate, it is the smallest frame rate that can accurately represent all timestamps. So no, it is not wrong if it is larger than the average! For example, if you have mixed 25 and 30 fps content, then r_frame_rate will be 150.

## 4.17 Why is `make fate` not running all tests?

Make sure you have the fate-suite samples and the `SAMPLES` Make variable or `FATE_SAMPLES` environment variable or the `--samples` `configure` option is set to the right path.

## 4.18 Why is `make fate` not finding the samples?

Do you happen to have a `~` character in the samples path to indicate a home directory? The value is used in ways where the shell cannot expand it, causing FATE to not find files. Just replace `~` by the full path.