Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 1914 239630 239515 2022-08-07T07:14:16Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Kofka degaan Fransiska */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = French Republic | common_name = France | native_name = {{native name|fr|République française|nbsp=omit}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_width = 65px | symbol_type = Emblem | symbol_type_article = National Emblem of France | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "{{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[Metropolitan France]] (European part of France) on the globe|[[File:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Metropolitan France in Europe|[[File:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|France in the world|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=red or dark green |country=France |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green|unbulleted list |Location of the territory of the (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[Paris]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official language<br/>{{nobold|and national language}} | languages = [[French language|French]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see [[Languages of France]].}}{{infobox|child=yes | regional_languages = See [[Languages of France]] | label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2018)}} | data1 = {{unbulleted list |93.0% [[French people|French]] |7.0% Others<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111016191356/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do]</ref>}} }} | religion_ref = | religion_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |55.1% [[Christianity in France|Christianity]] |31.9% [[Irreligion in France|No religion]] |18.3% [[Islam in France|Islam]] |0.7% Others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/france#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title = Religions in France &#124; French Religion Data &#124; GRF}}</ref> }} | demonym = French | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of France|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Emmanuel Macron]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Jean Castex]] | legislature = [[French Parliament|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (France)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of France|Establishment]] | established_event1 = Reign of [[Clovis I]] as [[List of Frankish kings|King of the Franks]] | established_date1 = 481–511 | established_event2 = [[Treaty of Verdun]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = 10 August 843 | established_event3 = [[Kingdom of France|Capetian dynasty]] | established_date3 = 3 July 987 | established_event4 = [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|First Republic established]] | established_date4 = 22 September 1792 | established_event5 = [[Enlargement of the European Union#Founding members|Founded]]. the [[European Economic Community|EEC]]{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date5 = 1 January 1958 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of France|Current&nbsp;constitution]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date6 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 643,801 | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web|website=The World Factbook|title=Field Listing :: Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|publisher=CIA|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]] --> | area_label2 = [[Metropolitan France]] ([[Institut géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{cvt|551695|km2}}{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut géographique national|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = Metropolitan France ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{cvt|543940.9|km2}}{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1|title=France Métropolitaine|publisher=INSEE|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1|archive-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 67,413,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607|title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France|year=2019 |website=Insee|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> | percent_water = 0.86 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = May 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_label2 = Density | population_data2 = {{pop density|67413000|643801|km2}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = Metropolitan France, estimate {{as of|lc=y|May 2021}} | population_data3 = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 65,239,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387|title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |year=2019|website=insee.fr|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|23rd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 <!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]] --> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.322 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOFR">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=132,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2016&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=imf.org|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $50,876<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.940 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $45,028<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 23rd | Gini = 29.2 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.901 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 26th | currency = {{unbulleted list | [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]){{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} | [[CFP franc]] (XPF){{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}} | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: Various other time zones are observed in overseas France.{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the span from UTC−10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}<br/> Although France is in the [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (Z) ([[Western European Time]]) zone, [[UTC+01:00]] ([[Central European Time]]) was enforced as the standard time since 25 February 1940, upon [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation in WW2]], with a +0:50:39 offset (and +1:50:39 during [[Daylight saving time|DST]]) from Paris [[Local mean time|LMT]] (UTC+0:09:21).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/france/paris|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes in Paris, Île-de-France, France|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[Telephone numbers in France|French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594; [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687; [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km² (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km² (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km² (248,573 sq mi). | today = }} '''Faransiiska''' ({{lang-fr|La France}}; {{lang-ar|فرنسا}}) sida dowliga ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska''' ({{lang-fr|République Française}}; {{lang-ar|الجمهورية الفرنسية}}) waa dalka mid ah dalalka kuyaala galbeedka qaarada [[Yurub]]. farnsiisku waxa uu kakoobanyahy dhul kal fog fog iyo jasiirado kuyaala goobo aad uga fog dhulwaynaha faransiiska waxa kale oo farnsiiska kamida halka looyaqaano [[Faransiis Guyana]] iyo jasiirado aad ubadan oo cidhifyada caalamka kuyaala dadka wadanka farnsiiska udhashay waxa wadankooda ay uguyeedhaan (Hexagone) oo macneheedu tahay Lix geesood. wadanka farnsiisku waxa uu xuduud la wadaagaa Wadamada [[Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] [[Beljim]] [[Luksemburg]] [[Jarmalka]] [[Iswisarland]] [[Talyaaniga]] [[Monako]] [[Andorra]] [[Isbania]] sida oo kale farnsiisku waxa uu xuduud la wadaaga wadamo kabaxsan qaarada [[Yurub]] sida, [[Barasiil]] [[Surinam]] [[Nederlaan Antiilis]]. Farnsiisku waa mid kamida Aasaasayaasha [[Midawga Yurub]].waana wadanka ugu wayn midawga yurub. sidoo kale waxa uu farnsiisku kamid ahaa xubnihii aasaasy [[Qaramada Midoobay]].waxa kale oo kamidyahay xubnaha rigliga ah ee [[GAQM|Golaha Amaanka]] inta badan dadka farnsiiska ahi waxa ay haystaan diinta [[Masiixiyad]] waxa kunool sidoo kale dad gaadhaya ilaa shan milyan oo haysta diinta [[Islaam]]ka [[File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Bøf_med_pommes_frites_(1).jpg|thumb|right|250px|fransiska cuntto]] [[File:APileOfCroissants.jpg|thumb|right|249px]] [[File:Nice_airport.jpg|thumb|right|249px|]] [[File:Le_quartier_de_Chevry_à_Gif-sur-Yvette_le_10_août_2015_-_13.jpg|thumb|right|250px|boostada fransiska]] == Taariikh dalka == Inta badan dhulka faransiisku waxaa dhulkii ay qabsadeen dadkii lagu magacaabi jiray (Gaule) oo asal ahaan kasoo jeeday meesha looyaqaano katalaaniya.wadanka waxa katalinjirtay ambaradooriyadii roomaanka .kadib xiligii qarnigii 4aad waxaa qabsaday mid kamida qabaa'ilka Jarmaanka.kuwaas oo looyaqaany (Franch).wadnkan maanta looyaqaano farnsiiku waxa uu midoobay markii ugu horaysay sanadii 486.farnsiisku waa wadan leh taariikh aad iyo aad u dheer oo aan lasoo koobi karin. Ka soo gudubka boqortooyadii [[Charles the Great]], Templars ama maxkamada [[Louis XIV]] ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]* * [[AIIB]]* * [[NATO]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Midowga Yurub]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Magalloyinka== {{columns-list|colwidth=7em|}} * [[Baariis]] * [[Paris]] * [[Lyon]] * [[Marseille]] * [[Kayene]] * [[Lille]] * [[Toulouse]] * [[Nancy]] * [[Nantes]] * [[Nice]] * [[Roubaix]] * [[Strasbourg]] * [[Rennes]] * [[Grenoble]] * [[Montpellier]] * [[Moosoro]] * [[Versailles]] * [[Monako]] * [[Coorsica]] * [[Lévis, Quebec]] * [[Jaamacadda Baariis-Saclay]] * [[Jaamacadda Versailles]] * [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] * [[École nationale de l'aviation civile]]. ==Kofka degaan Fransiska== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 121,000+ [<ref name="">https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people#cite_note-8</ref>]. * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 2,200+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 1,595,000++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 2,300+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 2,100+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 4,300+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 493,000++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 150,200+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 134,300+;+;+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. ==Taariikhda Faranssiiska== [[Claude Monet]] Taariikhdu waxay qortaa in boqorada Faransiiska soo maray uu ka mid yahay [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napolian Bonabert]] oo dhawr wadan oo [[Yurub]] qabsaday.!!` Faransiiska oo ah dalka ugu weyn wadamada ku yaala galbeedka Yurub sidoo kale waa dalka Sadexaad ee Yurub oo dhan ugu weyn dunnidana waxaa uu ka yahay dalka 42,aad ee ugu weyn dhul ahaan. Caasimada wadanka waa Paris dadka Faransiiska ah waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 67 million oo ruux taasi ayaana keentay in loo aqoonsado inuu yahay dalka 20,aad ee dunnida ugu dadka badan iyo dalka labaad ee Yurub oo dhan ugu dad badan. Faransiisku waxaa uu ka mid yahay wadamada la yiraahdo awood ayay leeyihiin illaaa qarnigii 19 aadna waxaa uu ka mid ahaa wadamada dunnidaan wax ka gumaystay. Dalkaan Q,M waxay ku taxgalisaa inuu ka mid yahay wadamada ugu badan ee ay kasoo baxeen dad taariikh ku leh dhanka cilmiga waxaana dalkaan kasoo jeedaa dad badan oo wax badan hindisay. Hay’adda [[UNESCO]] waxaa ay sheegtay in dalka Faransiis waxay u aqoonsatahay dalka 4,aad ee ugu dhaqanka weyn dunnida taas ayaana sabab u ah in si joogto ah ay dalkaasi u booqdaan oo ay u dalxiis tagaan dad tiradoodu gaarayso 83 million oo ruux. Lacagta wadanka waa Yuuroo seedka gaadiidku isku dhaafaana waa dhanka midig luuqada wadanka looga hadlana waa Faransiis. Xagga dhaqaalaha marka aanu eegno Faransiisku waxaa uu ka mid yahay wadamada ugu waa weyn ee dhaqaalaha leh dalkuna warshado badan ayuu leeyahay. Sidoo kale dalxiiska ayay dawlada Faransiisku dhaqaalo aan yareyn ka heeshaa. Xagga ciidamada Faransiiska oo ka mid ah wadamada ku jira ururka gaashaanbuurta [[NATO]] dawlada Faransa waxay ka mid tahay dawladaha dhaqaalaha badan ku bixiya dhanka ciidamada sidoo kalena dawlada Faransiisku waxay xubin ka tahay 15 xubnood ee golaha amaanka iyo ururka midawga Yurub ururka ganacsiga adduunka ee WTO iyo booliska adduunka ee Interpol waana dal haysta hubka Nuclear,ka ah. Xagga Diimaha haddii aynu eegno dadka Faransiisku badankood waa masiixiyiin waxana ay dalkaasi ka yihiin 94%. Muslimiin oo dalkaasi dadka ku nool ka ah 4% waxaa tiradooda guud lagu qiyaasaa 5 illaa. [[File:Gascogne flag.svg|thumb|150px|Blason de Gasconha]] Dhaqan ahaan dadka Faransiiska waxay isku eg yihiin dadka Talyaaniga waxaana dumarka Faransiiska dhaqan ahaan u xirtaan maro u sameysan sida cambuurka oo kale oo dhanka hoose u weyn qaarka sarana u yar halka raggooduna ay xirtaan maryo qamiiska u qaab eg. Dhanka cunnadda dadka Faransiisku waxay dhaqan ahaan u cunaan hilbo la dubay oo haddana maraq loo yeelay oo dalkaasi looga yaqaan Foie gras Ugu dambeyna haddii aanu eegno xagga cayaayara Faransiiska kubbadda cagta aad baa loga xiiseeyaa waxaana xulka K/cagta dalka Faransiisku uu qaaday koob adduun hal mar oo aheyd sanadkii 1998 oo Faransiiska lagu qabtay. Cayaartoyda Faransiiska ayaa Sadex gool iyo waxba kaga adkaaday cayaartii kama dambeysta ee ay la cayaareen xulka dalka [[Brazil]] Sidoo kale xulka Faransiisky waxaa uu guulo ka gaaray cayaaro kale oo caalami ah waxaana dalkaasi kasoo jeeda cayaartoy fara badan oo dhanka cayaaraha sumcad weyn ku leh. == Nolosha == In kabad $74 dadka farnnsiisku waxa ay kunoolyihiin magaalooyinka waawayn magaalda [[Baariis|Baaris]] iyo hareereheeda kaliya waxaa dagan dad gaadhaya ilaa 9 milyan oo qof.dadkuna waxy daganyihiin guryo aad iyo aad udheer.sidoo kale qaar kamida dadka kunool farnsiisku waxy xiiseeyaan in ay degaan guryo qadiima. Nolosha miyiga waxa kunool %24 dadka farnsiiska,waa beeralay,cuntada farnsiisk waa mid kamida cuntooyinka ugu waaweeyn aduunka. == Diinta == Farnsiisku waa dawlad cilmaaniya xoriyada diintuna waa xaq distoori ah.waxay gaadhaysaa tirada [[Masiixiyad]] Kaatooliga ahi %65 dadka aan diinba haysan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa %25 halka islaamku uu yahay %6 dadka faransiiska. [[File:Tralonca panorama.jpg|thumb|left|upright=2.4|Panorama de Tralonca]] = Galaria = <gallery> Image:Nizza rue vieux port.jpg|Una carriera de Niça Vielha Image:Nice (FR-06000) Promenade des anglais.jpg|Camin dei Anglés </gallery> {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Faransiiska| ]] [[Faransiiska Shanka Republica]] ==sido kale fiiri== *[[Joachim Barrande]] *[[Tour de France]] * [[Sébastien Castellion]] * [[Lefèvre d’Étaples]] * [[Pierre Robert Olivétan]] * [[Simone Arnold Liebster]] te07ur5rdeg7rd3jg3x2ss99wdqf15g 239632 239630 2022-08-07T07:28:34Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Kofka degaan Fransiska */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = French Republic | common_name = France | native_name = {{native name|fr|République française|nbsp=omit}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_width = 65px | symbol_type = Emblem | symbol_type_article = National Emblem of France | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "{{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[Metropolitan France]] (European part of France) on the globe|[[File:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Metropolitan France in Europe|[[File:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|France in the world|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=red or dark green |country=France |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green|unbulleted list |Location of the territory of the (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[Paris]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official language<br/>{{nobold|and national language}} | languages = [[French language|French]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see [[Languages of France]].}}{{infobox|child=yes | regional_languages = See [[Languages of France]] | label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2018)}} | data1 = {{unbulleted list |93.0% [[French people|French]] |7.0% Others<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111016191356/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do]</ref>}} }} | religion_ref = | religion_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |55.1% [[Christianity in France|Christianity]] |31.9% [[Irreligion in France|No religion]] |18.3% [[Islam in France|Islam]] |0.7% Others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/france#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title = Religions in France &#124; French Religion Data &#124; GRF}}</ref> }} | demonym = French | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of France|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Emmanuel Macron]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Jean Castex]] | legislature = [[French Parliament|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (France)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of France|Establishment]] | established_event1 = Reign of [[Clovis I]] as [[List of Frankish kings|King of the Franks]] | established_date1 = 481–511 | established_event2 = [[Treaty of Verdun]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = 10 August 843 | established_event3 = [[Kingdom of France|Capetian dynasty]] | established_date3 = 3 July 987 | established_event4 = [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|First Republic established]] | established_date4 = 22 September 1792 | established_event5 = [[Enlargement of the European Union#Founding members|Founded]]. the [[European Economic Community|EEC]]{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date5 = 1 January 1958 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of France|Current&nbsp;constitution]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date6 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 643,801 | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web|website=The World Factbook|title=Field Listing :: Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|publisher=CIA|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]] --> | area_label2 = [[Metropolitan France]] ([[Institut géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{cvt|551695|km2}}{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut géographique national|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = Metropolitan France ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{cvt|543940.9|km2}}{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1|title=France Métropolitaine|publisher=INSEE|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1|archive-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 67,413,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607|title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France|year=2019 |website=Insee|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> | percent_water = 0.86 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = May 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_label2 = Density | population_data2 = {{pop density|67413000|643801|km2}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = Metropolitan France, estimate {{as of|lc=y|May 2021}} | population_data3 = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 65,239,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387|title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |year=2019|website=insee.fr|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|23rd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 <!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]] --> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.322 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOFR">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=132,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2016&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=imf.org|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $50,876<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.940 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $45,028<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 23rd | Gini = 29.2 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.901 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 26th | currency = {{unbulleted list | [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]){{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} | [[CFP franc]] (XPF){{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}} | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: Various other time zones are observed in overseas France.{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the span from UTC−10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}<br/> Although France is in the [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (Z) ([[Western European Time]]) zone, [[UTC+01:00]] ([[Central European Time]]) was enforced as the standard time since 25 February 1940, upon [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation in WW2]], with a +0:50:39 offset (and +1:50:39 during [[Daylight saving time|DST]]) from Paris [[Local mean time|LMT]] (UTC+0:09:21).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/france/paris|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes in Paris, Île-de-France, France|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[Telephone numbers in France|French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594; [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687; [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km<sup>2</sup> (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km<sup>2</sup> (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km<sup>2</sup> (248,573 sq mi). | today = }} '''Faransiiska''' ({{lang-fr|La France}}; {{lang-ar|فرنسا}}) sida dowliga ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska''' ({{lang-fr|République Française}}; {{lang-ar|الجمهورية الفرنسية}}) waa dalka mid ah dalalka kuyaala galbeedka qaarada [[Yurub]]. farnsiisku waxa uu kakoobanyahy dhul kal fog fog iyo jasiirado kuyaala goobo aad uga fog dhulwaynaha faransiiska waxa kale oo farnsiiska kamida halka looyaqaano [[Faransiis Guyana]] iyo jasiirado aad ubadan oo cidhifyada caalamka kuyaala dadka wadanka farnsiiska udhashay waxa wadankooda ay uguyeedhaan (Hexagone) oo macneheedu tahay Lix geesood. wadanka farnsiisku waxa uu xuduud la wadaagaa Wadamada [[Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] [[Beljim]] [[Luksemburg]] [[Jarmalka]] [[Iswisarland]] [[Talyaaniga]] [[Monako]] [[Andorra]] [[Isbania]] sida oo kale farnsiisku waxa uu xuduud la wadaaga wadamo kabaxsan qaarada [[Yurub]] sida, [[Barasiil]] [[Surinam]] [[Nederlaan Antiilis]]. Farnsiisku waa mid kamida Aasaasayaasha [[Midawga Yurub]].waana wadanka ugu wayn midawga yurub. sidoo kale waxa uu farnsiisku kamid ahaa xubnihii aasaasy [[Qaramada Midoobay]].waxa kale oo kamidyahay xubnaha rigliga ah ee [[GAQM|Golaha Amaanka]] inta badan dadka farnsiiska ahi waxa ay haystaan diinta [[Masiixiyad]] waxa kunool sidoo kale dad gaadhaya ilaa shan milyan oo haysta diinta [[Islaam]]ka [[File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Bøf_med_pommes_frites_(1).jpg|thumb|right|250px|fransiska cuntto]] [[File:APileOfCroissants.jpg|thumb|right|249px]] [[File:Nice_airport.jpg|thumb|right|249px|]] [[File:Le_quartier_de_Chevry_à_Gif-sur-Yvette_le_10_août_2015_-_13.jpg|thumb|right|250px|boostada fransiska]] == Taariikh dalka == Inta badan dhulka faransiisku waxaa dhulkii ay qabsadeen dadkii lagu magacaabi jiray (Gaule) oo asal ahaan kasoo jeeday meesha looyaqaano katalaaniya.wadanka waxa katalinjirtay ambaradooriyadii roomaanka .kadib xiligii qarnigii 4aad waxaa qabsaday mid kamida qabaa'ilka Jarmaanka.kuwaas oo looyaqaany (Franch).wadnkan maanta looyaqaano farnsiiku waxa uu midoobay markii ugu horaysay sanadii 486.farnsiisku waa wadan leh taariikh aad iyo aad u dheer oo aan lasoo koobi karin. Ka soo gudubka boqortooyadii [[Charles the Great]], Templars ama maxkamada [[Louis XIV]] ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]* * [[AIIB]]* * [[NATO]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Midowga Yurub]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Magalloyinka== {{columns-list|colwidth=7em|}} * [[Baariis]] * [[Paris]] * [[Lyon]] * [[Marseille]] * [[Kayene]] * [[Lille]] * [[Toulouse]] * [[Nancy]] * [[Nantes]] * [[Nice]] * [[Roubaix]] * [[Strasbourg]] * [[Rennes]] * [[Grenoble]] * [[Montpellier]] * [[Moosoro]] * [[Versailles]] * [[Monako]] * [[Coorsica]] * [[Lévis, Quebec]] * [[Jaamacadda Baariis-Saclay]] * [[Jaamacadda Versailles]] * [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] * [[École nationale de l'aviation civile]]. ==Kofka Degan Fransiiska== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 121,000+ <ref name="">https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people#cite_note-8</ref>. * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 2,200+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 1.595,000++ <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 2,300+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 2,100+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 4,300+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 493,000++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 150,200+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 134,300+;+;+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. ==Taariikhda Faranssiiska== [[Claude Monet]] Taariikhdu waxay qortaa in boqorada Faransiiska soo maray uu ka mid yahay [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napolian Bonabert]] oo dhawr wadan oo [[Yurub]] qabsaday.!!` Faransiiska oo ah dalka ugu weyn wadamada ku yaala galbeedka Yurub sidoo kale waa dalka Sadexaad ee Yurub oo dhan ugu weyn dunnidana waxaa uu ka yahay dalka 42,aad ee ugu weyn dhul ahaan. Caasimada wadanka waa Paris dadka Faransiiska ah waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 67 million oo ruux taasi ayaana keentay in loo aqoonsado inuu yahay dalka 20,aad ee dunnida ugu dadka badan iyo dalka labaad ee Yurub oo dhan ugu dad badan. Faransiisku waxaa uu ka mid yahay wadamada la yiraahdo awood ayay leeyihiin illaaa qarnigii 19 aadna waxaa uu ka mid ahaa wadamada dunnidaan wax ka gumaystay. Dalkaan Q,M waxay ku taxgalisaa inuu ka mid yahay wadamada ugu badan ee ay kasoo baxeen dad taariikh ku leh dhanka cilmiga waxaana dalkaan kasoo jeedaa dad badan oo wax badan hindisay. Hay’adda [[UNESCO]] waxaa ay sheegtay in dalka Faransiis waxay u aqoonsatahay dalka 4,aad ee ugu dhaqanka weyn dunnida taas ayaana sabab u ah in si joogto ah ay dalkaasi u booqdaan oo ay u dalxiis tagaan dad tiradoodu gaarayso 83 million oo ruux. Lacagta wadanka waa Yuuroo seedka gaadiidku isku dhaafaana waa dhanka midig luuqada wadanka looga hadlana waa Faransiis. Xagga dhaqaalaha marka aanu eegno Faransiisku waxaa uu ka mid yahay wadamada ugu waa weyn ee dhaqaalaha leh dalkuna warshado badan ayuu leeyahay. Sidoo kale dalxiiska ayay dawlada Faransiisku dhaqaalo aan yareyn ka heeshaa. Xagga ciidamada Faransiiska oo ka mid ah wadamada ku jira ururka gaashaanbuurta [[NATO]] dawlada Faransa waxay ka mid tahay dawladaha dhaqaalaha badan ku bixiya dhanka ciidamada sidoo kalena dawlada Faransiisku waxay xubin ka tahay 15 xubnood ee golaha amaanka iyo ururka midawga Yurub ururka ganacsiga adduunka ee WTO iyo booliska adduunka ee Interpol waana dal haysta hubka Nuclear,ka ah. Xagga Diimaha haddii aynu eegno dadka Faransiisku badankood waa masiixiyiin waxana ay dalkaasi ka yihiin 94%. Muslimiin oo dalkaasi dadka ku nool ka ah 4% waxaa tiradooda guud lagu qiyaasaa 5 illaa. [[File:Gascogne flag.svg|thumb|150px|Blason de Gasconha]] Dhaqan ahaan dadka Faransiiska waxay isku eg yihiin dadka Talyaaniga waxaana dumarka Faransiiska dhaqan ahaan u xirtaan maro u sameysan sida cambuurka oo kale oo dhanka hoose u weyn qaarka sarana u yar halka raggooduna ay xirtaan maryo qamiiska u qaab eg. Dhanka cunnadda dadka Faransiisku waxay dhaqan ahaan u cunaan hilbo la dubay oo haddana maraq loo yeelay oo dalkaasi looga yaqaan Foie gras Ugu dambeyna haddii aanu eegno xagga cayaayara Faransiiska kubbadda cagta aad baa loga xiiseeyaa waxaana xulka K/cagta dalka Faransiisku uu qaaday koob adduun hal mar oo aheyd sanadkii 1998 oo Faransiiska lagu qabtay. Cayaartoyda Faransiiska ayaa Sadex gool iyo waxba kaga adkaaday cayaartii kama dambeysta ee ay la cayaareen xulka dalka [[Brazil]] Sidoo kale xulka Faransiisky waxaa uu guulo ka gaaray cayaaro kale oo caalami ah waxaana dalkaasi kasoo jeeda cayaartoy fara badan oo dhanka cayaaraha sumcad weyn ku leh. == Nolosha == In kabad $74 dadka farnnsiisku waxa ay kunoolyihiin magaalooyinka waawayn magaalda [[Baariis|Baaris]] iyo hareereheeda kaliya waxaa dagan dad gaadhaya ilaa 9 milyan oo qof.dadkuna waxy daganyihiin guryo aad iyo aad udheer.sidoo kale qaar kamida dadka kunool farnsiisku waxy xiiseeyaan in ay degaan guryo qadiima. Nolosha miyiga waxa kunool %24 dadka farnsiiska,waa beeralay,cuntada farnsiisk waa mid kamida cuntooyinka ugu waaweeyn aduunka. == Diinta == Farnsiisku waa dawlad cilmaaniya xoriyada diintuna waa xaq distoori ah.waxay gaadhaysaa tirada [[Masiixiyad]] Kaatooliga ahi %65 dadka aan diinba haysan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa %25 halka islaamku uu yahay %6 dadka faransiiska. [[File:Tralonca panorama.jpg|thumb|left|upright=2.4|Panorama de Tralonca]] = Galaria = <gallery> Image:Nizza rue vieux port.jpg|Una carriera de Niça Vielha Image:Nice (FR-06000) Promenade des anglais.jpg|Camin dei Anglés </gallery> {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Faransiiska| ]] [[Faransiiska Shanka Republica]] ==sido kale fiiri== *[[Joachim Barrande]] *[[Tour de France]] * [[Sébastien Castellion]] * [[Lefèvre d’Étaples]] * [[Pierre Robert Olivétan]] * [[Simone Arnold Liebster]] jzmhtim1urwqvccroexk41bpuromyus 239633 239632 2022-08-07T07:29:24Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Kofka Degan Fransiiska */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = French Republic | common_name = France | native_name = {{native name|fr|République française|nbsp=omit}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_width = 65px | symbol_type = Emblem | symbol_type_article = National Emblem of France | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "{{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[Metropolitan France]] (European part of France) on the globe|[[File:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Metropolitan France in Europe|[[File:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|France in the world|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=red or dark green |country=France |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green|unbulleted list |Location of the territory of the (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[Paris]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official language<br/>{{nobold|and national language}} | languages = [[French language|French]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see [[Languages of France]].}}{{infobox|child=yes | regional_languages = See [[Languages of France]] | label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2018)}} | data1 = {{unbulleted list |93.0% [[French people|French]] |7.0% Others<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111016191356/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do]</ref>}} }} | religion_ref = | religion_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |55.1% [[Christianity in France|Christianity]] |31.9% [[Irreligion in France|No religion]] |18.3% [[Islam in France|Islam]] |0.7% Others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/france#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title = Religions in France &#124; French Religion Data &#124; GRF}}</ref> }} | demonym = French | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of France|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Emmanuel Macron]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Jean Castex]] | legislature = [[French Parliament|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (France)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of France|Establishment]] | established_event1 = Reign of [[Clovis I]] as [[List of Frankish kings|King of the Franks]] | established_date1 = 481–511 | established_event2 = [[Treaty of Verdun]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = 10 August 843 | established_event3 = [[Kingdom of France|Capetian dynasty]] | established_date3 = 3 July 987 | established_event4 = [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|First Republic established]] | established_date4 = 22 September 1792 | established_event5 = [[Enlargement of the European Union#Founding members|Founded]]. the [[European Economic Community|EEC]]{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date5 = 1 January 1958 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of France|Current&nbsp;constitution]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date6 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 643,801 | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web|website=The World Factbook|title=Field Listing :: Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|publisher=CIA|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]] --> | area_label2 = [[Metropolitan France]] ([[Institut géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{cvt|551695|km2}}{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut géographique national|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = Metropolitan France ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{cvt|543940.9|km2}}{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1|title=France Métropolitaine|publisher=INSEE|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1|archive-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 67,413,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607|title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France|year=2019 |website=Insee|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> | percent_water = 0.86 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = May 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_label2 = Density | population_data2 = {{pop density|67413000|643801|km2}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = Metropolitan France, estimate {{as of|lc=y|May 2021}} | population_data3 = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 65,239,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387|title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |year=2019|website=insee.fr|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|23rd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 <!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]] --> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.322 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOFR">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=132,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2016&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=imf.org|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $50,876<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.940 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $45,028<ref name="IMFWEOFR"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 23rd | Gini = 29.2 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.901 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 26th | currency = {{unbulleted list | [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]){{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} | [[CFP franc]] (XPF){{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}} | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: Various other time zones are observed in overseas France.{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the span from UTC−10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}<br/> Although France is in the [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (Z) ([[Western European Time]]) zone, [[UTC+01:00]] ([[Central European Time]]) was enforced as the standard time since 25 February 1940, upon [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation in WW2]], with a +0:50:39 offset (and +1:50:39 during [[Daylight saving time|DST]]) from Paris [[Local mean time|LMT]] (UTC+0:09:21).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/france/paris|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes in Paris, Île-de-France, France|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[Telephone numbers in France|French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594; [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687; [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km² (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km² (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km² (248,573 sq mi). | today = }} '''Faransiiska''' ({{lang-fr|La France}}; {{lang-ar|فرنسا}}) sida dowliga ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska''' ({{lang-fr|République Française}}; {{lang-ar|الجمهورية الفرنسية}}) waa dalka mid ah dalalka kuyaala galbeedka qaarada [[Yurub]]. farnsiisku waxa uu kakoobanyahy dhul kal fog fog iyo jasiirado kuyaala goobo aad uga fog dhulwaynaha faransiiska waxa kale oo farnsiiska kamida halka looyaqaano [[Faransiis Guyana]] iyo jasiirado aad ubadan oo cidhifyada caalamka kuyaala dadka wadanka farnsiiska udhashay waxa wadankooda ay uguyeedhaan (Hexagone) oo macneheedu tahay Lix geesood. wadanka farnsiisku waxa uu xuduud la wadaagaa Wadamada [[Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] [[Beljim]] [[Luksemburg]] [[Jarmalka]] [[Iswisarland]] [[Talyaaniga]] [[Monako]] [[Andorra]] [[Isbania]] sida oo kale farnsiisku waxa uu xuduud la wadaaga wadamo kabaxsan qaarada [[Yurub]] sida, [[Barasiil]] [[Surinam]] [[Nederlaan Antiilis]]. Farnsiisku waa mid kamida Aasaasayaasha [[Midawga Yurub]].waana wadanka ugu wayn midawga yurub. sidoo kale waxa uu farnsiisku kamid ahaa xubnihii aasaasy [[Qaramada Midoobay]].waxa kale oo kamidyahay xubnaha rigliga ah ee [[GAQM|Golaha Amaanka]] inta badan dadka farnsiiska ahi waxa ay haystaan diinta [[Masiixiyad]] waxa kunool sidoo kale dad gaadhaya ilaa shan milyan oo haysta diinta [[Islaam]]ka [[File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Bøf_med_pommes_frites_(1).jpg|thumb|right|250px|fransiska cuntto]] [[File:APileOfCroissants.jpg|thumb|right|249px]] [[File:Nice_airport.jpg|thumb|right|249px|]] [[File:Le_quartier_de_Chevry_à_Gif-sur-Yvette_le_10_août_2015_-_13.jpg|thumb|right|250px|boostada fransiska]] == Taariikh dalka == Inta badan dhulka faransiisku waxaa dhulkii ay qabsadeen dadkii lagu magacaabi jiray (Gaule) oo asal ahaan kasoo jeeday meesha looyaqaano katalaaniya.wadanka waxa katalinjirtay ambaradooriyadii roomaanka .kadib xiligii qarnigii 4aad waxaa qabsaday mid kamida qabaa'ilka Jarmaanka.kuwaas oo looyaqaany (Franch).wadnkan maanta looyaqaano farnsiiku waxa uu midoobay markii ugu horaysay sanadii 486.farnsiisku waa wadan leh taariikh aad iyo aad u dheer oo aan lasoo koobi karin. Ka soo gudubka boqortooyadii [[Charles the Great]], Templars ama maxkamada [[Louis XIV]] ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]* * [[AIIB]]* * [[NATO]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Midowga Yurub]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Magalloyinka== {{columns-list|colwidth=7em|}} * [[Baariis]] * [[Paris]] * [[Lyon]] * [[Marseille]] * [[Kayene]] * [[Lille]] * [[Toulouse]] * [[Nancy]] * [[Nantes]] * [[Nice]] * [[Roubaix]] * [[Strasbourg]] * [[Rennes]] * [[Grenoble]] * [[Montpellier]] * [[Moosoro]] * [[Versailles]] * [[Monako]] * [[Coorsica]] * [[Lévis, Quebec]] * [[Jaamacadda Baariis-Saclay]] * [[Jaamacadda Versailles]] * [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] * [[École nationale de l'aviation civile]]. ==Kofka La Degan Fransiiska== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 121,000+ <ref name="">https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people#cite_note-8</ref>. * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 2,200+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 1.595,000++ <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 2,300+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 2,100+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 4,300+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 493,000++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 150,200+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 134,300+;+;+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. ==Taariikhda Faranssiiska== [[Claude Monet]] Taariikhdu waxay qortaa in boqorada Faransiiska soo maray uu ka mid yahay [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napolian Bonabert]] oo dhawr wadan oo [[Yurub]] qabsaday.!!` Faransiiska oo ah dalka ugu weyn wadamada ku yaala galbeedka Yurub sidoo kale waa dalka Sadexaad ee Yurub oo dhan ugu weyn dunnidana waxaa uu ka yahay dalka 42,aad ee ugu weyn dhul ahaan. Caasimada wadanka waa Paris dadka Faransiiska ah waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 67 million oo ruux taasi ayaana keentay in loo aqoonsado inuu yahay dalka 20,aad ee dunnida ugu dadka badan iyo dalka labaad ee Yurub oo dhan ugu dad badan. Faransiisku waxaa uu ka mid yahay wadamada la yiraahdo awood ayay leeyihiin illaaa qarnigii 19 aadna waxaa uu ka mid ahaa wadamada dunnidaan wax ka gumaystay. Dalkaan Q,M waxay ku taxgalisaa inuu ka mid yahay wadamada ugu badan ee ay kasoo baxeen dad taariikh ku leh dhanka cilmiga waxaana dalkaan kasoo jeedaa dad badan oo wax badan hindisay. Hay’adda [[UNESCO]] waxaa ay sheegtay in dalka Faransiis waxay u aqoonsatahay dalka 4,aad ee ugu dhaqanka weyn dunnida taas ayaana sabab u ah in si joogto ah ay dalkaasi u booqdaan oo ay u dalxiis tagaan dad tiradoodu gaarayso 83 million oo ruux. Lacagta wadanka waa Yuuroo seedka gaadiidku isku dhaafaana waa dhanka midig luuqada wadanka looga hadlana waa Faransiis. Xagga dhaqaalaha marka aanu eegno Faransiisku waxaa uu ka mid yahay wadamada ugu waa weyn ee dhaqaalaha leh dalkuna warshado badan ayuu leeyahay. Sidoo kale dalxiiska ayay dawlada Faransiisku dhaqaalo aan yareyn ka heeshaa. Xagga ciidamada Faransiiska oo ka mid ah wadamada ku jira ururka gaashaanbuurta [[NATO]] dawlada Faransa waxay ka mid tahay dawladaha dhaqaalaha badan ku bixiya dhanka ciidamada sidoo kalena dawlada Faransiisku waxay xubin ka tahay 15 xubnood ee golaha amaanka iyo ururka midawga Yurub ururka ganacsiga adduunka ee WTO iyo booliska adduunka ee Interpol waana dal haysta hubka Nuclear,ka ah. Xagga Diimaha haddii aynu eegno dadka Faransiisku badankood waa masiixiyiin waxana ay dalkaasi ka yihiin 94%. Muslimiin oo dalkaasi dadka ku nool ka ah 4% waxaa tiradooda guud lagu qiyaasaa 5 illaa. [[File:Gascogne flag.svg|thumb|150px|Blason de Gasconha]] Dhaqan ahaan dadka Faransiiska waxay isku eg yihiin dadka Talyaaniga waxaana dumarka Faransiiska dhaqan ahaan u xirtaan maro u sameysan sida cambuurka oo kale oo dhanka hoose u weyn qaarka sarana u yar halka raggooduna ay xirtaan maryo qamiiska u qaab eg. Dhanka cunnadda dadka Faransiisku waxay dhaqan ahaan u cunaan hilbo la dubay oo haddana maraq loo yeelay oo dalkaasi looga yaqaan Foie gras Ugu dambeyna haddii aanu eegno xagga cayaayara Faransiiska kubbadda cagta aad baa loga xiiseeyaa waxaana xulka K/cagta dalka Faransiisku uu qaaday koob adduun hal mar oo aheyd sanadkii 1998 oo Faransiiska lagu qabtay. Cayaartoyda Faransiiska ayaa Sadex gool iyo waxba kaga adkaaday cayaartii kama dambeysta ee ay la cayaareen xulka dalka [[Brazil]] Sidoo kale xulka Faransiisky waxaa uu guulo ka gaaray cayaaro kale oo caalami ah waxaana dalkaasi kasoo jeeda cayaartoy fara badan oo dhanka cayaaraha sumcad weyn ku leh. == Nolosha == In kabad $74 dadka farnnsiisku waxa ay kunoolyihiin magaalooyinka waawayn magaalda [[Baariis|Baaris]] iyo hareereheeda kaliya waxaa dagan dad gaadhaya ilaa 9 milyan oo qof.dadkuna waxy daganyihiin guryo aad iyo aad udheer.sidoo kale qaar kamida dadka kunool farnsiisku waxy xiiseeyaan in ay degaan guryo qadiima. Nolosha miyiga waxa kunool %24 dadka farnsiiska,waa beeralay,cuntada farnsiisk waa mid kamida cuntooyinka ugu waaweeyn aduunka. == Diinta == Farnsiisku waa dawlad cilmaaniya xoriyada diintuna waa xaq distoori ah.waxay gaadhaysaa tirada [[Masiixiyad]] Kaatooliga ahi %65 dadka aan diinba haysan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa %25 halka islaamku uu yahay %6 dadka faransiiska. [[File:Tralonca panorama.jpg|thumb|left|upright=2.4|Panorama de Tralonca]] = Galaria = <gallery> Image:Nizza rue vieux port.jpg|Una carriera de Niça Vielha Image:Nice (FR-06000) Promenade des anglais.jpg|Camin dei Anglés </gallery> {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Faransiiska| ]] [[Faransiiska Shanka Republica]] ==sido kale fiiri== *[[Joachim Barrande]] *[[Tour de France]] * [[Sébastien Castellion]] * [[Lefèvre d’Étaples]] * [[Pierre Robert Olivétan]] * [[Simone Arnold Liebster]] 7m2apgm6cs4il8azhmbgnlfhavbwtcz 0 2107 239594 237042 2022-08-07T01:56:54Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti |native_name = {{unbulleted list |li_style=font-size:88%; | {{nowrap|{{native name|ar|{{resize|135%|جمهورية جيبوتي}} {{resize|98%|{{nobold|''{{transl|ar|Jumhūriyyat Jībūtī}}''&nbsp;}}}}|italics=off}}}} | {{native name|fr|République de Djibouti}} | {{native name|aa|Gabuutih Ummuuno}} }} |common_name = Djibouti |image_flag = Flag of Djibouti.svg |image_coat = Emblem of Djibouti.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = LocationDjibouti.svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Égalité, Paix"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Midnimo, Sinnaan, Nabad"}} |national_anthem = ''[[Astaanta Calanka Jabuuti|Jabuuti]]''<br /><center>[[File:Djibouti anthem Somali lyrics.ogg]]</center> |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Af-Faransiis]]<ref name=CIA/>|[[Carabi]]}} |national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Af-Soomaali]]<ref name=CIA/>|[[Af-Cafari]]}} |official_religion = [[Islam]] |demonym = |capital = [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]] |latd=11 |latm=36 |latNS=N |longd=43 |longm=10 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Jabuuti|Madaxweynaha]] |leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaaraha Jabuuti|Ra'iisul wasaaraha]] |leader_name1 = [[Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle]] |leader_name2 = [[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]] |legislature = |area_rank = 150th |area_footnote =<ref name=CIA>{{cite web|title=Djibouti|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=February 26, 2013|date=February 5, 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 23,200 |area_sq_mi = 8,958 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = {{nowrap|0.09 (20 km² / 7.7 sq mi)}} |population_estimate = 792,198 |population_estimate_year = 2013<ref name=CIA/> |population_density_km2 = 37.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 96.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 168th |GDP_PPP = $2.379 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=6&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=611&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Djibouti |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=2013-04-17}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,676<ref name="imf2"/> |GDP_nominal = $1.354 billion<ref name="imf2"/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,522<ref name="imf2"/> |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey |established_event1 = Gumeystihii [[Faransiiska]] |established_date1 = 27 Juun 1977<ref name=CIA/> |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 40.0 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.430 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf|title= Human Development Report 2011 – Human development statistical annex|publisher=HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme|pages=127–130|accessdate=March 1, 2013}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 165th |currency = Jabuuti Farank DJF |currency_code = DJF |country_code = |time_zone = [[Waqtiga Bariga Afrika|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Wali lama qeexin |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Midig |calling_code = [[+253]] |cctld = [[.dj]] }} '''Jabuuti''' ({{lang-fr|Djibouti}}; [[Canfar|Af-Canfari]]: Gabuuti; {{lang-ar|جيبوتي}}) loona yaqaan Jamhuuriyada Jabuuti waa dal yar ee ku yaala [[bariga]] [[Geeska Afrika]]. Jabuuti waxaay xad la leedahay [[Ilitareeya|Iritareeya]] xaga waqooyi, [[Itoobiya]] xaga galbeed iyo koonfurba iyo [[Somaliland]] oo ka xigta koonfurbari. Dhinaca kale Jabuuti waxaa ka xiga [[Bada cas]] iyo [[Gacanka Cadmeed]]. == Taariikh == ===Casrigii Wixii Ka Horeeyay Taariikhda=== Gobolka Bab-el-Mandb waxaa inta badan loo arkaa in laga gudbayo xuduudaha hore ee hominins-ka ka dib marinka koonfurta xeebta ee Bariga ilaa Koonfurta iyo Koonfur Bari Aasiya. ===Biloowgii Casrigii Cusbaa Boobkii Afrika=== Jabuuti waxa soo maamuli jiray beelo kala duwan beelahaas oo ahaa Gadabuursi, Ciise iyo Canfar. waxayna ka dagaan koonfurta ay somaalidu dagaan iyo waqooyiga ay canfartu dagto . 1830-ayaa [[faransiiska]] waxaa ay qabsatay dhinaca waqooyi ee Jabuuti kadibna waxay kusii fiday dhamaan wadanka intiisa kale, waxa ayna magac uga dhigtay dhulka Soomaalida ee faransiiska gumaysto taasi oo aad ka dareemi kartid in cidda dhulka loogu yimid amma gumaystihii faransiiska waxlasaxeexatay ay ahayd qowmiyada soomaalida ooiyadu hogaanka dhaqan dhaqaaleh ee jiidaas waqtigaa gacanta ku haysay. [[File:Djibouti-c1905.jpg|thumb|left|Magaalada Jabuuti 1905]] 100 sano kadib waxaa bilawday dhaqdhaqaaq gumaysi diid ah kaas oo ku fiday dhamaan dalka intiisa kale, waxaa bilawday axsaab u ololaynaysay sidii la,iskaga dulqaadi lahaa heeryada gumaysiga waxaaana ka madax ahaa marxuum maxamuud xarbi oo looyaqaano halyaygii jamhuuriyada Jabuuti isaga oo taariikh wayn ku leh dalka ,waxaa kaloo u soo shahiiday xornimo gaaadhsiinta dalak jabuuti dad fara baddan oo lahaa ama ka soo jeeday dhamaan qabaa ishii Soomaaliyeed ee degenaa. waxa garabsocday halgankaas, jabhado koonfurta wadanka kadagaalami jiray sanadkii [[1977]] Jabuuti waxay heshay xornimadeedii ay muddo dheer usoo halgantay, waxaa jooga ciidamo faransiis ah oo gaaraya 2000 askari oo loogu talo galay in ay ka difaacaan [[Itoobiya]] oo damacsaneed in ay qabsato, waxaa madax wayne kanoqday marxuum [[Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon]].oo looyaqaano aabihii umada Jabuuti, raiisul wasaare ayu u magacaabay marxuum (Axmed Diini Axmed), baarlamanka ayaa isagu ka kooban 61 kursi aw ka koobaadi yahaw madax waynaha, madax waynaha waxaa lasoo doortay 6 diisanbar mar xagga baarlamankana lagasoo doorto 5 tii sanoba mar. muddo kaddib waxaa bilaabmay is afgaranwaa dhinaca Siyaasadda ahaa madaama aw xisbi kalaatahay katalinaayay dalka waa RPP, Koox aw hogaaminayo Axmad diini Axmed ayaa kabilaabay dagaal jabhadayn ah waqooyiga dalka kadib markii la,isku af garan waayay siyaasadda [[1991]] ayay bilaabeen dagaalka, Dawladda Jabuuti ayaa dhineceeda kawaday wada hadal iyo is afgarad siyaasadeed waxayna ku guulaysatay sanadkii 1994. Waa wadanka ugu yar Geska Africa waxa madaxwene ka ah Ismacil Cumar Gelle waa run tasi. == Juquraafi == Jabuuti waxee ku taalaa [[bari]]ga [[afrika]], waxeena xuduud la leedahay, [[itoobiya]],[[Ereteriya]] iyo [[Soomaaliya]], iyo [[Bada Cas|bada cas]] iyo [[Gacanka Cadmeed|gacanka cadmeed]]. weeninkeeda waa 23,200 km oo wareeg ah. jabuuti waxee xuduudka ugudheer la leedahay wadanka itoobiya oo dhirirkeeda yahay 349 km, waxaa ku xiga Ereteriya oo ah 109 km waxaa ku siixiga Soomaaliya oo ah 58 km. xeebta jabuuti dhirirkeeda waa 314 km. ===Cimilada=== Jawiga Jabuuti waxoo u dhaxeeyaa 31 ilaa 100 garaado, waa wadan aad u kulul oo saxaaro leh. ===Gobolada Jabuuti=== Jabuuti waxaa loo qaybiyaa lix gobol oo maamul ah. {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 align=center style="border:1px solid grey; border-collapse:collapse" |- ! bgcolor=lightgrey | N° ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Gobol ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Magaalo Madax ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Bed ama baaxad ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Tirada dadka | bgcolor=white rowspan="7" | [[image:Gobolada Jabuuti khariidada.png|450 px]] |- | 1 | Gobolka Jabuuti | [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]] | 200 | 603,000 |- | 2 | Gobolka Cali Sabiix | [[Cali Sabiix]] | 2,400 | 93,207 |- | 3 | [[Gobolka Carta]] | [[Carta]] | 1,800 | 60,966 |- | 4 | Gobolka Dikhil | Dikhil | 7,200 | 99,569 |- | 5 | Gobolka Tajuura | Tajuura | 7,100 | 108,249 |- | 6 | Gobolka Obock | Obock | 4,700 | 45,648 |- |} [[File:Khariidadda Jabuuti.png|thumb|200px|Khariidadda Jabuuti]] ===Jasiiradaha=== * Moucha * Maskali * Abou Maya * Ile Warramous * Ounda Dabali * Kaḏḏa Dâbali * Guinni Kôma == Siyaasada == [[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|200px|thumb|Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle]] [[File:National Assembly of Djibouti.jpg|right|thumb|200px||Assemblée nationale, Guriga umada (baarlamanka)]] Wadanka Jabuuti, waa wadan jamhuuriyad ah, waxoona leeyahay,[[Madaxtooyo]] iyo [[baarlamaan]]. Waxaana madax ka ah, dad soomaaliyeed. Madaxweeynaha wadanka jabuuti, hadda waxaa la dhahaa [[Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle]], oo madaxweyne noqday 1999dii. Madaxweeynihii labaad Guuleed, waxoo codsiga shacabka reer jabuuti ka helay 100% waxaana codsaday 78.9% shacabka jamhuuriyadda jabuuti. Xornimada ka hor waxaa madaxweyne ka soo noqday Jaamac Zaylici oo noqday xildhibaankii ugu horeeyey ee ku matalay umada Jabuuti baaralaamkii midowga faransiiska baarlamaanka jabuuti waxoo leeyahay 65 xildhibaan, oo la doorto 5tii sano ilaa 9kii sano mar. jabuuti waxaa joogaan, militari ajnabi oo u badan frasiiska iyo mareykanka. oo halkaas ku leh xero militari. [[File:Djibouti Army stand at attention.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ciidanka Jabuuti intii xafladdu socotay]] ===Xubin ka ah=== Jabuuti waxay xubin ka tahay ururadan hoos ku dhigan: * [[IGAD]] * [[CEN-SAD]] * [[Comesa]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] (Unionka Mediterraneanka) *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Midowga Afrika]] ===Ciidanka Xooga=== Wadanka jabuuti wuxuu leeyahay ciidanka dhulka, ciidanka badda, iyo ciidanka cirka. Militariga jabuuti waxay gaarayaan, 16,763askari * 8,260 waa rag * 8,503 waa dumar == Dhaqaalaha== Jabuuti waa wadan yar oo ku yaala jidka ganacsiga. wuxuu la shaqeeyaa wadamada Caalamka dhinaca dhoofinta alaabta iyo dhinaca shidaalka. dekada jabuuti waa dekad aad u camiran. waxaan ognahay in dekedda jabuuti tahay meel ay dawladda [[Itoobiya]] wax kala soo degto kana dhoofiso ===Lacagta=== ::''Sidoo kale fiiri [[Lacagta Jabuuti]]'' Faranka Jabuuti ({{lang-fr|Djiboutian franc}}) waa [[lacag]]ta dowliga ah ee laga isticmaalo wadanka Jabuuti. Lambarka diiwaangelinta caalamiga ah waa [[ISO 4217]], waxaana summad u ah ''DJF''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713033224/http://www.infotech2003.com/catalogue/World/cata.asp?Country=Djibouti infotech (2003) catalogue World cata]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091015115427/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/countries/djibouti.html World Reserve Bank]</ref> [[File:1000 Djiboutian Francs in 2005 Obverse.jpg|thumb|left|140px|1000 Jabuuti frank (1977).]] Sanadkii 1884 waxaa la aasaasay maamulkii [[Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiis]] wakhtigaas oo lagu istimaali jirey [[Lacag Faransiis]] iyo [[Lacag Hindi]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadkii 1948 ayaa Jabuuti loo sameeyay lacagta shilinka ah markii ugu horeeysay taasi oo loogu magac-daray "Côte Française des Somalis". Markii wadanka Jabuuti qaatey xoriyada 1977 ayaa dib uhabayn balaadhan lagu sameeyay lacagta wadanka.<ref>From 1884, when the [[French Somaliland]] protectorate was established, the [[French franc]] circulated alongside the [[Indian rupee]] and the [[Maria Theresa thaler]].</ref> ==Bulshada== === Shacabka === Dadka Jabuuti ku nool waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Soomaali]], [[Canfar]], xoogaa [[Yemen]]i ah iyo tiro yar oo dad kale ah. waxaa u badan SOMAALIDA 00 ka badan 67% shacabka Jabuuti oo dhan, dadka Cafariga waa 31%, dadka kale oo ka yimaaday wadamada SOMAALIYA Yurubiyaanka iyo carabta iyo wadanka itoobiya neh wee joogaan. ===Diinta=== [[File:Djibouti_mosque.JPG|thumb|Maskiit Maxmuudi wuxuu ku yaalaa sben loo yaqaan Plats Rambo (''Balaas Raambo''). Masjidkii u horeeyey ee dhagax ah ee laga dhiso [[Jabuuti]] waxa dhisay Xaaji diide isla kaasi oo loogu magac daray Maxmuudi.]] Bulshada ku dhaqan wadanka Jabuuti waxay u badan yihiin diinta [[Islaam]]ka (94%) iyo diinta [[Masiixi]]ga (6%). ===Luqada=== Wadanka Jabuuti waxaa looga hadlaa [[Af-soomaaliga,afka-cafariga|Afka Faransiiska IYO CARABIGA]] oo ah luqada rasmiga ee dalka jabuuti.waxaana ku xiga luqada [[Af-Soomaali|af Soomaaliga]] iyo [[Cafar|Afk Cafariga]] oo ah luqadaha labaad oo la aqoonsaday.Afka soomaaliga waxaa loo adeegsadaa, heesta calanka jabuuti iyo idaacadaha oo ku baxo sadaxda luqadood iyo af carabi iyo heesaha. waxeena soomaalida jabuuti isku dayaan in ee ku hadlaan afka soomaaliga. Afka faransiiska waxaa loo adeegsadaa tabeelooyinka, elektrooniga iyo waxyaabaha caalamiga, waxaana badanaa wadooyinka looga hadlaa afka faransiiska.luqada afar waxaa loo adeegsadaa idaacadaha, heesaha iyo wixii la mid ah.cafariga jabuuti neh waxee isku dayaan in ee ku hadlaan [[Cafar|Afka cafariga]].Luqada afka cafariga waxaa looga hadlaa [[gobolka Cafar]] oo ku yaalo woqooyiga [[itoobiya]]. ==Muuqaalo== <gallery> File:Djibcapital.jpg|Magaalo madaxda Jabuuti </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/301992016#h=411:0-414:656 Djibouti​—Hot and Dry] * [[Soomaali luqadda dhegoolaha]] *[[Soomaaliya]] *[[Somaliland]] *[[Itoobiya]] *[[Eratareya]] * [[Astaanta Calanka Jabuuti]] * [http://www.osmansoysal.com/resimlerim/album.html#5300801287542640993/1 Jabuuti Photo's] {{Wayback|url=http://www.osmansoysal.com/resimlerim/album.html#5300801287542640993/1 |date=20091202160120 }} ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Maqaalo Jabuuti}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} {{commonscat|Djibouti|Jabuuti}} [[Category:Jabuuti| ]] g25aua49y7feu0tzrw2pl9nr5x38ytj 0 2108 239624 239221 2022-08-07T06:46:05Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubin */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|35|N|103|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = ''中华人民共和国 (zh) <br /> 中華人民共和國 (zh) <br />People's Republic of China (en)'' |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Shiinaha |qaarada = |sawir_calan = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg |sawir_qaran = |astaan_calan = |image_map = China in its region (claimed hatched).svg |caasimada = [[Beijing]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Shiineys|Shiinaha]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Xi Jinping]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Li Keqiang]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,425 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $16.985 trillion | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,550 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |established_event1 = |established_date1 |area = |areami² = |biyo = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |lacagta = |wakhti = |furaha_debeda = |footnote1 = [[March of the Volunteers]] |footnote2 = }} [[File:201109_Beijing_Subway_line_2_train_T423.jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{Flag|China}}metroka beijing]] [[File:La_Zi_Ji_(Chicken_with_Chiles)_(2269517013).jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{Flag|China}} cuntoka bari asia]] '''Shiinaha''', [k] si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha (PRC), waa waddan ku yaal Bariga Aasiya. Waa waddanka adduunka ugu dadka badan, oo ay ku nool yihiin qiyaastii 1.4 bilyan oo qof sannadka 2019. Waxay ku dhowdahay qiyaastii 9.6 milyan kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (3.7 milyan mi2), waa waddanka saddexaad ama afraad ee adduunka ugu weyn bed ahaan. Dawlad hal xisbi ah oo uu hogaaminayo Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha (CCP), waxay maamushaa awooda 22 gobol, shan ismaamul goboleed, afar degmooyin toos loo maamulo (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, iyo Chongqing), gobollada maamulka gaarka ah ee Hong Kong iyo Macau. Goobta Shiinaha waa mid aad iyo aad u kala duwan, oo ka soo jeeda Gobi iyo Taklapan oo ku yaalla waqooyiga qulqulka si kaymaha koonfureed ee koonfurta woqooyi. Buuraleyda [[Himilaya]], Karakoram, Pamir iyo Tian Shan waxay kala duwanyihiin Shiinaha oo ka kala yimi Koonfurta iyo Bartamaha [[Aasiya]]. Daadadka Yangtze iyo Yellow River, oo ah kii saddexaad iyo lixaad ee ugu dheer adduunka, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxay ka soo baxaan [[xeebta]] Tibetan si ay u noqdaan xeebaha bariga ah ee aadka u qulqulaya. Xeebta Shiinaha ee ku taalla Badweynta Baasifigga ayaa 14,500 Km (9,000 mi) dheer waxaana xiran Bohai, Yellow, East Sea iyo Shiinaha Koonfurta Shiinaha. Shiinuhu wuxuu isku xiraa xudduuda Kazakhstan ku yaala [[Eurasian]] Steppe, kaas oo ahaa xidhiidhkii isgaadhsiinta ee u dhaxeeya Bariga iyo Galbeed tan iyo Neolithic oo loo marey waddada Steppe - awoowgeed ee Waddada Casriga ah. Dalka Shiinaha, maadado culus ayaa sidoo kale keena wasakheynta deegaanka. Qalabka kiimikada culus waa shey kiimikaad halis ah, oo badanaa keena sunta (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmiyum (Cd), meerkuri (Hg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iyo nickel (Ni). Shan nooc oo iyaga ka mid ah, Pb, Cr, As, Cd, iyo Hg, waa maaddooyinka wasakhda culus ee culus ee Shiinaha. Maaddooyinka birta ah ee culus badanaa waxay ka yimaadaan macdanta, waraabka qashin-qubka, soo saarida alaabooyinka birta ku jira, iyo waxqabadyada wax soosaarka ee la xiriira. Heerka sarreeya ee biraha culus wuxuu sidoo kale keeni karaa naafonimada joogtada ah ee xagga maskaxda iyo koritaanka, oo ay ku jirto akhrinta iyo naafonimada barashada, dhibaatooyinka dabeecadda, maqal la'aanta, dhibaatooyinka dareenka, iyo carqaladaynta horumarinta muuqaalka iyo farsamada. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta tirakoobka qaran ee wasakhaynta, Shiinaha waxay leedahay in ka badan 1.5 milyan oo goobo ka mid ah maaddooyinka culus. Miisaanka guud ee maaddooyinka culus ee ka soo baxa biyaha qashinka, gaasta qashinka iyo qashinka culus waa qiyaastii 900,000 tan oo sanad walba laga bilaabo 2005-2011. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ` ==Waddanmaha deggan Shiniha== * {{Flag|Japan}} 66,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 12,0000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 72,000+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 2000+ * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 30,000+ * {{Flag|Russia}} 15,000+ * {{Flag|Thailand}} 2000+ Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Shiinuhu waa maalglaha ugu sareeya adduunka ee tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo iyo ganacsigeeda, iyada oo $ 52 bilyan oo maal gashan 2011 oo kali ah; waa shirkad wayn oo tiknoolajiyada tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo waxayna si weyn ugu maalgashaa tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo mashaariicda. Sannadka 2015, in ka badan 24% tamarta Shiinaha ayaa laga soo qaatay ilaha dib loo cusboonaysiin karo, halka ugu badnaan awoodda korontada ku jirta: wadarta guud ee la rakibay 197 GW waxay China ka dhigaysaa korontada korontada ugu wayn ee korontada adduunka ah Shiinaha ayaa sidoo kale leh awooda awooda ugu weyn ee lagu rakibay habka fiilooyinka loo yaqaan 'photovoltaics solar system' iyo nidaamka tamarta dabaysha ee adduunka. Sanadkii 2011, xukuumadda Shiinaha ayaa ku dhawaaqday qorshe ay ku maalgelinayso afar trillion yuan (US $ 619 bilyan) oo ah mashruucyada biyaha iyo mashruucyada biyo-qabadka mudo toban sano ah, iyo in la dhiso dhismaha ka hortagga daadadka iyo nidaamka ka hortagga abaarta sannadka 2020. Sanadka 2013, Shiinaha waxay bilaabeen dadaal shan sano ah, $ 277 bilyan oo doolar si loo yareeyo hawada hawada, gaar ahaan waqooyiga dalka. Dastuurka Shiinaha ayaa caddeeyay in waddanka uu "hogaamiye" ka yahay Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Shiinaha (CPC) Maadaama uu Shiinuhu yahay dawlad-goboleed hal-dhinac ah, Xog-hayaha Guud (hoggaamiyaha xisbiga) wuxuu leeyahay awooda iyo awoodda ugu saraysa dowladda iyo xukuumadda u adeegta hoggaamiyaha ugu sarreeya Nidaamka doorashadu waa sharraxaad. Xubnaha Golaha Deegaanka waxaa si toos ah loogu soo doortaa, iyo heerarka sare ee Congress-ka ee dadka loo gooyo Golaha Qaranka ee Qaranka (NPC) waxaa si dadban loo soo doortaa Congress-ka dadka heerkiisu hooseeyo. Nidaamka siyaasadeed waa mid baahsan, hoggaamiyeyaasha gobollada iyo kuwa gobollada ayaa leh tiro madaxbanaan oo madax-bannaan. Siddeed kale oo xisbiyo siyaasadeed ah, ayaa wakiil ka ah Majmaca iyo Shiineeysiga Siyaasadeed ee Shiinaha (CPPCC). Shiinaha waxay taageertaa mabda 'Leninist' oo ah "dimoqraadiyad dimuqraadi ah", laakiin naqdiyeyaashu waxay sharaxayaan Golaha Shacabka ee la soo doorto oo loo yaqaan "shambe shaambe". PRC waxay leedahay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo leh 175 dal iyo safaaradaha safaarada 162. Sharcigeeda waxaa ka soo horjeeda Jamhuuriyadda China iyo dalal kale oo yar; sidaas darteed waa gobolka ugu weyn oo ugu badan dadweynaha oo leh aqoonsi xaddidan. 1971-kii, PRC wuxuu beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha oo ah wakiilka kaliya ee Shiinaha ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo mid ka mid ah shanta xubnood ee joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. Shiinaha wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa xubin hore iyo hogaamiye dhaqdhaqaaq aan Sharciyeynin, wuxuuna wali u tixgelinayaa inuu u doodayo dalalka soo koraya. Brazil, Ruushka, Hindiya iyo Koonfur Afrika, Shiinaha waa xubin ka mid ah kooxda BRICS oo ah dhaqaale weyn oo soo kordhay waxayna martigeliyeen shirkii saddexaad ee rasmiga ahaa ee kooxda Sanya, Hainan bishii Abriil [[2011]]. == Sido kale Fiiri == *[[Koonfur Kuuriya]] *[[Japan]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Shiinaha| ]] rxsonkxmyi3kt0gxdd0wy4mwpe8wslv 0 2113 239613 239359 2022-08-07T05:18:28Z Mwasoge 29030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jabaan<Br/>''日本国'' |conventional_long_name = ''Nibon-koku'' |common_name = Jabaan |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Japan.svg |sawir_qaran = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |image_map = Japan(orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg |astaan_calan = [[Kimigayo 君が代]] |image_map = Japan-location-cia.gif |caasimadda = [[Tokyo]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Jabaniis, iyo luqado kale oo la tiri karin]] |caasimada = [[Tokyo]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Emberor]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Naruhito]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Fumio Kishida]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $4.998 trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |area = 377,944 km2 |areami² = 145,925 |biyo = 0.8 |population_estimate = 127,380,000² |population_estimate_year = 2010 |lacagta = [[Yen]] |wakhti = (UTC+9) |furaha_debedda = 81 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Cartedujapon.png|right|394px|thumb|Carte du Japon]]<BR/>[[File:The Diet.jpg|thumb|right|395px| Japanese Parliament.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Toyota carlogo.svg|thumb|right|393px|]]<Br/>[[File:Toshiba logo.svg|thumb|right|392px|]] '''Jabaan''' ([[Af-Jabaaniis]]:日本: Nihon ama Nibon magaceeda oo dhameestiran:日本国 :Nibon-koku ama Nihon-koku, waa wadan jasiirado ka sameesan, oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Baasifik]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo daris la yahay [[Badda Jabaan]], [[Shiinaha]], [[Koonfur Kuuriya]], [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] iyo [[Ruushka]]. Dad tiriskii laga qaaday jabaan 1920kii, waxee eheed 56 miliyan oo qoys, sanadka marka oo ahaa 2017 neh waxaa degenaa 126,960,000 oo qoys. [[File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg|thumb|right|396px|[[国会議事堂|"National Diet Building"]]]] [[File:Viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 002.JPG|397px|thumb| Ville d'Osaka.]] [[File:Nissan.jpg|thumb|right|398px|Lo sièti sociau de Nissan a Tòquio]] [[File:Satellite View of Japan 1999.jpg|194px|left|thumb|[[Japanese archipelago]]As seen from Satellites.]]. [[File:Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.svg|thumb|right|395px]]<Br/>[[File:Mitsubishi motors new logo.svg|thumb|left|196px|]]<BR/>[[file:Japan Exchange Group logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|Bourse Japonaise.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Honda.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Sony logo.svg|thumb|right|198px|]] Jabaan waxee ka koobantahay 6,852 jasiiradoo, affarta ugu waa weyn oo boqolkiiba todobaatan daboolo dhulka jabaan waa [[Honshu]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Kyushu]] iyo [[Shikoku]]. Jabaaniiska waxee iskuugu wacaan (Nihon), luqadooda neh waxee dhahaan (Nihongo). Magaca Nibon micnaheeda waa jabaan laakiin waxee u adeegsadaan, lacagaha, bashqadaha iyo cayaaraha caalamka iyo wax la mid ah.Jabaan waxaa loo micneeyaa wadanka qoraxda ka soo baxdo, 日 (qorax) 本 (soo bax), markii hore jabaan waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magacyo badan, gaar ahaan wadanka ee taariikhda isla leeyihiin ee Shiinaha, waxee jabaan ugu yeeri jireen (yamato 大和). Erayga qorax ka soo baxa waxoo asal ahaan ka imaaday shiinaha, sababtoo ah jabaan waxee ka xigtaa dhinaca bariga markii la fiiriyo qaarad aasiya. Ereyga Japan ee Japan waa 日本, oo lagu magacaabo Nihon ama Nippon iyo macno ahaan waxa loola jeedaa "asalka qorraxda". Nichi dabeecadda (CH) macnaheedu waa "qorax" ama "maalin"; saldhigga macnihiisu waa "saldhig" ama "asal". [23] Sidaas daraadeed macneheedu waa "asalka qorraxda" waana ilaha caanka ah ee reer galbeedka caanka ah "Land of the Sun Rising=LAND OF THE SUN RISING".!!`[[File:Canon wordmark.svg|thumb|left|199px|]] [[File:Shibuya night.jpg|thumb|left|193px|Las carrèras japonesas que son sovent conhidas de monde: ací au quartièr de ''[[Shibuya]]'' a [[Tōkyō]]]][[File:2010Election at Higashi-Osaka.jpg|thumb|left|194px|Un burèu de vòte dens la prefectura d{{'}}Ōsaka]] [[File:Nissan Motor Corporation 2020 logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|]]<BR/>[[File:Meiji tenno1.jpg|thumb|right|197px|[[Emperor Meiji]](1868–1912) Imperial Ruler [[Meiji Restoration|restored]]<BR/>[[Tokugawa shogunate]]]][[File:Flag of Sapporo, Hokkaido.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<BR/>[[File:Katsuya-Roppongi.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Panasonic logo.svg|thumb|right|198px| 69％ 日本企業.!!?`]]<Br/>[[File:Nintendo.svg|thumb|left|121px|]] Rikoodhkii ugu horreeyay ee magaca Nihon wuxuu ka muuqdaa taariikhda Shiinaha ee taariikhda ah ee hannaanka Tang, Book of Old Tang. Dhamaadkii qarnigii toddobaad, wafdi ka yimid Japan ayaa codsaday in Nihon loo isticmaalo magaca dalkooda. Magacani waxaa laga yaabaa in uu asal ahaan ka soo jeedo warqad loo diray 607 waxaana lagu diiwaan geliyay taariikhda rasmiga ah ee Suudiiste. Prince Shōtoku, Regent of Japan, ayaa u diray ergeyga Shiinaha warqad kaas oo uu ugu yeeray "Boqortooyada Dhulka ee Qorraxdu kacdo" (日 出处 天子). Farriinta ayaa yiri: "Halkan, waxaan ahay, Boqortooyada waddanka qorraxdu soo baxdo, u dir warqad si aad u aragto Boqortooyada dalka ee qorraxdu u eg tahay.!!!!!`Byyye.!!` Qalinkii: Fadxi Garaad Jesus Greenford.!!` ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[IORA]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddanamha deggan Jabaan== As of 2014 June, 2,086,603 of foreign residents live in Japan. More than half of them are Chinese and Korean. Figure : Population of Foreign Residents in Japan by Nationality.<ref>https://nbakki.hatenablog.com/entry/Population_Foreign_People_Japan</ref>. ==Waddamada deggan Jabaan== * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 123,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 126,167,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 58,000+++. * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 21,000+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 185,00++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 59,000+[<Ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 98,000+ * {{Flag|China}} 950,000++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. == Taariikh == ==Visa Jabaan== <s>[[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]]</s> == Taariikh == [ [https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-100-most-valuable-brands-in-2021/] [https://www.rankingthebrands.com/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=33&nav=category] [https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-sort=ASC&filter-brand-region=&filter-brand-country=japan] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Jabaan]] bcvnvx0425x8pshjtw11sdvdhzersx5 239614 239613 2022-08-07T05:30:02Z Mwasoge 29030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jabaan<Br/>''日本国'' |conventional_long_name = ''Nibon-koku'' |common_name = Jabaan |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Japan.svg |sawir_qaran = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |image_map = Japan(orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg |astaan_calan = [[Kimigayo 君が代]] |image_map = Japan-location-cia.gif |caasimadda = [[Tokyo]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Jabaniis, iyo luqado kale oo la tiri karin]] |caasimada = [[Tokyo]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Emberor]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Naruhito]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Fumio Kishida]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $4.998 trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |area = 377,944 km2 |areami² = 145,925 |biyo = 0.8 |population_estimate = 127,380,000<sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2010 |lacagta = [[Yen]] |wakhti = (UTC+9) |furaha_debedda = 81 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Cartedujapon.png|right|394px|thumb|Carte du Japon]]<BR/>[[File:The Diet.jpg|thumb|right|395px| Japanese Parliament.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Toyota carlogo.svg|thumb|right|393px|]]<Br/>[[File:Toshiba logo.svg|thumb|right|392px|]]<Br/>[[File:Canon wordmark.svg|thumb|left|199px|]] '''Jabaan''' ([[Af-Jabaaniis]]:日本: Nihon ama Nibon magaceeda oo dhameestiran:日本国 :Nibon-koku ama Nihon-koku, waa wadan jasiirado ka sameesan, oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Baasifik]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo daris la yahay [[Badda Jabaan]], [[Shiinaha]], [[Koonfur Kuuriya]], [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] iyo [[Ruushka]] Dadka tiriskii laga qaaday jabaan 1920kii, waxee eheed 56 miliyan oo qoys, sanadka marka oo ahaa 2017 neh waxaa degenaa 126,960,000 oo qoys. [[File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg|thumb|right|396px|[[国会議事堂|"National Diet Building"]]]] [[File:Viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 002.JPG|397px|thumb| Ville d'Osaka.]] [[File:Nissan.jpg|thumb|right|398px|Lo sièti sociau de Nissan a Tòquio]] [[File:Satellite View of Japan 1999.jpg|194px|left|thumb|[[Japanese archipelago]]As seen from Satellites.]]. [[File:Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.svg|thumb|right|395px]]<Br/>[[File:Mitsubishi motors new logo.svg|thumb|left|196px|]]<BR/>[[file:Japan Exchange Group logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|Bourse Japonaise.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Honda.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Sony logo.svg|thumb|right|198px|]] Jabaan waxee ka koobantahay 6,852 jasiiradoo, affarta ugu waa weyn oo boqolkiiba todobaatan daboolo dhulka jabaan waa [[Honshu]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Kyushu]] iyo [[Shikoku]]. Jabaaniiska waxee iskuugu wacaan (Nihon), luqadooda neh waxee dhahaan (Nihongo). Magaca Nibon micnaheeda waa jabaan laakiin waxee u adeegsadaan, lacagaha, bashqadaha iyo cayaaraha caalamka iyo wax la mid ah.Jabaan waxaa loo micneeyaa wadanka qoraxda ka soo baxdo, 日 (qorax) 本 (soo bax), markii hore jabaan waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magacyo badan, gaar ahaan wadanka ee taariikhda isla leeyihiin ee Shiinaha, waxee jabaan ugu yeeri jireen (yamato 大和). Erayga qorax ka soo baxa waxoo asal ahaan ka imaaday shiinaha, sababtoo ah jabaan waxee ka xigtaa dhinaca bariga markii la fiiriyo qaarad aasiya. Ereyga Japan ee Japan waa 日本, oo lagu magacaabo Nihon ama Nippon iyo macno ahaan waxa loola jeedaa "asalka qorraxda". Nichi dabeecadda (CH) macnaheedu waa "qorax" ama "maalin"; saldhigga macnihiisu waa "saldhig" ama "asal". [23] Sidaas daraadeed macneheedu waa "asalka qorraxda" waana ilaha caanka ah ee reer galbeedka caanka ah "Land of the Sun Rising=LAND OF THE SUN RISING".!!` [[File:Shibuya night.jpg|thumb|left|193px|Las carrèras japonesas que son sovent conhidas de monde: ací au quartièr de ''[[Shibuya]]'' a [[Tōkyō]]]][[File:2010Election at Higashi-Osaka.jpg|thumb|left|194px|Un burèu de vòte dens la prefectura d{{'}}Ōsaka]] [[File:Nissan Motor Corporation 2020 logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|]]<BR/>[[File:Meiji tenno1.jpg|thumb|right|197px|[[Emperor Meiji]](1868–1912) Imperial Ruler [[Meiji Restoration|restored]]<BR/>[[Tokugawa shogunate]]]][[File:Flag of Sapporo, Hokkaido.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<BR/>[[File:Katsuya-Roppongi.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Panasonic logo.svg|thumb|right|198px| 69％ 日本企業.!!?`]]<Br/>[[File:Nintendo.svg|thumb|left|121px|]] Rikoodhkii ugu horreeyay ee magaca Nihon wuxuu ka muuqdaa taariikhda Shiinaha ee taariikhda ah ee hannaanka Tang, Book of Old Tang. Dhamaadkii qarnigii toddobaad, wafdi ka yimid Japan ayaa codsaday in Nihon loo isticmaalo magaca dalkooda. Magacani waxaa laga yaabaa in uu asal ahaan ka soo jeedo warqad loo diray 607 waxaana lagu diiwaan geliyay taariikhda rasmiga ah ee Suudiiste. Prince Shōtoku, Regent of Japan, ayaa u diray ergeyga Shiinaha warqad kaas oo uu ugu yeeray "Boqortooyada Dhulka ee Qorraxdu kacdo" (日 出处 天子). Farriinta ayaa yiri: "Halkan, waxaan ahay, Boqortooyada waddanka qorraxdu soo baxdo, u dir warqad si aad u aragto Boqortooyada dalka ee qorraxdu u eg tahay.!!!!!`Byyye.!!` Qalinkii: Fadxi Garaad Jesus Greenford.!!` ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[IORA]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddanamha deggan Jabaan== As of 2014 June, 2,086,603 of foreign residents live in Japan. More than half of them are Chinese and Korean. Figure : Population of Foreign Residents in Japan by Nationality.<ref>https://nbakki.hatenablog.com/entry/Population_Foreign_People_Japan</ref>. ==Waddamada deggan Jabaan== * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 123,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 126,167,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 58,000++. * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 21,000+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 185,00++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 59,000+[<Ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 98,000+ * {{Flag|China}} 950,000+;+;+;+;+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. == Taariikh == ==Visa Jabaan== <s>[[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]]</s> == Taariikh == [ [https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-100-most-valuable-brands-in-2021/] [https://www.rankingthebrands.com/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=33&nav=category] [https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-sort=ASC&filter-brand-region=&filter-brand-country=japan] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Jabaan]] pb08fvvrcp0ywg976rwpp1qyz3d6f34 239615 239614 2022-08-07T05:34:30Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubin */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jabaan<Br/>''日本国'' |conventional_long_name = ''Nibon-koku'' |common_name = Jabaan |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Japan.svg |sawir_qaran = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |image_map = Japan(orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg |astaan_calan = [[Kimigayo 君が代]] |image_map = Japan-location-cia.gif |caasimadda = [[Tokyo]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Jabaniis, iyo luqado kale oo la tiri karin]] |caasimada = [[Tokyo]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Emberor]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Naruhito]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Fumio Kishida]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $4.998 trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |area = 377,944 km2 |areami² = 145,925 |biyo = 0.8 |population_estimate = 127,380,000² |population_estimate_year = 2010 |lacagta = [[Yen]] |wakhti = (UTC+9) |furaha_debedda = 81 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Cartedujapon.png|right|394px|thumb|Carte du Japon]]<BR/>[[File:The Diet.jpg|thumb|right|395px| Japanese Parliament.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Toyota carlogo.svg|thumb|right|393px|]]<Br/>[[File:Toshiba logo.svg|thumb|right|392px|]]<Br/>[[File:Canon wordmark.svg|thumb|left|199px|]] '''Jabaan''' ([[Af-Jabaaniis]]:日本: Nihon ama Nibon magaceeda oo dhameestiran:日本国 :Nibon-koku ama Nihon-koku, waa wadan jasiirado ka sameesan, oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Baasifik]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo daris la yahay [[Badda Jabaan]], [[Shiinaha]], [[Koonfur Kuuriya]], [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] iyo [[Ruushka]] Dadka tiriskii laga qaaday jabaan 1920kii, waxee eheed 56 miliyan oo qoys, sanadka marka oo ahaa 2017 neh waxaa degenaa 126,960,000 oo qoys. [[File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg|thumb|right|396px|[[国会議事堂|"National Diet Building"]]]] [[File:Viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 002.JPG|397px|thumb| Ville d'Osaka.]] [[File:Nissan.jpg|thumb|right|398px|Lo sièti sociau de Nissan a Tòquio]] [[File:Satellite View of Japan 1999.jpg|194px|left|thumb|[[Japanese archipelago]]As seen from Satellites.]]. [[File:Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.svg|thumb|right|395px]]<Br/>[[File:Mitsubishi motors new logo.svg|thumb|left|196px|]]<BR/>[[file:Japan Exchange Group logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|Bourse Japonaise.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Honda.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Sony logo.svg|thumb|right|198px|]] Jabaan waxee ka koobantahay 6,852 jasiiradoo, affarta ugu waa weyn oo boqolkiiba todobaatan daboolo dhulka jabaan waa [[Honshu]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Kyushu]] iyo [[Shikoku]]. Jabaaniiska waxee iskuugu wacaan (Nihon), luqadooda neh waxee dhahaan (Nihongo). Magaca Nibon micnaheeda waa jabaan laakiin waxee u adeegsadaan, lacagaha, bashqadaha iyo cayaaraha caalamka iyo wax la mid ah.Jabaan waxaa loo micneeyaa wadanka qoraxda ka soo baxdo, 日 (qorax) 本 (soo bax), markii hore jabaan waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magacyo badan, gaar ahaan wadanka ee taariikhda isla leeyihiin ee Shiinaha, waxee jabaan ugu yeeri jireen (yamato 大和). Erayga qorax ka soo baxa waxoo asal ahaan ka imaaday shiinaha, sababtoo ah jabaan waxee ka xigtaa dhinaca bariga markii la fiiriyo qaarad aasiya. Ereyga Japan ee Japan waa 日本, oo lagu magacaabo Nihon ama Nippon iyo macno ahaan waxa loola jeedaa "asalka qorraxda". Nichi dabeecadda (CH) macnaheedu waa "qorax" ama "maalin"; saldhigga macnihiisu waa "saldhig" ama "asal". [23] Sidaas daraadeed macneheedu waa "asalka qorraxda" waana ilaha caanka ah ee reer galbeedka caanka ah "Land of the Sun Rising=LAND OF THE SUN RISING".!!` [[File:Shibuya night.jpg|thumb|left|193px|Las carrèras japonesas que son sovent conhidas de monde: ací au quartièr de ''[[Shibuya]]'' a [[Tōkyō]]]][[File:2010Election at Higashi-Osaka.jpg|thumb|left|194px|Un burèu de vòte dens la prefectura d{{'}}Ōsaka]] [[File:Nissan Motor Corporation 2020 logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|]]<BR/>[[File:Meiji tenno1.jpg|thumb|right|197px|[[Emperor Meiji]](1868–1912) Imperial Ruler [[Meiji Restoration|restored]]<BR/>[[Tokugawa shogunate]]]][[File:Flag of Sapporo, Hokkaido.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<BR/>[[File:Katsuya-Roppongi.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Panasonic logo.svg|thumb|right|198px| 69％ 日本企業.!!?`]]<Br/>[[File:Nintendo.svg|thumb|left|121px|]] Rikoodhkii ugu horreeyay ee magaca Nihon wuxuu ka muuqdaa taariikhda Shiinaha ee taariikhda ah ee hannaanka Tang, Book of Old Tang. Dhamaadkii qarnigii toddobaad, wafdi ka yimid Japan ayaa codsaday in Nihon loo isticmaalo magaca dalkooda. Magacani waxaa laga yaabaa in uu asal ahaan ka soo jeedo warqad loo diray 607 waxaana lagu diiwaan geliyay taariikhda rasmiga ah ee Suudiiste. Prince Shōtoku, Regent of Japan, ayaa u diray ergeyga Shiinaha warqad kaas oo uu ugu yeeray "Boqortooyada Dhulka ee Qorraxdu kacdo" (日 出处 天子). Farriinta ayaa yiri: "Halkan, waxaan ahay, Boqortooyada waddanka qorraxdu soo baxdo, u dir warqad si aad u aragto Boqortooyada dalka ee qorraxdu u eg tahay.!!!!!`Byyye.!!` Qalinkii: Fadxi Garaad Jesus Greenford.!!` ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[IORA]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddanamha deggan Jabaan== As of 2014 June, 2,086,603 of foreign residents live in Japan. More than half of them are Chinese and Korean. Figure : Population of Foreign Residents in Japan by Nationality.<ref>https://nbakki.hatenablog.com/entry/Population_Foreign_People_Japan</ref>. ==Waddamada deggan Jabaan== * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 123,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 126,167,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 58,000++. * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 21,000+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 185,00++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 59,000+[<Ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 98,000+ * {{Flag|China}} 950,000+;+;+;+;+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. == Taariikh == ==Visa Jabaan== <s>[[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]]</s> == Taariikh == [ [https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-100-most-valuable-brands-in-2021/] [https://www.rankingthebrands.com/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=33&nav=category] [https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-sort=ASC&filter-brand-region=&filter-brand-country=japan] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Jabaan]] ay6ztrygr834eyo579is8kics5zoyzs 239637 239615 2022-08-07T07:37:58Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubin */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jabaan<Br/>''日本国'' |conventional_long_name = ''Nibon-koku'' |common_name = Jabaan |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Japan.svg |sawir_qaran = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |image_map = Japan(orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg |astaan_calan = [[Kimigayo 君が代]] |image_map = Japan-location-cia.gif |caasimadda = [[Tokyo]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Jabaniis, iyo luqado kale oo la tiri karin]] |caasimada = [[Tokyo]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Emberor]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Naruhito]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Fumio Kishida]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $4.998 trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,998<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |area = 377,944 km2 |areami² = 145,925 |biyo = 0.8 |population_estimate = 127,380,000<sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2010 |lacagta = [[Yen]] |wakhti = (UTC+9) |furaha_debedda = 81 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Cartedujapon.png|right|394px|thumb|Carte du Japon]]<BR/>[[File:The Diet.jpg|thumb|right|395px| Japanese Parliament.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Toyota carlogo.svg|thumb|right|393px|]]<Br/>[[File:Toshiba logo.svg|thumb|right|392px|]]<Br/>[[File:Canon wordmark.svg|thumb|left|199px|]] '''Jabaan''' ([[Af-Jabaaniis]]:日本: Nihon ama Nibon magaceeda oo dhameestiran:日本国 :Nibon-koku ama Nihon-koku, waa wadan jasiirado ka sameesan, oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Baasifik]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo daris la yahay [[Badda Jabaan]], [[Shiinaha]], [[Koonfur Kuuriya]], [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] iyo [[Ruushka]] Dadka tiriskii laga qaaday jabaan 1920kii, waxee eheed 56 miliyan oo qoys, sanadka marka oo ahaa 2017 neh waxaa degenaa 126,960,000 oo qoys. [[File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg|thumb|right|396px|[[国会議事堂|"National Diet Building"]]]] [[File:Viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 002.JPG|397px|thumb| Ville d'Osaka.]] [[File:Nissan.jpg|thumb|right|398px|Lo sièti sociau de Nissan a Tòquio]] [[File:Satellite View of Japan 1999.jpg|194px|left|thumb|[[Japanese archipelago]]As seen from Satellites.]]. [[File:Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.svg|thumb|right|395px]]<Br/>[[File:Mitsubishi motors new logo.svg|thumb|left|196px|]]<BR/>[[file:Japan Exchange Group logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|Bourse Japonaise.!!]]<Br/>[[File:Honda.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Sony logo.svg|thumb|right|198px|]] Jabaan waxee ka koobantahay 6,852 jasiiradoo, affarta ugu waa weyn oo boqolkiiba todobaatan daboolo dhulka jabaan waa [[Honshu]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Kyushu]] iyo [[Shikoku]]. Jabaaniiska waxee iskuugu wacaan (Nihon), luqadooda neh waxee dhahaan (Nihongo). Magaca Nibon micnaheeda waa jabaan laakiin waxee u adeegsadaan, lacagaha, bashqadaha iyo cayaaraha caalamka iyo wax la mid ah.Jabaan waxaa loo micneeyaa wadanka qoraxda ka soo baxdo, 日 (qorax) 本 (soo bax), markii hore jabaan waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magacyo badan, gaar ahaan wadanka ee taariikhda isla leeyihiin ee Shiinaha, waxee jabaan ugu yeeri jireen (yamato 大和). Erayga qorax ka soo baxa waxoo asal ahaan ka imaaday shiinaha, sababtoo ah jabaan waxee ka xigtaa dhinaca bariga markii la fiiriyo qaarad aasiya. Ereyga Japan ee Japan waa 日本, oo lagu magacaabo Nihon ama Nippon iyo macno ahaan waxa loola jeedaa "asalka qorraxda". Nichi dabeecadda (CH) macnaheedu waa "qorax" ama "maalin"; saldhigga macnihiisu waa "saldhig" ama "asal". [23] Sidaas daraadeed macneheedu waa "asalka qorraxda" waana ilaha caanka ah ee reer galbeedka caanka ah "Land of the Sun Rising=LAND OF THE SUN RISING".!!` [[File:Shibuya night.jpg|thumb|left|193px|Las carrèras japonesas que son sovent conhidas de monde: ací au quartièr de ''[[Shibuya]]'' a [[Tōkyō]]]][[File:2010Election at Higashi-Osaka.jpg|thumb|left|194px|Un burèu de vòte dens la prefectura d{{'}}Ōsaka]] [[File:Nissan Motor Corporation 2020 logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|]]<BR/>[[File:Meiji tenno1.jpg|thumb|right|197px|[[Emperor Meiji]](1868–1912) Imperial Ruler [[Meiji Restoration|restored]]<BR/>[[Tokugawa shogunate]]]][[File:Flag of Sapporo, Hokkaido.svg|thumb|right|197px|]]<BR/>[[File:Katsuya-Roppongi.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]]<Br/>[[File:Panasonic logo.svg|thumb|right|198px| 69％ 日本企業.!!?`]]<Br/>[[File:Nintendo.svg|thumb|left|121px|]] Rikoodhkii ugu horreeyay ee magaca Nihon wuxuu ka muuqdaa taariikhda Shiinaha ee taariikhda ah ee hannaanka Tang, Book of Old Tang. Dhamaadkii qarnigii toddobaad, wafdi ka yimid Japan ayaa codsaday in Nihon loo isticmaalo magaca dalkooda. Magacani waxaa laga yaabaa in uu asal ahaan ka soo jeedo warqad loo diray 607 waxaana lagu diiwaan geliyay taariikhda rasmiga ah ee Suudiiste. Prince Shōtoku, Regent of Japan, ayaa u diray ergeyga Shiinaha warqad kaas oo uu ugu yeeray "Boqortooyada Dhulka ee Qorraxdu kacdo" (日 出处 天子). Farriinta ayaa yiri: "Halkan, waxaan ahay, Boqortooyada waddanka qorraxdu soo baxdo, u dir warqad si aad u aragto Boqortooyada dalka ee qorraxdu u eg tahay.!!!!!`Byyye.!!` Qalinkii: Fadxi Garaad Jesus Greenford.!!` ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]] * * [[IORA]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddanamha deggan Jabaan== As of 2014 June, 2,086,603 of foreign residents live in Japan. More than half of them are Chinese and Korean. Figure : Population of Foreign Residents in Japan by Nationality.<ref>https://nbakki.hatenablog.com/entry/Population_Foreign_People_Japan</ref>. ==Waddamada deggan Jabaan== * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 123,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 126,167,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 58,000++. * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 21,000+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 185,00++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 59,000+[<Ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 98,000+ * {{Flag|China}} 950,000+;+;+;+;+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. == Taariikh == ==Visa Jabaan== <s>[[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]]</s> == Taariikh == [ [https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-100-most-valuable-brands-in-2021/] [https://www.rankingthebrands.com/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=33&nav=category] [https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-sort=ASC&filter-brand-region=&filter-brand-country=japan] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Jabaan]] 3azvcwbzf1kzqqd35lz50opdex5rgl2 0 2601 239621 239445 2022-08-07T06:35:46Z Mwasoge 29030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Kanada |conventional_long_name = ''Canada'' |common_name = Kanada |qaarada = [[Amerika]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Canada.svg |sawir_qaran = Canadian Coat of Arms Shield.svg |image_map = Canada (orthographic projection).svg |caasimada = [[Ottawa]] |luuqadaha = [[Ingiriis]], [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Raysal wasaare Kanada|Raysal wasaare]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xukun Boqortooyo]] |darajo_hogaamiye3 = Gudoomiyaha Guud |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Justin Trudeau]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = HM Queen [[Elizabeth II]] |magac_hogaamiye3 = Mary Simon |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $1.785 trillion | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $29,550 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |area = 9,984,670 km<sup>2 |areami² = 3,854,085 sq mi |biyo = 8.92 |population_estimate = 309,075,000 |population_estimate_year = 2010 |lacagta = [[Doolar]] $ [[CAD]] |wakhti = [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC-3.5 ilaa -8]]<br />Xiliga xagaagane(-2.5 ilaa -7) |furaha_wadanka lagu galo = 1 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} '''Kanada''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Woqooyiga Ameerika]] waxoona ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran. Kanada waxee xuduud la leedahay dalka [[Mareykanka]] oo goboladiisa badan ka xiga [[Koonfur]] iyo gobolka [[Alaska]] oo ka xigta [[Woqooyi]] [[Galbeed]], dhinaca bariga neh waxaa kaga dhagan [[badweynta Atlantik]]. Kanada waa Dawladda labaad ee ugu ween aduunka, ayadoo Dawladda koowaad ay tahay [[Ruushka]]. Wadanka kanada waxaa markiisa hore degenaan jiray dadka indianka ah oo assalkooda ka imaaday qaarada aasiya iyo dad inuit ah oo u badan griinland. Kanada waxay leedahay dad ah 35,151,728. * [[Confederation Bridge]] * [[Coco Rocha]] ==Xubin== * [[IADB]] * * [[NATO]] * * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[File:82_BloorStreet_West.jpg|thumb|right|197px|{{Flag|Canada}}]] ==Waddanmaha deggan Canada== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 13,500+[<ref>https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabes</ref>]. * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 135,000+ * {{Flag|Arab League}}+350,300++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 249,000++ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 210,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 68,000+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 33,000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 438,000++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 12,,000,000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|China}}PR China; 810,000+;+;+;+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 12,000 + * {{Flag|South Africa}} 50,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 68,000+ == Taariikh == wadanka kanada dadkii ugu horeeyay oo soo booqday waxee ahaayeen dad [[Yurub|yurubiyan]] ah 1000 sano ka hor, gaar ahaan vikingka norwajka, laakiin 600 oo sano kadib ee ajaaniibta badanaa soo wada galeen. Sannadkii 2015, Canada waxaa loo doortay ra'iisul wasaare [[Justin Trudeau]]. == Gobollada == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Gobollada !Aagga !Dadka |- |'''Kanada''' |'''9,093,507''' |'''35,151,728''' |- |[[Alberta]] |642,317 |4,067,175 |- |[[British Columbia]] |925,186 |4,648,055 |- |[[Manitoba]] |553,556 |1,278,365 |- |[[New Brunswick]] |71,450 |747,101 |- |[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] |373,872 |519,716 |- |[[Northwest Territories]] |1,183,085 |41,786 |- |[[Nova Scotia]] |53,338 |923,598 |- |[[Nunavut]] |1,936,113 |35,944 |- |[[Ontario]] |917,741 |13,448,494 |- |[[Prince Edward Island]] |5,660 |142,907 |- |[[Quebec]] |1,356,128 |8,164,361 |- |[[Saskatchewan]] |591,970 |1,098,352 |- |[[Yukon]] |474,391 |35,874 |} [[File:Canadian-tire.svg|thumb|right|192px|]] [[File:Toronto_(15085972212).jpg|thumb|right|193px|]] [[File:Flickr_wordmark.svg|thumb|right|194px|]] [[File:OriginalPoutineLaBanquise.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Flag_of_Vancouver,_Canada.svg|thumb|right|196px|]] ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[UK]] * * * [[USA]] * * * [[Yurub]] * * * [[Australia]] * * *[[New Zealand]] * * * [[Category:Kanada]] a7x5p9u1lwc5e8hx7vpu694rma9dghv 0 2665 239585 231856 2022-08-06T22:18:35Z 95.90.172.153 /* Dhaq dhaqaaqyadiisii siyaasadeed */bad grammar wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Somalian military officer (1934-1996)}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Maxamed Faarax Caydiid | native_name = محمد فرح عيديد | image = Maxamed_Faarax_Caydiid#/editor/0 | party = [[United Somali Congress]]/[[Somali National Alliance]] (USC/SNA) | birth_date = {{birth date|1934|12|15|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Mudug]], [[Soomaaliya]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1996|7|29|1934|12|15|df=y}} | death_place = [[Muqdisho]], [[Soomaaliya]] | spouse = Khadija Gurhan | alma_mater = [[M. V. Frunze Akadeemiyada Milatariga]] | children = 4 | office = Xafiiska 1991-1996 }} '''Maxamed Faarax Caydiid''' (carab:محمد فرح عيديد) (b.15 [[Diseembar]] [[1934]] – 29 [[July]] [[1996]]) Wuxuu dhashay [[taariikh]]du markay aheyd [[1934]], wuxuuna ku dhashay Magaalada [[galkaio]]- ee [[Gobolka]] [mudug]]. Wuxuuna ifka uga tagay 14 caruur ah. ==Waxbarashadiisii== 1946–1949:Dugsiga Hoose,dhexe: Mogadishu Somalia 1952–1953:Dugsiga Tababarka ee Dhanaane Accountancy and Office Management. 1953–1954:Dugsiga Xamar Jajab. ==Dhanka Ciidamada iyo Xilalkii uu soo qabtay== Wuxuuna ka qaatay Diploma. Wuxuuna ku bartay Cilmiga kala duwan ee Militariga (Military sciences), wuxuuna noqday Sarkaal Militari, Maadaama marka uu dalka ku soo noqday la Baabi’iyay militarigii talyaaniga ee ka jiray dalka, wuxuu ku biiray ciidanka Booliiska, darajadiisuna waxay aheyd labo xiddigle. 1956–1956: Wuxuu qaatay tababar- howlaha ciidanka, Mogadishu, Somalia. 1956–1960: Military academy- Cesano, Roma, Italy. Wuxuu ku soo qaatay tababarka Hogaaminta Ciidamada, wuxuuna ka qaatay Diploma. 1963–1966: Akademiyada sare ee Istaraatiijiyada dagaalka iyo hoggaaminta (Frunze Academy- USSR), wuxuuna ka qaatay Diploma. WAAYO ARAGNIMADII SHAQO (EXPERIENCE 1957–1958: Taliyaha Saldhig Boolis ee Degmada Bakool, Gobolka Xudur. 1958:(Janaayo–Disembar) Taliyaha Qeybta ciidanka ee ee Gobolka Banaadir. 1959:Taliyaha Qeybta ciidanka ee Gobolka Jubbada Hoose. 1960:(1-da Luuyo) wuxuu ahaa sarkaalkii hoggaaminayay ciidankii saaray calanka Soomaaliyeed, dejiyayna calankii Talyaaniga saqdii dhexe. 1960–1962: Wuxuu noqday Taliyaha Tababarka Dhexe ee Ciidamada Xooga- Forte Bottego (Hadda Dugsiga Tababarka Xalane). 1962–1963:Wuxuu noqday Taliyaha Hawl gelinta, Tababarada iyo Sahanka ee Xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed. 1963–1966: Wuxuu noqday Wakiilka Ciidamada Soomaaliyeed u fadhiya dalka Ruushka (USSR). 1966–1968: Wuxuu noqday Taliyaha Hogaanka abaabulka iyo hawl gelinta. 1968 – 1969: Wuxuu noqday Abaan duulka Xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed ee Qeyta Waqooyi. 1969–1975: Wuxuu ahaa Maxbuus siyaasadeed wuxuuna ku xirnaa Xabiska Mandeera. 1975 – 1977: Wuxuu noqday Maareeyaha Guud ee Wakaaladda Aspiima. 1977:Wuxuu noqday Xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna noqday Taliyaha Tababarada Militariga ee Xarunta Hiilwayne, ilaa 1978.1978:(Febraayo Ilaa Maarso) Wuxuu noqday Taliyaha Ciidanka Xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed ee gobollada waqooyi. 1978–1982: Wuxuu ahaa la taliyaha Madaxweynaha Arrimaha ciidamada iyo Ammaanka. 1982–1984:Wuxuu ahaa Taliyaha Guud ee Hawl-gelinta ciidamada Gobollada Waqooyi iyo Gobollada Dhexe. 1984 – 1989: Wuxuu ahaa Safiirka Soomaaliya u fadhiya dalka Hindiya. 1990:Wuxuu iska casilay Xilkii Safiirnimada. 1991 wuxuu Hoggaaminayay Ururkii USC ee La dagaalamay dowladii Kaligii Taliskii Maxamed Siyaad Barre isagoo gacan weyn ku lahaa inuu dalka Ka cararo ka dib 21 sano uu Xukunka Hayay ==Dhaq dhaqaaqyadiisii siyaasadeed== 1989–1991: waxa uu hogaaminayay kacdoonkii barakeysnaa ee U.S.C waxuuna ka xoreeay dadka Soomaaliyeed dhiig ya cabkii Siyaad Bare. 1992:Wuxuu dhisay Isbahaysi la magac baxay Somali Liberation Army, (SLA)oo ay ku bahoobeen Garabyada hubeysan ee ururrada kala ah sida: USC, SPM, SSNM, SDM, SAMO iyo [[SNU]] laguna dhisay Baardheere. 1992–1993:Wuxuu dhisay Isbahaysiga Somali National Alliance (SNA) oo ay ku bahoobeen Ururada siyaasadeed oo kala ah: USC, SPM, SDM, SSNM, SAMO iyo SNU, waxaana loo doortay Guddoomiyaha isbahaysiga SNA. 1992–1994:Wuxuu hoggaaminayay iska caabinta shacabka Soomaaliyeed ee ka soo horjeeday Siyaasaddii guracaneyd ee US-UNISOM ee ugu dambeyntii laga guuleystay dalkana laga Shirkaas nabadeed wax alaale wixii qarash ahaa eek u baxay waxaa bixiyay Isbahaysiga SNA, ee uu guddoomiyaha ka ahaa General Maxamed Faarax Caydiid. ==Buugaagtii uu qoray== *[[1988]]:Wuxuu qoray (The Manifesto New United Somali Democratic Organization) (NUSDO). *[[1989]]: Wuxuu qoray: Democracy in Somalia- Its roots and its future. *1989:Wuxuu qoray:Recent up rising of Somali people. *1988:Wuxuu qoray: he preferred future development for Somalia. *1988:Wuxuu qoray:The revival Somali History, Culture and Civilization. *1989:Wuxuu qoray:The latest Deceitful move by the Dictator Siad Barre (Pamphlet). *1989:wuxuu qoray:Somali and Ethiopia iyo War Plane Manual. *[[1983]]:Wuxuu qoray:The Harbinger of hope in Somalia (A brief profile) Iyo maqaallo kale ee badan oo ku saabsan arrimaha Soomaaliya iyo Xiriirka ay la leedahay [[Dowladaha]] deriska ah iyo adduunweynaha. waxa kale oo ay wada shaqaynjireen hassan dalmar nour ==Luqadaha uu ku hadli jiray== [[Soomaali]], [[Talyaani]], [[Ruush]] iyo [[English]]. Sido Kale waxa Uu Ahaa Hogaamiye adag oo sooma jeeste ah ilaahay ha u naxariisto oo godkii janno ha uu ruuriyo isga iyo dhamaan wixii islaam ee dhintayba [[Category:Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Shaqsiyadaad]] [[Category:Siyaasada Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Jeneraalada soomaalida]] <!----~~~~--> dadka uu la soo shaqeeyay waxaa ka mid ah maxamed xasan qaandiid (Waxaa xusid mudan in uu Caydiid hankiisii siyaasadeed darteed faraha la galay dagaalladii sokeeye, isla markaana uu qayb wayn ka qaatay dagaalladii u dhexeeyey 1990kii illaa 1996kii) Nin dalkan qaribayna uu noqday 52in5v077km2p3kqzqhgyz2scm4wzvo 0 3101 239660 146495 2022-08-07T11:30:24Z 41.80.97.177 wikitext text/x-wiki buurtinle waa magaalo soomaliyeed oo kutaal gobalka nugaal gaar ahaan dhanka koonfureed waxay ujirtaa garoowe ilaa 110 km waxaa deris kala ah bari deegaanka jalam oo ah deegaan hoos yimaada kan ugu wayn laguna yaqaan caano badan iyo xoolo waxaa koonfur ka xiga deegaanka faratooyo waxaa galbeed kaxiga deegaanada balidacar iyo godobyar oo ku dhaw dhulka soomliyeed ee la haysto waxaa qoraxkasoo bax kaga beegan malaasle iyo gosal iyo guud ahaan dhulka caduunka loo yaqaano. * [[Burtinle]] DAGMADA BURTINLE WAXAY UDHAXAY LABADA GOBOL EE KAL AH NUGAL OO AY KA TIRSAN THYE IYO MUDUG OO AY DARIS DHAW LA TAHGAY INTA BADANA DADKEENU WAA REER MUDUG IN KASTA OO AY DEGAAN AHAAN AY KA TIRSAN THYE NUGAAL DAGMADA BURTINLE WAXAA DAGAN QABAAILAAD FARO BDN KUWAAS OO COUNCILKA DAGMADA LAGA WADA DHEX ARKO LAKIN MAJORITY AMA DADKA UGU BADANI WAA BEESHA YOUSUF DAAROOD/AWRTABLE Magaalada Buurtinle waxaa la aas aasay horraantii 1920-meeyadii waxaana dhisay Ugaaskii Awrtable Ugaas Geele Maxamed Kaneec. Magaaladu waxaa inta badan degan Awrtable laakiin waxaa leh Cumar maxamud meelaha qaar. Qabiilka Madhibaan ee laga tirada badan yahay ayaa sidoo kale ku nool qeybo ka mid ah Buurtinle . BY Omar Abdulle 3rvgjre0owg9w60lya9rz2t44j4tw5v 0 3330 239631 238963 2022-08-07T07:20:06Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Waddnamha degaan Malaysiya */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} '''Malaysiya''' waa wadan ku yaalo koonfurta bari ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. wadankaan wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Filibiin]], [[Thailand|Tayland]],[[Barunay]], [[Singabuur]] iyo [[Indonesia|Indunisiya]]. Caasimada wadanka waa [[Kuala Lumbur]]. Wadanka malaysiya waxaa degan dad gaaraayo ilaa 28,250,000 oo qof,waxa uuna u dhisanyahay dhinaca federaalka. Malaysiya waxaa degan ajaanib kala duwan, waxaa u badan malaysiyaanka ama malaya oo 50% ah inta kale waa ajaanib iskuugu jirto hindi, shiinees iyo kuwo kale. Wadanka malaysiya markiisa hore wuxuu lahaan jiray magacyo badan, mar waxaa la dhihi jiray (wadanka jasiirada Malaysiya) hadaneh waxaa loo bedelay (malaya) 1946dii marka oo wadanka midoobay waxaa loo bixiyay (midowga malayaasha), kadib neh waxaa loo bedelay (federaalka malaya), 1957ii marka ee xornimada qaateen waxee la midoobay gobolo ka mid ah wadanka [[Singabuur]], isla markaas neh waxaa loo bixiyay (malaysiya), Singabuur waxee malaysiya ka go'day waqti labo sano kayar. Isla markaas neh Wadanka Malaysiya wuxuu ku dadaalay dhaqaalihiisa. Wadanka malaysiya waxee 50ka sano ugu horeeysay ka mid noqotay wadamada ugu dhaqaalaha fiican. [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|thumb|Calanka Malaysiya]] [[File:Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg|thumb|Jaakad hubka Malaysiya]] == Taariikh == [[Malaysiya]] waxee leedahay taariikh aad u dheer, waxee jiri jirtay 40,000 oo sano ka hor, waxaa wadanka soo gumeestay gumeestihii [[Ingriiska]] laga soo bilaabo sanadkii 1786 ilaa 1963, ingiriisku wuxuu maamuli jiray ama gumaysan jiray shacabka loo yaqaano malaya, ka hor intii lagu dhaqmin federaaliga. [[File:MalaysianParliament.jpg|thumb|right|194px|]] [[File:MountKinabalu from CheSuiKhorPagodaKK-01.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Klcc.jpg|thumb|right|196px]] Dalka Malaysiya, waxaa u badan dadka Muslimiinta ah ee loo yaqaan malayga waxaa la daga hindi iyo shiinayas. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * [[AIIB]] * [[Asean]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddnamha degaan Malaysiya== * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 125,000+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 135,000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 128,000+ * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 3000+ * {{Flag|Thailand}} 400+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 18,000+ {{Flag|Australia}}500+* {{Flag|Japan}}500+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 20,100++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 2,500+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>] * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 850,300+;+;+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Malaysiya visa Dalalka]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] 3jyqatz1amptzat916kdpjye74e5j9h 0 3865 239609 239472 2022-08-07T04:53:21Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bad template}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya |native_name = ''Republik Indonesia'' |common_name = Indonesia |image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg |image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = <!--{{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Indonesia ASEAN.svg}}--> |national_motto = |national_anthem = |official_languages = [[Af-Indunisi]] |demonym = |capital = [[Jakarta]] |latd=6 |latm=10.5 |latNS=S |longd=106 |longm=49.7 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |area_rank = 15th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |area_km2 = 1,904,569 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf--> |area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_label = [[Land area|Land]] |area_label2 = [[Water area|Water (%)]] |area_data2 = 4.85 |percent_water = |population_census = 268,624,363<ref name="imf2"/> |population_census_year = 2020 |population_census_rank = 4th |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = 322.87 |population_density_rank = 84th |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP = $1.285 trillion<ref name = "imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=2&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Indonesia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 15th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,182<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 124th |GDP_nominal_year = 2022 |GDP_nominal = $1.267.468 Trillion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 16th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,499<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 115th |Gini_year = 2022 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35.6 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2019 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.707 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP">{{cite web |title=Indonesia Country Profile: Human Development Indicators |accessdate=27 April 2013 |year=2012 |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105044427/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113st |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event2 = |established_date2 = |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |currency = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]] (Rp) |currency_code = IDR |time_zone = various |utc_offset = +7 to +9 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = left <!--Note that this refers to the side of the road used, not the seating of the driver--> |calling_code = [[+62]] |cctld = [[.id]] |website = [http://www.indonesia.go.id/en.html indonesia.go.id] }} '''Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya''' ([[Af-Indunisi|Indunisi]]: ''Indonesia'', [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: ''Republic of Indonesia'') waa dawlad kutaala Koonfur Bariga Aasiya'''[[Aasiya|,]]''' waana Dawladda ugu weyn dalalka [[Islaam|Islaamka]] marka la eego xaga dadka ama tirada dadka, laakiin dastuurka Indunisiya. Ma lagu qorin ama lagu darin Dastuurka Indunisiya in diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] ay tahay Diinta Dalka waxayna macneheedu tahay ''Dalku'' waa Cilmaani sida dalalka Cilmaaniga ah ee "Afartanka Afar" dalal ee [[Yurub]]<REF>https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-europe/</REF> iyo labada Qaaradood [[Ameerika]] da "soddon iyo shan" dalal ah. == Taariikhda == {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} === Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka hor === Indonesia waxay leedahay taariikh qoran ilaa qarnigii 7aad iyo aad u dheer [[taariikhda afka]]. Kahor inta uusan gumeysigii Nederland imaanin 1596, inta badan waxa hadda Indonesia loo yaqaan waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin badan oo kala duwan. Inta badan waa ay is dagaalayeen. Indoniisiya waxa [[gumaystay]] [[Netherlands]] qarnigii 17aad waxaana loo beddelay [[Holand East Indies]]. Muddadaas, Nederlaanku waxa ay qabsadeen kumanaan [[Dadka Malagasy]] ah [[Madagascar]] waxayna ku qasbeen inay ka shaqeeyaan [[basbaaska]] [[ Dhirta | Dhirta ]] ee dhulalkooda iyagoo ah[[Adoonsi | addoomo]].<ref>{{cite speech|title=Xusuustii Madagascar| first=Wendy | last=Wilson-Fall|dhacdo=[[Howard University|HU]] Taxanaha Palaver|goob=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-Pg_qGpuws}}</ref> Nederlaanku waxay ula dhaqmeen jasiiradaha sida hantidooda ilaa [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka]], [[Jabaan]] ayaa ka saaray Holland oo la wareegay gacan ku haynta Indonesia. Ka dib markii Japan ay isu dhiibtay dagaalka, Indonesia waxay sheegatay [[madaxbanaanideeda]] 17-kii Ogosto 1945. Baaqa waxaa akhriyay [[Sukarno]] Jakarta. Sukarno ka dib wuxuu noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Indonesia. [[File:LocationIndonesia.svg|250px|thumb|Indonesia]] Ciidamada Ingiriiska ayaa u soo galay dalka Indonesia si ay u soo celiyaan nabadda iyo in ay badbaadiyaan dadka reer Yurub ee maxaabiista u ahaa Jabbaan. Ciidamada Ingiriiska waxa ay sidoo kale haysteen shaqada ay u rareen 300,000 oo askari oo Japan ah. Jamhuuriyadii Indoniisiya waxay la dagaalameen ciidamadii Ingiriiska, sababtoo ah waxaa la filayey in Ingiriisku uu Indonesia ku celiyo Holland. Xisbiga Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah maxaabiista Japan, ka hor inta aan dalkooda loo dirin. Waxay kaloo bilaabeen inay dilaan dadka ka soo jeeda [[kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay]] kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan Jamhuuriyadda cusub. Dad badan oo Yurub iyo Indonesia u dhashay ayaa la dilay. Ganacsato badan oo Shiinees ah iyo kooxo kale oo laga tiro badan yahay ayaa la dilay ama laga dhigay guri la'aan. Java waxaa joogay kumanaan guri la'aan ah. Sannadkii 1946-kii, Nederlaanku wuu soo noqday. Markii Ingiriisku baxay 1947, waxa Indonesia joogay 55,000 oo askari oo Nederlaan ah. Ficilka Nederlandka waxaa loo yaqaan "Alaabada Hawl-galka" ama "Falalka Politionele". Indoniisiya Republicans-ka waxay la dagaallameen Holland ilaa 1949. Laakiin Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa ahaa kuwo si xun u abaabulan oo inta badan dhexdooda dagaallama. Markii Nederlaanku ay ku qasbeen askartii Jamhuuriga meelo kala duwan, waxay u guureen ciidamo badan ilaa laga helayo 100,000 oo askari oo Nederland ah. Holland ayaa diiday inay adeecaan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] oo sheegay inay joojiyaan dagaalka Indonesia. Mareykanka ayaa soo qaban qaabiyay shirar dhex maray madaxda Holland iyo Indonesia. Holland ayaa ugu dambeyntii ogolaatay in ay aqoonsato madaxbanaanida Indonesia bishii November 1949-kii. Dagaaladii iyo ururkii xumaa awgeed, waxa ay qaadatay wakhti dheer in dalku nabad noqdo, [[dhaqaalaha]] uu hagaago. Askar badan oo Indonesian ah ayaa dhintay, inta u dhaxaysa 45,000 iyo 100,000. Sidoo kale, waxaa dhintay tiro aad u badan oo [[ciidan|shacab]] ah, Indooniisiya, reer Yurub iyo Shiinaha; laga yaabee ilaa 200,000. ==Dadka iyo dhaqanka== Indunisiya waxaa ku nool dad ka kala socda kooxo dhaqameedyo kala duwan, waxayna leeyihiin in ka badan 700 oo qoomiyadood. Waxaa saameeya [[Hindida]], [[Shiineeska]], [[Carabta]], [[Malayga]] iyo [[Yurubiyaanka]]. Gorgorka Jawa-ga waa shimbirka qaranka. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * * [[OECD]] * * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ===Xiriirka=== * {{Flag|Japan}} 22,000+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 12,000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 1400+ * {{Flag|China}} 190,000+ * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 1400+ [[File:MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Guriga Baarlamaanka Indunisiya, Jakarta.]] Wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 34 gobol. waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan. * [[Jakarta]] * [[Banten]] *[[Bengkulu]] * [[Jawa Barat]] * [[Jawa tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Selatan]] * [[Kalimantan Timur]] * [[Kalimantan tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Utara]] * [[Sulawesi Tengah]] * [[Sulawesi Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] * [[Sulawesi Selatan]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] * [[Sumatera Utara]] * [[Jambi]] * [[Gorontalo]] * [[Lampung]] * [[Maluku]] * [[Maluku Utara]] * [[Papua Barat]] * [[Papua]] == Maamul hoosaadyo == {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Waxa jirta indunisiya gobolo haysta maamul hoosaad oo aan lamid ahayn gobalada kale kuwana waxaa kamida. [[Aceh]] & [[Yogyakarta]] matalan goboladaas haysta ismaamul hoosaadka waxa ay xaq u leeyihiin in wixii ku saabsan qaanuunka lagu dhameeyo gudaha gobolka iyada oo aan caasimada waxba looga bahan. Indonisiya waa dal wayn waxa uu ka koobanyahay in ku dhaw 2000 oo jasiiradood sanadii [[2002]] waxa dalka ka goay gobolka la odhan jiray [[taymuurta bari.]] oo hadeer dawld ah. ==Madaxdii Indunisiya== {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Indunisiya kadib markii ay madax banaanida qaadatay waxa xukumay oo talada wadanka qabtay ahaana madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay. Axmad Sokarno. waxa [[Axmad Sookaarno]] ku xigay oo wadanka waxnbadan xukumay. [[Cali Soharto]]. oo xukumay indoniisa mudo ku dhaw afartan sano ilaa xukunka laga tuuray sanadii 1998. Kadib waxaa talada qabtay masaxwayne. Cabdi raxmaan waxiid. Waxaa kale oo iyana madaxwayne kanoqatay wadankaas gabadh uu dhalay madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee wadankaas oo magaceedu yahay ([[Miigawaati Sokarnio Buturi]]). Hada waxaa madaxwayne ka ah wiiwido banban yoodayoono. ==Albumka== {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} </br> <gallery widths="100" heights="120px" perrow="auto" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;"> File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|National Museum of Indonesia in [[Central Jakarta]] File:Monumen nasional jakarta.jpg|[[National Monument (Indonesia)|The National Monument]] File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], Indonesia's tallest office building, in the middle of Jakarta skyscraper. File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|A train at [[Gambir]] station in [[Central Jakarta]] File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|The [[Bung Karno Stadium]] is capable of hosting more than 80,000 spectators File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Map of Indonesia File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Provinces of Indonesia File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, the most famous street in Yogyakarta city Image:transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta city File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|A selection of [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian food]], including ''Soto Ayam'' (chicken soup), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|shellfish kebabs]]), ''telor pindang'' (preserved eggs), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (sweet iced tea) File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative Image:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008 |Indonesian Naval vessels Image:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s Image:Jmnei.jpg|A [[Javanese people|Javanese]] engineer closes one of the gun bay doors on a Dutch [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], January 1942. |[[Mazda6]] used by the Jakarta Metro Highway Patrol (''Ditlantas Polda Metro Jaya'') as a patrol car |[[Mitsubishi Lancer]] used by Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C in Indonesia, #CC201-05 File:Diesel_locomotive.JPG|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" in Indonesia, #CC203-22 File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_204-06_060403_2512_mri.jpg|GE U20C full computer control locomotive in Indonesia, #CC204-06 </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Indunisiya visa Dalalka]] == Tixraacyada == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201304/visit-indonesia/ A Visit to Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-latin-america/ * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2016-yearbook/indonesia/overview/ An Overview of Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-northern-america/ {{commonscat|Indonesia|Indunisiya}} <references/> {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] oue1w008bau5tuyk4r38ivhanxzfhds 239610 239609 2022-08-07T04:53:43Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bad template}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya |native_name = ''Republik Indonesia'' |common_name = Indonesia |image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg |image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = <!--{{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Indonesia ASEAN.svg}}--> |national_motto = |national_anthem = |official_languages = [[Af-Indunisi]] |demonym = |capital = [[Jakarta]] |latd=6 |latm=10.5 |latNS=S |longd=106 |longm=49.7 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |area_rank = 15th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |area_km2 = 1,904,569 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf--> |area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_label = [[Land area|Land]] |area_label2 = [[Water area|Water (%)]] |area_data2 = 4.85 |percent_water = |population_census = 268,624,363<ref name="imf2"/> |population_census_year = 2020 |population_census_rank = 4th |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = 322.87 |population_density_rank = 84th |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP = $1.285 trillion<ref name = "imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=2&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Indonesia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 15th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,182<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 124th |GDP_nominal_year = 2022 |GDP_nominal = $1.267.468 Trillion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 16th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,499<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 115th |Gini_year = 2022 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35.6 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2019 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.707 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP">{{cite web |title=Indonesia Country Profile: Human Development Indicators |accessdate=27 April 2013 |year=2012 |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105044427/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113st |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event2 = |established_date2 = |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |currency = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]] (Rp) |currency_code = IDR |time_zone = various |utc_offset = +7 to +9 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = left <!--Note that this refers to the side of the road used, not the seating of the driver--> |calling_code = [[+62]] |cctld = [[.id]] |website = [http://www.indonesia.go.id/en.html indonesia.go.id] }} '''Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya''' ([[Af-Indunisi|Indunisi]]: ''Indonesia'', [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: ''Republic of Indonesia'') waa dawlad kutaala Koonfur Bariga Aasiya'''[[Aasiya|,]]''' waana Dawladda ugu weyn dalalka [[Islaam|Islaamka]] marka la eego xaga dadka ama tirada dadka, laakiin dastuurka Indunisiya. Ma lagu qorin ama lagu darin Dastuurka Indunisiya in diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] ay tahay Diinta Dalka waxayna macneheedu tahay ''Dalku'' waa Cilmaani sida dalalka Cilmaaniga ah ee "Afartanka Afar" dalal ee [[Yurub]]<REF>https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-europe/</REF> iyo labada Qaaradood [[Ameerika]] da "soddon iyo shan" dalal ah. == Taariikhda == {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} === Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka hor === Indonesia waxay leedahay taariikh qoran ilaa qarnigii 7aad iyo aad u dheer [[taariikhda afka]]. Kahor inta uusan gumeysigii Nederland imaanin 1596, inta badan waxa hadda Indonesia loo yaqaan waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin badan oo kala duwan. Inta badan waa ay is dagaalayeen. Indoniisiya waxa [[gumaystay]] [[Netherlands]] qarnigii 17aad waxaana loo beddelay [[Holand East Indies]]. Muddadaas, Nederlaanku waxa ay qabsadeen kumanaan [[Dadka Malagasy]] ah [[Madagascar]] waxayna ku qasbeen inay ka shaqeeyaan [[basbaaska]] [[ Dhirta | Dhirta ]] ee dhulalkooda iyagoo ah[[Adoonsi | addoomo]].<ref>{{cite speech|title=Xusuustii Madagascar| first=Wendy | last=Wilson-Fall|dhacdo=[[Howard University|HU]] Taxanaha Palaver|goob=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-Pg_qGpuws}}</ref> Nederlaanku waxay ula dhaqmeen jasiiradaha sida hantidooda ilaa [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka]], [[Jabaan]] ayaa ka saaray Holland oo la wareegay gacan ku haynta Indonesia. Ka dib markii Japan ay isu dhiibtay dagaalka, Indonesia waxay sheegatay [[madaxbanaanideeda]] 17-kii Ogosto 1945. Baaqa waxaa akhriyay [[Sukarno]] Jakarta. Sukarno ka dib wuxuu noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Indonesia. [[File:LocationIndonesia.svg|250px|thumb|Indonesia]] Ciidamada Ingiriiska ayaa u soo galay dalka Indonesia si ay u soo celiyaan nabadda iyo in ay badbaadiyaan dadka reer Yurub ee maxaabiista u ahaa Jabbaan. Ciidamada Ingiriiska waxa ay sidoo kale haysteen shaqada ay u rareen 300,000 oo askari oo Japan ah. Jamhuuriyadii Indoniisiya waxay la dagaalameen ciidamadii Ingiriiska, sababtoo ah waxaa la filayey in Ingiriisku uu Indonesia ku celiyo Holland. Xisbiga Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah maxaabiista Japan, ka hor inta aan dalkooda loo dirin. Waxay kaloo bilaabeen inay dilaan dadka ka soo jeeda [[kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay]] kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan Jamhuuriyadda cusub. Dad badan oo Yurub iyo Indonesia u dhashay ayaa la dilay. Ganacsato badan oo Shiinees ah iyo kooxo kale oo laga tiro badan yahay ayaa la dilay ama laga dhigay guri la'aan. Java waxaa joogay kumanaan guri la'aan ah. Sannadkii 1946-kii, Nederlaanku wuu soo noqday. Markii Ingiriisku baxay 1947, waxa Indonesia joogay 55,000 oo askari oo Nederlaan ah. Ficilka Nederlandka waxaa loo yaqaan "Alaabada Hawl-galka" ama "Falalka Politionele". Indoniisiya Republicans-ka waxay la dagaallameen Holland ilaa 1949. Laakiin Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa ahaa kuwo si xun u abaabulan oo inta badan dhexdooda dagaallama. Markii Nederlaanku ay ku qasbeen askartii Jamhuuriga meelo kala duwan, waxay u guureen ciidamo badan ilaa laga helayo 100,000 oo askari oo Nederland ah. Holland ayaa diiday inay adeecaan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] oo sheegay inay joojiyaan dagaalka Indonesia. Mareykanka ayaa soo qaban qaabiyay shirar dhex maray madaxda Holland iyo Indonesia. Holland ayaa ugu dambeyntii ogolaatay in ay aqoonsato madaxbanaanida Indonesia bishii November 1949-kii. Dagaaladii iyo ururkii xumaa awgeed, waxa ay qaadatay wakhti dheer in dalku nabad noqdo, [[dhaqaalaha]] uu hagaago. Askar badan oo Indonesian ah ayaa dhintay, inta u dhaxaysa 45,000 iyo 100,000. Sidoo kale, waxaa dhintay tiro aad u badan oo [[ciidan|shacab]] ah, Indooniisiya, reer Yurub iyo Shiinaha; laga yaabee ilaa 200,000. ==Dadka iyo dhaqanka== Indunisiya waxaa ku nool dad ka kala socda kooxo dhaqameedyo kala duwan, waxayna leeyihiin in ka badan 700 oo qoomiyadood. Waxaa saameeya [[Hindida]], [[Shiineeska]], [[Carabta]], [[Malayga]] iyo [[Yurubiyaanka]]. Gorgorka Jawa-ga waa shimbirka qaranka. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * * [[OECD]] * * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ===Xiriirka=== * {{Flag|Japan}} 22,000+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 12,000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 1400+ * {{Flag|China}} 190,000+ * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 1400+ [[File:MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Guriga Baarlamaanka Indunisiya, Jakarta.]] Wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 34 gobol. waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan. * [[Jakarta]] * [[Banten]] *[[Bengkulu]] * [[Jawa Barat]] * [[Jawa tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Selatan]] * [[Kalimantan Timur]] * [[Kalimantan tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Utara]] * [[Sulawesi Tengah]] * [[Sulawesi Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] * [[Sulawesi Selatan]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] * [[Sumatera Utara]] * [[Jambi]] * [[Gorontalo]] * [[Lampung]] * [[Maluku]] * [[Maluku Utara]] * [[Papua Barat]] * [[Papua]] == Maamul hoosaadyo == {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Waxa jirta indunisiya gobolo haysta maamul hoosaad oo aan lamid ahayn gobalada kale kuwana waxaa kamida. [[Aceh]] & [[Yogyakarta]] matalan goboladaas haysta ismaamul hoosaadka waxa ay xaq u leeyihiin in wixii ku saabsan qaanuunka lagu dhameeyo gudaha gobolka iyada oo aan caasimada waxba looga bahan. Indonisiya waa dal wayn waxa uu ka koobanyahay in ku dhaw 2000 oo jasiiradood sanadii [[2002]] waxa dalka ka goay gobolka la odhan jiray [[taymuurta bari.]] oo hadeer dawld ah. ==Madaxdii Indunisiya== {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Indunisiya kadib markii ay madax banaanida qaadatay waxa xukumay oo talada wadanka qabtay ahaana madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay. Axmad Sokarno. waxa [[Axmad Sookaarno]] ku xigay oo wadanka waxnbadan xukumay. [[Cali Soharto]]. oo xukumay indoniisa mudo ku dhaw afartan sano ilaa xukunka laga tuuray sanadii 1998. Kadib waxaa talada qabtay masaxwayne. Cabdi raxmaan waxiid. Waxaa kale oo iyana madaxwayne kanoqatay wadankaas gabadh uu dhalay madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee wadankaas oo magaceedu yahay ([[Miigawaati Sokarnio Buturi]]). Hada waxaa madaxwayne ka ah wiiwido banban yoodayoono. ==Albumka== {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} </br> <gallery widths="120" heights="120px" perrow="auto" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;"> File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|National Museum of Indonesia in [[Central Jakarta]] File:Monumen nasional jakarta.jpg|[[National Monument (Indonesia)|The National Monument]] File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], Indonesia's tallest office building, in the middle of Jakarta skyscraper. File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|A train at [[Gambir]] station in [[Central Jakarta]] File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|The [[Bung Karno Stadium]] is capable of hosting more than 80,000 spectators File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Map of Indonesia File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Provinces of Indonesia File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, the most famous street in Yogyakarta city Image:transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta city File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|A selection of [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian food]], including ''Soto Ayam'' (chicken soup), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|shellfish kebabs]]), ''telor pindang'' (preserved eggs), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (sweet iced tea) File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative Image:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008 |Indonesian Naval vessels Image:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s Image:Jmnei.jpg|A [[Javanese people|Javanese]] engineer closes one of the gun bay doors on a Dutch [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], January 1942. |[[Mazda6]] used by the Jakarta Metro Highway Patrol (''Ditlantas Polda Metro Jaya'') as a patrol car |[[Mitsubishi Lancer]] used by Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C in Indonesia, #CC201-05 File:Diesel_locomotive.JPG|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" in Indonesia, #CC203-22 File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_204-06_060403_2512_mri.jpg|GE U20C full computer control locomotive in Indonesia, #CC204-06 </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Indunisiya visa Dalalka]] == Tixraacyada == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201304/visit-indonesia/ A Visit to Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-latin-america/ * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2016-yearbook/indonesia/overview/ An Overview of Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-northern-america/ {{commonscat|Indonesia|Indunisiya}} <references/> {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] 0j7mybg3pnp9lh9p0vsb6x6e4xpl9qa 239611 239610 2022-08-07T04:57:45Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bad template}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya |native_name = ''Republik Indonesia'' |common_name = Indonesia |image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg |image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = <!--{{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Indonesia ASEAN.svg}}--> |national_motto = |national_anthem = |official_languages = [[Af-Indunisi]] |demonym = |capital = [[Jakarta]] |latd=6 |latm=10.5 |latNS=S |longd=106 |longm=49.7 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |area_rank = 15th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |area_km2 = 1,904,569 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf--> |area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_label = [[Land area|Land]] |area_label2 = [[Water area|Water (%)]] |area_data2 = 4.85 |percent_water = |population_census = 268,624,363<ref name="imf2"/> |population_census_year = 2020 |population_census_rank = 4th |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = 322.87 |population_density_rank = 84th |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP = $1.285 trillion<ref name = "imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=2&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Indonesia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 15th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,182<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 124th |GDP_nominal_year = 2022 |GDP_nominal = $1.267.468 Trillion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 16th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,499<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 115th |Gini_year = 2022 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35.6 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2019 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.707 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP">{{cite web |title=Indonesia Country Profile: Human Development Indicators |accessdate=27 April 2013 |year=2012 |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105044427/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113st |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event2 = |established_date2 = |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |currency = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]] (Rp) |currency_code = IDR |time_zone = various |utc_offset = +7 to +9 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = left <!--Note that this refers to the side of the road used, not the seating of the driver--> |calling_code = [[+62]] |cctld = [[.id]] |website = [http://www.indonesia.go.id/en.html indonesia.go.id] }} '''Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya''' ([[Af-Indunisi|Indunisi]]: ''Indonesia'', [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: ''Republic of Indonesia'') waa dawlad kutaala Koonfur Bariga Aasiya'''[[Aasiya|,]]''' waana Dawladda ugu weyn dalalka [[Islaam|Islaamka]] marka la eego xaga dadka ama tirada dadka, laakiin dastuurka Indunisiya. Ma lagu qorin ama lagu darin Dastuurka Indunisiya in diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] ay tahay Diinta Dalka waxayna macneheedu tahay ''Dalku'' waa Cilmaani sida dalalka Cilmaaniga ah ee "Afartanka Afar" dalal ee [[Yurub]]<REF>https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-europe/</REF> iyo labada Qaaradood [[Ameerika]] da "soddon iyo shan" dalal ah. == Taariikhda == {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} === Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka hor === Indonesia waxay leedahay taariikh qoran ilaa qarnigii 7aad iyo aad u dheer [[taariikhda afka]]. Kahor inta uusan gumeysigii Nederland imaanin 1596, inta badan waxa hadda Indonesia loo yaqaan waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin badan oo kala duwan. Inta badan waa ay is dagaalayeen. Indoniisiya waxa [[gumaystay]] [[Netherlands]] qarnigii 17aad waxaana loo beddelay [[Holand East Indies]]. Muddadaas, Nederlaanku waxa ay qabsadeen kumanaan [[Dadka Malagasy]] ah [[Madagascar]] waxayna ku qasbeen inay ka shaqeeyaan [[basbaaska]] [[ Dhirta | Dhirta ]] ee dhulalkooda iyagoo ah[[Adoonsi | addoomo]].<ref>{{cite speech|title=Xusuustii Madagascar| first=Wendy | last=Wilson-Fall|dhacdo=[[Howard University|HU]] Taxanaha Palaver|goob=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-Pg_qGpuws}}</ref> Nederlaanku waxay ula dhaqmeen jasiiradaha sida hantidooda ilaa [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka]], [[Jabaan]] ayaa ka saaray Holland oo la wareegay gacan ku haynta Indonesia. Ka dib markii Japan ay isu dhiibtay dagaalka, Indonesia waxay sheegatay [[madaxbanaanideeda]] 17-kii Ogosto 1945. Baaqa waxaa akhriyay [[Sukarno]] Jakarta. Sukarno ka dib wuxuu noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Indonesia. [[File:LocationIndonesia.svg|250px|thumb|Indonesia]] Ciidamada Ingiriiska ayaa u soo galay dalka Indonesia si ay u soo celiyaan nabadda iyo in ay badbaadiyaan dadka reer Yurub ee maxaabiista u ahaa Jabbaan. Ciidamada Ingiriiska waxa ay sidoo kale haysteen shaqada ay u rareen 300,000 oo askari oo Japan ah. Jamhuuriyadii Indoniisiya waxay la dagaalameen ciidamadii Ingiriiska, sababtoo ah waxaa la filayey in Ingiriisku uu Indonesia ku celiyo Holland. Xisbiga Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah maxaabiista Japan, ka hor inta aan dalkooda loo dirin. Waxay kaloo bilaabeen inay dilaan dadka ka soo jeeda [[kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay]] kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan Jamhuuriyadda cusub. Dad badan oo Yurub iyo Indonesia u dhashay ayaa la dilay. Ganacsato badan oo Shiinees ah iyo kooxo kale oo laga tiro badan yahay ayaa la dilay ama laga dhigay guri la'aan. Java waxaa joogay kumanaan guri la'aan ah. Sannadkii 1946-kii, Nederlaanku wuu soo noqday. Markii Ingiriisku baxay 1947, waxa Indonesia joogay 55,000 oo askari oo Nederlaan ah. Ficilka Nederlandka waxaa loo yaqaan "Alaabada Hawl-galka" ama "Falalka Politionele". Indoniisiya Republicans-ka waxay la dagaallameen Holland ilaa 1949. Laakiin Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa ahaa kuwo si xun u abaabulan oo inta badan dhexdooda dagaallama. Markii Nederlaanku ay ku qasbeen askartii Jamhuuriga meelo kala duwan, waxay u guureen ciidamo badan ilaa laga helayo 100,000 oo askari oo Nederland ah. Holland ayaa diiday inay adeecaan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] oo sheegay inay joojiyaan dagaalka Indonesia. Mareykanka ayaa soo qaban qaabiyay shirar dhex maray madaxda Holland iyo Indonesia. Holland ayaa ugu dambeyntii ogolaatay in ay aqoonsato madaxbanaanida Indonesia bishii November 1949-kii. Dagaaladii iyo ururkii xumaa awgeed, waxa ay qaadatay wakhti dheer in dalku nabad noqdo, [[dhaqaalaha]] uu hagaago. Askar badan oo Indonesian ah ayaa dhintay, inta u dhaxaysa 45,000 iyo 100,000. Sidoo kale, waxaa dhintay tiro aad u badan oo [[ciidan|shacab]] ah, Indooniisiya, reer Yurub iyo Shiinaha; laga yaabee ilaa 200,000. ==Dadka iyo dhaqanka== Indunisiya waxaa ku nool dad ka kala socda kooxo dhaqameedyo kala duwan, waxayna leeyihiin in ka badan 700 oo qoomiyadood. Waxaa saameeya [[Hindida]], [[Shiineeska]], [[Carabta]], [[Malayga]] iyo [[Yurubiyaanka]]. Gorgorka Jawa-ga waa shimbirka qaranka. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * * [[OECD]] * * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ===Xiriirka=== * {{Flag|Japan}} 22,000+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 12,000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 1400+ * {{Flag|China}} 190,000+ * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 1400+ [[File:MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Guriga Baarlamaanka Indunisiya, Jakarta.]] Wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 34 gobol. waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan. * [[Jakarta]] * [[Banten]] *[[Bengkulu]] * [[Jawa Barat]] * [[Jawa tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Selatan]] * [[Kalimantan Timur]] * [[Kalimantan tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Utara]] * [[Sulawesi Tengah]] * [[Sulawesi Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] * [[Sulawesi Selatan]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] * [[Sumatera Utara]] * [[Jambi]] * [[Gorontalo]] * [[Lampung]] * [[Maluku]] * [[Maluku Utara]] * [[Papua Barat]] * [[Papua]] == Maamul hoosaadyo == {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Waxa jirta indunisiya gobolo haysta maamul hoosaad oo aan lamid ahayn gobalada kale kuwana waxaa kamida. [[Aceh]] & [[Yogyakarta]] matalan goboladaas haysta ismaamul hoosaadka waxa ay xaq u leeyihiin in wixii ku saabsan qaanuunka lagu dhameeyo gudaha gobolka iyada oo aan caasimada waxba looga bahan. Indonisiya waa dal wayn waxa uu ka koobanyahay in ku dhaw 2000 oo jasiiradood sanadii [[2002]] waxa dalka ka goay gobolka la odhan jiray [[taymuurta bari.]] oo hadeer dawld ah. ==Madaxdii Indunisiya== {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Indunisiya kadib markii ay madax banaanida qaadatay waxa xukumay oo talada wadanka qabtay ahaana madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay. Axmad Sokarno. waxa [[Axmad Sookaarno]] ku xigay oo wadanka waxnbadan xukumay. [[Cali Soharto]]. oo xukumay indoniisa mudo ku dhaw afartan sano ilaa xukunka laga tuuray sanadii 1998. Kadib waxaa talada qabtay masaxwayne. Cabdi raxmaan waxiid. Waxaa kale oo iyana madaxwayne kanoqatay wadankaas gabadh uu dhalay madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee wadankaas oo magaceedu yahay ([[Miigawaati Sokarnio Buturi]]). Hada waxaa madaxwayne ka ah wiiwido banban yoodayoono. ==Albumka== {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} </br> <gallery widths="120" heights="200" perrow="2" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;"> File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|National Museum of Indonesia in [[Central Jakarta]] File:Monumen nasional jakarta.jpg|[[National Monument (Indonesia)|The National Monument]] File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], Indonesia's tallest office building, in the middle of Jakarta skyscraper. File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|A train at [[Gambir]] station in [[Central Jakarta]] File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|The [[Bung Karno Stadium]] is capable of hosting more than 80,000 spectators File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Map of Indonesia File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Provinces of Indonesia File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, the most famous street in Yogyakarta city File:Transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta city File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|A selection of [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian food]], including ''Soto Ayam'' (chicken soup), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|shellfish kebabs]]), ''telor pindang'' (preserved eggs), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (sweet iced tea) File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative File:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008 File:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s File:Jmnei.jpg|A [[Javanese people|Javanese]] engineer closes one of the gun bay doors on a Dutch [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], January 1942. File:ID diesel loco CC 201-05 060327 4217 kta.jpg|GE U20C in Indonesia, #CC201-05 File:Diesel locomotive.JPG|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" in Indonesia, #CC203-22 File:ID diesel loco CC 204-06 060403 2512 mri.jpg|GE U20C full computer control locomotive in Indonesia, #CC204-06 </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Indunisiya visa Dalalka]] == Tixraacyada == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201304/visit-indonesia/ A Visit to Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-latin-america/ * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2016-yearbook/indonesia/overview/ An Overview of Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-northern-america/ {{commonscat|Indonesia|Indunisiya}} <references/> {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] 9y1spj4ryozjn9jwecyggndsxd1f4it 239612 239611 2022-08-07T04:58:31Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Noqay bedelaadka 239611 ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/EnsiklopediaXylon|EnsiklopediaXylon]] ([[User talk:EnsiklopediaXylon|hadal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{bad template}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya |native_name = ''Republik Indonesia'' |common_name = Indonesia |image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg |image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = <!--{{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Indonesia ASEAN.svg}}--> |national_motto = |national_anthem = |official_languages = [[Af-Indunisi]] |demonym = |capital = [[Jakarta]] |latd=6 |latm=10.5 |latNS=S |longd=106 |longm=49.7 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |area_rank = 15th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |area_km2 = 1,904,569 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf--> |area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_label = [[Land area|Land]] |area_label2 = [[Water area|Water (%)]] |area_data2 = 4.85 |percent_water = |population_census = 268,624,363<ref name="imf2"/> |population_census_year = 2020 |population_census_rank = 4th |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = 322.87 |population_density_rank = 84th |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP = $1.285 trillion<ref name = "imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=2&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Indonesia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 15th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,182<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 124th |GDP_nominal_year = 2022 |GDP_nominal = $1.267.468 Trillion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 16th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,499<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 115th |Gini_year = 2022 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35.6 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2019 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.707 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP">{{cite web |title=Indonesia Country Profile: Human Development Indicators |accessdate=27 April 2013 |year=2012 |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105044427/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113st |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event2 = |established_date2 = |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |currency = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]] (Rp) |currency_code = IDR |time_zone = various |utc_offset = +7 to +9 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = left <!--Note that this refers to the side of the road used, not the seating of the driver--> |calling_code = [[+62]] |cctld = [[.id]] |website = [http://www.indonesia.go.id/en.html indonesia.go.id] }} '''Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya''' ([[Af-Indunisi|Indunisi]]: ''Indonesia'', [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: ''Republic of Indonesia'') waa dawlad kutaala Koonfur Bariga Aasiya'''[[Aasiya|,]]''' waana Dawladda ugu weyn dalalka [[Islaam|Islaamka]] marka la eego xaga dadka ama tirada dadka, laakiin dastuurka Indunisiya. Ma lagu qorin ama lagu darin Dastuurka Indunisiya in diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] ay tahay Diinta Dalka waxayna macneheedu tahay ''Dalku'' waa Cilmaani sida dalalka Cilmaaniga ah ee "Afartanka Afar" dalal ee [[Yurub]]<REF>https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-europe/</REF> iyo labada Qaaradood [[Ameerika]] da "soddon iyo shan" dalal ah. == Taariikhda == {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} === Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka hor === Indonesia waxay leedahay taariikh qoran ilaa qarnigii 7aad iyo aad u dheer [[taariikhda afka]]. Kahor inta uusan gumeysigii Nederland imaanin 1596, inta badan waxa hadda Indonesia loo yaqaan waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin badan oo kala duwan. Inta badan waa ay is dagaalayeen. Indoniisiya waxa [[gumaystay]] [[Netherlands]] qarnigii 17aad waxaana loo beddelay [[Holand East Indies]]. Muddadaas, Nederlaanku waxa ay qabsadeen kumanaan [[Dadka Malagasy]] ah [[Madagascar]] waxayna ku qasbeen inay ka shaqeeyaan [[basbaaska]] [[ Dhirta | Dhirta ]] ee dhulalkooda iyagoo ah[[Adoonsi | addoomo]].<ref>{{cite speech|title=Xusuustii Madagascar| first=Wendy | last=Wilson-Fall|dhacdo=[[Howard University|HU]] Taxanaha Palaver|goob=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-Pg_qGpuws}}</ref> Nederlaanku waxay ula dhaqmeen jasiiradaha sida hantidooda ilaa [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka]], [[Jabaan]] ayaa ka saaray Holland oo la wareegay gacan ku haynta Indonesia. Ka dib markii Japan ay isu dhiibtay dagaalka, Indonesia waxay sheegatay [[madaxbanaanideeda]] 17-kii Ogosto 1945. Baaqa waxaa akhriyay [[Sukarno]] Jakarta. Sukarno ka dib wuxuu noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Indonesia. [[File:LocationIndonesia.svg|250px|thumb|Indonesia]] Ciidamada Ingiriiska ayaa u soo galay dalka Indonesia si ay u soo celiyaan nabadda iyo in ay badbaadiyaan dadka reer Yurub ee maxaabiista u ahaa Jabbaan. Ciidamada Ingiriiska waxa ay sidoo kale haysteen shaqada ay u rareen 300,000 oo askari oo Japan ah. Jamhuuriyadii Indoniisiya waxay la dagaalameen ciidamadii Ingiriiska, sababtoo ah waxaa la filayey in Ingiriisku uu Indonesia ku celiyo Holland. Xisbiga Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah maxaabiista Japan, ka hor inta aan dalkooda loo dirin. Waxay kaloo bilaabeen inay dilaan dadka ka soo jeeda [[kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay]] kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan Jamhuuriyadda cusub. Dad badan oo Yurub iyo Indonesia u dhashay ayaa la dilay. Ganacsato badan oo Shiinees ah iyo kooxo kale oo laga tiro badan yahay ayaa la dilay ama laga dhigay guri la'aan. Java waxaa joogay kumanaan guri la'aan ah. Sannadkii 1946-kii, Nederlaanku wuu soo noqday. Markii Ingiriisku baxay 1947, waxa Indonesia joogay 55,000 oo askari oo Nederlaan ah. Ficilka Nederlandka waxaa loo yaqaan "Alaabada Hawl-galka" ama "Falalka Politionele". Indoniisiya Republicans-ka waxay la dagaallameen Holland ilaa 1949. Laakiin Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa ahaa kuwo si xun u abaabulan oo inta badan dhexdooda dagaallama. Markii Nederlaanku ay ku qasbeen askartii Jamhuuriga meelo kala duwan, waxay u guureen ciidamo badan ilaa laga helayo 100,000 oo askari oo Nederland ah. Holland ayaa diiday inay adeecaan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] oo sheegay inay joojiyaan dagaalka Indonesia. Mareykanka ayaa soo qaban qaabiyay shirar dhex maray madaxda Holland iyo Indonesia. Holland ayaa ugu dambeyntii ogolaatay in ay aqoonsato madaxbanaanida Indonesia bishii November 1949-kii. Dagaaladii iyo ururkii xumaa awgeed, waxa ay qaadatay wakhti dheer in dalku nabad noqdo, [[dhaqaalaha]] uu hagaago. Askar badan oo Indonesian ah ayaa dhintay, inta u dhaxaysa 45,000 iyo 100,000. Sidoo kale, waxaa dhintay tiro aad u badan oo [[ciidan|shacab]] ah, Indooniisiya, reer Yurub iyo Shiinaha; laga yaabee ilaa 200,000. ==Dadka iyo dhaqanka== Indunisiya waxaa ku nool dad ka kala socda kooxo dhaqameedyo kala duwan, waxayna leeyihiin in ka badan 700 oo qoomiyadood. Waxaa saameeya [[Hindida]], [[Shiineeska]], [[Carabta]], [[Malayga]] iyo [[Yurubiyaanka]]. Gorgorka Jawa-ga waa shimbirka qaranka. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * * [[OECD]] * * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ===Xiriirka=== * {{Flag|Japan}} 22,000+ * {{Flag|Malaysia}} 12,000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 1400+ * {{Flag|China}} 190,000+ * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 1400+ [[File:MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Guriga Baarlamaanka Indunisiya, Jakarta.]] Wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 34 gobol. waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan. * [[Jakarta]] * [[Banten]] *[[Bengkulu]] * [[Jawa Barat]] * [[Jawa tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Selatan]] * [[Kalimantan Timur]] * [[Kalimantan tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Utara]] * [[Sulawesi Tengah]] * [[Sulawesi Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] * [[Sulawesi Selatan]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] * [[Sumatera Utara]] * [[Jambi]] * [[Gorontalo]] * [[Lampung]] * [[Maluku]] * [[Maluku Utara]] * [[Papua Barat]] * [[Papua]] == Maamul hoosaadyo == {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Waxa jirta indunisiya gobolo haysta maamul hoosaad oo aan lamid ahayn gobalada kale kuwana waxaa kamida. [[Aceh]] & [[Yogyakarta]] matalan goboladaas haysta ismaamul hoosaadka waxa ay xaq u leeyihiin in wixii ku saabsan qaanuunka lagu dhameeyo gudaha gobolka iyada oo aan caasimada waxba looga bahan. Indonisiya waa dal wayn waxa uu ka koobanyahay in ku dhaw 2000 oo jasiiradood sanadii [[2002]] waxa dalka ka goay gobolka la odhan jiray [[taymuurta bari.]] oo hadeer dawld ah. ==Madaxdii Indunisiya== {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Indunisiya kadib markii ay madax banaanida qaadatay waxa xukumay oo talada wadanka qabtay ahaana madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay. Axmad Sokarno. waxa [[Axmad Sookaarno]] ku xigay oo wadanka waxnbadan xukumay. [[Cali Soharto]]. oo xukumay indoniisa mudo ku dhaw afartan sano ilaa xukunka laga tuuray sanadii 1998. Kadib waxaa talada qabtay masaxwayne. Cabdi raxmaan waxiid. Waxaa kale oo iyana madaxwayne kanoqatay wadankaas gabadh uu dhalay madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee wadankaas oo magaceedu yahay ([[Miigawaati Sokarnio Buturi]]). Hada waxaa madaxwayne ka ah wiiwido banban yoodayoono. ==Albumka== {{selfref|''Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.''}} </br> <gallery widths="120" heights="120px" perrow="auto" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;"> File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|National Museum of Indonesia in [[Central Jakarta]] File:Monumen nasional jakarta.jpg|[[National Monument (Indonesia)|The National Monument]] File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], Indonesia's tallest office building, in the middle of Jakarta skyscraper. File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|A train at [[Gambir]] station in [[Central Jakarta]] File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|The [[Bung Karno Stadium]] is capable of hosting more than 80,000 spectators File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Map of Indonesia File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Provinces of Indonesia File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, the most famous street in Yogyakarta city Image:transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta city File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|A selection of [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian food]], including ''Soto Ayam'' (chicken soup), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|shellfish kebabs]]), ''telor pindang'' (preserved eggs), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (sweet iced tea) File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative Image:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008 |Indonesian Naval vessels Image:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s Image:Jmnei.jpg|A [[Javanese people|Javanese]] engineer closes one of the gun bay doors on a Dutch [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], January 1942. |[[Mazda6]] used by the Jakarta Metro Highway Patrol (''Ditlantas Polda Metro Jaya'') as a patrol car |[[Mitsubishi Lancer]] used by Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C in Indonesia, #CC201-05 File:Diesel_locomotive.JPG|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" in Indonesia, #CC203-22 File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_204-06_060403_2512_mri.jpg|GE U20C full computer control locomotive in Indonesia, #CC204-06 </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Indunisiya visa Dalalka]] == Tixraacyada == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201304/visit-indonesia/ A Visit to Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-latin-america/ * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2016-yearbook/indonesia/overview/ An Overview of Indonesia] * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-northern-america/ {{commonscat|Indonesia|Indunisiya}} <references/> {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] 0j7mybg3pnp9lh9p0vsb6x6e4xpl9qa 0 4059 239657 238512 2022-08-07T10:40:54Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = | name = Xayawaan | fossil_range = | image = Animal diversity.png | image_width = 350px | regnum = Animalia | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Fyla | subdivision = * '''Parazoa''' ** Sponge ** Placozoa * '''Eumetazoa''' ** '''Radiata''' *** Ctenophora *** Cnidaria | synonyms = * Metazoa <small>Haeckel, 1874</small> }} '''Xayawaan''' ({{lang-en|animal}}; {{lang-ar|حيوان}}) waa [[noole]] ka mid ah [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|noocyada noolaha]]. erayga "xayawaan" wuxuu ka yimid Af Carbeedka, dhiggiisa Af soomaaligana waa "bahal". Bahalladu wey kala duwanyihiin. Qaarkood waxay ku noolyihiin dhulka dushiisa, qaarna waxay ku noolyihiin badaha iyo wabiyada. Jaad ka mid ah bahallada waxay awoodaan in ay ku noolaadaan bad iyo berriba, sida raxa (halkani bad waxaan ula jeednaa biyaha). Waxaa kaloo jira bahallo ku nool jirka aadanaha dushiisa inkastoo aysan isha qabanin. Bahallahan badankood waxay ku noolyihiin unugyada dhintay ee maqaarka. Sideedaba, Soomaalida bahal waxay u taqaanaa wax kaste oo aan Aadane ahayn, balse ogoow Aadanahu waa bahal, waxa kaliya oo ka duwa bahallada kale waa garaadka. Marka la abla-ablaynayo bahallada, waxaase ugu horeyn loo kala qeybiyaa laba jaad: Beri-joog (Dhul-joog) iyo Bad-joog. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in noocyada xayawaanka intiisa badani ku nooshahay badaha iyo wabiyada dunidan. Marka la sii kala saarayo qeybaha xayawaanka waxaa loo qeeybiyaa shan qeybood: [[File:Goat family.jpg|thumb|300px|Ri'yuhu waa Naasleey]] 1- [[Naasley]]: waa dhamaan xayawaanka awooda u leh in eey dhalaan ilmo nool isla markaana jaqsiiyaan caanaha naaska. Jaadkan waxaa ka mid ah Aadanaha. 2- [[Xamaarato]]: waa xayawaanka ku socda bogga ama caloosha. Waxaa ka mid ah maska, jabisada IWM. Waxay dhalaan ukun mudo ka dib isku bedesha ilmo. 3- [[Shimbir]]o: waa qeeyb aad u tiro badan oo ka mid ah xayawaanka. Waa bahallo awood u leh inay dhex maraan hawada iyagoo isticmaalaya baalashooda. Waa xayawaan ku dhaqan dunida dacalladeeda isla markaana ukala qeybsamo jaadad farabadan. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah digaaga, haadka, goronyada, qambaarka, qooleeyda IWM. 4- [[Beri-Biyood]]: Beri-Biyood waxaa loo yaqaanaa xayawaanka nooc ka mid ah oo awood u leh inuu ku noolaado Beriga (oogada dhulka) iyo badaha ama biyaha dhexdooda. Waa xayawaan qaab sameeyskiisu taageerayo inuu ku dhex neefsado dhulka iyo biyaha hadba kii uu joogo. Bahalada noocan ahi aad uma tiro badna marka loo eego qeeybaha kale ee xayawaanka. Waxa ka mid ah [[Rah]]'a (frog), [[Yaxaas]]ka (crocodile) IWM 5- [[Cayayaan]]: Cayayaanka waa qeyb ka mid ah xayawaanka oo aad uga yar-yar qeybaha kale. Sidoo kale waxaa la sheegaa inaanay dhiig lahayn dhamaan cayayaanku, midaasi oo ka dhigeysa qeyb aad uga duwan dhamaan xayawaanka intiisa badan ee ku dhaqan oogada dunida. Asc =Asalka= '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} = Sidoo kale eeg = * [[Eelo]] * [[Dafo]] * [[Garanuug]] * [[Biciid]] * [[Duurjoog]] * [[Naasley]] * [[Libaax]] * [[Kaluun]] * [[Haramcad]] * [[Malaay]] * [[Shimbir]] * [[Shabeel]] * [[Xayawaan]] * [[Waraabe]] * [[Yeey]] * [[Xamaarato]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} * [[ZOO]] {{gumud}} [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Bayolaji]] o2gmjq2wbzd9d3jzj9a7vhcsfkcqsxu 239658 239657 2022-08-07T10:42:15Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = | name = Xayawaan | fossil_range = | image = Animal diversity.png | image_width = 350px | regnum = Animalia | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Fyla | subdivision = * '''Parazoa''' ** Sponge ** Placozoa * '''Eumetazoa''' ** '''Radiata''' *** Ctenophora *** Cnidaria | synonyms = * Metazoa <small>Haeckel, 1874</small> }} '''Xayawaan''' ({{lang-en|animal}}; {{lang-ar|حيوان}}) waa [[noole]] ka mid ah [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|noocyada noolaha]]. erayga "xayawaan" wuxuu ka yimid Af Carbeedka, dhiggiisa Af soomaaligana waa "bahal". Bahalladu wey kala duwanyihiin. Qaarkood waxay ku noolyihiin dhulka dushiisa, qaarna waxay ku noolyihiin badaha iyo wabiyada. Jaad ka mid ah bahallada waxay awoodaan in ay ku noolaadaan bad iyo berriba, sida raxa (halkani bad waxaan ula jeednaa biyaha). Waxaa kaloo jira bahallo ku nool jirka aadanaha dushiisa inkastoo aysan isha qabanin. Bahallahan badankood waxay ku noolyihiin unugyada dhintay ee maqaarka. Sideedaba, Soomaalida bahal waxay u taqaanaa wax kaste oo aan Aadane ahayn, balse ogoow Aadanahu waa bahal, waxa kaliya oo ka duwa bahallada kale waa garaadka. Marka la abla-ablaynayo bahallada, waxaase ugu horeyn loo kala qeybiyaa laba jaad: Beri-joog (Dhul-joog) iyo Bad-joog. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in noocyada xayawaanka intiisa badani ku nooshahay badaha iyo wabiyada dunidan. Marka la sii kala saarayo qeybaha xayawaanka waxaa loo qeeybiyaa shan qeybood: [[File:Goat family.jpg|thumb|300px|Ri'yuhu waa Naasleey]] #[[Naasley]]: waa dhamaan xayawaanka awooda u leh in eey dhalaan ilmo nool isla markaana jaqsiiyaan caanaha naaska. Jaadkan waxaa ka mid ah Aadanaha. #[[Xamaarato]]: waa xayawaanka ku socda bogga ama caloosha. Waxaa ka mid ah maska, jabisada IWM. Waxay dhalaan ukun mudo ka dib isku bedesha ilmo. #[[Shimbir]]o: waa qeeyb aad u tiro badan oo ka mid ah xayawaanka. Waa bahallo awood u leh inay dhex maraan hawada iyagoo isticmaalaya baalashooda. Waa xayawaan ku dhaqan dunida dacalladeeda isla markaana ukala qeybsamo jaadad farabadan. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah digaaga, haadka, goronyada, qambaarka, qooleeyda IWM. #[[Beri-Biyood]]: Beri-Biyood waxaa loo yaqaanaa xayawaanka nooc ka mid ah oo awood u leh inuu ku noolaado Beriga (oogada dhulka) iyo badaha ama biyaha dhexdooda. Waa xayawaan qaab sameeyskiisu taageerayo inuu ku dhex neefsado dhulka iyo biyaha hadba kii uu joogo. Bahalada noocan ahi aad uma tiro badna marka loo eego qeeybaha kale ee xayawaanka. Waxa ka mid ah [[Rah]]'a (frog), [[Yaxaas]]ka (crocodile) IWM #[[Cayayaan]]: Cayayaanka waa qeyb ka mid ah xayawaanka oo aad uga yar-yar qeybaha kale. Sidoo kale waxaa la sheegaa inaanay dhiig lahayn dhamaan cayayaanku, midaasi oo ka dhigeysa qeyb aad uga duwan dhamaan xayawaanka intiisa badan ee ku dhaqan oogada dunida. Asc =Asalka= '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} = Sidoo kale eeg = * [[Eelo]] * [[Dafo]] * [[Garanuug]] * [[Biciid]] * [[Duurjoog]] * [[Naasley]] * [[Libaax]] * [[Kaluun]] * [[Haramcad]] * [[Malaay]] * [[Shimbir]] * [[Shabeel]] * [[Xayawaan]] * [[Waraabe]] * [[Yeey]] * [[Xamaarato]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} * [[ZOO]] {{gumud}} [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Bayolaji]] s0kn07uwo3iiwyru8pr0tvqvb5itswj 239659 239658 2022-08-07T10:43:10Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = | name = Xayawaan | fossil_range = | image = Animal diversity.png | image_width = 350px | regnum = Animalia | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Fyla | subdivision = * '''Parazoa''' ** Sponge ** Placozoa * '''Eumetazoa''' ** '''Radiata''' *** Ctenophora *** Cnidaria | synonyms = * Metazoa <small>Haeckel, 1874</small> }} '''Xayawaan''' ({{lang-en|animal}}; {{lang-ar|حيوان}}) waa [[noole]] ka mid ah [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|noocyada noolaha]]. erayga "xayawaan" wuxuu ka yimid Af Carbeedka, dhiggiisa Af soomaaligana waa "bahal". Bahalladu wey kala duwanyihiin. Qaarkood waxay ku noolyihiin dhulka dushiisa, qaarna waxay ku noolyihiin badaha iyo wabiyada. Jaad ka mid ah bahallada waxay awoodaan in ay ku noolaadaan bad iyo berriba, sida raxa (halkani bad waxaan ula jeednaa biyaha). Waxaa kaloo jira bahallo ku nool jirka aadanaha dushiisa inkastoo aysan isha qabanin. Bahallahan badankood waxay ku noolyihiin unugyada dhintay ee maqaarka. Sideedaba, Soomaalida bahal waxay u taqaanaa wax kaste oo aan Aadane ahayn, balse ogoow Aadanahu waa bahal, waxa kaliya oo ka duwa bahallada kale waa garaadka. Marka la abla-ablaynayo bahallada, waxaase ugu horeyn loo kala qeybiyaa laba jaad: Beri-joog (Dhul-joog) iyo Bad-joog. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in noocyada xayawaanka intiisa badani ku nooshahay badaha iyo wabiyada dunidan. Marka la sii kala saarayo qeybaha xayawaanka waxaa loo qeeybiyaa shan qeybood: [[File:Goat family.jpg|thumb|300px|Ri'yuhu waa Naasleey]] # [[Naasley]]: waa dhamaan xayawaanka awooda u leh in eey dhalaan ilmo nool isla markaana jaqsiiyaan caanaha naaska. Jaadkan waxaa ka mid ah Aadanaha. # [[Xamaarato]]: waa xayawaanka ku socda bogga ama caloosha. Waxaa ka mid ah maska, jabisada IWM. Waxay dhalaan ukun mudo ka dib isku bedesha ilmo. # [[Shimbir]]o: waa qeeyb aad u tiro badan oo ka mid ah xayawaanka. Waa bahallo awood u leh inay dhex maraan hawada iyagoo isticmaalaya baalashooda. Waa xayawaan ku dhaqan dunida dacalladeeda isla markaana ukala qeybsamo jaadad farabadan. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah digaaga, haadka, goronyada, qambaarka, qooleeyda IWM. # [[Beri-Biyood]]: Beri-Biyood waxaa loo yaqaanaa xayawaanka nooc ka mid ah oo awood u leh inuu ku noolaado Beriga (oogada dhulka) iyo badaha ama biyaha dhexdooda. Waa xayawaan qaab sameeyskiisu taageerayo inuu ku dhex neefsado dhulka iyo biyaha hadba kii uu joogo. Bahalada noocan ahi aad uma tiro badna marka loo eego qeeybaha kale ee xayawaanka. Waxa ka mid ah [[Rah]]'a (frog), [[Yaxaas]]ka (crocodile) # [[Cayayaan]]: Cayayaanka waa qeyb ka mid ah xayawaanka oo aad uga yar-yar qeybaha kale. Sidoo kale waxaa la sheegaa inaanay dhiig lahayn dhamaan cayayaanku, midaasi oo ka dhigeysa qeyb aad uga duwan dhamaan xayawaanka intiisa badan ee ku dhaqan oogada dunida. =Asalka= '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} = Sidoo kale eeg = * [[Eelo]] * [[Dafo]] * [[Garanuug]] * [[Biciid]] * [[Duurjoog]] * [[Naasley]] * [[Libaax]] * [[Kaluun]] * [[Haramcad]] * [[Malaay]] * [[Shimbir]] * [[Shabeel]] * [[Xayawaan]] * [[Waraabe]] * [[Yeey]] * [[Xamaarato]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} * [[ZOO]] {{gumud}} [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Bayolaji]] kh3yiqux29zmprh6yzjyjh6i8rhoyja 0 4198 239618 217443 2022-08-07T05:38:57Z 102.68.16.125 Sababta uu nabi Adam danbiga ugalay wikitext text/x-wiki Sababga u nabi Adam dambiga ugalay == Carruurtiisa == carruurtiisa waxaa ka mid ah * [[Haabiil]] * [[Qaabiil]] * [[Shiith]] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Aadam iyo Xaawo]] [[Category:Nabiyada Islaamka]] Qisadii Nabi Aadam (cs) Illaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Illaahay waxa uu ka doortay Aadan, Nuux iyo Ibraahim iyo Tafiirtiisi iyo Cimraan iyo tafiirtiisi caalamka oo dhan” (Suuratul Al Cimraan -33) Nebi Aadan Nebad gelyo korkiisa ha ahaatee, waxa uu ahaa aabihii ummadan iyo qofkii ugu horreeyay ee illaahay (SW) abuuro, waxaanu illaahay ka fadilay noolaha kale oo dhan, waxaanu ahaa ciddii ugu horaysay ee fadliga leh ee adduunka lagu abuuray. Waxa lagu dhex abuuray jannada saacadii ugu dambaysay maalinta jimce, lixdii cisho ee illahaay cirka iyo dhulka ku abuuray, sida uu Nebigu (CSW) ku sheegay xadiis uu Muslim weriyay Abu hurreera illaahay raali ha ka noqdee wuxuu yidhi:- Rasuulkii illaahay baa yidhi (Maalin ay cadceedi soo baxdo waxa ugu khayr badan maalinta jimcaha, maalintaa waxa la abuuray Aadan) Sidee ayaa loo abuuray Aadan (CS)? :-Illaahay (SW) waxa uu doonay in uu abuuro Aadan, iyadoo awoodaha illaahay ay ka mid tahay in uu ahaan siiyo wax aan jirin, illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray malag ka mid ah malaa’iigta sharafta badan in ay soo aruuriyaan noocyada kala duwan ee ciida aynu ku dul noolnahay si looga abuuro Aadan. Malagii waxa uu qaatay amarkii eebbe waxaana uu soo aruuriyay noocyadii kala duwanaa ee ciida mid madow, mid cad, mid labadaba u dhacaysa, mid adag iyo mid jilicsan, mid qoyan iyo mid qalalan. Nebigu (CSW) oo arrintaa inooga waramaya waxa uu yidhi: (Illaahay waxa uu qaaday xantoobo ciid ah oo iskugu jirta mid cad iyo mid madow iyo mid labadaba u dhaxaysa, tu wanaagsan iyo tux un iyo wixii labadaba u dhexeeya, dabadeeto waxa uu ka abuuray reer binu Aadan) Waxa weriyay Ibnu Xabaan iyo qayrkii Sidoo kale Axmedna waxa uu weriyay (Ibnu Aadana waxa laga abuuray qiyaas ciid ah, dabadeed waxa ka ahaaday mid cad, mid cas, mid madow iyo mid labadaba u dhexeeya, mid xun iyo mid wanaagsan iyo mid labadaba u dhexeeya). Axaadiistani waxa ay inoo sheegaysaa in midabada tafiirtii Nebiyulaahi Aadan ay kala duwan tahay sida ciida looga abuurayba ay u kala duwan tahay, magaciisana waxa loogu bixiyay waxa uu ahaa mid laga abuuray ciida. Macnaha hadalka Rasuulka (CSW) ee ah (Illaahay waxa uu ku abuuray Nebiyulaahi Aadan suuradiisa) Macnaha xadiiskani waxa uu inoo sheegayaa in uu illaahay (SW) u abuuray Nebiyulaahi Aadan suuradiisi asalka ahayd, taas oo uu illaahay ku abuuray, dhererkiisu waxa uu ahaa 60 dhundhun, balaciisuna waxa uu ahaa 7 dhundhun. Suuradaa uu illaahay u abuuray waa tu sharaf badan oo maamuus leh. Abuurkii illaahay u abuuray Nebi Aadan (CS):- Illaahay waxa uu u abuuray sayidunaa Aadan qaabka ugu quruxda badan uguna codka macaan, anbiyada uu illaahay soo diray oo dhamina muuqaal ahaan iyaga ayaa dadka ugu qurux badnaa uguna hadal macaanaa, Nebiguna (CSW) waxa uu yidhi: (Illaahay ma soo diro Nebi haddii kale waxa uu noqdaa mid waji qurux badan leh oo hadal macaan, nebigiinuna waa ka dadka ugu quruxda badan uguna hadalka wanaagsan). Dhererka Nebi Aadan waxa uu ahaa 60 dhundhun sida geedka timirta oo kale, markii illaahay abuuray nebi Aadan waxa uu ku yidhi:- u tag kooxda malaa’igta ee halkaa fadhida kana dhegeyso waxay kugu salaamayaan, waa salaantaada iyo salaanta umaddaada, dabadeed waxa uu yidhi: Asalaamu Calaykum, dabadeedto waxay ku yidhaahdeen:- Asalaamu Calayka wa raxmatulaahi. Aadan waxa uu yidhi waxay igu kordhiyeen Wa Raxmatulaahi. Qof kasta oo jannada illaahay gelayaana waxa uu gelayaa isagoo leh dhererkii nebi Aadan, sida ku sugan Masnadka iimaamul Axmed. Abu Hurreera (RC) waxa uu yidhi:- Ehlu jannadu waxay gelayaan jannada iyagoo abuurkii nebi Aadan oo kale leh, dhererkooguna yahay 60 dhundhun, balacooguna yahay 7 dhundhun Faa’iidada Illaahay (SW) waxa uu abuuray nebi Aadan, iblaysna waxa uu ahaa mid ku wareega nebi Aadan, waxaana uu ogaaday in uu illaahay abuurayo khalqi aanu gacanta ku hayn. Abu Yaclaa waxa uu yidhi:- Waxa uu ahaa iblays mid nebi Aadan ag mara, dabadeedna yidhaahda waxa la abuurayaa arrin weyn) Xadiiskani waa saxeex waxaana uu inoo sheegayaa xadiiskani in uu iblays degenaa jannada intii aan la abuurin Nebi Aadan. Markii la abuuray Nebi Aadan iblays waxa uu noqday mid ka gaaloobay illaahay, waayo waxa uu la cibaadaysan jiray malaa’igta isagoo aan ka mid ahayn xaga jinsi ahaan, maxaa yeelay malaa’igta waxa laga abuuray Iftiin, iblaysna waxa laga abuuray dab holcaya. Iblays waxa uu ahaa mid ku wareega dhoobadii Nebi Aadan laga abuurayay intaan nafta la gelin, waxaanu ogaaday in uu illaahay abuuraayo wax aan la mid ahayn malaa’igta, waxaana uu ogaaday in uu ka daciifsan yahayba ka dib markii uu arkay gudihiisa haawanaya. Beenta faaftay ee aragtiyaha samayska ah ee ka timid gaalada ee aan lahayn asal iyo raadtoona ee tidhi “Asalka Bini’Aadanku waxa uu ka soo jeeda Daanyeer ama waxa uu u eeg yahay Daanyeer” taasina waa been iska cad. Illaahay waxa uu yidhi koreeye “Bini’Aadanka waxa aanu u abuurnay sida ugu fiican” Suuratul Tiin-4] Sida hadalkaa illaahay ku cad illaahay waxa uu kareemo siiyay bini’Aadanka waxaanay ka tafiirmeen Nebi Aadan oo aan ahayn Daanyeer, laakiinse ah bini’Aadan illaahay maamuusay. Illaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Waxa weyn kalmad afkooga ka soo baxaysa, waxaanay odhanayaan waa been” Suuratul Kaaf-5} Aragtidii Daaraweyn oo odhanaysay Bini’aadanku waxa uu ka yimid Daanyeer isaga oo soo maray marxalado kala duwan aragtidaasi waa aragti been ah oo aan ku dhisnayn wax aqoon ah, taas oo ay dafireen aqoonyahanadii ka dambeeyay. Sidii dhacday qarniyo hore illaahay waxa uu baabiiyay yuhuud isaga oo ka dhigay qaarkoodna daanyeero iyo doofaaro, taasina waxay ahayd xaalad markaas uun ahayd oo illaahay ku ciqaabayay yuhuud, yuhuudaas oo ku xad gudubtay sabti illaahayna caasiyay. Taas oo ahayd in ay ku waano qaataan dadka ka dambeeya. Illahaay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Waxa aad ogtihiin kuwii ku xadgudbay Sabtida ee idinka idinka mid ahaa waxaanu ku nidhi noqda daanyeero iyo doofaaro” Suuratul Kaaf 65] Kuwaa uu illaahay halaagay ee uu qaarkood ka dhigay daanyeero iyo doofaaro muddo dheerba may sii noolaan, waxaana la sheegaa in ay noolaayeenba saddex cisho, ayna ka tegin wax taran ah. Cabashadii Nebi Aadan iyo Muuse:- Waxay weriyeen Bukhaari iyo Muslimba in uu Abu HJurreera (RC) soo weriyay in uu rasuulku (CSW) yidhi:- ( Nebi Muuse ayaa ka cawday Nebi Aadan oo waxa uu ku yidhi adigu kii denbigaaga nooga soo saaray jannada ayaad tahay, Nebi Aadanna waxa uu ugu jawaabay oo adigu rasuulkii illaahay doortay miyaanad ahayn ee uu u doortay risaaladiisi iyo hadalkiisi, oo ma waxaad igu canaananaysaa wuxuu illaahay qoray intaanu i abuurin ka hor) Sidoo kale Axmed Musnadkiisa waxa ku jira in uu nebi Muuse ku yidhi Aadan (Adigu waxaad tahay aabahayagii na khiyaameeyay oo waxa naga soo saartay jannadii, ka dibna Nebi Aadan ugu jawaabay Illaahay sooka adiga ku doortay ee kuu doortay hadalkiisa, oo ma waxaad igu canaananaysaa arrin illaahay qoray aniga hortay intaanu i abuurin afartan sanno) Wuxuu xujeeyay Aadan Muuse, Muusane waxa uu xujeeyay Aadan. Sidoo kale Abu Daa’uud waxa uu isna ka soo weriyay Cumar Binu Khadaab in uu yidhi Rasuulkii illaahay ayaa yidhi: Muuse waxa uu yidhi: (Illaahayow i tus Aadan, Aadankii isaga iyo anagaba jannadda inaga soo saaray, dabadeedna illaahay ayaa tusay, waxaana uu ku yidhi: Adigu waxaad tahay aabahayo, Aadanna waxa uu ku yidhi waa runtaa, wuxuu yidhi Muuse adiga ayuu illaahay kugu afuufay ruux kuna baray magacyadiisi malaa’iigtii kalena uu faray in ay kuu sujuudaan, wayna ku wada sujuudeen, waxa uu ku yidhi waa runtaa, wuxuu yidhi Nebi Muuse oo maxaa kugu kalifay in aad naftaada iyo anagaba jannada naga soo saartid. Aadan ayaa ku yidhi adigu yaad tahay? Wuxuu yidhi anigu waxa aan ahay muuse, ka dibna Aadan wuxuu ku yidhi adigu waxaad tahay Nebigii illaahay reer binu israa’iil illaahay u soo diray ee illaahay la hadlay isagoo illaahay iyo adiga aanay cidi u kala dhexeen wax rasuul ahi, wuxuu yidhi muuse waa runtaa. Wuxuu yidhi Nebi Aadan oo miyaanad ogayn in ay ku taalay kitaabka illaahay intaanu illaahay aniga i abuurin, wuxuu ku yidhi waa runtaa, Aadan wuxuu yidhi oo hadaa maxaad iigu canaanan wax qadarka illaahay hortay sii jiray, wuu xujeeyay Aadan muuse, muusena wuxuu xujeeyay Aadan). Xadiiskani waxa uu radinayaa dadka diidaya qadarka illaahay, qofka diida qadarka illaahay qofkaasi waa qof canaad ah, axaadiistan aanu soo bandhignayna waa axaadiis badan oo is xoojinaysa. Waxaad xustaa markii uu illaahay soo saaray arwaaxdii tafiirtii Nebi Aadan ee dhabarkiisa ku jirtay kana qaaday balan Illaahay waxa uu ballan ka qaaday reer bini Aadan iyagoo ku sugan togoogii aabahood nebi adam maalintii carafe. Illaahay waxa uu yidhi (SW) “Waxaad xustaa markii uu illaahay balanta ka qaaday reer bini Aadan iyaga oo ku jira dhabarkooga markhaati geliyayna nafahooga, illaahay waxa uu ku yidhi miyaanan ahayn rebigiin, waxay yidhaahdeen waad tahay, si aydaan u odhan dharaarta qiyaame waxa aanu ahayn qaar moogan. Amba aanad odhan waxa shariig yeelay aabayaashadii naga horeeyay anaguna waxaanu ahayn tafiirtoodi ka dambaysay, ma waxa aydun nagu halaagi waxay sameeyeen kuwa baadil falayaashu” Suuratul Ca’raaf 172-173} Waxa ku sugan iimaamu Axmed Musnadkiisa in uu anis binu maalik illaahay raali ha ka noqdee uu ka soo weriyay Nebiga (CSW) in uu yidhi: (Nin Ehlu naarka ka mid ah ayaa waxa lagu odhanayaa maalinta qiyaame haddii aad dhulka wax ku lahaan lahayd miyaad isku furan lahayd? Kaas oo odhanaya haa, waxa lagu odhanaya waxa lagaa doonay wax taa ka fudud oo waxa lagaa qaaday balan adiga oo ku sugan dhabarkii aabaha Aadan in aanad illaahay u shariig yeelin waxba, waad diiday waxna waad la shariik yeeshay). Xadiiskani waxa uu inoo tilmaamayaa in reer binu Aadan uu illaahay balan ka qaaday intii ay ku jireen dhabarkii aabahood Aadan, kuna markhaati geliyay nafahooga. Abuurkii Xaawa (CS):- Illaahay (SW) waxa uu abuuray xaawa isaga oo ka abuuray faydh bidix ee yar ee Nebi Aadan, sidaas ayaana loogu bixiyay Xaawa, waayo waxa laga abuuray shay nool. Xadiiskii Abu Hureera (RC) werinaayay waxa uu Nebi yidhi “Waar Dumarkiina u dardaarma, gabadha waxa laga abuuray faydh, taas oo ka qaloocda xaga sare, haddii aad is tidhaahdi toosi way jabaysaa, haddii aad iskaga tagtidna ka tagi mayso in ay qaloocsanaato. Waar dumarkiina u dardaarma). Illaahay (SW) Xaawa muu abuurin iyada oo ilmo yar ah oo dabadeedna kortay ama uu koriyay Aadan, laakiin wuxuu abuuray iyada oo weyn kuna haboon dhererka Aadan. Illaahay (SW) oo arrintaa inoo faahfaahinaya waxa uu yidhi “Dadyahow illaahay ka baqa kaas oo idinka abuuray naf kaliya, kana abuuray ooridiisi, idinkana beeray rag iyo dumar, illaahay ka cabsada illaahi idin waydiin doona qaraabada” Suuratul Nisaa 1). Abuuristii xaawa ka dib illaahay waxa uu u guuriyay Xaawa Aadan, waxaana uu ka dhigay oori ugu xalaal ah jannada, sidaas oo kale ayuuna dhulkiina uga dhigay. U Sujuudidii ay u sujuudeen Malaa’igtu Aadan iyo Diidi iblays iyo ka saaridiisi Jannada Illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray malaa’igta in ay u sujuudan Aadan malaa’igtuna way qaadatay amarkii eebe wayna u wada sujuudeen malaa’igtii iblays mooyaane, kaas oo is wayneeyay illaahayna ka gaaloobay. Illaahay (SW) oo arrintaa inooga waramayaa waxa uu yidhi: “Dhab ahaantii waanu ku abuurnay dabadeedna waanu ku suuraynay, malaa’igtii ayaana ku idhi u sujuuda Aadan wayna u sujuudeen iblays mooyane, manuu ahayn iblays kuwii sujuuday. Illaahay ayaa ku yidhi maxaa kuu diiday in aad u sujuudid markii aan ku faray, waxa uu ku yidhi anigu waan ka khayr badanahay oo waxaad iga abuurtay dab isagana waxa aad ka abuurtay dhoobo” Suuratul Ca’raaf 11-12) Iblays wuu gaalobay waxaanu muujisay gaalnimo uu ilaahay ku ogaa. Muslim iyo qayrkii waxa ay weriyeen in Abu Hurreera (rc) uu ka soo weriyay Nebiga (CSW) in uu yidhi; (Haddii uu ku nagaado Ibnu Aadan Sujuud shaydaanku waxa uu kala fogaadaa oohin oo waxa uu yidhaahdaa hoogaygee ibnu Aadan waxa la faray in uu sujuudo waanu sujuuday waxana uu galayaa jannada, anigana waxa la i faray in aan sujuudo oo waan diiday oo waxa aan gelayaa naarta) Sidee ayay ku ogaatay Malaa’igtu in Ibna Binu’Aadan dhulka fasahaadin doonaan? Malaaigtu waxay ku garatay arrinkaa wakhtigii hore dhulka waxa ku noolaan jiray jin, kuwaas oo fasahaadiyay dhulkii sida taariikhyanada badhkood sheegayaan Malaa’igtii way gubtay. Dadka qaarkood waxay yidhaahdaan arrintaasi Nebi Aadan ayay ka horaysay qaarna waxay yidhaahdaan waxay ka horaysay boqol kun oo sanno hadalkaasina waa hadalkii Jira, inkasta oo aanu sugnayn. Sujuudii Malaa’igtu Aadan u sujuudeen waxay ahayd sujuud salaamed iyo sharafeed ee may ahayn sujuudi cibaadada, taas oo ay ahayn jireen sujuuda uu u sujuudo makhluuq cid kale mid banaan sharciyadii inaga horeeyay dabadeed illaahay xaarantimeeyay kuna xaarantimeeyay sharcigeena islaamka. Degidii Aadan iyo Xaawa ay degeen Jannada:- Illaahay waxa uu faray Nebi Aadan (CS) iyo gabadhiisi Xaawa in ay degaan Jannada, jannadaas oo ah mid lagu waarayo ayna geli doonaan muuminiintu. Illaahay waxa uu u fasaxay Aadan iyo xaawa in ay ku negaadana Jannada iyaga oo ka cunaaya midhaheeda, cabaaya biyaheeda iyaga oo aanay ku dhibtoon daalna aanay ku mudan, iyaga oo helaaya wax kasta oo ay doonaan cunto, cabid geed kaliyaata mooyaane, geedkaas oo illaahay xaaran ka dhigay una diiday in ay cunaan. Waanu uga digay illaahay cadaawada Iblays. Qur’aarkana kuma jirto Axaadiista rasuulka (CSW) ee sugana laguma hayo nooca uu yahay geedkani, laakiin culimadu way isku khilaafeen oo qaar waxay yidhaahdeen waa geedka la yidhaah: Xanda, qaarkoodna waxayba yidhaahdeen waaba Tufaaxa, halka qaar kalena yidhaahdeen waa Timirta, qaar kalena waxay yidhaahdeen waa geedka Qumbaha. Laakiin wuu noqon karaa intan oo geed mid ka mid ah khaasina waa khilaaf iska yar, xukunkeeduna maaha in la sheego geedka, wax faa’iido ah oo ku jirta sheegidiisuna ma jirto haddii ay jiri lahaydna illaahay ayaa qur’aanka inoogu sheegi lahaa. Xaawa iyo Aadan waxay iska degenaayeen jannada iyaga oo iskaga raaxaysanaaya wixii nimcooyin ahaa ee illaahay siiyay iyaga oo dhex maraaya dhirtaa goosanayana midhahooga, cabaaya biyaha macaan. Illaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi “Waxa aanu ku nidhi Aadan deg adiga iyo ooridaadu Jannada ka cuna meesha aad doontaan ha una dhowaanina geedkaa waxa aad noqon doontaan Daalibiine” Suuratul Al Baqra 35. Sababtii looga soo saaray jannada:- Aadan ayaa khilaafay wixii illaahay u diiday shaydaankii ayaana waswaas ku riday iyaga iyo xaawa . Shaydaankii ayaa waswaasiyay Xaawa iyo Aadan waxaanu ku yidhi la idinkuba diidin geedka ee haddii aad cuntaan waxa aad noqonaysaan laba Malag adduunyadana waad ku waaraysaan. Shaydaankii wuu u dhaartay waxaanu ku yidhi anigu waan idinla talinayaa talo wanaagsan ayaana idin siinayaa waanu khiyaameeyay. Markii ay dhadhamiyeen geedkii waxaaba u muuqatay cawradoodi waxayna bilaabeen in geedka caleemahoodi ku qariyaan cawradooda. Illaahay ayaa u dhawaaqay oo ku yidhi: “Miyaanan idin diidin geedkaa oona idin odhan shaydaanku waa cadowgiina cadaystay cadaawada” Suuratul Caraa 22. Aadan iyo Xaawa Jannadii ayuu illaahay ka soo saaray markaa oo aanu Aadan ahayn Nebiga risaaladana loo soo dhiibin, markii jannadii laga soo saaray illaahay ayuu u tooban keenay. Intaa ka dib Nebilaahu Aadan ubadkiisi Aadan iyo Xaawa Jannadii ayuu illaahay ka soo saaray markaa oo aanu Aadan ahayn Nebiga risaaladana loo soo dhiibin, markii jannadii laga soo saaray illaahay ayuu u tooban keenay. Intaa ka dib Nebilaahu Aadan ubadkiisi waxa uu baray arrimihii islaamka, nebi Aadan Dababadiina waxa denbi ahaa inankiisi Shiis, markii uu shiis dhintay illaahay waxa uu Nebi ka dhigay Idiris, dabadeedna bini’Aadankii badhkood ayaa gaaloobay iyaga oo illaaho ka dhigtay sannamyo, dabadeeto illaahay waxa uu soo diray ambiyo kuwaas oo cidii raacdaa ay galayso jannada, anbiyadaasi waxa kale oo ay uga digaayeen cidii caabuda cid aan illaahay ahay ee beenisa iyaga in ay geli doonaan naar. Markii Aadan iyo Xaawa laga soo saaray Janada wuu ibtixaamay labadoodaba dabadeeto waxa uu ka dhigay kuwo qaawan oo ay isku muuqato cawradoodu, dabadeena waxay bilaabeen in ay caleemihii geedadka ku asturaan cawradoodi iyaga oo markii hore dharkoogu ahaa nuur. Ka dib markii illaahay dhulka keenay waxa uu baray habkii ay u noolaan lahaayeen, illaahay waxa uu u soo dejiyay qamadi, waxaana uu baray sida loo beero loona goosto iyo sida loo cuno, illaahay sidoo kale dadkii waxa uu baray lacagta iyo dahabka iyo dheemanta iyo sida loogu shaqayto darhabka iyo danaaniirta. Nebiyulaahu Aadan waxa uu bini’Aadanka ku leeyahay fadli wayn, xaqaas oo ah kii aabonimo iyo barida habka bini’Aadanku u noolaanayo, qofka diida risaaladii nebiyulaahi Aadana ama badh ka shakhiya kaasi waa gaal. Haddii uu arrinku ahaan lahaa sida dadka qaarkood ay u maleeyaan in aanu Aadan ahayn Rasuul la siman bini’Aadanka laakiin ahaa Xayawaan tafiirtiisuna waxay noqon lahayd uun Xayawaan. Khilaafkii Labadii Wiil ee Nebi Aadan (CS):-Ilaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Xus Nebi Maxamadow markii illaahay ku yidhi malaa’igta dhulka waxa aan ka yeelayaa khaliif, waxa ay yidhaahdeen oo ma waxaad ka yeelaysaa cid fasahaadisa dhiigana daadisa anaguna waxa aanu ku tasbiixsanaynaa xamdigaaga oo waanu ku maamusaynaa, wuxuu yidhi waxa aan ogahay waxaydaan ogayn” Suuratul Al Baqra 30. Aayadani waxay inoo cadaynaysaa in uu illaahay u qadaray in ay is khilaafaan labadiisa inamood iyaga oo isku khilaafay kii dhulka cabiri lahaa citifaacsan lahaana, dhulkaas oo illaahay dhigay dhir, xayawaan, macdano iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. Illaahay waxa uu uga waramay oo uu baray Malaa’igta in uu dhulka gacanta u gelin doono cid hantida oo cuni doonta wixii ka soo go’a, kalana soo bixi doona macdanaha dhulka hoostiisa ku jira iyadoo qoloba qolo dhaxlaysa. Malaa’iigtii ayaa illaahay waydiisay :- Illaahayow anagu waanu ku caabudnaa oo midkaayo kuma caasiyo? Illaahay (SW) ayaa u cadeeyay xigmada uu ka leeyahay in uu bani’Aadan ku abuuro dhulka dushiisa iyadoo ay ka mid yihiin cid dhiiga daadin doonta, dhulka kharabi doona oo ay weliba kuwaas ay ka mid yihiin Nebiyo iyo Awliyo. Taas oo weliba Aadan dheer yahay fadli, illaahay waxa uu baray magacyada oo dhan, taas oo uu kaga sareeyay Malaa’igta, ilaa uu Aadan gaadhay in uu sheego magacyadii oo dhan, dabadeeto waxay ogaadeen in uu yahay qof ka fadli badan iyaga. Mudadii uu ku sugnaa Jannada Aadan iyo Markii laga soo saaray:- Way isku khilaafeen culimadu mudadii uu Nebi Aadan jannada joogay, Xaakin waxa uu sheegay in uu Jannada ku sugnaa intii u dhexaysay Casar iyo Makhrib laakiin sida xooga badan leh waxay sheegaysaa in uu ku sugnaa Jannada 130 sanno. Sidoo kale intii uu noola waxay noqonaysaa 1000 (Kun Sanno) sannado sida ay laga fahmayo taariikhda. Nebiguna (CSW) waxa uu inoo sheegay:- Waxa laga soo saaray Nebi Aadan jannada maalin jimce ah waxaana adduunka la keenay maalin Jimce ah. Sidoo kale Abu Hureera (RC) waxa uu Nebi (CSW) ka weriyay in uu yidhi: (Maalinta ugu khayr badan ee cadceedi soo baxdo waa Maalinta Jimce, maalintaasi waa maalintii Aadan la abuuray, waa maalintii uu jannada uu galay, waana maalintii laga soo saaray )Muslim. Goobtii Nebi Aadan uu Dhulka kaga soo degay:- Illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray Aadan iyo xaawa in uu jannada ka guuraan una guuraan dhulka, shaydaana sidoo kale ayuu faray, sidoo kale illaahay waxa uu caddeeyay in ay dhexdooda noqon doonto cadaawad xeel dheer una dhexaysa Iblays oo illaahay naxariistiisa ka fogeeyay iyo duriyada Nebi Aadan (CS) ilaa qiyaamaha. Aadan sida la sheegay dhulka waxa uu ugu soo hor degey Hindiya oo la odhan jiray Sarniib sida xooga badan leh aawana illaahay wuu la dejiyay in ka yar ka dib Aadan. Nebi Aadan waxa uu yidhi isaga oo deydayaya wayna isku soo dhowaadeen, halkaas ay iskugu soo dhowaadeena waxay ahayd Mustalifa (Waa goob u dhexaysa maka iyo carafe) waxayna isku barteen carafe sidaas ayaana loogu bixiyay carafe. Ka Iblays la yidhaahdo miyaa isagu waxa uu ku soo degay dhulka Ciraaq waxaana la yidhi meesha ugu udgoonka badan leh dhulku waa meeshi Nebi Aadan uu dhulka kaga soo degay,. Sidoo kale dhulkii uu Nebi Aadan ku soo degay waxa uu ahaa dhulkii ugu wanaagsanaa, waxaana la yidhi waa goobta janada ugu dhow. Dhisidii Guriga Xaramka:-Illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray Nebi Aadan (CS) in uu dhiso guriga illaahay ee Maka ku yaala wuxuuna yimid maka waana uu dhisay, isagoo ka dhisay shan nooc oo ciida duurul siina, duurul sayta iyo lugnaan iyo jawdi, seeskeedana waxa uu ka dhisay Xara. Markii uu dhamaystiray dhismaheedi illaahay ayaa u soo diray malag baraaya dadka goobaha cibaadada sidiina way ahayd illaa uu illaahay xalaagay qoomkii reer Nuux, ka dibna ay baabaday Kabcadii ka dibna illaahay u soo diray Nebi Ibraahim oo dib u dhisay. Haabiil iyo Qaabiil:-Illaahay waxa uu yidhi (SW) “U akhri warkii labadii wiil ee nebi Aadan si dhab ah, markii la siiyay qurbaan ee midkood laga aqbalay kii kalena laga aqbali waayay, waxa uu yidhi waan ku dili waxaana uu ku yidhi kii kale illaahay waxa uu ka aqbalaa uun kuwa alle ka cabsada, haddii gacantaada ii soo fididis aniga si aad ii dishid anigu gacantayda kuu soo fidid maayo si aan adiga kuu dilo, anigu waxa aan ka cabsanaya illaahay, anigu waxa aan doonayaa denbigayga iyo denbigaagaba in aan xambaaratid oo aad noqotid dadka ahlu naarka ah, taasina waa abaal marinta kuwa daalimiinta ah. Waxay u qurxisay naftiisi in uu dilo walaalkii waanu dilay walaalkii, waxaana uu noqday kuwa guul daraystay, illaahay ayaa u soo diray tuke isagoo baadhbaadhaya dhulka si uu u aaso walaalkii, wuxuu yidhi alla hoogaygee miyaan awoodi kari waayay in aan noqdo sida tukahaas oo kale oo aan u aaso walaalkay, waxaana uu noqday kuwa murugaysan” Suuratul Maa’ida 27- 31 Waxaynu ku soo uruurin doona Qisada Haabiil iyo Qaabiil Xaawa waxay dhashay afartan qof, mar kastana waxay dhalaysay wiil iyo gabadh, Nebi Aadanna wiil kasta waxa uu u dhisi jiray gabadh, Haabiil ayaa doonay in uu guursado qaabiil walaashii oo ka qurux badnayd Haabiil walaashii, dabadeedna qaabiil waxa uu doonay in uu u doorbido isaga, laakiin Aadan ayaa faray in uu guursado iyada waanu diiday, midkastana waxa uu doonay in uu illaahay ugu dhowaado Qurbaan, dabadeena waxay tegeen Maka si ay u soo Xajaan, midkastaana illahaay wuxuu ugu dhowaaday wixii uu doonayay, Haabiil waxa uu illaahay ugu dhowaadya Neef Xoola ah waayo wuxuu lahaa adhi, qaabiilna wuxuu ugu dhowaaday illaahay dalag ( geed gab) waxaanu lahaa beer, waxa ku soo degay naar waxayna cuntay tii haabiil waxayna iskaga tegtay tii qaabiil waanu cadhooday cadho daran waxaana ku yidhi walaalkii haabiil waan ku dilaya si aanad u guursan walaashay. Haabiil wuxuu ku yidhi illaahay wuxuu wax ka aqbalaa kuwa isaga ka cabsada. Habeen habeenada ka mid ah ayuu ku raagay Haabiil meeshii xoolo daaqsiinta Aadan ayaana u diray isaga oo ka soo noqday Xajka walaalkii Qaabiil si uu u soo eego wixii dib u riday, markii uu u tagay waxa uu ku yidhi illaahay adiga ayuu kaa aqbalay anigana igamuu aqbalin, markaas ayuu Qaabiil ku yidhi illaahay dadka wanaagsan ayuu wax ka aqbalaa, qaabiil wuu cadhoodhay dabadeena wuxuu u yimid isaga oo hurda dhagax wayn ayaana madaxa ka saaray. Waxa la yidhi markii uu dilay Qaabiil Haabiil wuu murugooday ilaa ay is bedeshay urtiisi, dushiisana waxa fuulay shinbiro, xayawaankiina waxay u diyaargaroobeen in ay cunaan, waanu nacay in uu Aadan u yimaado si uu uga murugoodo, waana uu sitay ilaa uu arkay laba tuke oo isku dilay hortiisa, oo midi midkii kale dilay dabadeena afkiisi dheera ku qoday dhulka, ka dibna ku aasay, wuxuu yidhi alla xoogaygee miyaan awoodi kari waayay sida Shimbirkaas oo kale waxaana uu sameeyay sidii shimbirku sameeyay halkii ayuuna ku aasay walaalkii. Qaabiil waxa uu ahaa kii dilay walaalkii isaga oo ah muslim muumin ah, manuu ahayn gaal laakiin waxa uu ku dhacay denbi wayn ka Qaabiil waxa uu ahaa kii dilay walaalkii isaga oo ah muslim muumin ah, manuu ahayn gaal laakiin waxa uu ku dhacay denbi wayn ka dib dilkii walaalkii Haabil isaga oo sameeyay dulmi iyo cadawad. Ibnu Mascuud (RC) waxa uu Nebi (CSW) ka weriyay in uu yidhi: Naf laguma dilo gardaro haddi kale dembiga badh ayuu ku leeyahay ibnu Aadankii (Qaabiil) ugu horeeyay, waayo waxa uu ahaa qofkii ugu horeeyay ee jideeyay dilka. Dhimashadii Nebi Aadan iyo Xaawa:- Wuxuu noola Nebi Aadan kun sanno, boqol iyo sodan sanno wuxuu ku qaatay jannada wuxuunu dhulka ku noola kun sanno, markii uu dhintay umadiisa waxa uu kaga tegay diinta islaamka iyo iyaga oo caabudaya illaahay kaligii waxna aan u shariik yeelayn. Dadkii waxay sii noolaayeen kun sanno oo kale iyaga oo haysta diinta islaamka manay jirin gaal iyo mushrik, waxay timid gaalnimada iyo mushriknimadu Nebiyulaahi idiris (CS) ka dib. Nebi Nuux waxa uu ahaa Nebigii ugu horeeyay ee illaahay gaalo u soo diro. Nebi Aadan waxa lagu aasay Maka ama buurta mina meel u dhow masaajidka Khiifa, iyada oo imika aan laga arkayn calaamado ku tusaaya, waxa kale oo la sheegay in uu ku aasan yahay buurtii uu ku soo degay ee Hindiya, waxa kale oo la sheegay in uu ku aasan yahay buurta Abu qirays la yidhaahdo ee maka illaahay baa og. Sidoo kale waxa la sheegay in ay nooleed Gabadhiisi Xaawa Nebi Aadan ka dib sannad, waxaana la sheegay in lagu aasay magaalada Jida. Wa Bilaahi Towfiiq magaca waa Abdirahman abuubakar(abuu xikam) == Addam ah Kitaabka Quduuska == Waa hore Ilaahay Yehowah ninkii iyo naagtii ugu horreeyay buu abuuray. Magacyadoodii waxay ahaayeen Aadan iyo Xaawa. Ilaahay wuxuu siiyay meel qurux badan ay ku noolaadaan oo la oran jiray beertii Ceeden. Haddii ay Aadan iyo Xaawa Ilaahay dhegeysan lahaayeen carruurtooda iyo iyaguba dunida oo dhan waxay ka dhigi lahaayeen janno sida beertaas. Oo weligood Janno bay ku noolaan kari lahaayeen. Aadan iyo Xaawa Ilaahay may dhegeysan sidaas daraaddeed janno maanta kuma noolin. Haddaba Ilaahay wuxuu yiri inuu dunida oo dhan qurxin doono. Oo ay dadka oo dhan weligood farxad ku noolaan doonaan.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay]</ref><ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/carruurtaada-wax-bar/sir-qarsoon-aan-ognahay/ Sir Qarsoon aan Rabno Inaan Ogaano]</ref> 05gfzobjs17hjv6bjscsuqh6cqi6c29 239620 239618 2022-08-07T05:50:07Z FlyingAce 29953 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/102.68.16.125|102.68.16.125]] ([[User talk:102.68.16.125|talk]]) to last version by Per excellence wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Adem (Adam)1.png|right|200px]] '''Nebi Aadam C.S''' waa qofkii ugu horeeyay ee uu ilaahey abuuray waxa uuna ka abuuray [[dhoobo]], xaawana uu kasiii abuuray feerta bidix ee Aadam, wuxuu noolaa ilaa kun sano, waxaana lagu duugay Abuu Qabiis. == Carruurtiisa == carruurtiisa waxaa ka mid ah * [[Haabiil]] * [[Qaabiil]] * [[Shiith]] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Aadam iyo Xaawo]] [[Category:Nabiyada Islaamka]] Qisadii Nabi Aadam (cs) Illaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Illaahay waxa uu ka doortay Aadan, Nuux iyo Ibraahim iyo Tafiirtiisi iyo Cimraan iyo tafiirtiisi caalamka oo dhan” (Suuratul Al Cimraan -33) Nebi Aadan Nebad gelyo korkiisa ha ahaatee, waxa uu ahaa aabihii ummadan iyo qofkii ugu horreeyay ee illaahay (SW) abuuro, waxaanu illaahay ka fadilay noolaha kale oo dhan, waxaanu ahaa ciddii ugu horaysay ee fadliga leh ee adduunka lagu abuuray. Waxa lagu dhex abuuray jannada saacadii ugu dambaysay maalinta jimce, lixdii cisho ee illahaay cirka iyo dhulka ku abuuray, sida uu Nebigu (CSW) ku sheegay xadiis uu Muslim weriyay Abu hurreera illaahay raali ha ka noqdee wuxuu yidhi:- Rasuulkii illaahay baa yidhi (Maalin ay cadceedi soo baxdo waxa ugu khayr badan maalinta jimcaha, maalintaa waxa la abuuray Aadan) Sidee ayaa loo abuuray Aadan (CS)? :-Illaahay (SW) waxa uu doonay in uu abuuro Aadan, iyadoo awoodaha illaahay ay ka mid tahay in uu ahaan siiyo wax aan jirin, illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray malag ka mid ah malaa’iigta sharafta badan in ay soo aruuriyaan noocyada kala duwan ee ciida aynu ku dul noolnahay si looga abuuro Aadan. Malagii waxa uu qaatay amarkii eebbe waxaana uu soo aruuriyay noocyadii kala duwanaa ee ciida mid madow, mid cad, mid labadaba u dhacaysa, mid adag iyo mid jilicsan, mid qoyan iyo mid qalalan. Nebigu (CSW) oo arrintaa inooga waramaya waxa uu yidhi: (Illaahay waxa uu qaaday xantoobo ciid ah oo iskugu jirta mid cad iyo mid madow iyo mid labadaba u dhaxaysa, tu wanaagsan iyo tux un iyo wixii labadaba u dhexeeya, dabadeeto waxa uu ka abuuray reer binu Aadan) Waxa weriyay Ibnu Xabaan iyo qayrkii Sidoo kale Axmedna waxa uu weriyay (Ibnu Aadana waxa laga abuuray qiyaas ciid ah, dabadeed waxa ka ahaaday mid cad, mid cas, mid madow iyo mid labadaba u dhexeeya, mid xun iyo mid wanaagsan iyo mid labadaba u dhexeeya). Axaadiistani waxa ay inoo sheegaysaa in midabada tafiirtii Nebiyulaahi Aadan ay kala duwan tahay sida ciida looga abuurayba ay u kala duwan tahay, magaciisana waxa loogu bixiyay waxa uu ahaa mid laga abuuray ciida. Macnaha hadalka Rasuulka (CSW) ee ah (Illaahay waxa uu ku abuuray Nebiyulaahi Aadan suuradiisa) Macnaha xadiiskani waxa uu inoo sheegayaa in uu illaahay (SW) u abuuray Nebiyulaahi Aadan suuradiisi asalka ahayd, taas oo uu illaahay ku abuuray, dhererkiisu waxa uu ahaa 60 dhundhun, balaciisuna waxa uu ahaa 7 dhundhun. Suuradaa uu illaahay u abuuray waa tu sharaf badan oo maamuus leh. Abuurkii illaahay u abuuray Nebi Aadan (CS):- Illaahay waxa uu u abuuray sayidunaa Aadan qaabka ugu quruxda badan uguna codka macaan, anbiyada uu illaahay soo diray oo dhamina muuqaal ahaan iyaga ayaa dadka ugu qurux badnaa uguna hadal macaanaa, Nebiguna (CSW) waxa uu yidhi: (Illaahay ma soo diro Nebi haddii kale waxa uu noqdaa mid waji qurux badan leh oo hadal macaan, nebigiinuna waa ka dadka ugu quruxda badan uguna hadalka wanaagsan). Dhererka Nebi Aadan waxa uu ahaa 60 dhundhun sida geedka timirta oo kale, markii illaahay abuuray nebi Aadan waxa uu ku yidhi:- u tag kooxda malaa’igta ee halkaa fadhida kana dhegeyso waxay kugu salaamayaan, waa salaantaada iyo salaanta umaddaada, dabadeed waxa uu yidhi: Asalaamu Calaykum, dabadeedto waxay ku yidhaahdeen:- Asalaamu Calayka wa raxmatulaahi. Aadan waxa uu yidhi waxay igu kordhiyeen Wa Raxmatulaahi. Qof kasta oo jannada illaahay gelayaana waxa uu gelayaa isagoo leh dhererkii nebi Aadan, sida ku sugan Masnadka iimaamul Axmed. Abu Hurreera (RC) waxa uu yidhi:- Ehlu jannadu waxay gelayaan jannada iyagoo abuurkii nebi Aadan oo kale leh, dhererkooguna yahay 60 dhundhun, balacooguna yahay 7 dhundhun Faa’iidada Illaahay (SW) waxa uu abuuray nebi Aadan, iblaysna waxa uu ahaa mid ku wareega nebi Aadan, waxaana uu ogaaday in uu illaahay abuurayo khalqi aanu gacanta ku hayn. Abu Yaclaa waxa uu yidhi:- Waxa uu ahaa iblays mid nebi Aadan ag mara, dabadeedna yidhaahda waxa la abuurayaa arrin weyn) Xadiiskani waa saxeex waxaana uu inoo sheegayaa xadiiskani in uu iblays degenaa jannada intii aan la abuurin Nebi Aadan. Markii la abuuray Nebi Aadan iblays waxa uu noqday mid ka gaaloobay illaahay, waayo waxa uu la cibaadaysan jiray malaa’igta isagoo aan ka mid ahayn xaga jinsi ahaan, maxaa yeelay malaa’igta waxa laga abuuray Iftiin, iblaysna waxa laga abuuray dab holcaya. Iblays waxa uu ahaa mid ku wareega dhoobadii Nebi Aadan laga abuurayay intaan nafta la gelin, waxaanu ogaaday in uu illaahay abuuraayo wax aan la mid ahayn malaa’igta, waxaana uu ogaaday in uu ka daciifsan yahayba ka dib markii uu arkay gudihiisa haawanaya. Beenta faaftay ee aragtiyaha samayska ah ee ka timid gaalada ee aan lahayn asal iyo raadtoona ee tidhi “Asalka Bini’Aadanku waxa uu ka soo jeeda Daanyeer ama waxa uu u eeg yahay Daanyeer” taasina waa been iska cad. Illaahay waxa uu yidhi koreeye “Bini’Aadanka waxa aanu u abuurnay sida ugu fiican” Suuratul Tiin-4] Sida hadalkaa illaahay ku cad illaahay waxa uu kareemo siiyay bini’Aadanka waxaanay ka tafiirmeen Nebi Aadan oo aan ahayn Daanyeer, laakiinse ah bini’Aadan illaahay maamuusay. Illaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Waxa weyn kalmad afkooga ka soo baxaysa, waxaanay odhanayaan waa been” Suuratul Kaaf-5} Aragtidii Daaraweyn oo odhanaysay Bini’aadanku waxa uu ka yimid Daanyeer isaga oo soo maray marxalado kala duwan aragtidaasi waa aragti been ah oo aan ku dhisnayn wax aqoon ah, taas oo ay dafireen aqoonyahanadii ka dambeeyay. Sidii dhacday qarniyo hore illaahay waxa uu baabiiyay yuhuud isaga oo ka dhigay qaarkoodna daanyeero iyo doofaaro, taasina waxay ahayd xaalad markaas uun ahayd oo illaahay ku ciqaabayay yuhuud, yuhuudaas oo ku xad gudubtay sabti illaahayna caasiyay. Taas oo ahayd in ay ku waano qaataan dadka ka dambeeya. Illahaay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Waxa aad ogtihiin kuwii ku xadgudbay Sabtida ee idinka idinka mid ahaa waxaanu ku nidhi noqda daanyeero iyo doofaaro” Suuratul Kaaf 65] Kuwaa uu illaahay halaagay ee uu qaarkood ka dhigay daanyeero iyo doofaaro muddo dheerba may sii noolaan, waxaana la sheegaa in ay noolaayeenba saddex cisho, ayna ka tegin wax taran ah. Cabashadii Nebi Aadan iyo Muuse:- Waxay weriyeen Bukhaari iyo Muslimba in uu Abu HJurreera (RC) soo weriyay in uu rasuulku (CSW) yidhi:- ( Nebi Muuse ayaa ka cawday Nebi Aadan oo waxa uu ku yidhi adigu kii denbigaaga nooga soo saaray jannada ayaad tahay, Nebi Aadanna waxa uu ugu jawaabay oo adigu rasuulkii illaahay doortay miyaanad ahayn ee uu u doortay risaaladiisi iyo hadalkiisi, oo ma waxaad igu canaananaysaa wuxuu illaahay qoray intaanu i abuurin ka hor) Sidoo kale Axmed Musnadkiisa waxa ku jira in uu nebi Muuse ku yidhi Aadan (Adigu waxaad tahay aabahayagii na khiyaameeyay oo waxa naga soo saartay jannadii, ka dibna Nebi Aadan ugu jawaabay Illaahay sooka adiga ku doortay ee kuu doortay hadalkiisa, oo ma waxaad igu canaananaysaa arrin illaahay qoray aniga hortay intaanu i abuurin afartan sanno) Wuxuu xujeeyay Aadan Muuse, Muusane waxa uu xujeeyay Aadan. Sidoo kale Abu Daa’uud waxa uu isna ka soo weriyay Cumar Binu Khadaab in uu yidhi Rasuulkii illaahay ayaa yidhi: Muuse waxa uu yidhi: (Illaahayow i tus Aadan, Aadankii isaga iyo anagaba jannadda inaga soo saaray, dabadeedna illaahay ayaa tusay, waxaana uu ku yidhi: Adigu waxaad tahay aabahayo, Aadanna waxa uu ku yidhi waa runtaa, wuxuu yidhi Muuse adiga ayuu illaahay kugu afuufay ruux kuna baray magacyadiisi malaa’iigtii kalena uu faray in ay kuu sujuudaan, wayna ku wada sujuudeen, waxa uu ku yidhi waa runtaa, wuxuu yidhi Nebi Muuse oo maxaa kugu kalifay in aad naftaada iyo anagaba jannada naga soo saartid. Aadan ayaa ku yidhi adigu yaad tahay? Wuxuu yidhi anigu waxa aan ahay muuse, ka dibna Aadan wuxuu ku yidhi adigu waxaad tahay Nebigii illaahay reer binu israa’iil illaahay u soo diray ee illaahay la hadlay isagoo illaahay iyo adiga aanay cidi u kala dhexeen wax rasuul ahi, wuxuu yidhi muuse waa runtaa. Wuxuu yidhi Nebi Aadan oo miyaanad ogayn in ay ku taalay kitaabka illaahay intaanu illaahay aniga i abuurin, wuxuu ku yidhi waa runtaa, Aadan wuxuu yidhi oo hadaa maxaad iigu canaanan wax qadarka illaahay hortay sii jiray, wuu xujeeyay Aadan muuse, muusena wuxuu xujeeyay Aadan). Xadiiskani waxa uu radinayaa dadka diidaya qadarka illaahay, qofka diida qadarka illaahay qofkaasi waa qof canaad ah, axaadiistan aanu soo bandhignayna waa axaadiis badan oo is xoojinaysa. Waxaad xustaa markii uu illaahay soo saaray arwaaxdii tafiirtii Nebi Aadan ee dhabarkiisa ku jirtay kana qaaday balan Illaahay waxa uu ballan ka qaaday reer bini Aadan iyagoo ku sugan togoogii aabahood nebi adam maalintii carafe. Illaahay waxa uu yidhi (SW) “Waxaad xustaa markii uu illaahay balanta ka qaaday reer bini Aadan iyaga oo ku jira dhabarkooga markhaati geliyayna nafahooga, illaahay waxa uu ku yidhi miyaanan ahayn rebigiin, waxay yidhaahdeen waad tahay, si aydaan u odhan dharaarta qiyaame waxa aanu ahayn qaar moogan. Amba aanad odhan waxa shariig yeelay aabayaashadii naga horeeyay anaguna waxaanu ahayn tafiirtoodi ka dambaysay, ma waxa aydun nagu halaagi waxay sameeyeen kuwa baadil falayaashu” Suuratul Ca’raaf 172-173} Waxa ku sugan iimaamu Axmed Musnadkiisa in uu anis binu maalik illaahay raali ha ka noqdee uu ka soo weriyay Nebiga (CSW) in uu yidhi: (Nin Ehlu naarka ka mid ah ayaa waxa lagu odhanayaa maalinta qiyaame haddii aad dhulka wax ku lahaan lahayd miyaad isku furan lahayd? Kaas oo odhanaya haa, waxa lagu odhanaya waxa lagaa doonay wax taa ka fudud oo waxa lagaa qaaday balan adiga oo ku sugan dhabarkii aabaha Aadan in aanad illaahay u shariig yeelin waxba, waad diiday waxna waad la shariik yeeshay). Xadiiskani waxa uu inoo tilmaamayaa in reer binu Aadan uu illaahay balan ka qaaday intii ay ku jireen dhabarkii aabahood Aadan, kuna markhaati geliyay nafahooga. Abuurkii Xaawa (CS):- Illaahay (SW) waxa uu abuuray xaawa isaga oo ka abuuray faydh bidix ee yar ee Nebi Aadan, sidaas ayaana loogu bixiyay Xaawa, waayo waxa laga abuuray shay nool. Xadiiskii Abu Hureera (RC) werinaayay waxa uu Nebi yidhi “Waar Dumarkiina u dardaarma, gabadha waxa laga abuuray faydh, taas oo ka qaloocda xaga sare, haddii aad is tidhaahdi toosi way jabaysaa, haddii aad iskaga tagtidna ka tagi mayso in ay qaloocsanaato. Waar dumarkiina u dardaarma). Illaahay (SW) Xaawa muu abuurin iyada oo ilmo yar ah oo dabadeedna kortay ama uu koriyay Aadan, laakiin wuxuu abuuray iyada oo weyn kuna haboon dhererka Aadan. Illaahay (SW) oo arrintaa inoo faahfaahinaya waxa uu yidhi “Dadyahow illaahay ka baqa kaas oo idinka abuuray naf kaliya, kana abuuray ooridiisi, idinkana beeray rag iyo dumar, illaahay ka cabsada illaahi idin waydiin doona qaraabada” Suuratul Nisaa 1). Abuuristii xaawa ka dib illaahay waxa uu u guuriyay Xaawa Aadan, waxaana uu ka dhigay oori ugu xalaal ah jannada, sidaas oo kale ayuuna dhulkiina uga dhigay. U Sujuudidii ay u sujuudeen Malaa’igtu Aadan iyo Diidi iblays iyo ka saaridiisi Jannada Illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray malaa’igta in ay u sujuudan Aadan malaa’igtuna way qaadatay amarkii eebe wayna u wada sujuudeen malaa’igtii iblays mooyaane, kaas oo is wayneeyay illaahayna ka gaaloobay. Illaahay (SW) oo arrintaa inooga waramayaa waxa uu yidhi: “Dhab ahaantii waanu ku abuurnay dabadeedna waanu ku suuraynay, malaa’igtii ayaana ku idhi u sujuuda Aadan wayna u sujuudeen iblays mooyane, manuu ahayn iblays kuwii sujuuday. Illaahay ayaa ku yidhi maxaa kuu diiday in aad u sujuudid markii aan ku faray, waxa uu ku yidhi anigu waan ka khayr badanahay oo waxaad iga abuurtay dab isagana waxa aad ka abuurtay dhoobo” Suuratul Ca’raaf 11-12) Iblays wuu gaalobay waxaanu muujisay gaalnimo uu ilaahay ku ogaa. Muslim iyo qayrkii waxa ay weriyeen in Abu Hurreera (rc) uu ka soo weriyay Nebiga (CSW) in uu yidhi; (Haddii uu ku nagaado Ibnu Aadan Sujuud shaydaanku waxa uu kala fogaadaa oohin oo waxa uu yidhaahdaa hoogaygee ibnu Aadan waxa la faray in uu sujuudo waanu sujuuday waxana uu galayaa jannada, anigana waxa la i faray in aan sujuudo oo waan diiday oo waxa aan gelayaa naarta) Sidee ayay ku ogaatay Malaa’igtu in Ibna Binu’Aadan dhulka fasahaadin doonaan? Malaaigtu waxay ku garatay arrinkaa wakhtigii hore dhulka waxa ku noolaan jiray jin, kuwaas oo fasahaadiyay dhulkii sida taariikhyanada badhkood sheegayaan Malaa’igtii way gubtay. Dadka qaarkood waxay yidhaahdaan arrintaasi Nebi Aadan ayay ka horaysay qaarna waxay yidhaahdaan waxay ka horaysay boqol kun oo sanno hadalkaasina waa hadalkii Jira, inkasta oo aanu sugnayn. Sujuudii Malaa’igtu Aadan u sujuudeen waxay ahayd sujuud salaamed iyo sharafeed ee may ahayn sujuudi cibaadada, taas oo ay ahayn jireen sujuuda uu u sujuudo makhluuq cid kale mid banaan sharciyadii inaga horeeyay dabadeed illaahay xaarantimeeyay kuna xaarantimeeyay sharcigeena islaamka. Degidii Aadan iyo Xaawa ay degeen Jannada:- Illaahay waxa uu faray Nebi Aadan (CS) iyo gabadhiisi Xaawa in ay degaan Jannada, jannadaas oo ah mid lagu waarayo ayna geli doonaan muuminiintu. Illaahay waxa uu u fasaxay Aadan iyo xaawa in ay ku negaadana Jannada iyaga oo ka cunaaya midhaheeda, cabaaya biyaheeda iyaga oo aanay ku dhibtoon daalna aanay ku mudan, iyaga oo helaaya wax kasta oo ay doonaan cunto, cabid geed kaliyaata mooyaane, geedkaas oo illaahay xaaran ka dhigay una diiday in ay cunaan. Waanu uga digay illaahay cadaawada Iblays. Qur’aarkana kuma jirto Axaadiista rasuulka (CSW) ee sugana laguma hayo nooca uu yahay geedkani, laakiin culimadu way isku khilaafeen oo qaar waxay yidhaahdeen waa geedka la yidhaah: Xanda, qaarkoodna waxayba yidhaahdeen waaba Tufaaxa, halka qaar kalena yidhaahdeen waa Timirta, qaar kalena waxay yidhaahdeen waa geedka Qumbaha. Laakiin wuu noqon karaa intan oo geed mid ka mid ah khaasina waa khilaaf iska yar, xukunkeeduna maaha in la sheego geedka, wax faa’iido ah oo ku jirta sheegidiisuna ma jirto haddii ay jiri lahaydna illaahay ayaa qur’aanka inoogu sheegi lahaa. Xaawa iyo Aadan waxay iska degenaayeen jannada iyaga oo iskaga raaxaysanaaya wixii nimcooyin ahaa ee illaahay siiyay iyaga oo dhex maraaya dhirtaa goosanayana midhahooga, cabaaya biyaha macaan. Illaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi “Waxa aanu ku nidhi Aadan deg adiga iyo ooridaadu Jannada ka cuna meesha aad doontaan ha una dhowaanina geedkaa waxa aad noqon doontaan Daalibiine” Suuratul Al Baqra 35. Sababtii looga soo saaray jannada:- Aadan ayaa khilaafay wixii illaahay u diiday shaydaankii ayaana waswaas ku riday iyaga iyo xaawa . Shaydaankii ayaa waswaasiyay Xaawa iyo Aadan waxaanu ku yidhi la idinkuba diidin geedka ee haddii aad cuntaan waxa aad noqonaysaan laba Malag adduunyadana waad ku waaraysaan. Shaydaankii wuu u dhaartay waxaanu ku yidhi anigu waan idinla talinayaa talo wanaagsan ayaana idin siinayaa waanu khiyaameeyay. Markii ay dhadhamiyeen geedkii waxaaba u muuqatay cawradoodi waxayna bilaabeen in geedka caleemahoodi ku qariyaan cawradooda. Illaahay ayaa u dhawaaqay oo ku yidhi: “Miyaanan idin diidin geedkaa oona idin odhan shaydaanku waa cadowgiina cadaystay cadaawada” Suuratul Caraa 22. Aadan iyo Xaawa Jannadii ayuu illaahay ka soo saaray markaa oo aanu Aadan ahayn Nebiga risaaladana loo soo dhiibin, markii jannadii laga soo saaray illaahay ayuu u tooban keenay. Intaa ka dib Nebilaahu Aadan ubadkiisi Aadan iyo Xaawa Jannadii ayuu illaahay ka soo saaray markaa oo aanu Aadan ahayn Nebiga risaaladana loo soo dhiibin, markii jannadii laga soo saaray illaahay ayuu u tooban keenay. Intaa ka dib Nebilaahu Aadan ubadkiisi waxa uu baray arrimihii islaamka, nebi Aadan Dababadiina waxa denbi ahaa inankiisi Shiis, markii uu shiis dhintay illaahay waxa uu Nebi ka dhigay Idiris, dabadeedna bini’Aadankii badhkood ayaa gaaloobay iyaga oo illaaho ka dhigtay sannamyo, dabadeeto illaahay waxa uu soo diray ambiyo kuwaas oo cidii raacdaa ay galayso jannada, anbiyadaasi waxa kale oo ay uga digaayeen cidii caabuda cid aan illaahay ahay ee beenisa iyaga in ay geli doonaan naar. Markii Aadan iyo Xaawa laga soo saaray Janada wuu ibtixaamay labadoodaba dabadeeto waxa uu ka dhigay kuwo qaawan oo ay isku muuqato cawradoodu, dabadeena waxay bilaabeen in ay caleemihii geedadka ku asturaan cawradoodi iyaga oo markii hore dharkoogu ahaa nuur. Ka dib markii illaahay dhulka keenay waxa uu baray habkii ay u noolaan lahaayeen, illaahay waxa uu u soo dejiyay qamadi, waxaana uu baray sida loo beero loona goosto iyo sida loo cuno, illaahay sidoo kale dadkii waxa uu baray lacagta iyo dahabka iyo dheemanta iyo sida loogu shaqayto darhabka iyo danaaniirta. Nebiyulaahu Aadan waxa uu bini’Aadanka ku leeyahay fadli wayn, xaqaas oo ah kii aabonimo iyo barida habka bini’Aadanku u noolaanayo, qofka diida risaaladii nebiyulaahi Aadana ama badh ka shakhiya kaasi waa gaal. Haddii uu arrinku ahaan lahaa sida dadka qaarkood ay u maleeyaan in aanu Aadan ahayn Rasuul la siman bini’Aadanka laakiin ahaa Xayawaan tafiirtiisuna waxay noqon lahayd uun Xayawaan. Khilaafkii Labadii Wiil ee Nebi Aadan (CS):-Ilaahay (SW) waxa uu yidhi: “Xus Nebi Maxamadow markii illaahay ku yidhi malaa’igta dhulka waxa aan ka yeelayaa khaliif, waxa ay yidhaahdeen oo ma waxaad ka yeelaysaa cid fasahaadisa dhiigana daadisa anaguna waxa aanu ku tasbiixsanaynaa xamdigaaga oo waanu ku maamusaynaa, wuxuu yidhi waxa aan ogahay waxaydaan ogayn” Suuratul Al Baqra 30. Aayadani waxay inoo cadaynaysaa in uu illaahay u qadaray in ay is khilaafaan labadiisa inamood iyaga oo isku khilaafay kii dhulka cabiri lahaa citifaacsan lahaana, dhulkaas oo illaahay dhigay dhir, xayawaan, macdano iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. Illaahay waxa uu uga waramay oo uu baray Malaa’igta in uu dhulka gacanta u gelin doono cid hantida oo cuni doonta wixii ka soo go’a, kalana soo bixi doona macdanaha dhulka hoostiisa ku jira iyadoo qoloba qolo dhaxlaysa. Malaa’iigtii ayaa illaahay waydiisay :- Illaahayow anagu waanu ku caabudnaa oo midkaayo kuma caasiyo? Illaahay (SW) ayaa u cadeeyay xigmada uu ka leeyahay in uu bani’Aadan ku abuuro dhulka dushiisa iyadoo ay ka mid yihiin cid dhiiga daadin doonta, dhulka kharabi doona oo ay weliba kuwaas ay ka mid yihiin Nebiyo iyo Awliyo. Taas oo weliba Aadan dheer yahay fadli, illaahay waxa uu baray magacyada oo dhan, taas oo uu kaga sareeyay Malaa’igta, ilaa uu Aadan gaadhay in uu sheego magacyadii oo dhan, dabadeeto waxay ogaadeen in uu yahay qof ka fadli badan iyaga. Mudadii uu ku sugnaa Jannada Aadan iyo Markii laga soo saaray:- Way isku khilaafeen culimadu mudadii uu Nebi Aadan jannada joogay, Xaakin waxa uu sheegay in uu Jannada ku sugnaa intii u dhexaysay Casar iyo Makhrib laakiin sida xooga badan leh waxay sheegaysaa in uu ku sugnaa Jannada 130 sanno. Sidoo kale intii uu noola waxay noqonaysaa 1000 (Kun Sanno) sannado sida ay laga fahmayo taariikhda. Nebiguna (CSW) waxa uu inoo sheegay:- Waxa laga soo saaray Nebi Aadan jannada maalin jimce ah waxaana adduunka la keenay maalin Jimce ah. Sidoo kale Abu Hureera (RC) waxa uu Nebi (CSW) ka weriyay in uu yidhi: (Maalinta ugu khayr badan ee cadceedi soo baxdo waa Maalinta Jimce, maalintaasi waa maalintii Aadan la abuuray, waa maalintii uu jannada uu galay, waana maalintii laga soo saaray )Muslim. Goobtii Nebi Aadan uu Dhulka kaga soo degay:- Illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray Aadan iyo xaawa in uu jannada ka guuraan una guuraan dhulka, shaydaana sidoo kale ayuu faray, sidoo kale illaahay waxa uu caddeeyay in ay dhexdooda noqon doonto cadaawad xeel dheer una dhexaysa Iblays oo illaahay naxariistiisa ka fogeeyay iyo duriyada Nebi Aadan (CS) ilaa qiyaamaha. Aadan sida la sheegay dhulka waxa uu ugu soo hor degey Hindiya oo la odhan jiray Sarniib sida xooga badan leh aawana illaahay wuu la dejiyay in ka yar ka dib Aadan. Nebi Aadan waxa uu yidhi isaga oo deydayaya wayna isku soo dhowaadeen, halkaas ay iskugu soo dhowaadeena waxay ahayd Mustalifa (Waa goob u dhexaysa maka iyo carafe) waxayna isku barteen carafe sidaas ayaana loogu bixiyay carafe. Ka Iblays la yidhaahdo miyaa isagu waxa uu ku soo degay dhulka Ciraaq waxaana la yidhi meesha ugu udgoonka badan leh dhulku waa meeshi Nebi Aadan uu dhulka kaga soo degay,. Sidoo kale dhulkii uu Nebi Aadan ku soo degay waxa uu ahaa dhulkii ugu wanaagsanaa, waxaana la yidhi waa goobta janada ugu dhow. Dhisidii Guriga Xaramka:-Illaahay (SW) waxa uu faray Nebi Aadan (CS) in uu dhiso guriga illaahay ee Maka ku yaala wuxuuna yimid maka waana uu dhisay, isagoo ka dhisay shan nooc oo ciida duurul siina, duurul sayta iyo lugnaan iyo jawdi, seeskeedana waxa uu ka dhisay Xara. Markii uu dhamaystiray dhismaheedi illaahay ayaa u soo diray malag baraaya dadka goobaha cibaadada sidiina way ahayd illaa uu illaahay xalaagay qoomkii reer Nuux, ka dibna ay baabaday Kabcadii ka dibna illaahay u soo diray Nebi Ibraahim oo dib u dhisay. Haabiil iyo Qaabiil:-Illaahay waxa uu yidhi (SW) “U akhri warkii labadii wiil ee nebi Aadan si dhab ah, markii la siiyay qurbaan ee midkood laga aqbalay kii kalena laga aqbali waayay, waxa uu yidhi waan ku dili waxaana uu ku yidhi kii kale illaahay waxa uu ka aqbalaa uun kuwa alle ka cabsada, haddii gacantaada ii soo fididis aniga si aad ii dishid anigu gacantayda kuu soo fidid maayo si aan adiga kuu dilo, anigu waxa aan ka cabsanaya illaahay, anigu waxa aan doonayaa denbigayga iyo denbigaagaba in aan xambaaratid oo aad noqotid dadka ahlu naarka ah, taasina waa abaal marinta kuwa daalimiinta ah. Waxay u qurxisay naftiisi in uu dilo walaalkii waanu dilay walaalkii, waxaana uu noqday kuwa guul daraystay, illaahay ayaa u soo diray tuke isagoo baadhbaadhaya dhulka si uu u aaso walaalkii, wuxuu yidhi alla hoogaygee miyaan awoodi kari waayay in aan noqdo sida tukahaas oo kale oo aan u aaso walaalkay, waxaana uu noqday kuwa murugaysan” Suuratul Maa’ida 27- 31 Waxaynu ku soo uruurin doona Qisada Haabiil iyo Qaabiil Xaawa waxay dhashay afartan qof, mar kastana waxay dhalaysay wiil iyo gabadh, Nebi Aadanna wiil kasta waxa uu u dhisi jiray gabadh, Haabiil ayaa doonay in uu guursado qaabiil walaashii oo ka qurux badnayd Haabiil walaashii, dabadeedna qaabiil waxa uu doonay in uu u doorbido isaga, laakiin Aadan ayaa faray in uu guursado iyada waanu diiday, midkastana waxa uu doonay in uu illaahay ugu dhowaado Qurbaan, dabadeena waxay tegeen Maka si ay u soo Xajaan, midkastaana illahaay wuxuu ugu dhowaaday wixii uu doonayay, Haabiil waxa uu illaahay ugu dhowaadya Neef Xoola ah waayo wuxuu lahaa adhi, qaabiilna wuxuu ugu dhowaaday illaahay dalag ( geed gab) waxaanu lahaa beer, waxa ku soo degay naar waxayna cuntay tii haabiil waxayna iskaga tegtay tii qaabiil waanu cadhooday cadho daran waxaana ku yidhi walaalkii haabiil waan ku dilaya si aanad u guursan walaashay. Haabiil wuxuu ku yidhi illaahay wuxuu wax ka aqbalaa kuwa isaga ka cabsada. Habeen habeenada ka mid ah ayuu ku raagay Haabiil meeshii xoolo daaqsiinta Aadan ayaana u diray isaga oo ka soo noqday Xajka walaalkii Qaabiil si uu u soo eego wixii dib u riday, markii uu u tagay waxa uu ku yidhi illaahay adiga ayuu kaa aqbalay anigana igamuu aqbalin, markaas ayuu Qaabiil ku yidhi illaahay dadka wanaagsan ayuu wax ka aqbalaa, qaabiil wuu cadhoodhay dabadeena wuxuu u yimid isaga oo hurda dhagax wayn ayaana madaxa ka saaray. Waxa la yidhi markii uu dilay Qaabiil Haabiil wuu murugooday ilaa ay is bedeshay urtiisi, dushiisana waxa fuulay shinbiro, xayawaankiina waxay u diyaargaroobeen in ay cunaan, waanu nacay in uu Aadan u yimaado si uu uga murugoodo, waana uu sitay ilaa uu arkay laba tuke oo isku dilay hortiisa, oo midi midkii kale dilay dabadeena afkiisi dheera ku qoday dhulka, ka dibna ku aasay, wuxuu yidhi alla xoogaygee miyaan awoodi kari waayay sida Shimbirkaas oo kale waxaana uu sameeyay sidii shimbirku sameeyay halkii ayuuna ku aasay walaalkii. Qaabiil waxa uu ahaa kii dilay walaalkii isaga oo ah muslim muumin ah, manuu ahayn gaal laakiin waxa uu ku dhacay denbi wayn ka Qaabiil waxa uu ahaa kii dilay walaalkii isaga oo ah muslim muumin ah, manuu ahayn gaal laakiin waxa uu ku dhacay denbi wayn ka dib dilkii walaalkii Haabil isaga oo sameeyay dulmi iyo cadawad. Ibnu Mascuud (RC) waxa uu Nebi (CSW) ka weriyay in uu yidhi: Naf laguma dilo gardaro haddi kale dembiga badh ayuu ku leeyahay ibnu Aadankii (Qaabiil) ugu horeeyay, waayo waxa uu ahaa qofkii ugu horeeyay ee jideeyay dilka. Dhimashadii Nebi Aadan iyo Xaawa:- Wuxuu noola Nebi Aadan kun sanno, boqol iyo sodan sanno wuxuu ku qaatay jannada wuxuunu dhulka ku noola kun sanno, markii uu dhintay umadiisa waxa uu kaga tegay diinta islaamka iyo iyaga oo caabudaya illaahay kaligii waxna aan u shariik yeelayn. Dadkii waxay sii noolaayeen kun sanno oo kale iyaga oo haysta diinta islaamka manay jirin gaal iyo mushrik, waxay timid gaalnimada iyo mushriknimadu Nebiyulaahi idiris (CS) ka dib. Nebi Nuux waxa uu ahaa Nebigii ugu horeeyay ee illaahay gaalo u soo diro. Nebi Aadan waxa lagu aasay Maka ama buurta mina meel u dhow masaajidka Khiifa, iyada oo imika aan laga arkayn calaamado ku tusaaya, waxa kale oo la sheegay in uu ku aasan yahay buurtii uu ku soo degay ee Hindiya, waxa kale oo la sheegay in uu ku aasan yahay buurta Abu qirays la yidhaahdo ee maka illaahay baa og. Sidoo kale waxa la sheegay in ay nooleed Gabadhiisi Xaawa Nebi Aadan ka dib sannad, waxaana la sheegay in lagu aasay magaalada Jida. Wa Bilaahi Towfiiq magaca waa Abdirahman abuubakar(abuu xikam) == Addam ah Kitaabka Quduuska == Waa hore Ilaahay Yehowah ninkii iyo naagtii ugu horreeyay buu abuuray. Magacyadoodii waxay ahaayeen Aadan iyo Xaawa. Ilaahay wuxuu siiyay meel qurux badan ay ku noolaadaan oo la oran jiray beertii Ceeden. Haddii ay Aadan iyo Xaawa Ilaahay dhegeysan lahaayeen carruurtooda iyo iyaguba dunida oo dhan waxay ka dhigi lahaayeen janno sida beertaas. Oo weligood Janno bay ku noolaan kari lahaayeen. Aadan iyo Xaawa Ilaahay may dhegeysan sidaas daraaddeed janno maanta kuma noolin. Haddaba Ilaahay wuxuu yiri inuu dunida oo dhan qurxin doono. Oo ay dadka oo dhan weligood farxad ku noolaan doonaan.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay]</ref><ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/carruurtaada-wax-bar/sir-qarsoon-aan-ognahay/ Sir Qarsoon aan Rabno Inaan Ogaano]</ref> 1tnazr1r9h9nt6wepnljudlxr3w6geb 0 4570 239628 225364 2022-08-07T07:07:00Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubin */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Fiyetnam<br />"Việt Nam" |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Fiyetnam |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Vietnam.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of Vietnam.svg |image_map = Egypt_(orthographic_projection).svg |astaan_calan = [[Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc]]''<small><br />"Wadannimo- Xornimo - Farxad"</small> |image_map = |caasimadda = [[Hanoi]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Fiyetnaamiis]] |caasimada = [[Hanoi]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |qaab dowladeed = [[Gobolka hantiwadaagga]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Nguyễn Minh Triết |magac_hogaamiye2 = Nguyễn Tấn Dũng |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Faransiiska]] |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 2 [[Sebteembar]], 1945 |area = 331,690 km2 |areami² = 128,527 |biyo = 1.3 |population_estimate = 98,500,000 ² |population_estimate_year = 2016 |lacagta = dong (VND) |wakhti = (UTC) |furaha_debedda = +84 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Bandovietnam-final-fill-scale-fr.svg|thumb|Fiyetnam]] '''Fiyetnam''' (Vietnam) waa dawlad kutaala [[koonfur]]ta [[bari]] ee qaarada [[Asiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyhay wadamada [[Shiinaha]], [[Laos]] iyo [[Kambodiya]]. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Hanoi]]. Wadankaan waxaa degan dad ka badan 85miliyan oo qof, waa wadanka 13aad oo ugu dadka tirada badan aduunka. Waddanka: / ˌvjɛtnæm, -nɑːm /, US: / ˌviːətnɑːm, -næm / (ku saabsan codkani wuxuu dhagaystaa); [10] Vietnamese: Việt Nam ayaa loo yaqaan [vîət nāːm] (ku saabsan codkan maqal)), ee Vietnam (Vietnam: Công hòi Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), waa wadamada bariga ee ku yaal jasiiradda Indochina. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay 94.6 milyan oo qof ilaa sanadka 2016, waa dalka 15-aad ee adduunka, iyo wadanka 9-aad ee ugu badan Asia. Wadanka Vietnam waxaa xuduud u leh Shiinaha waqooyiga, Laos, ilaa waqooyi-galbeed, Kambodiya, koonfur galbeed, Thailand oo ku taal Gacanka Thailand ee koonfur galbeed, iyo Filibiin, Malaysia iyo Indonesia oo ku yaalla Badweynta Koonfurta Shiinaha xagga bari iyo koonfur. Magaalada caasimadda ah waxay ahayd Hanoi tan iyo markii la isku keeney Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Sannadkii 1976-kii, iyada oo Ho Chi Minh City u ahayd magaalada ugu badan. Qaybta waqooyiga ee Vietnam waxay qayb ka ahayd Imperial China muddo ka badan sanad, laga bilaabo 111 BC ilaa AD 939. Dowlad madaxbannaan oo madaxbannaan oo Vietnam ah ayaa la sameeyay 939, kadib guushii Vietnam ee Battle of Bạch River. Hantidhowrka Horumarinta ee Vietnam wuxuu kor u kacay sidii waddanku u ballaariyay juquraafi ahaan iyo siyaasad ahaanba Koonfurta Aasiya, illaa jasiiradda Indochina lagu soo afjaray Faransiis qarnigii 19-aad. Ka dib markii la qabsaday Jarmalka 1940-kii, Vietnamese-ka waxay ku dagaalameen xukunka Faransiiska ee Dagaalka Indochina. 2dii Sebtembar 1945 Madaxweynaha Hoog Chí Minh ayaa ku dhawaaqay xornimada Vietnam ee ka timid Faransiiska oo ku hoos qoran magaca cusub ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam. Sanadkii 1954, Vietnam waxay ku dhawaaqday guushii Battle of Dien Bien Phu, oo dhacday intii u dhaxaysay Maarso iyo May 1954 waxayna ku dhufatay guuldaradii weynaa ee Faransiiska. Intaas ka dib, Vietnam waxa loo kala qaybiyay laba dawladood oo ku tartamaya, Waqooyiga Vietnam (rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam) iyo Koonfurta Vietnam (si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Vietnam). Khilaafka udhaxeeya labada dhinac ayaa waxa uu ku sii xoogeysanayaa waxa loo yaqaano Dagaalkii Vietnam, iyada oo fara-galin culus oo Maraykanku ka soo galo dhinaca Koonfuurta Vietnam tan iyo 1965-kii illaa 1973-dii. Dagaalku wuxuu ku dhamaaday guushii North Vietnam ee 1975. Wadanka Vietnam ayaa markaa la isku raacay dawlad ka tirsan xisbiyada, laakiin waxay ahayd mid liitay oo siyaasad ahaan loo go'doomiyay. 1986-kii, Xisbiga Tigreega ee Vietnam wuxuu bilaabay dib-u-habayn dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed oo bilaabay waddada Vietnam si uu u dhexgalo dhaqaalaha aduunka. [12] Sannadkii 2000, waxay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed la laheyd dhammaan waddamada. Tan iyo sanadkii 2000, heerka horumarka dhaqaalaha ee Vietnam wuxuu ka mid ahaa kuwa adduunka ugu sareeya, [12] iyo, sannadkii 2011, waxa uu ku jirey Heerka Kobcinta Caalamiga ah ee Korantada ee 11ka Dhaqaale ee waaweyn. Dibuhabaynta dhaqaale ee guulaystay waxay keentay in uu ku biiro Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ganacsiga sannadkii 2007. Vietnam ayaa xubin ka ah Ururka Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha ee Aasiyada Koonfur-Galbeed, Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha Asia iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah iyo Ururka Caalamiga ah ee de la Francophonie ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ==waddanmaha degeen vietnam== * {{Flag|United States}} 2000+ * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 500+ * {{Flag|France}} 500+ * {{Flag|Japan}}500+ == Taariikh == Fiyetnam waxee ka mid aheed dhul markiisa hore laisku dhihi jiray [[Farasiiska indoshiina]], waxaana gumeesan jiray gumeestihii [[faransiiska]] taariikhda marka ee eheed 1800. Gumeesigaan waxaa qabsaday Dawladda [[Jabaan]] waqtigii oo socday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]]. Dhamaadkii dagaaladii aduunka wadanka waxaa ka dhashtay dowlad cusub oo komunist ah, waxaana hogaaminaayay nin lagu magacaabo [[Ho Chi Minh]] oo markiisa hore ka mid ahaan jiray Jabhad la dhoho [[Viet Minh]] oo u dagaalami jirtay xoreenta fiyetnam. Dagaal ayaa u dhaxeeyay ciidamada faransiiska iyo jabhada Viet Minh taariikhda marka ee eheed 1946dii ilaa 1954tii, dagaalkaas waxaa la dhihi jiray [[Dagaalkii Indoshiina]]. Dagaalkaas waxoo dhamaaday markii ciidamadii faransiiska lagu jabshay magaalada [[Dien Bien Phu]].Waqtigaas ka dib, mareykanka ayaa soo galay wadanka si oo u joojiyo xukunka komunistiga ah oo ka jira dalka fiyetnam. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1959 ilaa 1975tii waxaa socday [[Dagaalkii Fiyetnam]], oo u dhaxeeyay waqooyiga fiyetnam iyo Koonfurta fiyetnam, dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday Komunistiga woqooyiga fiyetnam oo ku guuleesatay dagaalka, isla markaas neh ee wadanka mideeyeen. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1976dii marka ee fiyetnam u dirtay ciidamo wadanka ee dariska yihiin ee [[Kambodiya]], waxaa weerar ku soo qaaday wadanka [[Shiinaha]], dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday sixida xuduudka shiinaha iyo fiyetnam. ciidamada fiyetnaamiiska aad ayee uuga adkaayeen kuwa shiinaha. == Deegaanka Vietnam == wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 63 gobol.waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan.. * [[Hanoi]] * [[Hai Phong]] * [[Da Nang]] * [[Can Tho]] * [[Binh Duong]] * , [[Binh Phuoc]] * [[Ca Mau]] * [[Kien Giang]], * [[Ba Ria-Vung Tau]] * [[Dong Nai]] * [[Binh Thuan]] * [[Ninh Thuan]] * [[Quang Binh]] * [[Quang Tri]] * [[Thua Thien-Hue]] * [[Quang Nam]] * [[Quang Ngai]] * [[Binh Dinh]] * [[Phu Yen]] * [[Khanh Hoa]] * [[Tay Ninh]], * [[Gia Lai]] * [[Kon Tum]] * [[Dak Lak]] * [[Dak Nong]] * [[Lam Dong]], * [[Long An]] * [[Ben Tre]] * [[Tra Vinh]], * [[Soc Trang]], * [[Nghe An]], * [[Ha Tinh]], * [[Thanh Hoa]], * [[Thai Binh]], * [[Ninh Binh]], * [[Vinh Phuc]], * [[Bac Ninh]], * [[Lang Son]], * [[Quang Ninh]], * [[Hoa Binh]], * [[Hai Duong]], * [[Hung Yen]], * [[Son La]], * [[Lai Chau]], * [[Ha Giang]], * [[Bac Lieu]]. * [[File:Indochina - Sègle V.png|thumb|[[Indochina]] au sègle V ap. J.C.]] [[File:Emperor Gia Long.jpg|thumb|right|Retrach de l'emperaire [[Gia Long]].]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Fiyetnam]] 2qlrg8g26lwfg9oxbj99mmqq2ax5qcm 239629 239628 2022-08-07T07:12:51Z Mwasoge 29030 /* waddanmaha degeen vietnam */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Fiyetnam<br />"Việt Nam" |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Fiyetnam |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Vietnam.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of Vietnam.svg |image_map = Egypt_(orthographic_projection).svg |astaan_calan = [[Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc]]''<small><br />"Wadannimo- Xornimo - Farxad"</small> |image_map = |caasimadda = [[Hanoi]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Fiyetnaamiis]] |caasimada = [[Hanoi]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |qaab dowladeed = [[Gobolka hantiwadaagga]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Nguyễn Minh Triết |magac_hogaamiye2 = Nguyễn Tấn Dũng |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Faransiiska]] |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 2 [[Sebteembar]], 1945 |area = 331,690 km2 |areami² = 128,527 |biyo = 1.3 |population_estimate = 98,500,000 ² |population_estimate_year = 2016 |lacagta = dong (VND) |wakhti = (UTC) |furaha_debedda = +84 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Bandovietnam-final-fill-scale-fr.svg|thumb|Fiyetnam]] '''Fiyetnam''' (Vietnam) waa dawlad kutaala [[koonfur]]ta [[bari]] ee qaarada [[Asiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyhay wadamada [[Shiinaha]], [[Laos]] iyo [[Kambodiya]]. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Hanoi]]. Wadankaan waxaa degan dad ka badan 85miliyan oo qof, waa wadanka 13aad oo ugu dadka tirada badan aduunka. Waddanka: / ˌvjɛtnæm, -nɑːm /, US: / ˌviːətnɑːm, -næm / (ku saabsan codkani wuxuu dhagaystaa); [10] Vietnamese: Việt Nam ayaa loo yaqaan [vîət nāːm] (ku saabsan codkan maqal)), ee Vietnam (Vietnam: Công hòi Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), waa wadamada bariga ee ku yaal jasiiradda Indochina. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay 94.6 milyan oo qof ilaa sanadka 2016, waa dalka 15-aad ee adduunka, iyo wadanka 9-aad ee ugu badan Asia. Wadanka Vietnam waxaa xuduud u leh Shiinaha waqooyiga, Laos, ilaa waqooyi-galbeed, Kambodiya, koonfur galbeed, Thailand oo ku taal Gacanka Thailand ee koonfur galbeed, iyo Filibiin, Malaysia iyo Indonesia oo ku yaalla Badweynta Koonfurta Shiinaha xagga bari iyo koonfur. Magaalada caasimadda ah waxay ahayd Hanoi tan iyo markii la isku keeney Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Sannadkii 1976-kii, iyada oo Ho Chi Minh City u ahayd magaalada ugu badan. Qaybta waqooyiga ee Vietnam waxay qayb ka ahayd Imperial China muddo ka badan sanad, laga bilaabo 111 BC ilaa AD 939. Dowlad madaxbannaan oo madaxbannaan oo Vietnam ah ayaa la sameeyay 939, kadib guushii Vietnam ee Battle of Bạch River. Hantidhowrka Horumarinta ee Vietnam wuxuu kor u kacay sidii waddanku u ballaariyay juquraafi ahaan iyo siyaasad ahaanba Koonfurta Aasiya, illaa jasiiradda Indochina lagu soo afjaray Faransiis qarnigii 19-aad. Ka dib markii la qabsaday Jarmalka 1940-kii, Vietnamese-ka waxay ku dagaalameen xukunka Faransiiska ee Dagaalka Indochina. 2dii Sebtembar 1945 Madaxweynaha Hoog Chí Minh ayaa ku dhawaaqay xornimada Vietnam ee ka timid Faransiiska oo ku hoos qoran magaca cusub ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam. Sanadkii 1954, Vietnam waxay ku dhawaaqday guushii Battle of Dien Bien Phu, oo dhacday intii u dhaxaysay Maarso iyo May 1954 waxayna ku dhufatay guuldaradii weynaa ee Faransiiska. Intaas ka dib, Vietnam waxa loo kala qaybiyay laba dawladood oo ku tartamaya, Waqooyiga Vietnam (rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam) iyo Koonfurta Vietnam (si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Vietnam). Khilaafka udhaxeeya labada dhinac ayaa waxa uu ku sii xoogeysanayaa waxa loo yaqaano Dagaalkii Vietnam, iyada oo fara-galin culus oo Maraykanku ka soo galo dhinaca Koonfuurta Vietnam tan iyo 1965-kii illaa 1973-dii. Dagaalku wuxuu ku dhamaaday guushii North Vietnam ee 1975. Wadanka Vietnam ayaa markaa la isku raacay dawlad ka tirsan xisbiyada, laakiin waxay ahayd mid liitay oo siyaasad ahaan loo go'doomiyay. 1986-kii, Xisbiga Tigreega ee Vietnam wuxuu bilaabay dib-u-habayn dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed oo bilaabay waddada Vietnam si uu u dhexgalo dhaqaalaha aduunka. [12] Sannadkii 2000, waxay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed la laheyd dhammaan waddamada. Tan iyo sanadkii 2000, heerka horumarka dhaqaalaha ee Vietnam wuxuu ka mid ahaa kuwa adduunka ugu sareeya, [12] iyo, sannadkii 2011, waxa uu ku jirey Heerka Kobcinta Caalamiga ah ee Korantada ee 11ka Dhaqaale ee waaweyn. Dibuhabaynta dhaqaale ee guulaystay waxay keentay in uu ku biiro Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ganacsiga sannadkii 2007. Vietnam ayaa xubin ka ah Ururka Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha ee Aasiyada Koonfur-Galbeed, Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha Asia iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah iyo Ururka Caalamiga ah ee de la Francophonie ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ==waddanmaha degeen Vietnam== * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 500+ * {{Flag|Australia}}500+* {{Flag|Japan}}500+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 498,000++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 2,500+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 234,300+;+;+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. == Taariikh == Fiyetnam waxee ka mid aheed dhul markiisa hore laisku dhihi jiray [[Farasiiska indoshiina]], waxaana gumeesan jiray gumeestihii [[faransiiska]] taariikhda marka ee eheed 1800. Gumeesigaan waxaa qabsaday Dawladda [[Jabaan]] waqtigii oo socday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]]. Dhamaadkii dagaaladii aduunka wadanka waxaa ka dhashtay dowlad cusub oo komunist ah, waxaana hogaaminaayay nin lagu magacaabo [[Ho Chi Minh]] oo markiisa hore ka mid ahaan jiray Jabhad la dhoho [[Viet Minh]] oo u dagaalami jirtay xoreenta fiyetnam. Dagaal ayaa u dhaxeeyay ciidamada faransiiska iyo jabhada Viet Minh taariikhda marka ee eheed 1946dii ilaa 1954tii, dagaalkaas waxaa la dhihi jiray [[Dagaalkii Indoshiina]]. Dagaalkaas waxoo dhamaaday markii ciidamadii faransiiska lagu jabshay magaalada [[Dien Bien Phu]].Waqtigaas ka dib, mareykanka ayaa soo galay wadanka si oo u joojiyo xukunka komunistiga ah oo ka jira dalka fiyetnam. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1959 ilaa 1975tii waxaa socday [[Dagaalkii Fiyetnam]], oo u dhaxeeyay waqooyiga fiyetnam iyo Koonfurta fiyetnam, dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday Komunistiga woqooyiga fiyetnam oo ku guuleesatay dagaalka, isla markaas neh ee wadanka mideeyeen. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1976dii marka ee fiyetnam u dirtay ciidamo wadanka ee dariska yihiin ee [[Kambodiya]], waxaa weerar ku soo qaaday wadanka [[Shiinaha]], dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday sixida xuduudka shiinaha iyo fiyetnam. ciidamada fiyetnaamiiska aad ayee uuga adkaayeen kuwa shiinaha. == Deegaanka Vietnam == wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 63 gobol.waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan.. * [[Hanoi]] * [[Hai Phong]] * [[Da Nang]] * [[Can Tho]] * [[Binh Duong]] * , [[Binh Phuoc]] * [[Ca Mau]] * [[Kien Giang]], * [[Ba Ria-Vung Tau]] * [[Dong Nai]] * [[Binh Thuan]] * [[Ninh Thuan]] * [[Quang Binh]] * [[Quang Tri]] * [[Thua Thien-Hue]] * [[Quang Nam]] * [[Quang Ngai]] * [[Binh Dinh]] * [[Phu Yen]] * [[Khanh Hoa]] * [[Tay Ninh]], * [[Gia Lai]] * [[Kon Tum]] * [[Dak Lak]] * [[Dak Nong]] * [[Lam Dong]], * [[Long An]] * [[Ben Tre]] * [[Tra Vinh]], * [[Soc Trang]], * [[Nghe An]], * [[Ha Tinh]], * [[Thanh Hoa]], * [[Thai Binh]], * [[Ninh Binh]], * [[Vinh Phuc]], * [[Bac Ninh]], * [[Lang Son]], * [[Quang Ninh]], * [[Hoa Binh]], * [[Hai Duong]], * [[Hung Yen]], * [[Son La]], * [[Lai Chau]], * [[Ha Giang]], * [[Bac Lieu]]. * [[File:Indochina - Sègle V.png|thumb|[[Indochina]] au sègle V ap. J.C.]] [[File:Emperor Gia Long.jpg|thumb|right|Retrach de l'emperaire [[Gia Long]].]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Fiyetnam]] 5uoj0o6q5anvqnqvwmrh2i4y2x3u5sc 239634 239629 2022-08-07T07:29:31Z Mwasoge 29030 /* waddanmaha degeen Vietnam */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Fiyetnam<br />"Việt Nam" |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Fiyetnam |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Vietnam.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of Vietnam.svg |image_map = Egypt_(orthographic_projection).svg |astaan_calan = [[Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc]]''<small><br />"Wadannimo- Xornimo - Farxad"</small> |image_map = |caasimadda = [[Hanoi]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Fiyetnaamiis]] |caasimada = [[Hanoi]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |qaab dowladeed = [[Gobolka hantiwadaagga]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Nguyễn Minh Triết |magac_hogaamiye2 = Nguyễn Tấn Dũng |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Faransiiska]] |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 2 [[Sebteembar]], 1945 |area = 331,690 km2 |areami² = 128,527 |biyo = 1.3 |population_estimate = 98,500,000 ² |population_estimate_year = 2016 |lacagta = dong (VND) |wakhti = (UTC) |furaha_debedda = +84 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Bandovietnam-final-fill-scale-fr.svg|thumb|Fiyetnam]] '''Fiyetnam''' (Vietnam) waa dawlad kutaala [[koonfur]]ta [[bari]] ee qaarada [[Asiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyhay wadamada [[Shiinaha]], [[Laos]] iyo [[Kambodiya]]. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Hanoi]]. Wadankaan waxaa degan dad ka badan 85miliyan oo qof, waa wadanka 13aad oo ugu dadka tirada badan aduunka. Waddanka: / ˌvjɛtnæm, -nɑːm /, US: / ˌviːətnɑːm, -næm / (ku saabsan codkani wuxuu dhagaystaa); [10] Vietnamese: Việt Nam ayaa loo yaqaan [vîət nāːm] (ku saabsan codkan maqal)), ee Vietnam (Vietnam: Công hòi Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), waa wadamada bariga ee ku yaal jasiiradda Indochina. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay 94.6 milyan oo qof ilaa sanadka 2016, waa dalka 15-aad ee adduunka, iyo wadanka 9-aad ee ugu badan Asia. Wadanka Vietnam waxaa xuduud u leh Shiinaha waqooyiga, Laos, ilaa waqooyi-galbeed, Kambodiya, koonfur galbeed, Thailand oo ku taal Gacanka Thailand ee koonfur galbeed, iyo Filibiin, Malaysia iyo Indonesia oo ku yaalla Badweynta Koonfurta Shiinaha xagga bari iyo koonfur. Magaalada caasimadda ah waxay ahayd Hanoi tan iyo markii la isku keeney Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Sannadkii 1976-kii, iyada oo Ho Chi Minh City u ahayd magaalada ugu badan. Qaybta waqooyiga ee Vietnam waxay qayb ka ahayd Imperial China muddo ka badan sanad, laga bilaabo 111 BC ilaa AD 939. Dowlad madaxbannaan oo madaxbannaan oo Vietnam ah ayaa la sameeyay 939, kadib guushii Vietnam ee Battle of Bạch River. Hantidhowrka Horumarinta ee Vietnam wuxuu kor u kacay sidii waddanku u ballaariyay juquraafi ahaan iyo siyaasad ahaanba Koonfurta Aasiya, illaa jasiiradda Indochina lagu soo afjaray Faransiis qarnigii 19-aad. Ka dib markii la qabsaday Jarmalka 1940-kii, Vietnamese-ka waxay ku dagaalameen xukunka Faransiiska ee Dagaalka Indochina. 2dii Sebtembar 1945 Madaxweynaha Hoog Chí Minh ayaa ku dhawaaqay xornimada Vietnam ee ka timid Faransiiska oo ku hoos qoran magaca cusub ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam. Sanadkii 1954, Vietnam waxay ku dhawaaqday guushii Battle of Dien Bien Phu, oo dhacday intii u dhaxaysay Maarso iyo May 1954 waxayna ku dhufatay guuldaradii weynaa ee Faransiiska. Intaas ka dib, Vietnam waxa loo kala qaybiyay laba dawladood oo ku tartamaya, Waqooyiga Vietnam (rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam) iyo Koonfurta Vietnam (si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Vietnam). Khilaafka udhaxeeya labada dhinac ayaa waxa uu ku sii xoogeysanayaa waxa loo yaqaano Dagaalkii Vietnam, iyada oo fara-galin culus oo Maraykanku ka soo galo dhinaca Koonfuurta Vietnam tan iyo 1965-kii illaa 1973-dii. Dagaalku wuxuu ku dhamaaday guushii North Vietnam ee 1975. Wadanka Vietnam ayaa markaa la isku raacay dawlad ka tirsan xisbiyada, laakiin waxay ahayd mid liitay oo siyaasad ahaan loo go'doomiyay. 1986-kii, Xisbiga Tigreega ee Vietnam wuxuu bilaabay dib-u-habayn dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed oo bilaabay waddada Vietnam si uu u dhexgalo dhaqaalaha aduunka. [12] Sannadkii 2000, waxay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed la laheyd dhammaan waddamada. Tan iyo sanadkii 2000, heerka horumarka dhaqaalaha ee Vietnam wuxuu ka mid ahaa kuwa adduunka ugu sareeya, [12] iyo, sannadkii 2011, waxa uu ku jirey Heerka Kobcinta Caalamiga ah ee Korantada ee 11ka Dhaqaale ee waaweyn. Dibuhabaynta dhaqaale ee guulaystay waxay keentay in uu ku biiro Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ganacsiga sannadkii 2007. Vietnam ayaa xubin ka ah Ururka Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha ee Aasiyada Koonfur-Galbeed, Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha Asia iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah iyo Ururka Caalamiga ah ee de la Francophonie ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ==waddanmaha degeen Vietnam== * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 500+ * {{Flag|Australia}} 510+* {{Flag|Japan}}500+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 498,000++ <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>. * {{Flag|United States}} 2,500+<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>. * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 234,300+;+;+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. == Taariikh == Fiyetnam waxee ka mid aheed dhul markiisa hore laisku dhihi jiray [[Farasiiska indoshiina]], waxaana gumeesan jiray gumeestihii [[faransiiska]] taariikhda marka ee eheed 1800. Gumeesigaan waxaa qabsaday Dawladda [[Jabaan]] waqtigii oo socday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]]. Dhamaadkii dagaaladii aduunka wadanka waxaa ka dhashtay dowlad cusub oo komunist ah, waxaana hogaaminaayay nin lagu magacaabo [[Ho Chi Minh]] oo markiisa hore ka mid ahaan jiray Jabhad la dhoho [[Viet Minh]] oo u dagaalami jirtay xoreenta fiyetnam. Dagaal ayaa u dhaxeeyay ciidamada faransiiska iyo jabhada Viet Minh taariikhda marka ee eheed 1946dii ilaa 1954tii, dagaalkaas waxaa la dhihi jiray [[Dagaalkii Indoshiina]]. Dagaalkaas waxoo dhamaaday markii ciidamadii faransiiska lagu jabshay magaalada [[Dien Bien Phu]].Waqtigaas ka dib, mareykanka ayaa soo galay wadanka si oo u joojiyo xukunka komunistiga ah oo ka jira dalka fiyetnam. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1959 ilaa 1975tii waxaa socday [[Dagaalkii Fiyetnam]], oo u dhaxeeyay waqooyiga fiyetnam iyo Koonfurta fiyetnam, dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday Komunistiga woqooyiga fiyetnam oo ku guuleesatay dagaalka, isla markaas neh ee wadanka mideeyeen. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1976dii marka ee fiyetnam u dirtay ciidamo wadanka ee dariska yihiin ee [[Kambodiya]], waxaa weerar ku soo qaaday wadanka [[Shiinaha]], dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday sixida xuduudka shiinaha iyo fiyetnam. ciidamada fiyetnaamiiska aad ayee uuga adkaayeen kuwa shiinaha. == Deegaanka Vietnam == wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 63 gobol.waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan.. * [[Hanoi]] * [[Hai Phong]] * [[Da Nang]] * [[Can Tho]] * [[Binh Duong]] * , [[Binh Phuoc]] * [[Ca Mau]] * [[Kien Giang]], * [[Ba Ria-Vung Tau]] * [[Dong Nai]] * [[Binh Thuan]] * [[Ninh Thuan]] * [[Quang Binh]] * [[Quang Tri]] * [[Thua Thien-Hue]] * [[Quang Nam]] * [[Quang Ngai]] * [[Binh Dinh]] * [[Phu Yen]] * [[Khanh Hoa]] * [[Tay Ninh]], * [[Gia Lai]] * [[Kon Tum]] * [[Dak Lak]] * [[Dak Nong]] * [[Lam Dong]], * [[Long An]] * [[Ben Tre]] * [[Tra Vinh]], * [[Soc Trang]], * [[Nghe An]], * [[Ha Tinh]], * [[Thanh Hoa]], * [[Thai Binh]], * [[Ninh Binh]], * [[Vinh Phuc]], * [[Bac Ninh]], * [[Lang Son]], * [[Quang Ninh]], * [[Hoa Binh]], * [[Hai Duong]], * [[Hung Yen]], * [[Son La]], * [[Lai Chau]], * [[Ha Giang]], * [[Bac Lieu]]. * [[File:Indochina - Sègle V.png|thumb|[[Indochina]] au sègle V ap. J.C.]] [[File:Emperor Gia Long.jpg|thumb|right|Retrach de l'emperaire [[Gia Long]].]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Fiyetnam]] 9rsm8rqiwhp9stv9symzv1jobs0scdl 0 4719 239623 239279 2022-08-07T06:39:30Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Kof degaan Australia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|35|18|S|149|8|E|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = Australia |conventional_long_name = Ustareliya |common_name = Australia |qaaradda = [[Australia]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Australia.svg |sawir_qaran = Coat of Arms of Australia.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Australia|Advance Australia Fair]] |image_map = LocationAustralia.png |caasimadda = [[Kanbera]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Ingiriis]] |caasimada = [[Kanbera]] y_note = | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,425 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $1.550 trillion | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,550 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |established_event1 = |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[jenera-barasaabl]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Peter Cosgrove |magac_hogaamiye2 = Malcolm Turnbull |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Ingiriis]]ka |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 1 [[Janaayo]], [[1901]] |area = 7,617,930 km2 |areami² = 2,941,299 |biyo = |population_estimate = 22,374,370² |population_estimate_year = 2009 |lacagta = [[Australia Dollar]] |wakhti = Summer (DST)+11.5) |furaha_debedda = +61 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Pellegrini's_at_night.jpg|thumb|right|193px|Australia Melbourn magalloka]] [[File:Chicken_parmiagana.jpg|thumb|right|194px|Cuunto Australia]] [[File:Gold Coast skyline.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Gold Coast]] [[File:Australian_Army_(A38-017)_Eurocopter_Tiger_ARH_display_at_the_2015_Australian_International_Airshow.jpg|thumb|right|196px|{{Flag|Australia}}]] [[File:Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg|thumb|right|197px|Melbourne]] '''Ustareliya''' waa qaarad iyo [[wadan]] oo ku taalo Konnfurta fog, waxoo u dhaxeeyaa jasiiada [[Niyuusiilaand]] oo ka xigta woqooyi bari iyo [[Indonesia]] oo ka xigta koonfur. wadanka Australia waa wadan aad u ween, waxaana degen dad ajnaanib kala duwan.wadanka caasimadiisa waa [[Kanbera]] tiisa labaad waa [[Sidni]]. Australia waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha 13-ka adduunka ugu wayn iyo tobankii sano ee ugu sarreeya dakhliga qofka (IMF). Marka la eego heerka labaad ee horumarka bini'aadan ee adduunka, waddanku wuxuu si heer sare ah u yahay tayada nolosha, caafimaadka, waxbarashada, xorriyadda dhaqaalaha, xoriyada madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed. Australia waa xubin ka mid ah habka ASEAN Plus Plus, Qaramada Midoobay, G20, Commonwealth Nations, ANZUS, Ururka Iskaashatada Dhaqaalaha iyo Horumarinta (OECD), Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ganacsiga, Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha Asia iyo Isku-dhafka, iyo Forum Pacific Islands Forum. Tirada dadka ku nool 25 milyan waa magaalo weyn oo aad u xooggan oo ku dhereray xeebta bariga. Australiya waxay leedahay 9-ka caalamiga ah ee soo galootiga ah ee ugu weyn dunida, iyadoo muhaajiriintu ay muhim u yihiin 26% dadweynaha. Markii ugu horeysay ee Yurub ah ee la duubay ee Australiya, iyo dhulkii ugu horreeyey ee lagu duubo Yurub ee ku yaal qaarada Australiya (ee 1606), waxaa loo aqoonsaday Holland. Markabkii ugu horreeyay iyo shaqaalihii saarnaa markabka Australiya oo la kulmay dadka Aborijiniska ahaa Duyfken oo ahaa kabtanka Dutch, Willem Janszoon. Wuxuu arkay xeebta jasiiradda Cape York horaantii 1606, waxana uu dhulka dhigay 26kii Febraayo ee Pennefather River meel u dhow magaalada casipa ee Weipa ee Cape York. Holland wuxuu ku tusay dhamaan dhulka galbeedka iyo waqooyiga, waxaana loo yaqaan 'New Holland' inta lagu guda jiro qarnigii 17aad, laakiin ma uusan isku dayin degsiimo. William Dampier, oo ah sahamiye Ingiriis ah iyo mid gaar ah, ayaa ku soo degay xeebta waqooyi galbeed ee New Holland 1688kii iyo mar kale 1699 safar dib u laabasho ah. Sanadkii 1770-kii, James Cook wuxuu ka soo degay xeebta bari, kaas oo uu magaciisu ahaa New South Wales waxaana uu dalbaday Britain. Australia waa wadan hodan ah; waxay dhalinaysaa dakhli ka yimid ilo kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin dhoofinta dhirta la xidhiidha, isgaarsiinta, bangiga iyo wax soo saarka. Waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha suuqyada, korodhka sicirka ee qofkiiba, iyo heerka saboolnimada ee hooseeya. Marka la eego celceliska hantida, Australia ayaa kaalinta labaad kaga jirta kaalinta labaad ee adduunka ka dib markii Switzerland ay ahayd 2013, inkastoo heerarka saboolnimada qaranka uu kordhay 10.2% ilaa 11.8%, laga bilaabo 2000/01 illaa 2013. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday Machadka Cilmi-baarista Credit Suisse oo ah qaranka oo leh hantida dhexdhexaadka ah ee adduunka ugu sareeya iyo tan labaad ee ugu sareysa ee hantida ee qaan-gaar ah ee dadka waawayn sanadka 2013. {{Administrative divisions of Australia}} ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Magaaloka== * [[Sydney]] * [[Brisbane]] * [[Adelaide]] * [[Tasmania]] ==Kof degaan Australia== * {{Flag|Australia}} 25,928,100+ * {{Flag|Brazil}} 1,200+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 135,000+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 250,000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 149,000+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 33,000+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 338,000+;+;+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 250,000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>] * {{Flag|China}} PR 600 000+++<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>] * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 120 000 + * {{Flag|South Africa}} 165,000+ [[Category:Australia]] ==sido kale fiiri== * {{Flag|Great Britain}} * {{Flag|United States}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} [[Category:Juqraafi]] elhbzznv50w85r384skwb49ncpu8ewq 0 4720 239619 239449 2022-08-07T05:39:40Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubin */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = ''República Argentina'' </br> ''Jamhuuriyadda Arjantiina'' |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Arjantiina |qaarada = [[Ameerikada koonfureed]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Argentina.svg |sawir_qaran = Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg |astaan_calan = [[Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<small><br />"Astaanta Qaranka Arjantiina"</small> |image_map = Argentina_(orthographic_projection).svg |caasimada = [[buweynos ayres]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Isbaanish]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |magac_hogaamiye1 = Cristina Fernández de Kirchner | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,425<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $0.685 billion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,550<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref>. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Julio Cobos]] |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Isbayn]] |established_event1 = Taakiikh |established_date1 = 9 [[Julaay]], 1816 |area = 2,766,890 km2 |areami² = 1,068,302 |biyo = 1.1 |population_estimate = 44,044,811 |population_estimate_year = [[2017]] |lacagta = [[Peso (Arjantiina)|Peso]] (ARS) |wakhti = ART -3 |furaha_debeda = +54 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} Argentina (Sannadkan wuxuu maqlaa codkani; Spanish: [aɾxentina]), si rasmi ah dalka Argentine [A] (Isbaanish: República Argentina), waa Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee inta badan ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee Koonfurta Ameerika. Wadaagidda qadarka Koonfureed ee Chile ee galbeedka, waddanka ayaa sidoo kale xuduud u leh Bolivia iyo Paraguay dhanka woqooyiga, Brazil oo waqooyi-bari, Uruguay iyo Koonfur Atlantic oo ku yaal bariga, iyo Khadka Dhexe ee Drake ee koonfurta. Argentina waxaa ku yaala wadanka sideedaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, kan labaad ee ugu weyn Latin America, iyo kan ugu weyn ee Isbaanishka ku hadla. Buenos Aires, oo ah caasimada federaalka ah ee dalka (Isbaanishaan: Capital Federal) sida uu go'aamiyey Congresska [12]. Gobolada iyo caasimadu waxay leeyihiin dastuur u gaar ah, laakiin waxay ku jiraan nidaam federaali ah. Argentina waxay sheegataa madax banaanida qayb ka mid ah Antarctica, Falkland Islands (Isbaanish: Islas Malvinas), iyo Koonfurta Georgia iyo Koonfurta Sandwich Islands.[[File:20060128 - Cabildo de Buenos Aires.jpg|194px|right|thumb|Lo [[Cabildo de Buenos Aires|Cabildo]]]] [[File:Buenos Aires-Catedral Metropolitana (exterior).jpg|right|195px|thumb|La [[Catedrau Metropolitana de Buenos Aires|catedrau]] suber la [[plaça de Mayo]]]] ==Xubin== * [[Mercosur]]* *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddnamha Degaan Argentina== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 128,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 128,000+ [<ref>https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8</ref>]. * {{Flag|Arab League}} 129,670+[[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. [<ref>https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 128,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 14,300+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 598,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 7,300+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 6,300+ * {{Flag|China}} 128, 000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. [[File:Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|196px|right|L'[[Ostau Arroset]], sèti deu poder executiu argentin]] [[File:Argentina Congreso.JPG|right|197px|thumb|Lo [[Palais deu Congrès de la Nacion Argentina|Congrès]] dab lo Senat e la Crampa deus Deputats]] [[File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|200px|Salta]] Joogista ugu horreysa ee bini'aadamka ee taariikhda Argentina ee taariikhda casriga ah waxay dib ugu noqotaa muddada Paleolithic. Waddanku wuxuu leeyahay xididdadiisa kuxirta Isbaanishka ee gobolka ee qarnigii 16aad. Argentina waxay noqotay mid ku guulaysatay gobolka Viceroyalty ee Río de la Plata, Spanish-ka dibad-baxa dibada ee lagu aasaasay 1776-kii. Baaqa iyo dagaalka xornimada (1810-1818) waxaa soo raacay dagaal sokeeye oo soconayey ilaa 1861, taas oo ku dhamaatay dib-u-habeynta dalka sida federaalka ah ee gobollada Buenos Aires oo ah caasimadeeda. Waddanku wuxuu intaas ku daray in nabadgelyo iyo xasilooni darro, iyada oo mowjado waawayn oo ka mid ah soogalootiga yurubiyaanka ah ay si xooggan dib-u-habaynayaan aragtida dhaqameed iyo bulsho. Kororka ku soo kordhay barwaaqada ayaa keentay in Argentina ay noqoto dalka 7aad ee ugu faqiirsan adduunka tan iyo qarnigii 20-aad <gallery style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:180px" mode="packed" caption="Largest cities in Argentina"> File:Buenos Aires y Río de La Plata desde el aire.jpg|{{flag|Buenos Aires}} File:Plaza San Martín Córdoba 2011-03-06.jpg|{{flagicon|Córdoba}} [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] File:Rosario desde el aire.jpeg|{{flagicon|Santa Fe}} [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] File:Vista de la Ciudad de Mendoza.jpg|{{flagicon|Mendoza}} [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] File:Tucuman sfrancisco barrio norte.jpg|{{flagicon|Tucumán}} [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]] File:Plaza Moreno-La Plata-1.jpg|{{flagicon|Buenos Aires Province}} [[La Plata]] File:MDQ skyline.jpg|{{flagicon|Buenos Aires Province}} [[Mar del Plata]] File:Salta-Capital-P3130030.JPG|{{flagicon|Salta}} [[Salta]] File:Vista aerea de Resistencia.jpg|{{flagicon|Chaco}} [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]] File:Santiago cathedral.jpg|{{flagicon|Santiago del Estero}} [[Santiago del Estero]] </gallery> '''Arjantiina''' ama jamhuuriyadda Arjantiina ([[Isbanish]] República Argentina. Waa wadan ku yaalo qaarada [[Ameerikada koonfureed|Koonfur ameerika]]. * [[Roma (qaran)]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist|refs=https://www.britannica.com/place/Argentina}} {{commons|Argentina}} {{Dalalka Ameerikada Koonfureed}} jb0for6ltugcnksdremc07v28caicsp 239622 239619 2022-08-07T06:37:17Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Waddnamha Degaan Argentina */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = ''República Argentina'' </br> ''Jamhuuriyadda Arjantiina'' |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Arjantiina |qaarada = [[Ameerikada koonfureed]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Argentina.svg |sawir_qaran = Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg |astaan_calan = [[Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<small><br />"Astaanta Qaranka Arjantiina"</small> |image_map = Argentina_(orthographic_projection).svg |caasimada = [[buweynos ayres]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Isbaanish]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |magac_hogaamiye1 = Cristina Fernández de Kirchner | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,425<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $0.685 billion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,550<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref>. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Julio Cobos]] |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Isbayn]] |established_event1 = Taakiikh |established_date1 = 9 [[Julaay]], 1816 |area = 2,766,890 km2 |areami² = 1,068,302 |biyo = 1.1 |population_estimate = 44,044,811 |population_estimate_year = [[2017]] |lacagta = [[Peso (Arjantiina)|Peso]] (ARS) |wakhti = ART -3 |furaha_debeda = +54 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} Argentina (Sannadkan wuxuu maqlaa codkani; Spanish: [aɾxentina]), si rasmi ah dalka Argentine [A] (Isbaanish: República Argentina), waa Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee inta badan ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee Koonfurta Ameerika. Wadaagidda qadarka Koonfureed ee Chile ee galbeedka, waddanka ayaa sidoo kale xuduud u leh Bolivia iyo Paraguay dhanka woqooyiga, Brazil oo waqooyi-bari, Uruguay iyo Koonfur Atlantic oo ku yaal bariga, iyo Khadka Dhexe ee Drake ee koonfurta. Argentina waxaa ku yaala wadanka sideedaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, kan labaad ee ugu weyn Latin America, iyo kan ugu weyn ee Isbaanishka ku hadla. Buenos Aires, oo ah caasimada federaalka ah ee dalka (Isbaanishaan: Capital Federal) sida uu go'aamiyey Congresska [12]. Gobolada iyo caasimadu waxay leeyihiin dastuur u gaar ah, laakiin waxay ku jiraan nidaam federaali ah. Argentina waxay sheegataa madax banaanida qayb ka mid ah Antarctica, Falkland Islands (Isbaanish: Islas Malvinas), iyo Koonfurta Georgia iyo Koonfurta Sandwich Islands.[[File:20060128 - Cabildo de Buenos Aires.jpg|194px|right|thumb|Lo [[Cabildo de Buenos Aires|Cabildo]]]] [[File:Buenos Aires-Catedral Metropolitana (exterior).jpg|right|195px|thumb|La [[Catedrau Metropolitana de Buenos Aires|catedrau]] suber la [[plaça de Mayo]]]] ==Xubin== * [[Mercosur]]* *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddnamha Degaan Argentina== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 128,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 128,000+ [<ref>https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8</ref>]. * {{Flag|Arab League}} 129,670+[[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. [<ref>https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 128,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 14,300+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 598,000+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 7,300+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 6,300+ * {{Flag|China}} 128, 000+;+;+;+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 12,000 + * {{Flag|South Africa}} 50,000+ [[File:Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|196px|right|L'[[Ostau Arroset]], sèti deu poder executiu argentin]] [[File:Argentina Congreso.JPG|right|197px|thumb|Lo [[Palais deu Congrès de la Nacion Argentina|Congrès]] dab lo Senat e la Crampa deus Deputats]] [[File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|200px|Salta]] Joogista ugu horreysa ee bini'aadamka ee taariikhda Argentina ee taariikhda casriga ah waxay dib ugu noqotaa muddada Paleolithic. Waddanku wuxuu leeyahay xididdadiisa kuxirta Isbaanishka ee gobolka ee qarnigii 16aad. Argentina waxay noqotay mid ku guulaysatay gobolka Viceroyalty ee Río de la Plata, Spanish-ka dibad-baxa dibada ee lagu aasaasay 1776-kii. Baaqa iyo dagaalka xornimada (1810-1818) waxaa soo raacay dagaal sokeeye oo soconayey ilaa 1861, taas oo ku dhamaatay dib-u-habeynta dalka sida federaalka ah ee gobollada Buenos Aires oo ah caasimadeeda. Waddanku wuxuu intaas ku daray in nabadgelyo iyo xasilooni darro, iyada oo mowjado waawayn oo ka mid ah soogalootiga yurubiyaanka ah ay si xooggan dib-u-habaynayaan aragtida dhaqameed iyo bulsho. Kororka ku soo kordhay barwaaqada ayaa keentay in Argentina ay noqoto dalka 7aad ee ugu faqiirsan adduunka tan iyo qarnigii 20-aad <gallery style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:180px" mode="packed" caption="Largest cities in Argentina"> File:Buenos Aires y Río de La Plata desde el aire.jpg|{{flag|Buenos Aires}} File:Plaza San Martín Córdoba 2011-03-06.jpg|{{flagicon|Córdoba}} [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] File:Rosario desde el aire.jpeg|{{flagicon|Santa Fe}} [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] File:Vista de la Ciudad de Mendoza.jpg|{{flagicon|Mendoza}} [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] File:Tucuman sfrancisco barrio norte.jpg|{{flagicon|Tucumán}} [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]] File:Plaza Moreno-La Plata-1.jpg|{{flagicon|Buenos Aires Province}} [[La Plata]] File:MDQ skyline.jpg|{{flagicon|Buenos Aires Province}} [[Mar del Plata]] File:Salta-Capital-P3130030.JPG|{{flagicon|Salta}} [[Salta]] File:Vista aerea de Resistencia.jpg|{{flagicon|Chaco}} [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]] File:Santiago cathedral.jpg|{{flagicon|Santiago del Estero}} [[Santiago del Estero]] </gallery> '''Arjantiina''' ama jamhuuriyadda Arjantiina ([[Isbanish]] República Argentina. Waa wadan ku yaalo qaarada [[Ameerikada koonfureed|Koonfur ameerika]]. * [[Roma (qaran)]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist|refs=https://www.britannica.com/place/Argentina}} {{commons|Argentina}} {{Dalalka Ameerikada Koonfureed}} ly6mmlws8r0kez7srb4e81nkzmp2817 0 5287 239617 239450 2022-08-07T05:38:34Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubin */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = '''Gobolada Midoobay ee Meksiko''' |conventional_long_name = ''Estados Unidos Mexicanos'' |common_name = Meksiko |qaarada = [[Woqooyiga Ameerika]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Mexico.svg |sawir_qaran = Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg |astaan_calan = [[Himno Nacional Mexicano]]''<small><br />"Astaanta Qaranka Meksiko"</small> |image_map = Mexico_(orthographic_projection).svg |caasimada = [[Magalada Maksiko]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Isbaanish]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |magac_hogaamiye1 = andarees manweel lobees obradoor |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,425<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $1.205 trillion<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $10,550<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Ispania]] |established_event1 = Taakiikh |established_date1 = 16 [[Sebteembar]], 1810 |area = 1,972,550 km2 |areami² = 761,606 |biyo = 2.5 |population_estimate = 112,322,757 |population_estimate_year = [[2010]] |lacagta = [[Beeso]](MXN) |wakhti = [[UTC]] -8 |furaha_debeda = +54 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} [[File:FE-10_06.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Metroka]] [[File:Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5982_(39488832615).jpg|thumb|right|400px|Meksiko Caasimda]] [[File:Pechuga_Adobada.jpg|thumb|right|400px| Cunnto Mexique]] [[File:Angel_de_la_Independencia_Mexico_City.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Meksiko Magaaloyinka]] [[W:es:Mexico]] '''Meksiko''' (Mexico) ama '''Gobolada Midoobay ee Meksiko''' [[Af-Isbaanish]] ''Estados Unidos Mexicanos'' waa wadan ku yaalo, [[Woqooyiga Ameerika]], waxoona xuduu la leeyahay, wadamada [[Mareykanka]], [[Guatemala]], iyo [[Belise]], galbeedka neh waxaa kaga dhagan, [[Badweynta Baasifik]], bariga neh, [[Gacanka Meksiko]] iyo badda karabiya. Wadankaan waxaa looga hadlaa luqada af isbaanishka oo ah luqada rasmiga oo looga hadlo. Waayadii hore Meksiko waxee eheed meesha ee ku badnaayeen dadka indianka ah gaar ahan [[Dadka Maya]] iyo [[asteker]].Guushii oo ka gaaray Gumeestihii [[spania|Isbanishka]] dadka astekerka ah taariikhda marka ee eheed 1521, waxaa wadanka meksiko u bilaawday gumeeysigii yurubiyaanka. shacabka meksiko waxee weeydiisan jireen xornimo taasi oo isku badashay dagaal aad u dheer oo dhamaaday waqtigii ee xornimada heleen taariikhda marka ee eheed 1821. Marka ee meksiko xornimada ka heshay isbaanishka wadanka meksiko tartiib tartiib oo u yaraaday. Dhulka Woqooyiga meksiko waxaa laga geday ama ka qaateen ajaaniibta mareykanka, waa marka oo meesha ka bilaawday [[Dagaalkii Mareykanka iyo meksiko]]. 1860kii wadanka waxaa joogay ama ka talinjiray ciidamo ka socdo dalka [[Faransiiska]], waxaana wadanka ka saaray ciidamada meksiko oo hogaaminaayay madaxweynihii [[Benito Juárez]]. Xukunkii dheeraa ee [[Porfirio Diaz']] waxoo dhaliyay kacaankii meksiko oo dhacay 1910. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[IADB]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddanmha degaan mexico== * {{Flag|Mexico}} 128,321,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 125,000+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 1,135,000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 123,000+ * {{Flag|Brazil}} 121,000+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 4,300+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 498,000++ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|United States}} 750,200+ * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 10,100+;+;+:[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. {{gumud}} {{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika‎}} pgcnrxpbbgkbqozrnsdt973q6yccz3c 0 5471 239635 239095 2022-08-07T07:31:28Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Waddnamha degaan Bangladesh */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Bangladesh | common_name = Bangladesh | native_name = | image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | other_symbol = {{unbulleted list |[[File:Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg|90x90px|Seal of the Government of Bangladesh]]}} | other_symbol_type = {{vunblist |[[Government Seal of Bangladesh]]}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|bn|"[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"My Golden Bengal"}}<br /> <br /><center>[[File:Amar Shonar Bangla instrumental.ogg]]</center> ---- {{center|'''March:''' "[[Notuner Gaan]]"<br />{{small|"The Song of Youth"}}<ref name="national march">{{cite web|title=NATIONAL SYMBOLS→National march|work=Bangladesh Tourism Board|location=Bangladesh|publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism|url=http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|quote=In 13 January 1972, the ministry of Bangladesh has adopted this song as a national marching song on its first meeting after the country's independence.|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2018|archive-date=28 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} | image_map = Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | capital = [[Dhaka]] | coordinates = {{Coord|23|42|N|90|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Dhaka | official_languages = [[Bengali]]<ref name="bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd">{{cite book|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|chapter=Article 3. The state language|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd|publisher=Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |90% [[Islam]] {{small|(Official)}} |9.5% [[Hinduism]] |0.3% [[Buddhism]] |0.2% [[Christianity]]}} | religion_year = 2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশ"/> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 98% [[Bengalis]] | {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title= 2% Minorities | [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] | [[Biharis in Bangladesh|Biharis]] | [[Marma people|Marmas]] | [[Santhal people|Santhals]] | [[Mro people|Mros]] | [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]] | [[Bawm people|Bawms]] | [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] | [[Khumi people|Khumis]] | [[Kuki people|Kukis]] | [[Garo people|Garos]] | [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bisnupriya Manipuris]] | [[Indians in Bangladesh|Indians]] | [[Chinese people in Bangladesh|Chinese]] }} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশকে জানুন">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/বাংলাদেশকে-জানুন |script-title=জানুন |language=bn |trans-title=Discover Bangladesh |publisher=National Web Portal of Bangladesh |accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref> | demonym = [[Bangladeshi]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Bangladesh|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdul Hamid (politician)|Abdul Hamid]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sheikh Hasina]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury|Shirin Chaudhury]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Syed Mahmud Hossain]] | legislature = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] | sovereignty_type = <div style="text-align: left;">[[History of Bangladesh|Formation]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence]]</div> | established_event1 = [[East Bengal]] | established_date1 = 14 August 1947 | established_event2 = [[East Pakistan]] | established_date2 = 14 October 1955 | established_event3 = [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|Independence]] | established_date3 = 26 March 1971 | established_event4 = [[Victory day of Bangladesh|Recognized]] | established_date4 = 16 December 1971 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Constitution]] | established_date5 = 4 November 1972 | area_km2 = 147,570<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |title=Health Bulletin 2016 |website=Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) |page=13 |access-date=11 September 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613050056/http://dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | area_rank = 92nd | area_sq_mi = 56,992.54 <!--Don't remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 6.4 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Bangladesh}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 149,772,364<ref>[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Data] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=20110904045106 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=4 September 2011 }}. Census – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 8th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 8th | population_density_km2 = 1,106 | population_density_sq_mi = 2,864.5 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = $751.949 billion<ref name="imf">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=21&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=513&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Bangladesh|work=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=[[IMF]] }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,561<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 139th | GDP_nominal = $357.817 billion<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 43rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,754<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 148th | Gini = 32.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archivedate=9 February 2015 |accessdate=2 March 2011 }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.579 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2016 |date=2016 |accessdate=6 April 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = {{ordinal|139}} | currency = [[Bangladeshi taka|Taka]] ({{lang|bn|৳}}) | currency_code = BDT | time_zone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]] | utc_offset = +6 | date_format = {{unbulleted list |dd-mm-yyyy |[[Bengali Era|BS]]&nbsp;{{lang|bn|দদ-মম-বববব}} {{small|([[Common Era|CE]]−594)}}}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Bangladesh|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|+880]] | cctld = [[.bd]]<br />{{lang|bn|[[.bangla|.বাংলা]]}} | official_website = {{URL|bangladesh.gov.bd}} | area_magnitude = | footnote = }} [[File:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|200px|Bangladesh]] '''Bangladhesh''' ([[Bengali]]: বাংলাদেশ; {{lang-ar|بنغلاديش}}) sida dowliga ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyadda shacabka Bangladesh''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta Aasiya. wadanka markiisa hore waxaa ladhihi jiray '''Baribakistaan''' waxii kahoreeyay 1971. wadanka waxoo xuduud la leeyahay, wadanka [[Hindiya]] oo ka xigta [[Galbeed|galbeedka]],[[Waqooyi|waqooyiga]] iyo [[Bari|bariga]], wadanka [[Burma]] waxoo ka xigaa bariga, [[Koonfur|koonfuta]] neh waxaa ka xiga [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. [[File:Awesome look of Lalbagh Fort.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[Bangladhesh]] waxa ay xoriyada ka qaadatay dalka [[Bakistaan]] sanadku markuu aha 1971, ka dib dagaal dheer oo ay wadeen kooxda goolwadayaasha [[Bangladhesh]]. Bangladhesh waa wadan dhaqaale ahaan aad u liita waxaa jira dadyoow ka soo jeeda wadankan oo ku firdhamay aduunka. Dalka Jamhuuriyada Bangladhesh waxa uu kamid yahay dalalka ku yaala qaarada Asiya waxana uu xuduud la wadaaga dalalka ay kamid yihiin Hindiya, Burma iyo Nabal. Dhinaca koonfureedna waxa uu xuuduud kala wadaaga [[Badwaynta Hindiya]]. Waana mid kamid ah wadamada la yidhaa koonfur bari Asiya.Caasimadda dalka [[Bangladhesh]] waxa la yidhaa Dhaka. * [https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/activities/ministry/jehovahs-witnesses-learn-bengali/ Why Learn Bengali?] == Bedda == Dhulka uu ku fadhiyo dalka Bangladesh waa 55,598.71 oo (mayl laba jibaaran) una dhiganta 144,000.00 oo (kiilimirir laba jibaaran). Bangladesh waxa uu ku dhowyahay bedka gobolka (Wisconsin) ee dalka Maraykanka. == Dadka == Dadka reer Bangladesh waxa ay tiradoodu kor u dhaafataa 163-milyan oo ruux, waana tirakbookii laqaaday sanadkii 2017-kii. == Afka == Luuqadaha lagaga hadlo dalka waxa ugu horeysa luuqada maxaliga ah ee Bangla waxana soo raacda luuqada ingiiska oo ah afka dalkii gacanta ku hayay Bangladesh xiligii gumaysiga. Diinta:Diimaha laga aaminsan yahay gudaha dalka Bangladesh waxa ugu badan dadka haysta diinta Islaamka oo gaadhaya 83%, halka diinta Hinduugu ay dadka haystaa gaadhaan boqolkiiba 16%, dadka soo hadhayna waxa ay hasytaan diimo kale. Cimriga: Rajada nolosha ee dadka ku dhaqan dalka Bangladesh ayaa waxa ay celcilis ahaan gaadhaan 60-sano oo ragg iyo dumarba ah. == Dawlada == Dawladda dalka Bangladesh waa dowlad Baarlamaani ah (parliamentary democracy). Lacagta: Lacagta laga isticmaalo dalka waxa la yidhaa taka (Tk). == Warshadaha == Dalka Jamhuuriyada Bangladesh waxa uu hodan ku yahay warshadaha waxana kamid ah waxayaabaha ay soo saaraan warshadadaha ku yaal Bangladesh, dharka, waraaqaaha, sonkorta, cudbiga, sibidhka, laydhka iyo qayb kamid ah Technolig-yada. == Magaloka == [[File:Dhaka (62).JPG|thumb|193px|right|Vista de Dhaka.]] [[File:Rajoshik.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] [[File:Kamalpur_Railway_Station,_Dhaka_01.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]] beeraha waxa si balaadhan looga beeraa midho badan oo uu ugu horeeyo geedka caanka ka ah qaarada Eshiya ee Bariiska. Waxa kale oo ka baxa beeraha dalka Bangladesh Shaaha, Qamadiga, Sonkor- khaanka, Tubaakada, khudrada, iyo saliida. == Xoolaha == waxa laga dhaqdaa dalka Bangladesh xoolo kala duwan waxana jira goobo lagu xaananeeyo digaaga. Dhulka la istimcaalo ee dalka Bangladesh waa boqolkiiba 73% kamid ah cabirka guud ee dalka. == Khayraadka == Khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee Bangladesh Gaaska dabiiciga ah, Geedka timber-ka iyo dhuxul dhagaxda. ==Xubinka Tahay== * [[IMF]]* * * [[AIIB]] * * * * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * *'''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''* * * * *'''[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]'''* * * ==Waddnamha degaan Bangladesh== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} 13,000+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 139,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 120,000+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 2,000+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 198,000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 6,000+ * {{Flag|Turkey}} 18,500+ * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 156,000+ {{Dalalka Aasiya}} ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Hindiya]] * [[Australia]] *[[Bangladesh Visa Dalalka]] [[Category:Bangladesh]] f6plkfczlvcb1o914irvsq84ju25a9g 239636 239635 2022-08-07T07:32:28Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubinka Tahay */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Bangladesh | common_name = Bangladesh | native_name = | image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | other_symbol = {{unbulleted list |[[File:Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg|90x90px|Seal of the Government of Bangladesh]]}} | other_symbol_type = {{vunblist |[[Government Seal of Bangladesh]]}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|bn|"[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"My Golden Bengal"}}<br /> <br /><center>[[File:Amar Shonar Bangla instrumental.ogg]]</center> ---- {{center|'''March:''' "[[Notuner Gaan]]"<br />{{small|"The Song of Youth"}}<ref name="national march">{{cite web|title=NATIONAL SYMBOLS→National march|work=Bangladesh Tourism Board|location=Bangladesh|publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism|url=http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|quote=In 13 January 1972, the ministry of Bangladesh has adopted this song as a national marching song on its first meeting after the country's independence.|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2018|archive-date=28 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} | image_map = Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | capital = [[Dhaka]] | coordinates = {{Coord|23|42|N|90|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Dhaka | official_languages = [[Bengali]]<ref name="bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd">{{cite book|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|chapter=Article 3. The state language|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd|publisher=Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |90% [[Islam]] {{small|(Official)}} |9.5% [[Hinduism]] |0.3% [[Buddhism]] |0.2% [[Christianity]]}} | religion_year = 2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশ"/> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 98% [[Bengalis]] | {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title= 2% Minorities | [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] | [[Biharis in Bangladesh|Biharis]] | [[Marma people|Marmas]] | [[Santhal people|Santhals]] | [[Mro people|Mros]] | [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]] | [[Bawm people|Bawms]] | [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] | [[Khumi people|Khumis]] | [[Kuki people|Kukis]] | [[Garo people|Garos]] | [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bisnupriya Manipuris]] | [[Indians in Bangladesh|Indians]] | [[Chinese people in Bangladesh|Chinese]] }} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশকে জানুন">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/বাংলাদেশকে-জানুন |script-title=জানুন |language=bn |trans-title=Discover Bangladesh |publisher=National Web Portal of Bangladesh |accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref> | demonym = [[Bangladeshi]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Bangladesh|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdul Hamid (politician)|Abdul Hamid]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sheikh Hasina]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury|Shirin Chaudhury]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Syed Mahmud Hossain]] | legislature = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] | sovereignty_type = <div style="text-align: left;">[[History of Bangladesh|Formation]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence]]</div> | established_event1 = [[East Bengal]] | established_date1 = 14 August 1947 | established_event2 = [[East Pakistan]] | established_date2 = 14 October 1955 | established_event3 = [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|Independence]] | established_date3 = 26 March 1971 | established_event4 = [[Victory day of Bangladesh|Recognized]] | established_date4 = 16 December 1971 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Constitution]] | established_date5 = 4 November 1972 | area_km2 = 147,570<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |title=Health Bulletin 2016 |website=Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) |page=13 |access-date=11 September 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613050056/http://dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | area_rank = 92nd | area_sq_mi = 56,992.54 <!--Don't remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 6.4 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Bangladesh}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 149,772,364<ref>[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Data] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=20110904045106 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=4 September 2011 }}. Census – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 8th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 8th | population_density_km2 = 1,106 | population_density_sq_mi = 2,864.5 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = $751.949 billion<ref name="imf">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=21&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=513&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Bangladesh|work=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=[[IMF]] }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,561<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 139th | GDP_nominal = $357.817 billion<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 43rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,754<ref name="imf"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 148th | Gini = 32.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archivedate=9 February 2015 |accessdate=2 March 2011 }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.579 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2016 |date=2016 |accessdate=6 April 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = {{ordinal|139}} | currency = [[Bangladeshi taka|Taka]] ({{lang|bn|৳}}) | currency_code = BDT | time_zone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]] | utc_offset = +6 | date_format = {{unbulleted list |dd-mm-yyyy |[[Bengali Era|BS]]&nbsp;{{lang|bn|দদ-মম-বববব}} {{small|([[Common Era|CE]]−594)}}}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Bangladesh|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|+880]] | cctld = [[.bd]]<br />{{lang|bn|[[.bangla|.বাংলা]]}} | official_website = {{URL|bangladesh.gov.bd}} | area_magnitude = | footnote = }} [[File:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|200px|Bangladesh]] '''Bangladhesh''' ([[Bengali]]: বাংলাদেশ; {{lang-ar|بنغلاديش}}) sida dowliga ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyadda shacabka Bangladesh''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta Aasiya. wadanka markiisa hore waxaa ladhihi jiray '''Baribakistaan''' waxii kahoreeyay 1971. wadanka waxoo xuduud la leeyahay, wadanka [[Hindiya]] oo ka xigta [[Galbeed|galbeedka]],[[Waqooyi|waqooyiga]] iyo [[Bari|bariga]], wadanka [[Burma]] waxoo ka xigaa bariga, [[Koonfur|koonfuta]] neh waxaa ka xiga [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. [[File:Awesome look of Lalbagh Fort.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[Bangladhesh]] waxa ay xoriyada ka qaadatay dalka [[Bakistaan]] sanadku markuu aha 1971, ka dib dagaal dheer oo ay wadeen kooxda goolwadayaasha [[Bangladhesh]]. Bangladhesh waa wadan dhaqaale ahaan aad u liita waxaa jira dadyoow ka soo jeeda wadankan oo ku firdhamay aduunka. Dalka Jamhuuriyada Bangladhesh waxa uu kamid yahay dalalka ku yaala qaarada Asiya waxana uu xuduud la wadaaga dalalka ay kamid yihiin Hindiya, Burma iyo Nabal. Dhinaca koonfureedna waxa uu xuuduud kala wadaaga [[Badwaynta Hindiya]]. Waana mid kamid ah wadamada la yidhaa koonfur bari Asiya.Caasimadda dalka [[Bangladhesh]] waxa la yidhaa Dhaka. * [https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/activities/ministry/jehovahs-witnesses-learn-bengali/ Why Learn Bengali?] == Bedda == Dhulka uu ku fadhiyo dalka Bangladesh waa 55,598.71 oo (mayl laba jibaaran) una dhiganta 144,000.00 oo (kiilimirir laba jibaaran). Bangladesh waxa uu ku dhowyahay bedka gobolka (Wisconsin) ee dalka Maraykanka. == Dadka == Dadka reer Bangladesh waxa ay tiradoodu kor u dhaafataa 163-milyan oo ruux, waana tirakbookii laqaaday sanadkii 2017-kii. == Afka == Luuqadaha lagaga hadlo dalka waxa ugu horeysa luuqada maxaliga ah ee Bangla waxana soo raacda luuqada ingiiska oo ah afka dalkii gacanta ku hayay Bangladesh xiligii gumaysiga. Diinta:Diimaha laga aaminsan yahay gudaha dalka Bangladesh waxa ugu badan dadka haysta diinta Islaamka oo gaadhaya 83%, halka diinta Hinduugu ay dadka haystaa gaadhaan boqolkiiba 16%, dadka soo hadhayna waxa ay hasytaan diimo kale. Cimriga: Rajada nolosha ee dadka ku dhaqan dalka Bangladesh ayaa waxa ay celcilis ahaan gaadhaan 60-sano oo ragg iyo dumarba ah. == Dawlada == Dawladda dalka Bangladesh waa dowlad Baarlamaani ah (parliamentary democracy). Lacagta: Lacagta laga isticmaalo dalka waxa la yidhaa taka (Tk). == Warshadaha == Dalka Jamhuuriyada Bangladesh waxa uu hodan ku yahay warshadaha waxana kamid ah waxayaabaha ay soo saaraan warshadadaha ku yaal Bangladesh, dharka, waraaqaaha, sonkorta, cudbiga, sibidhka, laydhka iyo qayb kamid ah Technolig-yada. == Magaloka == [[File:Dhaka (62).JPG|thumb|193px|right|Vista de Dhaka.]] [[File:Rajoshik.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Bangladeshi_Biryani.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] [[File:Kamalpur_Railway_Station,_Dhaka_01.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]] beeraha waxa si balaadhan looga beeraa midho badan oo uu ugu horeeyo geedka caanka ka ah qaarada Eshiya ee Bariiska. Waxa kale oo ka baxa beeraha dalka Bangladesh Shaaha, Qamadiga, Sonkor- khaanka, Tubaakada, khudrada, iyo saliida. == Xoolaha == waxa laga dhaqdaa dalka Bangladesh xoolo kala duwan waxana jira goobo lagu xaananeeyo digaaga. Dhulka la istimcaalo ee dalka Bangladesh waa boqolkiiba 73% kamid ah cabirka guud ee dalka. == Khayraadka == Khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee Bangladesh Gaaska dabiiciga ah, Geedka timber-ka iyo dhuxul dhagaxda. ==Xubinka Tahay== * [[IMF]]* * [[AIIB]] * * * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]] * * *'''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''* * *'''[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]'''* * * ==Waddnamha degaan Bangladesh== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} 13,000+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 139,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 120,000+ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 2,000+ * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 198,000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 6,000+ * {{Flag|Turkey}} 18,500+ * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 156,000+ {{Dalalka Aasiya}} ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Hindiya]] * [[Australia]] *[[Bangladesh Visa Dalalka]] [[Category:Bangladesh]] m56tws4j9hfuz8j91bb4tnummhqh102 0 5473 239625 230617 2022-08-07T06:52:02Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Xubin */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Thailand | common_name = Thailand | native_name = {{native name|th|ราชอาณาจักรไทย|italics=no}}<br />{{lang|th-Latn|Ratcha-anachak Thai}} | image_flag = Flag of Thailand.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = | national_anthem = ''[[Thai National Anthem|Phleng Chat Thai]]''<br />({{lang-en|"Thai National Anthem"}})<br /><center>[[File:Thai National Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | royal_anthem = ''[[Sansoen Phra Barami]]''<br />({{lang-en|"Glorify His prestige"}})<br /><center>[[File:Thai Royal Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Location Thailand ASEAN.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Thailand ASEAN.svg}} | image_map2 = Thailand - Location Map (2013) - THA - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Bangkok]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|45|N|100|29|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Bangkok | official_languages = [[Thai language|Thai]]<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html Thailand] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html |date=20101229000203 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703193043/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html |date=3 July 2015 }}, ''The World Factbook''.</ref><!--Thai is the official language. English is a non-official secondary language.--> |languages_type = Spoken languages |languages = {{hlist|[[Isan language|Isan]]|[[Northern Thai language|Kam Mueang]]|[[Southern Thai language|Pak Tai]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|[[Thai people|Thai]]}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 34.1% [[Central Thailand|Central Thai]]}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 24.9% [[Isan people|Khon Isan]]}}<ref name="DraperKamnuansilpa">{{cite journal|last= Draper|first= John|last2= Kamnuansilpa|first2= Peerasit|date= 2016|title= The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand’s Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions|url= http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|journal= Asian Ethnicity|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= 10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|access-date= 23 November 2016|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161227040923/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|archivedate= 27 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref><br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 9.9% [[Northern Thai people|Khon Muang]]}} <br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 7.5% [[Southern Thailand|Southern Thai]]}} | 14% [[Thai Chinese]] | 12% Others <small>(incl. [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Thai Malays|Malay]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Northern Khmer people|Khmer]], "[[Hill tribe (Thailand)|Hill tribes]]")</small><ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3">{{cite book|title=International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand|date=28 July 2011|publisher=United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|url=http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|accessdate=8 October 2016|language=English with appended Thai government translation|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184727/http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|archivedate=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{RP|95–99}}<ref>{{citation |author=David Levinson |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |publisher=Oryx Pres |year=1998 |page=287|isbn=1-57356-019-7}}</ref><ref name=Ethno2013>{{citation |last1 = Paul |first1 = Lewis M. |last2 = Simons |first2 = Gary F. |last3 = Fennig |first3 = Charles D. |year = 2013 |title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher = SIL International |isbn = 978-1-55671-216-6 |url = http://www.ethnologue.com |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071227170852/http://www.ethnologue.com/ |archivedate = 27 December 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2009;<ref name="West794">{{citation |author=Barbara A. West |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |publisher=Facts on File |year=2009 |page=794|isbn=1-4381-1913-5}}</ref> 2011<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3" />{{RP|95–99}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Thailand|Thai]]<br />[[Thai people|Siamese]] (archaic) | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] under a [[military dictatorship|military junta]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Vajiralongkorn|Maha Vajiralongkorn]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | legislature = [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|National Legislative Assembly]] (acting as [[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]]) | sovereignty_type = [[History of Thailand|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] | established_date1 = 1238–1448 | established_event2 = [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] | established_date2 = 1351–1767 | established_event3 = [[Thonburi Kingdom]] | established_date3 = 1768–1782 | established_event4 = [[Rattanakosin Kingdom]] | established_date4 = 6 April 1782 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Siamese revolution of 1932|Constitutional monarchy]]}} | established_date5 = 24 June 1932 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Thailand|Current constitution]]}} | established_date6 = 6 April 2017 | area_km2 = 513,120 | area_rank = 50th | area_sq_mi = 198,115 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.4 (2,230 km{{smallsup|2}})}} | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Thailand}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 64,785,909<ref>{{th icon}} National Statistics Office, [http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc "100th anniversary of population censuses in Thailand: Population and housing census 2010: 11th census of Thailand"] {{Wayback|url=http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc |date=20120712002347 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712002347/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc |date=12 July 2012 }}. popcensus.nso.go.th.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = 132.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 342 <!--Do remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 88th | GDP_PPP = $1.310 trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=578&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Thailand |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=29 April 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328013341/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=578&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=28 March 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $18,943<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$514.700 billion}}<ref name="NESDBFeb2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nesdb.go.th/nesdb_en/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=4360&filename=Macroeconomic_Planning|title=Thai Economic Performance in Q4 and 2017 and Outlook for 2018|publisher=[[National Economic and Social Development Board]]|accessdate=21 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043705/http://www.nesdb.go.th/nesdb_en/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=4360&filename=Macroeconomic_Planning|archivedate=22 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $7,588<ref name="NESDBFeb2018"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 37.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TH |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=3 December 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204065819/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TH |archivedate=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.740 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name=UNDP>{{cite book|title=Global 2016 Human Development Report Overview – English|date=2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|location=New York|pages=22–24|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf|accessdate=22 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323061227/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf|archivedate=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 87th | currency = [[Thai baht|Baht]] (฿) | currency_code = THB | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|ICT]] | utc_offset = +7 | utc_offset_DST = <!-- +N, where N is number of hours --> | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[+66]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.th]] |[[.ไทย]]}} |religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |94.50% [[Buddhism in Thailand|Buddhism]] |4.29% [[Islam in Thailand|Islam]] |1.17% [[Christianity in Thailand|Christianity]] |0.03% [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism]] |0.01% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/2015-2016-Statistical%20tables%20PDF.pdf|title=Population by religion, region and area, 2015|last=|first=|website=|publisher=NSO|accessdate=2017-10-12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210020110/http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/2015-2016-Statistical%20tables%20PDF.pdf|archivedate=10 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} | area_magnitude = 1 E11 }} [[File:Flag_of_Bangkok.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Chaophraya_River_(8767097465).jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:4Y1A1150_Bangkok_(33536339665).jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_(II).jpg|thumb|right|400px]] '''Thailand''' ([[Af-Thai]]: ราชอาณาจักรไทย. waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta[[bari]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. wadanka markiisa hore waxaa la dhihi jiray '''Siam''' , waa wadan boqortooyo xakunto. wadanka waxoo xuduud laleeyahay wadamada [[Laos]],[[Burma]], iyo [[kambodiya]], koonfurta neh waxaa ka xiga [[Gacanka thailand]] iyo [[Malaysiya]]. thailand waxee ka midtahay wadanka kaliya ee [[Koonfur|koonfurta]][[bari]] ee [[Aasiya]] oo wax gumeysi ah soo marin, inta aa ka eheen wadamada ee dariska tahay burma iyo jabaan, marka ee soo galeen thailand waqtigii dagaalada aduunka kii labaad. Wadanka waxoo jirijiray 40.000 oo sano. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Bangkok]]. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[ASEAN]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ==Waddnamha degaan Thailand== * {{Flag|China}} 600,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 54,000+ * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 1000+ * {{Flag|India}} 200,000+ * {{Flag|Australia}} 20,000+ ==The provinces== {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] il154ifhrs5enctgbaipqhzo8m7xipu 239626 239625 2022-08-07T06:57:37Z Mwasoge 29030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Thailand | common_name = Thailand | native_name = {{native name|th|ราชอาณาจักรไทย|italics=no}}<br />{{lang|th-Latn|Ratcha-anachak Thai}} | image_flag = Flag of Thailand.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = | national_anthem = ''[[Thai National Anthem|Phleng Chat Thai]]''<br />({{lang-en|"Thai National Anthem"}})<br /><center>[[File:Thai National Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | royal_anthem = ''[[Sansoen Phra Barami]]''<br />({{lang-en|"Glorify His prestige"}})<br /><center>[[File:Thai Royal Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Location Thailand ASEAN.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Thailand ASEAN.svg}} | image_map2 = Thailand - Location Map (2013) - THA - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Bangkok]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|45|N|100|29|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Bangkok | official_languages = [[Thai language|Thai]]<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html Thailand] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html |date=20101229000203 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703193043/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html |date=3 July 2015 }}, ''The World Factbook''.</ref><!--Thai is the official language. English is a non-official secondary language.--> |languages_type = Spoken languages |languages = {{hlist|[[Isan language|Isan]]|[[Northern Thai language|Kam Mueang]]|[[Southern Thai language|Pak Tai]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|[[Thai people|Thai]]}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 34.1% [[Central Thailand|Central Thai]]}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 24.9% [[Isan people|Khon Isan]]}}<ref name="DraperKamnuansilpa">{{cite journal|last= Draper|first= John|last2= Kamnuansilpa|first2= Peerasit|date= 2016|title= The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand’s Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions|url= http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|journal= Asian Ethnicity|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= 10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|access-date= 23 November 2016|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161227040923/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|archivedate= 27 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref><br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 9.9% [[Northern Thai people|Khon Muang]]}} <br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 7.5% [[Southern Thailand|Southern Thai]]}} | 14% [[Thai Chinese]] | 12% Others <small>(incl. [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Thai Malays|Malay]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Northern Khmer people|Khmer]], "[[Hill tribe (Thailand)|Hill tribes]]")</small><ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3">{{cite book|title=International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand|date=28 July 2011|publisher=United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|url=http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|accessdate=8 October 2016|language=English with appended Thai government translation|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184727/http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|archivedate=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{RP|95–99}}<ref>{{citation |author=David Levinson |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |publisher=Oryx Pres |year=1998 |page=287|isbn=1-57356-019-7}}</ref><ref name=Ethno2013>{{citation |last1 = Paul |first1 = Lewis M. |last2 = Simons |first2 = Gary F. |last3 = Fennig |first3 = Charles D. |year = 2013 |title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher = SIL International |isbn = 978-1-55671-216-6 |url = http://www.ethnologue.com |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071227170852/http://www.ethnologue.com/ |archivedate = 27 December 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2009;<ref name="West794">{{citation |author=Barbara A. West |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |publisher=Facts on File |year=2009 |page=794|isbn=1-4381-1913-5}}</ref> 2011<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3" />{{RP|95–99}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Thailand|Thai]]<br />[[Thai people|Siamese]] (archaic) | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] under a [[military dictatorship|military junta]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Vajiralongkorn|Maha Vajiralongkorn]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | legislature = [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|National Legislative Assembly]] (acting as [[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]]) | sovereignty_type = [[History of Thailand|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] | established_date1 = 1238–1448 | established_event2 = [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] | established_date2 = 1351–1767 | established_event3 = [[Thonburi Kingdom]] | established_date3 = 1768–1782 | established_event4 = [[Rattanakosin Kingdom]] | established_date4 = 6 April 1782 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Siamese revolution of 1932|Constitutional monarchy]]}} | established_date5 = 24 June 1932 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Thailand|Current constitution]]}} | established_date6 = 6 April 2017 | area_km2 = 513,120 | area_rank = 50th | area_sq_mi = 198,115 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.4 (2,230 km{{smallsup|2}})}} | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Thailand}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 64,785,909<ref>{{th icon}} National Statistics Office, [http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc "100th anniversary of population censuses in Thailand: Population and housing census 2010: 11th census of Thailand"] {{Wayback|url=http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc |date=20120712002347 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712002347/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc |date=12 July 2012 }}. popcensus.nso.go.th.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = 132.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 342 <!--Do remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 88th | GDP_PPP = $1.310 trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=578&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Thailand |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=29 April 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328013341/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=578&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=28 March 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $18,943<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$514.700 billion}}<ref name="NESDBFeb2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nesdb.go.th/nesdb_en/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=4360&filename=Macroeconomic_Planning|title=Thai Economic Performance in Q4 and 2017 and Outlook for 2018|publisher=[[National Economic and Social Development Board]]|accessdate=21 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043705/http://www.nesdb.go.th/nesdb_en/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=4360&filename=Macroeconomic_Planning|archivedate=22 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $7,588<ref name="NESDBFeb2018"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 37.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TH |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=3 December 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204065819/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TH |archivedate=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.740 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name=UNDP>{{cite book|title=Global 2016 Human Development Report Overview – English|date=2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|location=New York|pages=22–24|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf|accessdate=22 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323061227/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf|archivedate=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 87th | currency = [[Thai baht|Baht]] (฿) | currency_code = THB | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|ICT]] | utc_offset = +7 | utc_offset_DST = <!-- +N, where N is number of hours --> | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[+66]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.th]] |[[.ไทย]]}} |religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |91.50% [[Buddhism in Thailand|Buddhism]] |4.97% [[Islam in Thailand|Islam]] |1.17% [[Christianity in Thailand|Christianity]] |0.03% [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism]] |0.01% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/2015-2016-Statistical%20tables%20PDF.pdf|title=Population by religion, region and area, 2015|last=|first=|website=|publisher=NSO|accessdate=2017-10-12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210020110/http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/2015-2016-Statistical%20tables%20PDF.pdf|archivedate=10 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} | area_magnitude = 1 E11 }} [[File:Flag_of_Bangkok.svg|thumb|right|392px|]] [[File:Chaophraya_River_(8767097465).jpg|thumb|right|393px|]] [[File:4Y1A1150_Bangkok_(33536339665).jpg|thumb|right|394px|]] [[File:BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_(II).jpg|thumb|right|395px]] '''Thailand''' ([[Af-Thai]]: ราชอาณาจักรไทย. waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta[[bari]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. wadanka markiisa hore waxaa la dhihi jiray '''Siam''' , waa wadan boqortooyo xakunto. wadanka waxoo xuduud laleeyahay wadamada [[Laos]],[[Burma]], iyo [[kambodiya]], koonfurta neh waxaa ka xiga [[Gacanka thailand]] iyo [[Malaysiya]]. thailand waxee ka midtahay wadanka kaliya ee [[Koonfur|koonfurta]][[bari]] ee [[Aasiya]] oo wax gumeysi ah soo marin, inta aa ka eheen wadamada ee dariska tahay burma iyo jabaan, marka ee soo galeen thailand waqtigii dagaalada aduunka kii labaad. Wadanka waxoo jirijiray 40.000 oo sano. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Bangkok]]. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[ASEAN]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ==Waddnamha degaan Thailand== * {{Flag|China}} 600,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 54,000+ * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 1000+ * {{Flag|India}} 200,000+ * {{Flag|Australia}} 20,000+ ==The provinces== {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] p0ht7l0ee6hx4s7ouzgbjyc6jzfxepx 0 5647 239595 237440 2022-08-07T04:23:09Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Fullname = State of California | Flag = Flag of California.svg | Name = California | Seal = Seal of California.svg | Flaglink = [[Flag of California|Flag]] | Nickname = The Golden State | Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols">{{cite web |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |title=Government Code Section 420-429.8 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=December 24, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325055232/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |archivedate=March 25, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | StateAnthem = [[I Love You, California]] | Map = California in United States.svg | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]] | Languages = <small>Native languages as of 2007</small> * [[English language|English]] 57.4%<ref name="Language2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf |title=Language Use in the United States: 2007 |author=Hyon B. Shin |author2=Robert A. Kominski |date=April 2010 |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |accessdate=May 27, 2013}}</ref> * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 28.5%<ref name="Language2007Table">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/TablesAFig5.xls |title=Appendix Table A for Figures 5A-5H. Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English-Speaking Ability by State: 2007 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2007 |work=Language Use in the United States: 2007 (ACS-12): Appendix Tables |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * [[Chinese language|Chinese]] 2.8%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] 2.2%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> | Demonym = Californian | LargestCity = [[Los Angeles]] | Capital = [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] | LargestMetro = [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Greater Los Angeles]] | AreaRank = 3rd | TotalAreaUS = 163,696 | TotalArea = 423,970 | WidthUS = 250 | Width = 400 | LengthUS = 770 | Length = 1,240 | PCWater = 4.7 | Latitude = 32°32′ N to 42° N | Longitude = 114°8′ W to 124°26′ W | PopRank = 1st | 2010Pop = 39,536,653 (2017 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA,US/PST045217 |date=December 21, 2017 |accessdate=December 21, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|title=California: Population estimates}}</ref> | MedianHouseholdIncome = $66,636 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=May 19, 2018}}</ref> | 2000DensityUS = 240 | 2000Density = 92.6 | DensityRank = 11th | IncomeRank = 13th | HighestPoint = [[Mount Whitney]]<ref name=Mount_Whitney/><ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/><ref>The summit of [[Mount Whitney]] is the highest point in the [[Contiguous United States]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 14,505 | HighestElev = 4,421.0 |GDP: 3.3 Tirillion Dollar | MeanElevUS = 2,900 | MeanElev = 880 | LowestPoint = [[Badwater Basin]]<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=September 21, 2015|accessdate=September 22, 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | LowestElev = −85.0 | LowestElevUS = −279 | Former = [[Alta California]] | AdmittanceDate = September 9, 1850 | AdmittanceOrder = 31st | Governor = [[Gavin Newsom]] ([[California Democratic Party|D]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Eleni Kounalakis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Legislature = [[California State Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[California State Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[California State Assembly]] | Senators = [[Dianne Feinstein]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />[[Alex Padilla]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Representative = 39 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]<br />14 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] | TimeZone2 = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] ([[UTC−7]]) | TZDesc = [[Pacific Time Zone]] | TZ1Where = Standard time | TimeZone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]] ([[UTC−8]]) | TZ2Where = Summer time ([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) | ISOCode = US-CA | PostalAbbreviation = CA | TradAbbreviation = Calif., Cal. | Website = http://www.ca.gov/ | Country = [[United States]] | MottoEnglish = I have found it | LandArea = 403,932 | LandAreaUS = 155,959 | WaterArea = 20,047 | WaterAreaUS = 7,737 | area_code = 209 213 310 323 408 415 510 530 559 562 619 626 650 661 707 714 760 805 818 831 858 909 916 925 949 | ElectoralVotes = 55 }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols <!-- before modifying these state symbols please verify your changes against official California Government Code sections 420-429.8, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.8 --> |Name = California |Flag = Flag of California.svg |Seal = Seal of California.svg |Nickname = The Golden State |Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |Mammal = {{ubl |'''Land:''' [[California grizzly bear]] (State animal)<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |'''Marine:''' [[Gray whale]] }} |Amphibian = [[California red-legged frog]] |Bird = [[California quail]] |Colors = Blue & gold <ref>{{cite web |url= http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=424 |title=Government Code Section 424 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref> |Dance = [[West Coast Swing]] |Fish = {{ubl | '''Fresh water:''' [[Golden trout]] | '''Marine:''' [[Garibaldi (fish)|Garibaldi]] }} |Flower = [[Eschscholzia californica|California poppy]] |FolkDance = [[Square dance]] |Fossil = [[Smilodon|Sabre-toothed cat]] |Gemstone = [[Benitoite]] |Grass = [[Nassella pulchra|Purple needlegrass]] |Insect = [[Zerene eurydice|California dogface butterfly]] |Mineral = [[Gold|Native gold]] |Quarter =2005 CA Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate =2005 |Reptile = [[Desert tortoise]] |Tree = [[Sequoia sempervirens|California redwood]] |Rock = [[Serpentine group|Serpentine]] |Song = "[[I Love You, California]]" |Soil = [[San Joaquin (soil)|San Joaquin]] |Tartan = [[California State Tartan]] |Route Marker = California 1.svg }} {{Coord|35.458606|-119.355165|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_California.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Map of USA CA.svg|thumb|left|270px]] '''Kalifornia''' ama '''California''', waa gobol ka mid ah 50ka gobol ee [[Mareykanka]]. Gobolkaan waa gobolka ugu dadka tirada badan wadanka mareykanka. waana gobolka 3aad oo ugu ween mareykanka. California waxaa ku yaalo hollywood, waa meesha filmada badanaa lagu sameeyo. California waa dawlad Maraykan ah oo ku taal Gobolka Pacific Pacific ee Maraykanka. Iyadoo 39.5 malyan oo dadka deggan, California ay tahay gobolka ugu badan ee ku yaala Maraykanka iyo kan saddexaad ee ugu weyn. Caasimada gobolka waa Sacramento. Aagga Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin gobollada magaalooyinka labaad iyo shanaad ee ugu badan, oo ay ku nool yihiin 18.7 milyan iyo 8.8 milyan oo qof. Los Angeles waa magaalada ugu weyn magaalada California, iyo dalka labaad ee ugu tirada badan, ka dib markii New York City. Kaluunka California waxaa kale oo leh gobolka ugu badan gobolka, gobolka Los Angeles; degmo ahaan ugu weyn gobolka, San Bernardino County; iyo tan shanaad ee gobolka ugu dad badan, San Francisco. [[File:California economic regions map (labeled and colored).svg|thumb|[[Economic regions of California]]]] Dhaqaalaha California ee $ 2.8 trillion wuxuu ka weyn yahay mid ka mid ah dawlad kale. Haddii ay ahayd waddan, California waxay noqon doontaa dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyo kan 36-aad ee ugu dad badan sannadka 2017. Meelaha Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin magaalooyinka labaad ee saddexaad ee dhaqaalaha magaalooyinka ($ 1.2 trillion iyo $ 821 bilyan siday u kala horreeyaan 2016), ka dib markii magaaladan weyn ee magaalada New York. Aagga San Francisco Bay PSA wuxuu ahaa midka ugu sarreeya ee qarameedka sannadka 2016 (~ $ 94,000), waxaana uu ku nool yahay afar ka mid ah tobanka shirkadood ee adduunka ugu weyn ee suuqyada waaweyn iyo afar ka mid ah tobanka adduunka ugu qanisan. 19] [[File:Kluft-Photo-Aerial-I205-California-Aqueduct-Img 0038.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view of the [[Delta–Mendota Canal]] (left) and the [[California Aqueduct]] (right), at the [[Interstate 205 (California)|Interstate 205]] crossing west of [[Tracy, California|Tracy]], conveying water from Northern to Southern California]] Californiya waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay isbedel caalami ah oo kuyeelan dhaqan, caan ah, iyo siyaasad. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda filimka filimka Maraykanka, hippie counterculture, Internet, iyo kombiyuutarka shakhsiyeed, iyo kuwo kale. Aagga San Francisco Bay iyo Meelaha Greater Los Angeles waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin xarumaha tiknoolijiyada caalamka iyo madadaalada madadaalada, siday u kala horreeyaan. California waxay leedahay dhaqaale aad u kala duwan: 58% dhaqaalaha gobolka wuxuu ku salaysan yahay maaliyadda, xukuumadda, adeegga guryaha, tiknoolajiyada, iyo adeegyada ganacsiga, farsamooyinka iyo farsamada. Inkasta oo ay ka dhigan tahay 1.5% dhaqaalaha gobolka, California waa beeraha beeraha ugu sarreeya ee dowlad kasta oo Mareykan ah. {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} [[Category:Ameerikada waqooyi]] [[Category:Maraykanka]] 3j930u9v7rlgdi2ajrn7rpokcqhxctj 239596 239595 2022-08-07T04:23:33Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Fullname = State of California | Flag = Flag of California.svg | Name = California | Seal = Seal of California.svg | Flaglink = [[Flag of California|Flag]] | Nickname = The Golden State | Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols">{{cite web |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |title=Government Code Section 420-429.8 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=December 24, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325055232/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |archivedate=March 25, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | StateAnthem = [[I Love You, California]] | Map = California in United States.svg | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]] | Languages = <small>Native languages as of 2007</small> * [[English language|English]] 57.4%<ref name="Language2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf |title=Language Use in the United States: 2007 |author=Hyon B. Shin |author2=Robert A. Kominski |date=April 2010 |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |accessdate=May 27, 2013}}</ref> * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 28.5%<ref name="Language2007Table">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/TablesAFig5.xls |title=Appendix Table A for Figures 5A-5H. Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English-Speaking Ability by State: 2007 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2007 |work=Language Use in the United States: 2007 (ACS-12): Appendix Tables |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * [[Chinese language|Chinese]] 2.8%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] 2.2%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> | Demonym = Californian | LargestCity = [[Los Angeles]] | Capital = [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] | LargestMetro = [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Greater Los Angeles]] | AreaRank = 3rd | TotalAreaUS = 163,696 | TotalArea = 423,970 | WidthUS = 250 | Width = 400 | LengthUS = 770 | Length = 1,240 | PCWater = 4.7 | Latitude = 32°32′ N to 42° N | Longitude = 114°8′ W to 124°26′ W | PopRank = 1st | 2010Pop = 39,536,653 (2017 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA,US/PST045217 |date=December 21, 2017 |accessdate=December 21, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|title=California: Population estimates}}</ref> | MedianHouseholdIncome = $66,636 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=May 19, 2018}}</ref> | 2000DensityUS = 240 | 2000Density = 92.6 | DensityRank = 11th | IncomeRank = 13th | HighestPoint = [[Mount Whitney]]<ref name=Mount_Whitney/><ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/><ref>The summit of [[Mount Whitney]] is the highest point in the [[Contiguous United States]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 14,505 | HighestElev = 4,421.0 |GDP: 3.3 Tirillion Dollar | MeanElevUS = 2,900 | MeanElev = 880 | LowestPoint = [[Badwater Basin]]<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=September 21, 2015|accessdate=September 22, 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | LowestElev = −85.0 | LowestElevUS = −279 | Former = [[Alta California]] | AdmittanceDate = September 9, 1850 | AdmittanceOrder = 31st | Governor = [[Gavin Newsom]] ([[California Democratic Party|D]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Eleni Kounalakis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Legislature = [[California State Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[California State Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[California State Assembly]] | Senators = [[Dianne Feinstein]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />[[Alex Padilla]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Representative = 39 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]<br />14 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] | TimeZone2 = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] ([[UTC−7]]) | TZDesc = [[Pacific Time Zone]] | TZ1Where = Standard time | TimeZone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]] ([[UTC−8]]) | TZ2Where = Summer time ([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) | ISOCode = US-CA | PostalAbbreviation = CA | TradAbbreviation = Calif., Cal. | Website = http://www.ca.gov/ | Country = [[United States]] | MottoEnglish = I have found it | LandArea = 403,932 | LandAreaUS = 155,959 | WaterArea = 20,047 | WaterAreaUS = 7,737 | area_code = 209 213 310 323 408 415 510 530 559 562 619 626 650 661 707 714 760 805 818 831 858 909 916 925 949 | ElectoralVotes = 55 }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols <!-- before modifying these state symbols please verify your changes against official California Government Code sections 420-429.8, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.8 --> |Name = California |Flag = Flag of California.svg |Seal = Seal of California.svg |Nickname = The Golden State |Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |Mammal = {{ubl |'''Land:''' [[California grizzly bear]] (State animal)<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |'''Marine:''' [[Gray whale]] }} |Amphibian = [[California red-legged frog]] |Bird = [[California quail]] |Colors = Blue & gold <ref>{{cite web |url= http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=424 |title=Government Code Section 424 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref> |Dance = [[West Coast Swing]] |Fish = {{ubl | '''Fresh water:''' [[Golden trout]] | '''Marine:''' [[Garibaldi (fish)|Garibaldi]] }} |Flower = [[Eschscholzia californica|California poppy]] |FolkDance = [[Square dance]] |Fossil = [[Smilodon|Sabre-toothed cat]] |Gemstone = [[Benitoite]] |Grass = [[Nassella pulchra|Purple needlegrass]] |Insect = [[Zerene eurydice|California dogface butterfly]] |Mineral = [[Gold|Native gold]] |Quarter =2005 CA Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate =2005 |Reptile = [[Desert tortoise]] |Tree = [[Sequoia sempervirens|California redwood]] |Rock = [[Serpentine group|Serpentine]] |Song = "[[I Love You, California]]" |Soil = [[San Joaquin (soil)|San Joaquin]] |Tartan = [[California State Tartan]] |Route Marker = California 1.svg }} {{Coord|35.458606|-119.355165|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_California.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Map of USA CA.svg|thumb|left|270px]] '''Kalifornia''' ama '''California''', waa gobol ka mid ah 50ka gobol ee [[Mareykanka]]. Gobolkaan waa gobolka ugu dadka tirada badan wadanka mareykanka. waana gobolka 3aad oo ugu ween mareykanka. California waxaa ku yaalo hollywood, waa meesha filmada badanaa lagu sameeyo. California waa dawlad Maraykan ah oo ku taal Gobolka Pacific Pacific ee Maraykanka. Iyadoo 39.5 malyan oo dadka deggan, California ay tahay gobolka ugu badan ee ku yaala Maraykanka iyo kan saddexaad ee ugu weyn. Caasimada gobolka waa Sacramento. Aagga Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin gobollada magaalooyinka labaad iyo shanaad ee ugu badan, oo ay ku nool yihiin 18.7 milyan iyo 8.8 milyan oo qof. Los Angeles waa magaalada ugu weyn magaalada California, iyo dalka labaad ee ugu tirada badan, ka dib markii New York City. Kaluunka California waxaa kale oo leh gobolka ugu badan gobolka, gobolka Los Angeles; degmo ahaan ugu weyn gobolka, San Bernardino County; iyo tan shanaad ee gobolka ugu dad badan, San Francisco. [[File:California economic regions map (labeled and colored).svg|thumb|[[Economic regions of California]]]] Dhaqaalaha California ee $ 2.8 trillion wuxuu ka weyn yahay mid ka mid ah dawlad kale. Haddii ay ahayd waddan, California waxay noqon doontaa dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyo kan 36-aad ee ugu dad badan sannadka 2017. Meelaha Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin magaalooyinka labaad ee saddexaad ee dhaqaalaha magaalooyinka ($ 1.2 trillion iyo $ 821 bilyan siday u kala horreeyaan 2016), ka dib markii magaaladan weyn ee magaalada New York. Aagga San Francisco Bay PSA wuxuu ahaa midka ugu sarreeya ee qarameedka sannadka 2016 (~ $ 94,000), waxaana uu ku nool yahay afar ka mid ah tobanka shirkadood ee adduunka ugu weyn ee suuqyada waaweyn iyo afar ka mid ah tobanka adduunka ugu qanisan. 19] [[File:Kluft-Photo-Aerial-I205-California-Aqueduct-Img 0038.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view of the [[Delta–Mendota Canal]] (left) and the [[California Aqueduct]] (right), at the [[Interstate 205 (California)|Interstate 205]] crossing west of [[Tracy, California|Tracy]], conveying water from Northern to Southern California]] Californiya waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay isbedel caalami ah oo kuyeelan dhaqan, caan ah, iyo siyaasad. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda filimka filimka Maraykanka, hippie counterculture, Internet, iyo kombiyuutarka shakhsiyeed, iyo kuwo kale. Aagga San Francisco Bay iyo Meelaha Greater Los Angeles waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin xarumaha tiknoolijiyada caalamka iyo madadaalada madadaalada, siday u kala horreeyaan. California waxay leedahay dhaqaale aad u kala duwan: 58% dhaqaalaha gobolka wuxuu ku salaysan yahay maaliyadda, xukuumadda, adeegga guryaha, tiknoolajiyada, iyo adeegyada ganacsiga, farsamooyinka iyo farsamada. Inkasta oo ay ka dhigan tahay 1.5% dhaqaalaha gobolka, California waa beeraha beeraha ugu sarreeya ee dowlad kasta oo Mareykan ah. =Tix= <references /> {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} [[Category:Ameerikada waqooyi]] [[Category:Maraykanka]] 63y3xb15xlrpvqvrggkmwv9cjb6fjw6 239597 239596 2022-08-07T04:25:09Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Fullname = Gobolka Kalifornia | Flag = Flag of California.svg | Name = California | Seal = Seal of California.svg | Flaglink = [[Flag of California|Flag]] | Nickname = The Golden State | Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols">{{cite web |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |title=Government Code Section 420-429.8 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=December 24, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325055232/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |archivedate=March 25, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | StateAnthem = [[I Love You, California]] | Map = California in United States.svg | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]] | Languages = <small>Native languages as of 2007</small> * [[English language|English]] 57.4%<ref name="Language2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf |title=Language Use in the United States: 2007 |author=Hyon B. Shin |author2=Robert A. Kominski |date=April 2010 |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |accessdate=May 27, 2013}}</ref> * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 28.5%<ref name="Language2007Table">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/TablesAFig5.xls |title=Appendix Table A for Figures 5A-5H. Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English-Speaking Ability by State: 2007 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2007 |work=Language Use in the United States: 2007 (ACS-12): Appendix Tables |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * [[Chinese language|Chinese]] 2.8%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] 2.2%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> | Demonym = Californian | LargestCity = [[Los Angeles]] | Capital = [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] | LargestMetro = [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Greater Los Angeles]] | AreaRank = 3rd | TotalAreaUS = 163,696 | TotalArea = 423,970 | WidthUS = 250 | Width = 400 | LengthUS = 770 | Length = 1,240 | PCWater = 4.7 | Latitude = 32°32′ N to 42° N | Longitude = 114°8′ W to 124°26′ W | PopRank = 1st | 2010Pop = 39,536,653 (2017 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA,US/PST045217 |date=December 21, 2017 |accessdate=December 21, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|title=California: Population estimates}}</ref> | MedianHouseholdIncome = $66,636 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=May 19, 2018}}</ref> | 2000DensityUS = 240 | 2000Density = 92.6 | DensityRank = 11th | IncomeRank = 13th | HighestPoint = [[Mount Whitney]]<ref name=Mount_Whitney/><ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/><ref>The summit of [[Mount Whitney]] is the highest point in the [[Contiguous United States]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 14,505 | HighestElev = 4,421.0 |GDP: 3.3 Tirillion Dollar | MeanElevUS = 2,900 | MeanElev = 880 | LowestPoint = [[Badwater Basin]]<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=September 21, 2015|accessdate=September 22, 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | LowestElev = −85.0 | LowestElevUS = −279 | Former = [[Alta California]] | AdmittanceDate = September 9, 1850 | AdmittanceOrder = 31st | Governor = [[Gavin Newsom]] ([[California Democratic Party|D]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Eleni Kounalakis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Legislature = [[California State Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[California State Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[California State Assembly]] | Senators = [[Dianne Feinstein]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />[[Alex Padilla]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Representative = 39 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]<br />14 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] | TimeZone2 = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] ([[UTC−7]]) | TZDesc = [[Pacific Time Zone]] | TZ1Where = Standard time | TimeZone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]] ([[UTC−8]]) | TZ2Where = Summer time ([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) | ISOCode = US-CA | PostalAbbreviation = CA | TradAbbreviation = Calif., Cal. | Website = http://www.ca.gov/ | Country = [[United States]] | MottoEnglish = I have found it | LandArea = 403,932 | LandAreaUS = 155,959 | WaterArea = 20,047 | WaterAreaUS = 7,737 | area_code = 209 213 310 323 408 415 510 530 559 562 619 626 650 661 707 714 760 805 818 831 858 909 916 925 949 | ElectoralVotes = 55 }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols <!-- before modifying these state symbols please verify your changes against official California Government Code sections 420-429.8, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.8 --> |Name = California |Flag = Flag of California.svg |Seal = Seal of California.svg |Nickname = The Golden State |Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |Mammal = {{ubl |'''Land:''' [[California grizzly bear]] (State animal)<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |'''Marine:''' [[Gray whale]] }} |Amphibian = [[California red-legged frog]] |Bird = [[California quail]] |Colors = Blue & gold <ref>{{cite web |url= http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=424 |title=Government Code Section 424 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref> |Dance = [[West Coast Swing]] |Fish = {{ubl | '''Fresh water:''' [[Golden trout]] | '''Marine:''' [[Garibaldi (fish)|Garibaldi]] }} |Flower = [[Eschscholzia californica|California poppy]] |FolkDance = [[Square dance]] |Fossil = [[Smilodon|Sabre-toothed cat]] |Gemstone = [[Benitoite]] |Grass = [[Nassella pulchra|Purple needlegrass]] |Insect = [[Zerene eurydice|California dogface butterfly]] |Mineral = [[Gold|Native gold]] |Quarter =2005 CA Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate =2005 |Reptile = [[Desert tortoise]] |Tree = [[Sequoia sempervirens|California redwood]] |Rock = [[Serpentine group|Serpentine]] |Song = "[[I Love You, California]]" |Soil = [[San Joaquin (soil)|San Joaquin]] |Tartan = [[California State Tartan]] |Route Marker = California 1.svg }} {{Coord|35.458606|-119.355165|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_California.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Map of USA CA.svg|thumb|left|270px]] '''Kalifornia''' ama '''California''', waa gobol ka mid ah 50ka gobol ee [[Mareykanka]]. Gobolkaan waa gobolka ugu dadka tirada badan wadanka mareykanka. waana gobolka 3aad oo ugu ween mareykanka. California waxaa ku yaalo hollywood, waa meesha filmada badanaa lagu sameeyo. California waa dawlad Maraykan ah oo ku taal Gobolka Pacific Pacific ee Maraykanka. Iyadoo 39.5 malyan oo dadka deggan, California ay tahay gobolka ugu badan ee ku yaala Maraykanka iyo kan saddexaad ee ugu weyn. Caasimada gobolka waa Sacramento. Aagga Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin gobollada magaalooyinka labaad iyo shanaad ee ugu badan, oo ay ku nool yihiin 18.7 milyan iyo 8.8 milyan oo qof. Los Angeles waa magaalada ugu weyn magaalada California, iyo dalka labaad ee ugu tirada badan, ka dib markii New York City. Kaluunka California waxaa kale oo leh gobolka ugu badan gobolka, gobolka Los Angeles; degmo ahaan ugu weyn gobolka, San Bernardino County; iyo tan shanaad ee gobolka ugu dad badan, San Francisco. [[File:California economic regions map (labeled and colored).svg|thumb|[[Economic regions of California]]]] Dhaqaalaha California ee $ 2.8 trillion wuxuu ka weyn yahay mid ka mid ah dawlad kale. Haddii ay ahayd waddan, California waxay noqon doontaa dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyo kan 36-aad ee ugu dad badan sannadka 2017. Meelaha Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin magaalooyinka labaad ee saddexaad ee dhaqaalaha magaalooyinka ($ 1.2 trillion iyo $ 821 bilyan siday u kala horreeyaan 2016), ka dib markii magaaladan weyn ee magaalada New York. Aagga San Francisco Bay PSA wuxuu ahaa midka ugu sarreeya ee qarameedka sannadka 2016 (~ $ 94,000), waxaana uu ku nool yahay afar ka mid ah tobanka shirkadood ee adduunka ugu weyn ee suuqyada waaweyn iyo afar ka mid ah tobanka adduunka ugu qanisan. [[File:Kluft-Photo-Aerial-I205-California-Aqueduct-Img 0038.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka anteenada ee Delta–Mendota Canal (bidix) iyo California Aqueduct (midig), ee ku taal Interstate 205 ee ka gudubta galbeedka Tracy, oo biyaha ka qaada Waqooyiga ilaa Koonfurta Kalifornia]] Californiya waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay isbedel caalami ah oo kuyeelan dhaqan, caan ah, iyo siyaasad. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda filimka filimka Maraykanka, hippie counterculture, Internet, iyo kombiyuutarka shakhsiyeed, iyo kuwo kale. Aagga San Francisco Bay iyo Meelaha Greater Los Angeles waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin xarumaha tiknoolijiyada caalamka iyo madadaalada madadaalada, siday u kala horreeyaan. California waxay leedahay dhaqaale aad u kala duwan: 58% dhaqaalaha gobolka wuxuu ku salaysan yahay maaliyadda, xukuumadda, adeegga guryaha, tiknoolajiyada, iyo adeegyada ganacsiga, farsamooyinka iyo farsamada. Inkasta oo ay ka dhigan tahay 1.5% dhaqaalaha gobolka, California waa beeraha beeraha ugu sarreeya ee dowlad kasta oo Mareykan ah. =Tix= <references /> {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} [[Category:Ameerikada waqooyi]] [[Category:Maraykanka]] 6u2of4os6ftnc2w53cl8z99rm80hoh6 239599 239597 2022-08-07T04:28:11Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} {{Infobox U.S. state | Fullname = Gobolka Kalifornia | Flag = Flag of California.svg | Name = California | Seal = Seal of California.svg | Flaglink = [[Flag of California|Flag]] | Nickname = The Golden State | Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols">{{cite web |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |title=Government Code Section 420-429.8 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=December 24, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325055232/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.9 |archivedate=March 25, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | StateAnthem = [[I Love You, California]] | Map = California in United States.svg | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]] | Languages = <small>Native languages as of 2007</small> * [[English language|English]] 57.4%<ref name="Language2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/ACS-12.pdf |title=Language Use in the United States: 2007 |author=Hyon B. Shin |author2=Robert A. Kominski |date=April 2010 |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |accessdate=May 27, 2013}}</ref> * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 28.5%<ref name="Language2007Table">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/TablesAFig5.xls |title=Appendix Table A for Figures 5A-5H. Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English-Speaking Ability by State: 2007 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2007 |work=Language Use in the United States: 2007 (ACS-12): Appendix Tables |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * [[Chinese language|Chinese]] 2.8%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] 2.2%<ref name="Language2007Table"/> | Demonym = Californian | LargestCity = [[Los Angeles]] | Capital = [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] | LargestMetro = [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Greater Los Angeles]] | AreaRank = 3rd | TotalAreaUS = 163,696 | TotalArea = 423,970 | WidthUS = 250 | Width = 400 | LengthUS = 770 | Length = 1,240 | PCWater = 4.7 | Latitude = 32°32′ N to 42° N | Longitude = 114°8′ W to 124°26′ W | PopRank = 1st | 2010Pop = 39,536,653 (2017 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA,US/PST045217 |date=December 21, 2017 |accessdate=December 21, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|title=California: Population estimates}}</ref> | MedianHouseholdIncome = $66,636 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=May 19, 2018}}</ref> | 2000DensityUS = 240 | 2000Density = 92.6 | DensityRank = 11th | IncomeRank = 13th | HighestPoint = [[Mount Whitney]]<ref name=Mount_Whitney/><ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/><ref>The summit of [[Mount Whitney]] is the highest point in the [[Contiguous United States]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 14,505 | HighestElev = 4,421.0 |GDP: 3.3 Tirillion Dollar | MeanElevUS = 2,900 | MeanElev = 880 | LowestPoint = [[Badwater Basin]]<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=September 21, 2015|accessdate=September 22, 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | LowestElev = −85.0 | LowestElevUS = −279 | Former = [[Alta California]] | AdmittanceDate = September 9, 1850 | AdmittanceOrder = 31st | Governor = [[Gavin Newsom]] ([[California Democratic Party|D]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Eleni Kounalakis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Legislature = [[California State Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[California State Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[California State Assembly]] | Senators = [[Dianne Feinstein]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />[[Alex Padilla]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | Representative = 39 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]<br />14 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] | TimeZone2 = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] ([[UTC−7]]) | TZDesc = [[Pacific Time Zone]] | TZ1Where = Standard time | TimeZone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]] ([[UTC−8]]) | TZ2Where = Summer time ([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) | ISOCode = US-CA | PostalAbbreviation = CA | TradAbbreviation = Calif., Cal. | Website = http://www.ca.gov/ | Country = [[United States]] | MottoEnglish = I have found it | LandArea = 403,932 | LandAreaUS = 155,959 | WaterArea = 20,047 | WaterAreaUS = 7,737 | area_code = 209 213 310 323 408 415 510 530 559 562 619 626 650 661 707 714 760 805 818 831 858 909 916 925 949 | ElectoralVotes = 55 }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols <!-- before modifying these state symbols please verify your changes against official California Government Code sections 420-429.8, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.8 --> |Name = California |Flag = Flag of California.svg |Seal = Seal of California.svg |Nickname = The Golden State |Motto = [[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |Mammal = {{ubl |'''Land:''' [[California grizzly bear]] (State animal)<ref name="motto-symbols"/> |'''Marine:''' [[Gray whale]] }} |Amphibian = [[California red-legged frog]] |Bird = [[California quail]] |Colors = Blue & gold <ref>{{cite web |url= http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=424 |title=Government Code Section 424 |publisher=State of California Legislative Council |accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref> |Dance = [[West Coast Swing]] |Fish = {{ubl | '''Fresh water:''' [[Golden trout]] | '''Marine:''' [[Garibaldi (fish)|Garibaldi]] }} |Flower = [[Eschscholzia californica|California poppy]] |FolkDance = [[Square dance]] |Fossil = [[Smilodon|Sabre-toothed cat]] |Gemstone = [[Benitoite]] |Grass = [[Nassella pulchra|Purple needlegrass]] |Insect = [[Zerene eurydice|California dogface butterfly]] |Mineral = [[Gold|Native gold]] |Quarter =2005 CA Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate =2005 |Reptile = [[Desert tortoise]] |Tree = [[Sequoia sempervirens|California redwood]] |Rock = [[Serpentine group|Serpentine]] |Song = "[[I Love You, California]]" |Soil = [[San Joaquin (soil)|San Joaquin]] |Tartan = [[California State Tartan]] |Route Marker = California 1.svg }} {{Coord|35.458606|-119.355165|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_California.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Map of USA CA.svg|thumb|left|270px]] '''Kalifornia''' ama '''California''', waa gobol ka mid ah 50ka gobol ee [[Mareykanka]]. Gobolkaan waa gobolka ugu dadka tirada badan wadanka mareykanka. waana gobolka 3aad oo ugu ween mareykanka. California waxaa ku yaalo hollywood, waa meesha filmada badanaa lagu sameeyo. California waa dawlad Maraykan ah oo ku taal Gobolka Pacific ee Maraykanka. Iyadoo 39.5 malyan oo dadka deggan, California ay tahay gobolka ugu badan ee ku yaala Maraykanka iyo kan saddexaad ee ugu weyn. Caasimada gobolka waa Sacramento. Aagga Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin gobollada magaalooyinka labaad iyo shanaad ee ugu badan, oo ay ku nool yihiin 18.7 milyan iyo 8.8 milyan oo qof. Los Angeles waa magaalada ugu weyn magaalada California, iyo dalka labaad ee ugu tirada badan, ka dib markii New York City. Kaluunka California waxaa kale oo leh gobolka ugu badan gobolka, gobolka Los Angeles; degmo ahaan ugu weyn gobolka, San Bernardino County; iyo tan shanaad ee gobolka ugu dad badan, San Francisco. [[File:California economic regions map (labeled and colored).svg|thumb|[[Economic regions of California]]]] Dhaqaalaha California ee $ 2.8 trillion wuxuu ka weyn yahay mid ka mid ah dawlad kale. Haddii ay ahayd waddan, California waxay noqon doontaa dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyo kan 36-aad ee ugu dad badan sannadka 2017. Meelaha Greater Los Angeles iyo Aagga Gacanka San Francisco waxay yihiin magaalooyinka labaad ee saddexaad ee dhaqaalaha magaalooyinka ($ 1.2 trillion iyo $ 821 bilyan siday u kala horreeyaan 2016), ka dib markii magaaladan weyn ee magaalada New York. Aagga San Francisco Bay PSA wuxuu ahaa midka ugu sarreeya ee qarameedka sannadka 2016 (~ $ 94,000), waxaana uu ku nool yahay afar ka mid ah tobanka shirkadood ee adduunka ugu weyn ee suuqyada waaweyn iyo afar ka mid ah tobanka adduunka ugu qanisan. [[File:Kluft-Photo-Aerial-I205-California-Aqueduct-Img 0038.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka anteenada ee Delta–Mendota Canal (bidix) iyo California Aqueduct (midig), ee ku taal Interstate 205 ee ka gudubta galbeedka Tracy, oo biyaha ka qaada Waqooyiga ilaa Koonfurta Kalifornia]] Californiya waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay isbedel caalami ah oo kuyeelan dhaqan, caan ah, iyo siyaasad. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda filimka filimka Maraykanka, hippie counterculture, Internet, iyo kombiyuutarka shakhsiyeed, iyo kuwo kale. Aagga San Francisco Bay iyo Meelaha Greater Los Angeles waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin xarumaha tiknoolijiyada caalamka iyo madadaalada madadaalada, siday u kala horreeyaan. California waxay leedahay dhaqaale aad u kala duwan: 58% dhaqaalaha gobolka wuxuu ku salaysan yahay maaliyadda, xukuumadda, adeegga guryaha, tiknoolajiyada, iyo adeegyada ganacsiga, farsamooyinka iyo farsamada. Inkasta oo ay ka dhigan tahay 1.5% dhaqaalaha gobolka, California waa beeraha beeraha ugu sarreeya ee dowlad kasta oo Mareykan ah. =Tix= <references /> {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} [[Category:Ameerikada waqooyi]] [[Category:Maraykanka]] g7awjfz2e2c89pst5ghw2xg4n3er3x9 0 5785 239587 228447 2022-08-07T01:37:13Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red. | image_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br/>{{native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br/>{{small|"Peace – Work – Fatherland"}} | national_anthem = <br/>{{native phrase|fr|[[O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers|Ô Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{raise|0.2em|({{Lang-en|"O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers"}}) }}<br /><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - Chant de Ralliement.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = Cameroon - Location Map (2013) - CMR - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Yaoundé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|3|52|N|11|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<br> [[French language|French]]| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{nowrap|31% [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon|Cameroon Highlanders]]}} | 19% [[Bantu peoples|Equatorial Bantu]] | 11% [[Kirdi]] | 10% [[Fula people|Fulani]] | 8% [[Bantu peoples|Northwestern Bantu]] | 7% Eastern Nigritic | 13% other African | <1% non-African }} | demonym = Cameroonian | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[presidential system|presidential republic]] under an [[totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Philémon Yang]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from [[France]]}} | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|Union with former<br/>[[British Cameroons]]}} | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 | percent_water = 0.57 | population_estimate = | population_census = 17,463,836<ref>{{cite web |title=Rapport de présentation des résultats définitifs |url=http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf |format=PDF |page=6 |publisher=Institut national de la statistique |accessdate=21 July 2012 |language=French}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 56th <!-- ''[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database]''. 2006. United Nations Population Division.--> | population_census_year = 2005 | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 167th <!--UN World Population Prospects--> | GDP_PPP = $81.535&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=1&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Cameroon |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,358<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $29.547&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,217<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini = 44.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2007 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=1 September 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.518 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 153rd | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |date=28 February 2006 |title=English }} and {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French }} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} {{Coord|3|52|N|11|31|E|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg|thumb|Kamiruun]] '''Kamiruun''' ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Kamiruun''' waa wadan ku yaalo Central [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Jad]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Ikweetiga Guinea]], [[Gabon]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo‎]].Cameroon (Faransiiska: Cameroon), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Cameroon (Faransiiska: République du Cameroun), waa waddan ku yaal galbeedka iyo Bartamaha Afrika. Waxaa xuduud u leh Nigeria dhanka galbeedka iyo waqooyiga; Chad ilaa waqooyi bari; Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika; iyo Equatorial Guinea, Gabon iyo Jamhuuriyada Congo koonfurta. Xeebaha Cameroon waxay ku yaalaan Bight of Biafra, qayb ka mid ah Gacanka Guinea iyo Badweynta Atlantic. Inkasta oo Cameroon aysan ahayn waddan xubin ka ah ECOWAS, joqoraafi ahaan iyo taariikh ahaanba waxa ay ku taala Galbeedka Afrika iyadoo la yiraahdo Camerons Koonfureed oo hadda ka dhigaysa Waqooyi-galbeed iyo Koofurta Koonfureed oo leh taariikh xooggan oo Afrikaan ah. Wadanka waxaa mararka qaar loo yaqaanaa Galbeedka Afrika iyo waqtiyo kale oo Bartamaha Afrika ah sababtoo ah mawqifkiisa istaraatiijiga ah ee isgoysyada u dhaxeeya Galbeedka iyo Bartamaha Afrika. Faransiiska iyo Ingiriisku waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Kameroon. Wadanka waxaa badanaa lagu magacaabaa "Africa in minestras" oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanta juqraafiga iyo dhaqanka. Noocyada dabiiciga ah waxaa ka mid ah xeebaha, lamadegaanka, buuraha, xayawaanka roobka, iyo savannas. Dhulka ugu sarreeya ee ku dhawaad ​​4,100 mitir (13,500 ft) waa Buur Cameroon oo ku taal Gobolka Koonfureed ee dalka, magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ku nool magaalooyinka Douala ee Wuuri, waa caasimad dhaqaale iyo dekedda muhiimka ah, Yaoundé, iyo Garoua. Waddanka ayaa si fiican u yaqaan asalkiisa muusikada, gaar ahaan makossa iyo bikutsi, iyo kooxda kubada cagta ee guulaha badan. Dadka deggan degaannada hore waxaa ka mid ahaa ilaalada Sao oo ku yaala Harada Chad iyo Beeraha Beeraha ah ee ku yaalla koonfurta-bari ee xiga. Sahamiyeyaasha Bortuqiisku waxay gaadheen xeebta qarnigii 15aad waxaana lagu magacaabay aagga Rio dos Camarões (Waddada Shrimp), oo noqday Kameroon Ingiriisi. Askarta Fulani waxay aasaaseen Emirate-ka Adamawa ee waqooyiga qarnigii 19-aad, kooxo qowmiyadeed oo ka tirsan galbeedka iyo waqooyi-galbeed waxay sameeyeen madax-weynaan iyo fondoms. Kameroon waxay noqotay xarun jarmal ah sanadkii 1884 loo yaqaano Kamerun. Kadib Dagaalkii Dunida Kadib, dhulku waxaa loo kala qaybiyay Faransiiska iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska sida Laanta Qaramadda Midawga. Ururka Midawga Afrika ee u dooda xuquuqda aadanaha (UPC) ayaa ku dooday madaxbannaanida, laakiin waxaa mamnuucay France sannadkii 1950-kii, taasoo keentay in Cameroonian Independence War la dagaalanta kooxaha Faransiiska iyo UPC tan iyo horraantii 1971. 1960-kii, qaybta Faransiisku maamusho ee Cameroon wuxuu noqday madax-bannaan sida Jamhuuriyadda Cameroun ee ku hoos jira madaxweynaha Ahmadou Ahidjo. Qaybta koonfureed ee British Cameroons ayaa la wadaagay 1961-kii si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Cameroon. Xiriirinta waxaa laga tegey 1972-dii. Dalka waxaa loo magacaabay Jamhuuriyadda Midowday ee Cameroon sanadkii 1972 iyo Jamhuuriyada Cameroon sanadkii 1984. Cameroon waxay la kulantaa xasillooni siyaasadeed iyo mid bulsho. Tani waxay u ogolaatay horumarinta beeraha, wadooyinka, tareenada iyo warshadaha waaweyn ee batroolka iyo warshadaha. =Sidoo kale eeg= * [[Yawunde]] * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201301/visit-cameroon/ A Visit to Cameroon] {{Dalalka Afrika}} p1lq9hrql7bv6izy3i5pul2801fkx5k 0 6378 239578 237330 2022-08-06T14:42:39Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Mauritania |common_name = Mauritania |native_name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية|italics=off}}<br />{{resize|75%|''{{transl|ar|al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah}}''}}<br />{{native name|fr|République islamique de Mauritanie}} |image_flag = Flag of Mauritania.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Mauritania.svg |symbol_type = Seal |national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|شرف إخاء عدل|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"Honor, Fraternity, Justice"}} |national_anthem = {{lang|ar|نشيد وطني موريتاني}}<br />({{lang-en|"[[National anthem of Mauritania|The Country of Fatherhood is the Honorable Gift]]"}}) |image_map = Location Mauritania AU Africa.svg |map_caption = Location of Mauritania (dark blue) in [[Africa]] |image_map2 = Mauritania - Location Map (2013) - MRT - UNOCHA.svg |capital = [[Nouakchott]] |largest_city = capital |coordinates = {{Coord|18|09|N|15|58|W|type:city}} |official_languages = [[Carabi]]^a |national_languages = {{hlist |[[Hassaniya Arabic]] |[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]] |[[Soninke language|Soninke]] |[[Wolof language|Wolof]] | Malinke| &nbsp;^a}} |languages_type = Other languages |languages = [[French language|French]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.quotidien-nouakchott.com/etats-generaux-l-education-nationale-en-mauritanie-la-reforme-1999-sera-t-elle-supprimee |date=13 November 2011 |title=États généraux de l'Éducation nationale en Mauritanie |work=Le Quotidien de Nouakchott |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414235528/http://www.quotidien-nouakchott.com/etats-generaux-l-education-nationale-en-mauritanie-la-reforme-1999-sera-t-elle-supprimee |archivedate=14 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> |demonym = [[Demographics of Mauritania|Mauritanian]] |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Islamic republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Mauritania|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]^b |leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Mauritania|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Yahya Ould Hademine]]^b |legislature = [[Mauritanian Parliament|Parliament]] |lower_house = [[National Assembly (Mauritania)|National Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |established_event1 = from [[French colonial empire|France]] |established_date1 = 28 November 1960 |established_event2 = Current [[Constitution of Mauritania]] |established_date2 = 12 July 1991 |area_km2 = 1030000 |area_footnote = <ref name=census/> |area_rank = 28th |area_sq_mi = |percent_water = 0.03 |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Mauritania}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_census = 3,537,368<ref name=census>{{cite report |date=July 2015 |title=Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat (RGPH) 2013 |language=fr |chapter=1: Répartition spatiale de la population |chapter-url=http://www.ons.mr/images/rgph2013/Chapitres_RGPH_Fr/Chapitre01_R%C3%A9partition_spatiale_fr.pdf |page=v |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mauritania |accessdate=20 December 2015 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 3.4 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = $17.421&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=7&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=682&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Mauritania |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_rank = 134th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,488<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 140th |GDP_nominal = $5.063&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal_rank = 154th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,304<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 149th |Gini = 40.5 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.513 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 157th |currency = [[Mauritanian ouguiya|Ouguiya]] |currency_code = MRO |time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |utc_offset_DST = |time_zone_DST = |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+222]] |cctld = [[.mr]] |footnote_a = According to Article 6 of the Constitution: "The national languages are Arabic, [[Pulaar language|Pulaar]], [[Soninke language|Soninke]], and [[Wolof language|Wolof]]; the official language is Arabic." |footnote_b = Not recognized internationally (see main article). |religion = [[Islam in Mauritania|Islam]] |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |country_code = MR }} [[Mauritania]], ([[Af-Faransiis]]: Mauritanie), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Mauritania, waa waddan Waqooyi-galbeed Afrika. Waa waddanka kow iyo tobanaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, waxaana xuduud u leh Galbeedka Atlantik ee galbeedka, Sahra Galbeed oo waqooyi iyo waqooyi-galbeed, Aljeeriya ilaa waqooyi-bari, Mali ilaa bari iyo koonfur, iyo Senegal oo koonfur galbeed ah. Waddanku wuxuu magaciisa ka soo qaatay boqortooyadii hore ee Berbera ee Mauretania, oo ka jiray min qarnigii 3aad ee BCE illaa qarnigii 7aad ee Woqooyiga ee waqooyiga ee casriga ah ee Morocco iyo Algeria. Qiyaastii 90% dhulka Mauritania wuxuu ku yaalaa Sahara; Sidaa darteed, dadku waxay ku badan yihiin koonfurta, halkaas oo roobabku aad u sarreeyo. Magaalada caasimada ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Nouakchott, oo ku taalla xeebta Atlantic, kaas oo ku yaal saddex meelood hal meel 4,3 milyan oo qof. Xukuumadda ayaa lagu afgembiyay 6-dii August 2008-dii, kaas oo ah madax-furasho milatari oo uu hoggaaminayo General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. 16kii Abriil 2009, Aziz ayaa iska casilay millatariga si uu ugu tartamo madaxweynaha doorashadii 19-kii July, kaas oo uu ku guuleystay. Qiyaas ahaan 20% dadka reer Mauritania waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar US $11.25 maalintii. ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]] * * [[Comesa]] * * * [[Midowga Afrika]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[File:Nouakchott air 01.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Muuqaalka hawada ee Nouakchott.]] == Xigasho == <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 9si0kcbhymc0vcvpiej4mazcpd4djr6 239579 239578 2022-08-06T14:43:26Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Mauritania |common_name = Mauritania |native_name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية|italics=off}}<br />{{resize|75%|''{{transl|ar|al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah}}''}}<br />{{native name|fr|République islamique de Mauritanie}} |image_flag = Flag of Mauritania.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Mauritania.svg |symbol_type = Seal |national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|شرف إخاء عدل|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"Sharaf, Walaalnimo, Caddaalad"}} |national_anthem = {{lang|ar|نشيد وطني موريتاني}}<br />({{lang-en|"[[Heesta calanka Mauritania|Dalka Aabbenimadu waa Hibada Sharafta leh]]"}}) |image_map = Location Mauritania AU Africa.svg |map_caption = Location of Mauritania (dark blue) in [[Africa]] |image_map2 = Mauritania - Location Map (2013) - MRT - UNOCHA.svg |capital = [[Nouakchott]] |largest_city = capital |coordinates = {{Coord|18|09|N|15|58|W|type:city}} |official_languages = [[Carabi]]^a |national_languages = {{hlist |[[Hassaniya Arabic]] |[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]] |[[Soninke language|Soninke]] |[[Wolof language|Wolof]] | Malinke| &nbsp;^a}} |languages_type = Other languages |languages = [[French language|French]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.quotidien-nouakchott.com/etats-generaux-l-education-nationale-en-mauritanie-la-reforme-1999-sera-t-elle-supprimee |date=13 November 2011 |title=États généraux de l'Éducation nationale en Mauritanie |work=Le Quotidien de Nouakchott |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414235528/http://www.quotidien-nouakchott.com/etats-generaux-l-education-nationale-en-mauritanie-la-reforme-1999-sera-t-elle-supprimee |archivedate=14 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> |demonym = [[Demographics of Mauritania|Mauritanian]] |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Islamic republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Mauritania|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]^b |leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Mauritania|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Yahya Ould Hademine]]^b |legislature = [[Mauritanian Parliament|Parliament]] |lower_house = [[National Assembly (Mauritania)|National Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |established_event1 = from [[French colonial empire|France]] |established_date1 = 28 November 1960 |established_event2 = Current [[Constitution of Mauritania]] |established_date2 = 12 July 1991 |area_km2 = 1030000 |area_footnote = <ref name=census/> |area_rank = 28th |area_sq_mi = |percent_water = 0.03 |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Mauritania}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_census = 3,537,368<ref name=census>{{cite report |date=July 2015 |title=Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat (RGPH) 2013 |language=fr |chapter=1: Répartition spatiale de la population |chapter-url=http://www.ons.mr/images/rgph2013/Chapitres_RGPH_Fr/Chapitre01_R%C3%A9partition_spatiale_fr.pdf |page=v |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mauritania |accessdate=20 December 2015 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 3.4 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = $17.421&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=7&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=682&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Mauritania |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_rank = 134th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,488<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 140th |GDP_nominal = $5.063&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal_rank = 154th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,304<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 149th |Gini = 40.5 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.513 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 157th |currency = [[Mauritanian ouguiya|Ouguiya]] |currency_code = MRO |time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |utc_offset_DST = |time_zone_DST = |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+222]] |cctld = [[.mr]] |footnote_a = According to Article 6 of the Constitution: "The national languages are Arabic, [[Pulaar language|Pulaar]], [[Soninke language|Soninke]], and [[Wolof language|Wolof]]; the official language is Arabic." |footnote_b = Not recognized internationally (see main article). |religion = [[Islam in Mauritania|Islam]] |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |country_code = MR }} [[Mauritania]], ([[Af-Faransiis]]: Mauritanie), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Mauritania, waa waddan Waqooyi-galbeed Afrika. Waa waddanka kow iyo tobanaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, waxaana xuduud u leh Galbeedka Atlantik ee galbeedka, Sahra Galbeed oo waqooyi iyo waqooyi-galbeed, Aljeeriya ilaa waqooyi-bari, Mali ilaa bari iyo koonfur, iyo Senegal oo koonfur galbeed ah. Waddanku wuxuu magaciisa ka soo qaatay boqortooyadii hore ee Berbera ee Mauretania, oo ka jiray min qarnigii 3aad ee BCE illaa qarnigii 7aad ee Woqooyiga ee waqooyiga ee casriga ah ee Morocco iyo Algeria. Qiyaastii 90% dhulka Mauritania wuxuu ku yaalaa Sahara; Sidaa darteed, dadku waxay ku badan yihiin koonfurta, halkaas oo roobabku aad u sarreeyo. Magaalada caasimada ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Nouakchott, oo ku taalla xeebta Atlantic, kaas oo ku yaal saddex meelood hal meel 4,3 milyan oo qof. Xukuumadda ayaa lagu afgembiyay 6-dii August 2008-dii, kaas oo ah madax-furasho milatari oo uu hoggaaminayo General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. 16kii Abriil 2009, Aziz ayaa iska casilay millatariga si uu ugu tartamo madaxweynaha doorashadii 19-kii July, kaas oo uu ku guuleystay. Qiyaas ahaan 20% dadka reer Mauritania waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar US $11.25 maalintii. ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]] * * [[Comesa]] * * * [[Midowga Afrika]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[File:Nouakchott air 01.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Muuqaalka hawada ee Nouakchott.]] == Xigasho == <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 5o7ru5f0wzaq0j6ivddr1gcddnkew5p 0 6957 239600 213541 2022-08-07T04:29:20Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Canjeelo.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Canjeelo]] * {{Flag|Itoobiya}} * {{Flag|Soomaaliya}} '''Canjeero''' ([[Itoobiya|Af Amxaari]]: ''ənǧära''; {{lang-ar|إينجيرا}}) waa [[cunto]] ay cunaan dadka [[Soomaali]]da, [[Itoobiya]]anka, wadano badan oo [[Carab]]ta iyo meelo badan oo caalamka ah. Sida caadiga ah canjeeradu waxay ka mid tahay [[quraac]]a qoysas badan oo degan [[Bariga Afrika]]. Canjeerada waxaa laga sameeyaa [[daqiiq]], [[bur]] iyo [[milix]] la khamiiriyay mudo saacado ah, ka dib lagu dubey daawe (bir wareegsan). Canjeeradu waxay dhaqan ahaan inaga soo gashay wadanka aan jaarka nahay ee [[Itoobiya]] oo tan iyo wakhti hore ka ahayd cuntada ugu muhiimsan.<ref>{{cite book | last =Tesfai | first =Tekie | authorlink = | title =ዘመናዊ መዝገበ ቓላት ትግርኛ | publisher =Hidri Publishers | edition =2nd | date =2011 | location =Asmara | pages =1083 | language =[[Tigrinya language]] | isbn = 978-9994801039}}</ref> Lahjadaha dadka Soomaalida ee kala duwan ayaa waxay keentay in canjeerada loogu waco magacyo kala duwan. [[Somaliland|Gobolada Waqooyiga Soomaaliya]] waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Loxoox'' iyo ''Kimis''. Canjeerada waxee ka midtahay cuntada lagu sameeyo kushiinka.Canjeerada waxaa soomaalia laga cunaa subax kasto, waxaana lagu cunaa suqaar ama baar iyo dalacbilaash. Sida dhaqanka ah neh waa [[Saliid Macsaro]] ama [[Subak]] iyo [[Sonkor]] iyo [[Shaax]].Canjeerada waa cunto soomaaliya laga isticmaali jiray waqti aad u fog.Waxaa kale oo jirto ([[Malawaxa]]) iyo [[Jabaatiga]] oo u sameesan sida canjeerada oo kale, laakiin woo ka yaryahay woona ka macaanyahay. Badanaa waxee soomaalida malawaxa isticmaashaa ramadaankii. =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Firiley]] [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] [[Category:Beeraha]] [[Category:Beer]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Kushiinka Soomaalida]] anpgnlic6162ork1b4aji8zjvt3qp9h 0 7171 239552 225320 2022-08-06T13:37:57Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Geedaha. Kuwo ka duwan fiiri [[Dhir]] iyo [[Beer]].'' [[File:Coastal redwood.jpg|thumb|Geedaha ugu dhaadheer caalamka.]] '''Geed''' ([[ingiriis]]: Tree) waa qori ama alwaax (loox) dheer oo ka dul baxa [[caro|carada]] [[dhul|oogada sare ee dhulka]]. Geedku waa [[noole]] ka mid ah [[dhir]]ta kaasoo [[sanad]]o badan jiri kara. Geedaha qaar waxay kor u baxaan in ka badan [[mitir|100 mitir oo]] [[dherer]] ah, waxayna gaadhaan dhowr [[sanad|kun oo sano]]. Geedaha ugu dhaadheer dunida waxay leeyihiiin dherer dhan 130 mitir. Geedku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[jirid]], [[laan|laamo]], [[caleen|caleemo]], [[xidido]] iyo [[ubax]] kuwaas oo ah qaabdhismeedka [[jidh]]ka dhirta. Geedka sidiisaba wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa miro, kadib wuxuu yeeshaa xidido oo dhulka hoostiisa biyo ka sii raadiyo, dhinaca kale waxaa ka baxo jirid oo banaanka u soo baxdo si ee [[qorax]]da u hesho. Ka dib wuxuu yeeshtaa caleemo. = Jidhka Geedka = [[File:Ash Tree - geograph.org.uk - 590710.jpg|thumb|Geed [[laan|laamo]] iyo [[caleen]] badan.]] [[Jidh]]ka geeduha, guud ahaan, waxaa loo kala saaraa [[labo|labo qaybood]], kuwaas oo kala ah '''qaybta dhulka ka sareeysa''' iyo '''qaybta dhulka ka saraysa'''. Dhulka hoostiisa qaybta ku jirta waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[xidido]] kuwaas oo soo nuuga [[biyo|biyaha]] iyo [[macdan]]ta geedku u baahan yahay. Sidoo kale, xididadu waxay baroosin u yihiin geedka oo ayaga ayaa [[dhul]]ka ku xajiya. Dhinaca kale, dhulka korkiisa qaybta ku taalaa waxaa ugu muhiimsan [[jirid]]da oo lafdhabar u ah istaagida iyo [[joog]]a geedka. Jirida waxaa ku yaala [[laan|laamo]] badan oo faraaqyo leh kuwaas oo iyaguna xajinaya [[caleen|caleemo]] badan, [[ubax]]yo iyo [[midho]]. Xubin walba oo jidhka geedka ahi shaqo gaar ah ayay haysaa. Jiridu waxay kor iyo hoos u safrisaa biyaha iyo macdanta xididuhu keenaan; laamaha iyo caleenta [[cunto|cuntada]] ay sameeyaan ayay gaadhsiiyaan xubnaha kale ee geedka. Sidoo kale, difaac iyo baroowsin ayay u tahay geedka taas oo ku xajinaysa dhulka korkiisa. Caleenta iyo laamaha geedka oo midabkoodu yahay cagaar, ayaa [[cunto|cuntada]] u sameeya geedka. Xubnahan oo ka [[joog]] sareeya dhulka ayaa waxay qabtaan awooda falaadhaha [[ileys]]ka ka dib u bedelaan [[awood|awood kimiko]] ayagoo isticmaalaya hab loo yaqaan [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] '''photosynthesis''', cuntadaas oo loo kala diro qeybaha geedka. = Qaybaha Geedka = Geedku wuxuu ka samaysan yahay qaybo badan oo qabta howlo kala duwan. Guud ahaan, geedaha waxa loo qaybiyaa [[labo|labo qeybood]] oo kala ah qaybta dhulka ka sareysa{xiddo} iyo qaybta dhulka ka hooseysa{xidid}. Intaas uun kuma koobna ee waxaa loo kala saaraa qaybaha geedka [[shan|shan qeybood]]; oo kala ah [[ubax|Ubax iyo midho]], [[caleen|caleemo]], [[laan|laamo]], [[jirid]] iyo [[xidido]]. [[Ubax]]a markuu bislaado wuxuu isku bedelaa [[midho]] sidaas darteed labadoodu waa isku hal. == Xidido == [[File:WisconsinScenery.jpg|thumb|Xididadu waa baroosinka [[geed]]ka ku haya dhulka.]] [[Xidido|Xididka dhirtu]] waa faro dhaadheer oo ka baxa [[jirid]]a [[geed]]aha hoosteeda, kuwaas oo ku haya geedka dhulka dushiisa. Xididada intooda u badan waxay ku jiraan dhulka hoostiisa, waxaanay soo ururiyaan [[biyo|biyaha]], [[macdan]]ta iyo nafaqada ku dhex jirta [[caro|carada]] dhexdeeda. Xididadu waxay keeydiyaan [[cunto|cuntada]], nafaqada iyo waxyaabaha kale ee geedku u baahan yahay, isla markaana waa difaaca tafiiranka [[dhir]]ta. Xididka ugu horeeya ee geedku sameeysto markuu dhasho, waxaa loo yaqaanaa '''Xidid dhexaad''' kaas oo si toosan u gala dhulka, isla markaana saldhig u ah dhamaan qeybaha xididada. Guud ahaan, xididadu waxay leeyihiin [[timo]] yar-yar oo ka dul baxa kuwaas oo [[af]]ka hore ka furan soona nuuga biyaha, macdanta iyo nafaqada. Sidoo kale, xididadu waxay u baahan yihiin [[Ogsajiin]] ay [[neefsi|neefsadaa]]. [[File:Bombax LalBagh.JPG|thumb|Xididada qaar carada kor ayay uga soo baxaan.]] == Jirid == [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|Jiridu waa tiirka [[geed]]ka ku haya [[dhul]]ka.]] '''[[Jirid]]u''' waa tiirka [[geed]]ka ku haya [[dhul]]ka isla markaana [[caleen|caleemaha]] kor qaada si eey [[ileys]]ka [[qorax]]da u helaan. Sidoo kale, Jiridu waxay u qaabilsan tahay ineey kala safriso [[biyo|biyaha]] iyo nafaqada [[xidido|xididadu]] ka soo nuugaan [[caro|carada]]; isla markaana gaadhsiiso [[cunto|cuntada]] qaybaha kala duwan ee [[geed]]ka. Jirida waxaa ku dhex jira tuubooyin kala gudbiya cuntada, biyaha iyo macdanta geedku u baahan yahay. Tuubooyinkan waxaa ku dahaadhan qolof adag oo ka samaysan [[unug]]yo dhintey, kuwaas oo ka difaaca xanuunada, [[kul]]ka, qabowga, [[xasharaad]]ka iyo waxyeelada kale. Geedaha qaar malaha jirid adag oo kor u taagan, laakiin waxay leeyihiin maqaar ku dahaaran [[jidh]]ka tuubooyinka biyaha, cuntada iyo macdanta u kala gudbiya qeybaha geedahaas. [[File:Taxus wood.jpg|thumb|Gobol ka mid ah jirida oo muujineysa koritaanka goobooyinka 27 sano koritaankeeda.]] Maqaarka sare ee adag, waxaa ku xiga xadhko yaryar oo loo yaqaano [[Maydhax]] (phloem), kuwaas oo ayaguna ka [[cunto|cuntada]], [[biyo|biyaha]] iyo nafaqada kale gaadhsiiya [[unug]]yada jirida. == Caleemo == [[File:Leavessnipedale.jpg|thumb|Caleemuhu waa xubinta u qaabisan ineey [[cunto|cuntada]] u sameeyso [[geed]]ka ayagoo isticmaalaya [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]].]] '''[[Caleen|Caleemuhu]]''' waa xubin midab cagaaran leh oo ku taala [[laan|laamaha]] [[geed]]aha. [[Caleen]]tu waa xubin yar oo balaadhan, khafiif ah, kuna taala qeeybaha sare ee [[laan|laamaha geedka]], taas oo shaqadeedu tahay ineey sameeyso [[cunto|cuntada]] [[dhir]]tu u baahan tahay si eey u korto iyo noolaato. Inta u badan dhirta, [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee geedku wuxuu ka dhex dhacaa [[caleen|caleemaha]] iyo [[laan|laamaha]] geedka, halkaas oo [[biyo|biyaha]], awooda [[ileys]]ka iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]ku ku [[falgal]]aan. [[Isku dhis]]ka halkaas ka dhaca waxaa ka soo baxa [[Ogsajiin]] caleemuhu [[cir]]ka ku sii daayaan. Taasi oo ah faa'iidada koowaad ee dhirtu u leedahay deegaanka dhulka. == Laamo == [[File:White Branches.jpg|thumb|Tiro badan oo laamaha [[geed]]ka oo kala dherer duwan.]] [[File:Tree Leaves.JPG|thumb|Laamaha [[dhir]]ta waxaa ku dhegan [[caleen|caleemo]] aad u badan.]] '''[[Laan|Laam]]'''uhu waa faro dhaadheer oo ka baxa [[jirid]]a [[geed]]aha, kuwaas oo dusha ay kaga xidhan yihiin [[caleen|caleemaha]] [[dhir]]ta. Laamuhu waxay isku xidhaan caleemaha, [[ubax]]a iyo inta kale ee geedka ayagoo kala gudbinaaya [[cunto|cuntada]] caleemuhu sameeyaan iyo [[biyo|biyaha]] iyo [[macdan]]ta ka timaada [[xidido|xididada]] geedka. Laamuhu waxay ka baxaan dhinacyada jirida ayagoo u jeeda dhinac ka duwan jihada jirida. Sidoo kale, dhererka iyo miisaanka laamuhu way kala duwan yihiin. Qaar ayaa aad u yar oo leh dhowr caleemood, halka kuwo kale aad u dhaadheer yihiin isla markaana sii bixiyaan laamo kale oo ayaga ku xidhan. Inkastoo caleentu u badan tahay, laamaha naftoodu way ka qayb qaataan [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee dhirta. [[File:Strom roka borovica velke borove 03.jpg|thumb|Laamaha geedaha qaarkood ayaa aad u dheer oo laamo kale ku sii xidhan yihiin.]] [[File:Saxifrage umbrosa Jehova Blume.png|thumb|''[[Saxifraga umbrosa]]'' (''Yehovah-ubaxa'', Dhibcaha guduudan ee ubaxyada cadcad waxay u eg yihiin magaca [https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/magaca-ilaahay/ Yehowah Ilaaha] ah ee [[Af-Hebrow|Cibraaniga]] ah)]] == Ubax == ==Midho== [[File:Fruit Stall in Barcelona Market.jpg|thumb|Noocyo badan oo Midhaha ka mid ah isla markaana kala duwan.]] '''[[Midho]]''' sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Miro''' waa maxsuulka taranka [[geed]]ka. Midhuhu waxay ka samaysmaan marka bacariminta [[ubax]]u dhaco, waxaana badhtanka ku jira lafta tafiiranka [[dhir]]ta. [[Midho|Midhuhu]] waa [[cunto]] la cuni karo. Miraha badankooda waxay dhexda kuleeyihiin hilib macaan oo lacuni karo. Midhuhu weey kala duwan yihiin, qaarkood waa [[sun]] aanu [[xayawaan]]ku cuni karin, qaar kale aad ayay u macaan yihiin oo bini aadanka iyo noolaha kale ayaa quuta. = Habka Samayska Cuntada = [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|Geedku wuxuu u baahan yahay [[ileys]], [[biyo]] iyo [[hawo]] si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]].]] [[Dhir]]tu waa noolaha kali ah ee [[cunto|cuntadiisa]] diyaarsada ayagoo isticmaalaya nidaam loo yaqaano [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] (photosynthesis). Geedku wuxuu u baahan yahay [[ileys]] - inta badan ileyska dabiiciga ah ee [[qorax]]da, [[biyo]] ay [[xidido|xididadu]] ka soo nuugaan dhulka iyo [[hawo]] - gaar ahaan [[Kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O) si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya Habka Samayska Cuntada. Inta u badan dhirta, habka samayska cuntada ee geedku wuxuu ka dhex dhacaa [[caleen|caleemaha]] iyo [[laan|laamaha]] geedka, halkaas oo [[biyo|biyaha]], awooda [[ileys]]ka iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]]ku ku [[falgal]]aan. [[Isku dhis]]ka halkaas ka dhaca waxaa ka soo baxa [[Ogsajiin]] caleemuhu [[cir]]ka ku sii daayaan. Taasi oo ah faa'iidada koowaad ee dhirtu u leedahay deegaanka dhulka. [[File:Simple photosynthesis overview.svg|thumb|Habka Samaynta Cuntada ee geedka. Dhirtu waa isha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku darta [[dhul]]ka.]] Qaacidada [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee dhirtu waa sidan: 2n CO₂ + 2n DH₂ + Ileyska Qoraxda → 2(CH₂O)n + 2n DO Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh + deeq elektaron + awooda iftiinka → Kaarbohaydarate + deeq elektaron ogsajiin Habkan cunto samayska dhirtu wuxuu dhacaa [[wakhti]]ga [[maalin]]tii sababtoo ah [[ileys|iftiinka]] falaadhaha [[qorax]]da waa lagama maarmaan. Sidoo kale, habkani waxaa lagu sameeyn karaa nidaam loo yaqaano ''greenhouse'' oo iftiin fiican siin kara geedka. Habka samayska cuntada dhirta waa deeqaha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku dara [[hawo]]da. Markasta oo geedku cunto sameeysto ogsajiin ayuu sii daayaa, taasi oo [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ka kale [[neefsi|neefsadaan]]. = Habka Bacariminta Geedka = Inkastoo qaabka iyo dhismaha [[dhir]]tu kala duwan tahay, gebi ahaan geeduhu waxay u tarmaan qaab isku mid ah. In badan oo dhirta ka mid ah [[dabeyl|dabeeysha]] ayaa ka qeyb qaadata habka [[bacarimin]]ta, halka qaar kale soo jiitaan [[xasharaad]]ka yaryar ka dibna [[lug]]aha ku qaadaan geed ilaa geed kale. Geedo badan waxay leeyihiin [[ubax]] [[lab]] iyo [[dhedig]] ah oo ku kala yaala [[laan|laamaha]] kala duwan ee geed isku mid ah, isla markaana ayaga ayaa isbacarimiya. Halka geedaha qaar leeyihiin ubax lab ah ama mid dhedig ah isla markaana isdhaafsadaan. Ubaxa lab wuxuu ku yaalaa laamaha sare ee geedaha, halka kan dhedig ku sameeysan yahay laamo hooseeya. Taasi waxay suurto gelisaa in firida-tafiirtu (pollen) si fudud u gaadho ubaxa dhedig ayagoo hawada dhex maraya. Sida caadiga ah, ubaxa dhirtu waxay sameeyaan tiro badan oo firida-tafiirta ah (pollen), sababtoo ah lama hubo midka ku hagaagaya ubaxa dhedig. Dhirta dabayshu bacarimiso ma lahan ubax qurux badan iyo macmacaanka soo jiita xasharaadka. Si ka duwan taas, ayaa dhirta cayayaanku u kala qaado firida-tafiirta (pollen) waxay leeyihiin ubax waawayn oo midab qurux badan leh, isla markaasna badhtanka ayay ku leeyihiin [[dareere]] macaan; kuwaas oo soo jiita xasharaadka. Firida-tafiirtu waa mid qoyaan leh oo ku dhegta lugaha xasharaadka iyo meel kasta ooy gaadhaan. Sidoo kale, qaar kale waxay leeyihiin baadad u suurto gelisa ineey hawada dhex sabeeyaan, taas oo qaarkood safraan masaafo dhan ilaa 800km. = Noocyada Dhirta = [[File:PSM V18 D630 Restoration of a lepidodendron.jpg|thumb|Geedaha aan caleenta lahayn.]] == Beer == ==Dhuldaaqsiimeed== == Keymo == [[File:Redwoods in Muir Woods 2.JPG|thumb|Keymaha alwaaxa ee dhaadheer.]] [[Keyn|Keymuhu]] waa [[dhul]] baaxad balaadhan leh oo geedo badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah. Tiro badan oo [[dhir]] nooceeda, [[dherer]]keeda iyo qaradeedu kala duwan tahay ayaa noqonaysa Keyn. [[Qolof dhul|Oogada sare ee dhulka]] waxaa ku yaala keymo aad u badan kuwaas oo ku fadhiya 9.4% dhulka dunida. Si kale hadaan u dhigno keymuhu waxay qariyaan 30% [[dhul|dhulka qalalan]] ee dunida. Intaas uun kuma koobna ee waxaa jira keymo [[biyo|biyaha]] ku dhex yaala. Waxaa ka mid ah keynta kelp. [[File:Kelp forest.jpg|thumb|Keymaha Kelp ee biyaha ka dhex baxa.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g200806/Trees-That-Live-in-Water/ Trees That Live in Water]</ref>]] [[Keyn|Keymaha]] [[duni]]da ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Tayga|Keynta Tayga]] ee ku fidsan [[labo|labo qaaradood]], taas oo ka soo bilaabanta [[Kanada]] kuna fidsan dhamaan wadanka [[Ruushka]], iyo [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]]. = Isticmaalka Dhirta = [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|Jirida geedaha waawayn waxaa laga sameeyaa alaabo badan oo dadku isticmaalaan.]] Sida [[cilmi|cilmiga jiyoolojigu]] sheegay, [[Dhir]]ta dabiiciga ah waxay [[qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]] ku beeran tahay in ka badan [[milyan|370 milyan]] oo sano. Barashada cilmiga tirada, koritaanka, caafimaadka, isticmaalka iyo baaxada [[keyn|keymaha]] dhirta caalamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Silvicultur''. Dhirta dadku beeraan si looga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], agabka dhismaha, qurux ahaan iyo waxyaabo kale waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Beer]] (plantation). Beeraha lagu beero [[khudaar]]ta iyo [[midho|midhaha]] waxaa lagu magacaabaa Beer-midho (orchard). Dhul baaxad balaadhan leh oo geedo badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah, waxaa loo yaqanaanaa [[Keyn]] (forest). Sidoo kale, deegaanada fidsan ee [[buur]]uhu ku yar yihiin isla markaana leh [[cows]] badan iyo geedo talanteel ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[Dhuldaaqsiin]] (savanna). Guud ahaan, dhir badan ayaa ku taala oogada dhulka. Meelaha qaar aad ayay ugu badan tahay oo keymo waawayn ayaa ku yaala - keymaha ugu weyn dunida waxaa ka mid ah [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]] iyo [[Tayga]] (Taiga) oo ku fidsan [[qaarad|labo qaaradood]] oo kala ah [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]] iyo [[Ruushka]]. Dhamaan noocyada geedku faa'iido badan ayuu u leeyahay [[noole|noolaha]] iyo [[dhul|deegaanka dhulka]]. Nolosha dadku si toosan ayay ugu xidhan tahay [[dhir]]ta, mar ahaan waa isha koowaad ee quudka (cunto), [[daawo]]oyinka, agabka guryaha, dharka iyo sheeyo badan oo aadamuhu isticmaalo. Marka labaad, ayadoo isticmaalaysa [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] dhirtu si joogto ah ayay [[hawo|hawada]] ugu dartaa [[neef]]ta [[Ogsajiin]]ta, midaas oo noole badan [[neefsi|neefsado]]. Waxa intaas dheer in dhirtu difaac u tahay [[caro|carada]] ayadoo ka ilaalisa nabaad-guurka. == Cuntada == [[File:Maple syrup taps.jpg|thumb|Geedka [[Sonkor]]ta.]] Geeduhu waa isha ugu horeeysa ee soo saarta noocyo badan oo [[cunto|cuntada]] dadku quutaan maalin kasta. [[Khudaar]]ta sida [[basal|basasha]], [[tamaandho|tamaandhada]], [[besbaas]]ka, [[toon]]ta, [[saladh]]ka, [[barandho|barandhada]] iyo kuwo kale oo badan; iyo [[midho|midhaha]] sida [[muus]]ka, [[liin]]ta, [[tufaax]]a, [[cambe|cambaha]], [[saytuun]]ka, [[timir]]ta iyo in badan oo kale waxay ka mid yihiin dhirta loo beero ganacsi ahaan ee caalamka oo dhan laga cuno. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa sheeyo badan oo cuntada lagu darsado, waxa ka mid ah [[sonkor]]ta, daqiiqda ama burka, [[saliid]]a, [[shaah]]a, [[koofi]]ga iyo in badan oo kale. Intaas waxaa dheer, noocyo badan oo geedaha ka mid ah waxay [[ur|udug]] iyo caraf u sameeyaan cuntada, tusaale ahaan, heylka, qorfaha iyo carfiyayaasha kale. Dhinaca kale, in badan oo dhirta ah waxay leeyihiin [[ubax]] leh dheecaan macaan (nectar) kaas oo [[xasharaad]]ka soo jiita. [[Shini]]du waxay ururisaa dheecaankaas macaan ka dibna ka sameeysaa [[malab]]ka oo ah wax dadku cunaan. Sidoo kale, [[caleen]]ta iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta waxaa quuta [[xoolo|xoolaha]] dadku dhaqdaan kuwaas oo cunto iyo cabitaanba siiya aadamaha. == Shidaal == [[File:Selling fuelwood.jpeg|thumb|[[Xaabo|xaabadu]] waa [[shidaal]] laga helo [[kul]].]] == Qalabka Dhismaha == [[File:Timberwork2.JPG|thumb|Alwaaxa guryaha lagu dhiso.]] == Agab == Dhirta qaar ka mid ah, sida geedka [[dun]]ta (cotton tree) waxuu soo saara midhaha dunta, taas oo la [[warshad]]eeyo ka dib laga sameeyo noocyo badan oo [[dhar]] ah. Qoryaha iyo alwaaxyada laga soo guro dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa agab badan, kuwaas oo dadku isticmaalaan si nolosha u fududaato. Agabka laga sameeyo dhirta waxaa ka mid ah: [[Miis|miisaska]], [[kursi|kuraasida]], kabadhada, [[sariir]]aha, weelka wax lagu cuno iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. == Faa'iidooyin Kale == = Abuuridda = Ilaahay baa wax walba abuuray (sidoo kale geed) * [https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay] [[File:Latex dripping.JPG|thumb|Geedka rabadhka laga sameeyo oo dareere rabadh ah laga guraayo.]] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Keymo]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] px1d17kee4433w1c4g99ol5ez6mstgj 0 9861 239661 214948 2022-08-07T11:50:56Z 197.220.89.19 /* Dhaqaalaha */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salagle''' waxay kamid tahay degmoyinka gobolka [[Jubbada Dhexe]]<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://somalimemo.net/articles/6273/QoraalDhageysi-Salagle-Magaalo-Sedax-Arrin-Kala-gooni-Ah-Magaalooyinka-Kale-Ee-Dalka-Soomaaliya |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2017-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930221010/http://somalimemo.net/articles/6273/QoraalDhageysi-Salagle-Magaalo-Sedax-Arrin-Kala-gooni-Ah-Magaalooyinka-Kale-Ee-Dalka-Soomaaliya |dead-url=yes }}</ref> waxaa loogu dhawaaqay magaca degmanimo wax yar ka hor inta aysan burburin xukumadii uu madaxweynaha ka ahaa [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre]]. Degmada salagle waxaa dagan beelaha [[Coolyahan]] ee [[Ogadeen]], oo kamid ah beelaha somaliyeed. Degmada Salagle waxay u dhowdahay degmada [[Baardheere]] oo u jirto 60km. ==Dhaqaalaha== Degmada salagle waxay caan ku tahay beeraha iyo xoolaha gaar ahaan dhaqashada lo,da oo loo iib geeyo suuqa weyn ee magaalada gaarisa kenya.. Degmada waxaa kala bara [[Wabiga Jubba]], waxaa hoostga tuulooyinka kala ah, *hargaanti]] *[[dhuyacgaroon]] *[[waraabe gube]] *[[Madmadowe]] *[[Buula xaar]] *[[Dhakaaje]] Waxaa kamid ah Beelaha degan beesha afwaax ee absame [[Faqiwalaal]],[[Garjante]] iyo rer [[Ow Heeraar]] ee ah [[Qubeys (Beel)|Qubeys]], [[Cowlyahan ee ah [[Ogaadeen]]. ==tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Degmooyinka Soomaaliya}} margzgd1xhtpe7rkyx938v200m6dyed 239662 239661 2022-08-07T11:56:39Z 197.220.89.19 /* Dhaqaalaha */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salagle''' waxay kamid tahay degmoyinka gobolka [[Jubbada Dhexe]]<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://somalimemo.net/articles/6273/QoraalDhageysi-Salagle-Magaalo-Sedax-Arrin-Kala-gooni-Ah-Magaalooyinka-Kale-Ee-Dalka-Soomaaliya |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2017-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930221010/http://somalimemo.net/articles/6273/QoraalDhageysi-Salagle-Magaalo-Sedax-Arrin-Kala-gooni-Ah-Magaalooyinka-Kale-Ee-Dalka-Soomaaliya |dead-url=yes }}</ref> waxaa loogu dhawaaqay magaca degmanimo wax yar ka hor inta aysan burburin xukumadii uu madaxweynaha ka ahaa [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre]]. Degmada salagle waxaa dagan beelaha [[Coolyahan]] ee [[Ogadeen]], oo kamid ah beelaha somaliyeed. Degmada Salagle waxay u dhowdahay degmada [[Baardheere]] oo u jirto 60km. ==Dhaqaalaha== Degmada salagle waxay caan ku tahay beeraha iyo xoolaha gaar ahaan dhaqashada lo,da oo loo iib geeyo suuqa weyn ee magaalada gaarisa kenya.. Degmada waxaa kala bara [[Wabiga Jubba]], waxaa hoostga tuulooyinka kala ah, *Hargaanti]] *[[dhuyac garoon]] *[[waraabe gube] *Aroos ure] *[[Waawo]] *[[Buula xaar] *weelmareer] *[[Dhakaaje] *awjellow] Waxaa kamid ah Beelaha degan beesha afwaax ee absame [[Faqiwalaal]],[[Garjante]] iyo rer [[Ow Heeraar]] ee ah [[Qubeys (Beel)|Qubeys]], [[Beesha afwaax ee ah [[Ogaadeen]]. ==tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Degmooyinka Soomaaliya}} bgc5wxtprumrs8wbj80lytiv1x4jiyn 10 10766 239643 150024 2022-08-07T08:31:05Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{minmaxskipgen|max={{{max|}}}|duration={{{duration|}}}|extramax={{{extramax|}}}|min={{{min|}}}|skip={{{skip|}}}|inc={{{inc|}}}}} | 0 = [[:Muqdisho]] | 1 = [[:ICAO]] | 2 = [[:Soomaaliya]] | 3 = [[:Sacuudi Carabiya]] | 4 = [[:Talyaaniga]] | 5 = [[:Jaad]] | 6 = [[:Dhulgariir]] | 7 = [[:Cuf is-jiidad]] | 8 = [[:Kristoffer Kolombus]] | 9 = [[:Quraan]] | 10 = [[:Dallas]] | 11 = [[:Hiba Maxamed Hodoon]] | 12 = [[:Dhulka]] | 13 = [[:Wikibidhiya]] | 14 = [[:Dhir]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Maqaal Xul Ah Bogga Hore|*]]</noinclude> h37i1hx571rm7fa4ux58030x0w446q2 239644 239643 2022-08-07T08:31:45Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Noqay bedelaadka 239643 ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/EnsiklopediaXylon|EnsiklopediaXylon]] ([[User talk:EnsiklopediaXylon|hadal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{minmaxskipgen|max={{{max|}}}|duration={{{duration|}}}|extramax={{{extramax|}}}|min={{{min|}}}|skip={{{skip|}}}|inc={{{inc|}}}}} | 0 = [[:Muqdisho]] | 1 = [[:ICAO]] | 2 = [[:Soomaaliya]] | 3 = [[:Sacuudi Carabiya]] | 4 = [[:Talyaaniga]] | 5 = [[:Jaad]] | 6 = [[:Dhulgariir]] | 7 = [[:Cuf is-jiidad]] | 8 = [[:Kristoffer Kolombus]] | 9 = [[:Quraan]] | 10 = [[:Dallas]] | 11 = [[:Hiba Maxamed Hodoon]] | 12 = [[:Dhulka]] | 13 = [[:Antarktika]] | 14 = [[:Dhir]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Maqaal Xul Ah Bogga Hore|*]]</noinclude> c6oy3qqjuwrmrgw0dqh1oa8ip4tg6fl 239645 239644 2022-08-07T08:32:24Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{minmaxskipgen|max={{{max|}}}|duration={{{duration|5}}}|extramax={{{extramax|}}}|min={{{min|}}}|skip={{{skip|}}}|inc={{{inc|}}}}} | 0 = [[:Muqdisho]] | 1 = [[:ICAO]] | 2 = [[:Soomaaliya]] | 3 = [[:Sacuudi Carabiya]] | 4 = [[:Talyaaniga]] | 5 = [[:Jaad]] | 6 = [[:Dhulgariir]] | 7 = [[:Cuf is-jiidad]] | 8 = [[:Kristoffer Kolombus]] | 9 = [[:Quraan]] | 10 = [[:Dallas]] | 11 = [[:Hiba Maxamed Hodoon]] | 12 = [[:Dhulka]] | 13 = [[:Antarktika]] | 14 = [[:Dhir]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Maqaal Xul Ah Bogga Hore|*]]</noinclude> jo316lnb52cr7mkmvdr8htndhlla4yy 239646 239645 2022-08-07T08:32:52Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Noqay bedelaadka 239645 ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/EnsiklopediaXylon|EnsiklopediaXylon]] ([[User talk:EnsiklopediaXylon|hadal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{minmaxskipgen|max={{{max|}}}|duration={{{duration|}}}|extramax={{{extramax|}}}|min={{{min|}}}|skip={{{skip|}}}|inc={{{inc|}}}}} | 0 = [[:Muqdisho]] | 1 = [[:ICAO]] | 2 = [[:Soomaaliya]] | 3 = [[:Sacuudi Carabiya]] | 4 = [[:Talyaaniga]] | 5 = [[:Jaad]] | 6 = [[:Dhulgariir]] | 7 = [[:Cuf is-jiidad]] | 8 = [[:Kristoffer Kolombus]] | 9 = [[:Quraan]] | 10 = [[:Dallas]] | 11 = [[:Hiba Maxamed Hodoon]] | 12 = [[:Dhulka]] | 13 = [[:Antarktika]] | 14 = [[:Dhir]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Maqaal Xul Ah Bogga Hore|*]]</noinclude> c6oy3qqjuwrmrgw0dqh1oa8ip4tg6fl 10 10886 239537 239531 2022-08-06T12:49:44Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div>{{Taxobox/core | colour = {{#if:{{{color|{{{colour|}}}}}}|{{{color|{{{colour|}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{domain}}}|[[Bacteria]]|{{Taxobox colour|[[Bacteria]]}}|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{virus group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{unranked phylum|{{{unranked_superdivisio|{{{unranked superdivisio|{{{phylum|}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }} }} | name = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}} | status = {{{status|}}} | status_system = {{{status_system|{{{status system|}}}}}} | status_ref 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{{{unranked_subregnum|{{{unranked subregnum|}}}}}} | unranked_subregnum_authority = {{{unranked_subregnum_authority|{{{unranked subregnum authority|}}}}}} | subregnum = {{{subregnum|}}} | subregnum_authority = {{{subregnum_authority|{{{subregnum authority|}}}}}} | unranked_superdivisio= {{{unranked_superdivisio|{{{unranked superdivisio|}}}}}} | unranked_superdivisio_authority = {{{unranked_superdivisio_authority|{{{unranked superdivisio authority|}}}}}} | superdivisio = {{{superdivisio|}}} | superdivisio_authority = {{{superdivisio_authority|{{{superdivisio authority|}}}}}} | unranked_superphylum= {{{unranked_superphylum|{{{unranked superphylum|}}}}}} | unranked_superphylum_authority = {{{unranked_superphylum_authority|{{{unranked superphylum authority|}}}}}} | superphylum = {{{superphylum|}}} | superphylum_authority = {{{superphylum_authority|{{{superphylum authority|}}}}}} | unranked_divisio = {{{unranked_divisio|{{{unranked divisio|}}}}}} | unranked_divisio_authority = 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unranked_infraphylum= {{{unranked_infraphylum|{{{unranked infraphylum|}}}}}} | unranked_infraphylum_authority = {{{unranked_infraphylum_authority|{{{unranked infraphylum authority|}}}}}} | infraphylum = {{{infraphylum|}}} | infraphylum_authority = {{{infraphylum_authority|{{{infraphylum authority|}}}}}} | unranked_microphylum= {{{unranked_microphylum|{{{unranked microphylum|}}}}}} | unranked_microphylum_authority = {{{unranked_microphylum_authority|{{{unranked microphylum authority|}}}}}} | microphylum = {{{microphylum|}}} | microphylum_authority = {{{microphylum_authority|{{{microphylum authority|}}}}}} | unranked_nanophylum= {{{unranked_nanophylum|{{{unranked nanophylum|}}}}}} | unranked_nanophylum_authority = {{{unranked_nanophylum_authority|{{{unranked nanophylum authority|}}}}}} | nanophylum = {{{nanophylum|}}} | nanophylum_authority = {{{nanophylum_authority|{{{nanophylum authority|}}}}}} | unranked_superclassis= {{{unranked_superclassis|{{{unranked superclassis|}}}}}} | unranked_superclassis_authority = {{{unranked_superclassis_authority|{{{unranked superclassis authority|}}}}}} | superclassis = {{{superclassis|}}} | superclassis_authority = {{{superclassis_authority|{{{superclassis authority|}}}}}} | unranked_classis = {{{unranked_classis|{{{unranked classis|}}}}}} | unranked_classis_authority = {{{unranked_classis_authority|{{{unranked classis authority|}}}}}} | classis = {{{classis|}}} | classis_authority = {{{classis_authority|{{{classis authority|}}}}}} | unranked_subclassis = {{{unranked_subclassis|{{{unranked subclassis|}}}}}} | unranked_subclassis_authority = {{{unranked_subclassis_authority|{{{unranked subclassis authority|}}}}}} | subclassis = {{{subclassis|}}} | subclassis_authority = {{{subclassis_authority|{{{subclassis authority|}}}}}} | unranked_infraclassis = {{{unranked_infraclassis|{{{unranked infraclassis|}}}}}} | unranked_infraclassis_authority = {{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|{{{unranked infraclassis authority|}}}}}} | infraclassis = {{{infraclassis|}}} | infraclassis_authority = {{{infraclassis_authority|{{{infraclassis authority|}}}}}} | unranked_magnordo= {{{unranked_magnordo|{{{unranked magnordo|}}}}}} | unranked_magnordo_authority = {{{unranked_magnordo_authority|{{{unranked magnordo authority|}}}}}} | magnordo = {{{magnordo|}}} | magnordo_authority = {{{magnordo_authority|{{{magnordo authority|}}}}}} | unranked_superordo= {{{unranked_superordo|{{{unranked superordo|}}}}}} | unranked_superordo_authority = {{{unranked_superordo_authority|{{{unranked superordo authority|}}}}}} | superordo = {{{superordo|}}} | superordo_authority = {{{superordo_authority|{{{superordo authority|}}}}}} | unranked_ordo = {{{unranked_ordo|{{{unranked ordo|}}}}}} | unranked_ordo_authority = {{{unranked_ordo_authority|{{{unranked ordo authority|}}}}}} | ordo = {{{ordo|}}} | ordo_authority = {{{ordo_authority|{{{ordo authority|}}}}}} | unranked_subordo= {{{unranked_subordo|{{{unranked subordo|}}}}}} | unranked_subordo_authority = {{{unranked_subordo_authority|{{{unranked subordo authority|}}}}}} | subordo = {{{subordo|}}} | subordo_authority = {{{subordo_authority|{{{subordo authority|}}}}}} | unranked_infraordo= {{{unranked_infraordo|{{{unranked infraordo|}}}}}} | unranked_infraordo_authority = {{{unranked_infraordo_authority|{{{unranked infraordo authority|}}}}}} | infraordo = {{{infraordo|}}} | infraordo_authority = {{{infraordo_authority|{{{infraordo authority|}}}}}} | unranked_parvordo= {{{unranked_parvordo|{{{unranked parvordo|}}}}}} | unranked_parvordo_authority = {{{unranked_parvordo_authority|{{{unranked parvordo authority|}}}}}} | parvordo = {{{parvordo|}}} | parvordo_authority = {{{parvordo_authority|{{{parvordo authority|}}}}}} | zoodivisio = {{{zoodivisio|}}} | zoodivisio_authority = {{{zoodivisio_authority|{{{zoodivisio authority|}}}}}} | unranked_zoosectio = {{{unranked_zoosectio|{{{unranked zoosectio|}}}}}} | unranked_zoosectio_authority = {{{unranked_zoosectio_authority|{{{unranked zoosectio authority|}}}}}} | zoosectio = {{{zoosectio|}}} | zoosectio_authority = {{{zoosectio_authority|{{{zoosectio authority|}}}}}} | unranked_zoosubsectio = {{{unranked_zoosubsectio|{{{unranked zoosubsectio|}}}}}} | unranked_zoosubsectio_authority = {{{unranked_zoosubsectio_authority|{{{unranked zoosubsectio authority|}}}}}} | zoosubsectio = {{{zoosubsectio|}}} | zoosubsectio_authority = {{{zoosubsectio_authority|{{{zoosubsectio authority|}}}}}} | unranked_superfamilia= {{{unranked_superfamilia|{{{unranked superfamilia|}}}}}} | unranked_superfamilia_authority = {{{unranked_superfamilia_authority|{{{unranked superfamilia authority|}}}}}} | superfamilia = {{{superfamilia|}}} | superfamilia_authority = {{{superfamilia_authority|{{{superfamilia authority|}}}}}} | unranked_familia = {{{unranked_familia|{{{unranked familia|}}}}}} | unranked_familia_authority = {{{unranked_familia_authority|{{{unranked familia authority|}}}}}} | familia = {{{familia|}}} | familia_authority = {{{familia_authority|{{{familia authority|}}}}}} | unranked_subfamilia = {{{unranked_subfamilia|{{{unranked subfamilia|}}}}}} | unranked_subfamilia_authority = {{{unranked_subfamilia_authority|{{{unranked subfamilia authority|}}}}}} | subfamilia = {{{subfamilia|}}} | subfamilia_authority = {{{subfamilia_authority|{{{subfamilia authority|}}}}}} | unranked_supertribus = {{{unranked_supertribus|{{{unranked supertribus|}}}}}} | unranked_supertribus_authority = {{{unranked_supertribus_authority|{{{unranked supertribus authority|}}}}}} | supertribus = {{{supertribus|}}} | supertribus_authority = {{{supertribus_authority|{{{supertribus authority|}}}}}} | unranked_tribus = {{{unranked_tribus|{{{unranked tribus|}}}}}} | unranked_tribus_authority = {{{unranked_tribus_authority|{{{unranked tribus authority|}}}}}} | tribus = {{{tribus|}}} | tribus_authority = {{{tribus_authority|{{{tribus authority|}}}}}} | unranked_subtribus = {{{unranked_subtribus|{{{unranked subtribus|}}}}}} | unranked_subtribus_authority = {{{unranked_subtribus_authority|{{{unranked subtribus authority|}}}}}} | subtribus = {{{subtribus|}}} | subtribus_authority = {{{subtribus_authority|{{{subtribus authority|}}}}}} | unranked_alliance = {{{unranked_alliance|{{{unranked alliance|}}}}}} | unranked_alliance_authority = {{{unranked_alliance_authority|{{{unranked alliance authority|}}}}}} | alliance = {{{alliance|}}} | alliance_authority = {{{alliance_authority|{{{alliance authority|}}}}}} | unranked_genus = {{{unranked_genus|{{{unranked genus|}}}}}} | unranked_genus_authority = {{{unranked_genus_authority|{{{unranked genus authority|}}}}}} | genus = {{{genus|}}} | genus_authority = {{{genus_authority|{{{genus authority|}}}}}} | unranked_subgenus = {{{unranked_subgenus|{{{unranked subgenus|}}}}}} | unranked_subgenus_authority = {{{unranked_subgenus_authority|{{{unranked subgenus authority|}}}}}} | subgenus = {{{subgenus|}}} | subgenus_authority = {{{subgenus_authority|{{{subgenus authority|}}}}}} | unranked_sectio = {{{unranked_sectio|{{{unranked sectio|}}}}}} | unranked_sectio_authority = {{{unranked_sectio_authority|{{{unranked sectio authority|}}}}}} | sectio = {{{sectio|}}} | sectio_authority = {{{sectio_authority|{{{sectio authority|}}}}}} | unranked_subsectio = {{{unranked_subsectio|{{{unranked subsectio|}}}}}} | unranked_subsectio_authority = {{{unranked_subsectio_authority|{{{unranked subsectio authority|}}}}}} | subsectio = {{{subsectio|}}} | subsectio_authority = {{{subsectio_authority|{{{subsectio authority|}}}}}} | unranked_series = {{{unranked_series|{{{unranked series|}}}}}} | unranked_series_authority = {{{unranked_series_authority|{{{unranked series authority|}}}}}} | series = {{{series|}}} | series_authority = {{{series_authority|{{{series authority|}}}}}} | unranked_subseries = {{{unranked_subseries|{{{unranked subseries|}}}}}} | unranked_subseries_authority = {{{unranked_subseries_authority|{{{unranked subseries authority|}}}}}} | subseries = {{{subseries|}}} | subseries_authority = {{{subseries_authority|{{{subseries authority|}}}}}} | unranked_species_group = {{{unranked_species_group|{{{unranked species group|}}}}}} | unranked_species_group_authority = {{{unranked_species_group_authority|{{{unranked species group authority|}}}}}} | species_group = {{{species_group|{{{species group|}}}}}} | species_group_authority = {{{species_group_authority|{{{species group authority|}}}}}} | unranked_species_subgroup = {{{unranked_species_subgroup|{{{unranked species subgroup|}}}}}} | unranked_species_subgroup_authority = {{{unranked_species_subgroup_authority|{{{unranked species subgroup authority|}}}}}} | species_subgroup = {{{species_subgroup|{{{species subgroup|}}}}}} | species_subgroup_authority = {{{species_subgroup_authority|{{{species subgroup authority|}}}}}} | unranked_species_complex = {{{unranked_species_complex|{{{unranked species complex|}}}}}} | unranked_species_complex_authority = {{{unranked_species_complex_authority|{{{unranked species complex authority|}}}}}} | species_complex = {{{species_complex|{{{species complex|}}}}}} | species_complex_authority = {{{species_complex_authority|{{{species complex authority|}}}}}} | unranked_species = {{{unranked_species|{{{unranked species|}}}}}} | unranked_species_authority = {{{unranked_species_authority|{{{unranked species authority|}}}}}} | species = {{{species|}}} | species_authority = {{{species_authority|}}} | unranked_subspecies = {{{unranked_subspecies|{{{unranked subspecies|}}}}}} | unranked_subspecies_authority = {{{unranked_subspecies_authority|{{{unranked subspecies authority|}}}}}} | subspecies = {{{subspecies|}}} | subspecies_authority = {{{subspecies_authority|{{{subspecies authority|}}}}}} | unranked_variety = {{{unranked_variety|{{{unranked variety|}}}}}} | unranked_variety_authority = {{{unranked_variety_authority|}}} | variety = {{{variety|}}} | variety_authority = {{{variety_authority|{{{variety authority|}}}}}} | diversity = {{{diversity|}}} | diversity_link = {{{diversity_link|{{{diversity link|}}}}}} | binomial = {{{binomial|}}} | binomial_authority = {{{binomial_authority|{{{binomial authority|}}}}}} | trinomial = {{{trinomial|}}} | trinomial_authority = {{{trinomial_authority|{{{trinomial authority|}}}}}} | type_genus = {{{type_genus|{{{type genus|}}}}}} | type_genus_authority = {{{type_genus_authority|{{{type genus authority|}}}}}} | type_species = {{{type_species|{{{type species|}}}}}} | type_species_authority = {{{type_species_authority|{{{type species authority|}}}}}} | subdivision = {{{subdivision|}}} | subdivision_ranks = {{{subdivision_ranks|{{{subdivision ranks|}}}}}} | type_strain = {{{type_strain|{{{type strain|}}}}}} | range_map = {{{range_map|{{{range map|}}}}}} | range_map_width = {{{range_map_width|{{{range map width|}}}}}} | range_map_alt = {{{range_map_alt|{{{range map alt|}}}}}} | range_map_caption = {{{range_map_caption|{{{range map caption|}}}}}} | binomial2 = {{{binomial2|}}} | binomial2_authority = {{{binomial2_authority|{{{binomial2 authority|}}}}}} | range_map2 = {{{range_map2|}}} | range_map2_width = {{{range_map2_width|{{{range map2 width|}}}}}} | range_map2_alt = {{{range_map2_alt|{{{range map2 alt|}}}}}} | range_map2_caption = {{{range_map2_caption|{{{range map2 caption|}}}}}} | binomial3 = {{{binomial3|}}} | binomial3_authority = {{{binomial3_authority|{{{binomial3 authority|}}}}}} | range_map3 = {{{range_map3|{{{range map3|}}}}}} | range_map3_width = {{{range_map3_width|{{{range map3 width|}}}}}} | range_map3_alt = {{{range_map3_alt|{{{range map3 alt|}}}}}} | range_map3_caption = {{{range_map3_caption|{{{range map3 caption|}}}}}} | binomial4 = {{{binomial4|}}} | binomial4_authority = {{{binomial4_authority|{{{binomial4 authority|}}}}}} | range_map4 = {{{range_map4|{{{range map4|}}}}}} | range_map4_width = {{{range_map4_width|{{{range map4 width|}}}}}} | range_map4_alt = {{{range_map4_alt|{{{range map4 alt|}}}}}} | range_map4_caption = {{{range_map4_caption|{{{range map4 caption|}}}}}} | synonyms_ref = {{{synonyms_ref|{{{synonyms ref|}}}}}} | synonyms = {{{synonyms|}}} | footer = {{{footer|}}} }}</div>{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|[[Category:Taxoboxes using extinct parameters]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> j72jsficqu8vm6bwyy8m8fcjdznlwsg 10 10887 239536 239504 2022-08-06T12:48:38Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Biological classification|Scientific classification]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Superdomain: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domain: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Superkingdom: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Kingdom: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subkingdom: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Superdivision: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Superphylum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Division: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Phylum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Subdivision: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subphylum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Infraphylum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Microphylum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanophylum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Superclass: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Class: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subclass: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Infraclass: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnorder: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Superorder: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Order: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Suborder: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Infraorder: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parvorder: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Division: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Section: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Subsection: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Superfamily: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Family: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Subfamily: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Supertribe: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Tribe: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Subtribe: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Alliance: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Subgenus: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Section: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Subsection: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Series: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subseries: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Species group: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Species subgroup: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Species complex: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Species: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Subspecies: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Variety: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> q4jtq12albgcpbqcgd6ygwjwgf5fl31 239538 239536 2022-08-06T12:57:19Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Biological classification|Scientific classification]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> r4gl5uatcrgkgci54szj8b7vqxr725b 239539 239538 2022-08-06T12:59:49Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida nafleyda|Kala soocida cilmiga]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 6kvz3ynjba97mfgej8e2ykzoo394e9u 239540 239539 2022-08-06T13:01:13Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida nafleyda|Kala soocida cilmiga]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (unranked): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Magacyada laba-geesoodka ah|Magaca laba-geesoodka ah]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> khxnpc37k431r7gl6mauc8j7wjtia98 239541 239540 2022-08-06T13:17:12Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida nafleyda|Kala soocida cilmiga]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Magacyada laba-geesoodka ah|Magaca laba-geesoodka ah]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 5d4hmcijctelf0soe08dld4d338vvul 239543 239541 2022-08-06T13:21:27Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida nafleyda|Kala soocida cilmiga]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain2|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_domain2}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_domain2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Magacyada laba-geesoodka ah|Magaca laba-geesoodka ah]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> nqcx5evyhanulusuw2sl6zkfgsqx6x1 239546 239543 2022-08-06T13:25:41Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida nafleyda|Kala soocida cilmiga]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Magacyada laba-geesoodka ah|Magaca laba-geesoodka ah]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 3tvuyn848s1izav36lf7gzlf5gm0ned 239549 239546 2022-08-06T13:29:16Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida nafleyda|Kala soocida cilmiga ah]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Magacyada laba-geesoodka ah|Magaca laba-geesoodka ah]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 8n9rzyoow2umu9t75qdiucsamw8cdrw 239550 239549 2022-08-06T13:30:08Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida (bayooloji)|Kala soocida cilmiga ah]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Magacyada laba-geesoodka ah|Magaca laba-geesoodka ah]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> o5t4wp52fcv1ho2421kpbd2i9wp70t4 239551 239550 2022-08-06T13:30:38Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}||return_error}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{{name|{{Taxobox name|{{{genus}}}|{{{species}}}|{{{binomial}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{fossil_range|}}}|<br /><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{image2_width|}}}|{{{image_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{image2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{status|}}}| {{!-}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Kala soocida (Bayooloji)|Kala soocida cilmiga ah]]}} {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | ({{{classification_status}}}) | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}| {{taxobox/taxonomy|{{{parent}}}|{{{display_taxa|}}}|authority={{{authority|}}}|parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}|grandparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}|greatgrandparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}}} }} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}| {{!}} Suberdomayn: {{!}} <span class="superdomain">{{{superdomain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domayn: {{!}} <span class="domain">{{{domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_domain}}}</span><br /><small>{{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_regnum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Suberboqortooyo: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br /><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Boqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="kingdom">{{{regnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subboqortooyo: {{!}} <span class="subkingdom">{{{subregnum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Suberqaybsanaan: {{!}} <span class="superdivision">{{{superdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Suberfiluum: {{!}} <span class="superphylum">{{{superphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{divisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_divisio}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Filuum: {{!}} <span class="phylum">{{{phylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qayb hoosaadka: {{!}} <span class="subdivision">{{{subdivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subfiluum: {{!}} <span class="subphylum">{{{subphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Inferafiluum: {{!}} <span class="infraphylum">{{{infraphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Migerofiluum: {{!}} <span class="microphylum">{{{microphylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanofiluum: {{!}} <span class="nanophylum">{{{nanophylum}}}</span><br /><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Suberfasalka: {{!}} <span class="superclass">{{{superclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Fasalka: {{!}} <span class="taxoclass">{{{classis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_subclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subfasalka: {{!}} <span class="subclass">{{{subclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_infraclassis}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Inferafasalka: {{!}} <span class="infraclass">{{{infraclassis}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnordo: {{!}} <span class="magnorder">{{{magnordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Suberordo: {{!}} <span class="superorder">{{{superordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Ordo: {{!}} <span class="order">{{{ordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Subordo: {{!}} <span class="suborder">{{{subordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Inferaordo: {{!}} <span class="infraorder">{{{infraordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parfordo: {{!}} <span class="parvorder">{{{parvordo}}}</span><br /><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybinta: {{!}} <span class="division">{{{zoodivisio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{zoosectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{zoosubsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska sare: {{!}} <span class="superfamily">{{{superfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Qoyska: {{!}} <span class="family">{{{familia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Qoys hoose: {{!}} <span class="subfamily">{{{subfamilia}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_tribus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiilka sare: {{!}} <span class="supertribe">{{{supertribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabiil: {{!}} <span class="tribe">{{{tribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Qabyaalad: {{!}} <span class="subtribe">{{{subtribus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Isbahaysiga: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br /><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}| {{!}} (darajo la'aan): {{!}} {{{unranked_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{unranked_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} <span class="genus">{{{genus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Genus hoose: {{!}} <span class="subgenus">{{{subgenus}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta: {{!}} <span class="section">{{{sectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}| {{!}} Qaybta hoose: {{!}} <span class="subsection">{{{subsectio}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subsectio_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Taxane: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br /><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}| {{!}} Subtaxane: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subseries}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subseries_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Kooxda noocyada: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br /><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada koox-hoosaadka: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br /><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada isku dhafan: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br /><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br /><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Noocyada kala duwan: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br /><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{variety|}}}| {{!}} Kala duwan: {{!}} <span class="variety" style="white-space: nowrap">{{{variety}}}</span><br /><small>{{{variety_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Magacyada laba-geesoodka ah|Magaca laba-geesoodka ah]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''<span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span>'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br /><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br /><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns: 0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map_width|}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map2}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map2_width|}}}|{{{range_map2_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map3}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map3_width|}}}|{{{range_map3_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br /><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[file:{{{range_map4}}}{{!}}{{#if:{{{range_map4_width|}}}|{{{range_map4_width}}}|frameless}}{{!}}alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}]] {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{color|{{{colour|{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|{{get regnum|{{{parent|return_error}}}}}}}} }}} }}} }}} }} }}} }}}" {{!}} [[La mid ah (tagsonoomi)|Eray la mid ah]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 0ltwz9j6t38sdwulsvfgj2dmma1y4ut 0 11403 239586 232807 2022-08-07T00:51:40Z 102.68.19.93 wikitext text/x-wiki Beesha Dir Reer-AwSaciid layiile, Waa beel ka tirsan beelweynta direed waxa ay ku abtirsadaan Madaxweyn Dir waxayna toos ula dhasheen beel weynta Gurgure Curadka beesha Direed. Layiile Madaxweyn Dir waa qabiil, Beesha inteed badan wax ay la Dagan yihiin Gurgure Madaxweyn Dir agagaarka Dira Dhabe ilaa Waqooyi galbeed Awbarre ilaa Arabsiyo iyo Gebiley beesha Layiile weey dagaan. Layiile Cali Madaxweyne waxa uu ladhashay oo ilaa hadana dhex dagaan beelaha Gurgure,Magaadle Dir, Akisho iyo Gurre. Qeybahooda kale Habar Awal Isaaq Mahe Dir iyo Gadabuuris ayay la Dagan yihiin Somaliland. Shabeelada Hoose beesha Dir Reer-AwSaciid waxay la dagaan beelaha Direed ee Biimaal, Quranyoow Maxamed Garre, Surre, Madaluug Dir iyo Wardaay. BEESHA DIR REER AWSACIID Besha Dir reer AwSaciid waa beel ka tirsan beelaha soomaliyeed oo ku abtirsada qowmiyada direed waxayna leedahay aqoonyahano,culimaa,udiin,ganacsato,siyaasiyeen,janaraalo,kuwaas oo kahaya xilal farabadan dalka somalia waana qabiil leh taarikh facweyn oo fog isugu jirta mid diineed iyo mid maamul taas waxaa u sii dheer in ay yihiin qabiil nidaamsan oo aad u balaaran waxayna kuteedsanyihin laga soo bilaabo itoobiya(dir-dhabe)ilaa soomaliya Beesha Dir reer Awsaciid Dawladda somalia waxay ka hayaan xilal muhiim ah beesha Dir reer-awsaciid waxay degtaa goboladan hoos ku qoran 1.Gobolka baay Degmada (buurhakaba,ufurow,bulafulay) 2.G.shabelada hoosee (qoryoley,Mubarak,toretorow,mustaqbal,afgooye) 3.G.jubada/hose (kismayo) 4.G.jubada/dhexe (jamame,jilib,saakow) 5.waxay degantahay magalada dirdhabe Dagmada Saakoow na waxeey beeshu ku leedahay ama ka dagan dad aad u badan oo gaaraya Boqolkiiba %40 Caanaha iyo Qoryahana ayaga Keena Tuulooyinka Baroow Diinle Buulo Cadeey Baarka Muumin Dhooroow iyo Dhakaajo dhamaan. Mahadsanid (Xog: Dr.Abdirashid) m35w54my98dfnneki2glpio6b6bmzk6 0 12266 239542 239126 2022-08-06T13:17:28Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{selfref|''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan "dhirta". Bogag kale fiiri [[Geed]]aha iyo [[beer]]aha.''}} {{taxobox | image = Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png | image2_alt = Ash_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_590710.jpg | image2_caption = [[Geed]]ku waa taageere [[nolol|nolosha dhulka]] oo aad u muhiim ah. | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_superdomain = [[Diaphoretickes]] | unranked_domain = [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = [[Plantae]] |subdivision = <center>[[Beer]] • [[Geed]]</center> }} '''Dhir''' ({{lang-en|plant}}; {{lang-ar|نبات}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Dhirta Cagaaran''' waa [[noole]] ka samaysan [[unug]]yo badan oo isku xidhan taasi oo dulsaaran oogada sare ee [[dhul]]ka. Dhirtu waa kalmada jamcisa dhamaan [[geed]]aha noocaydooda kala duwan ee laga helo [[caro|carada]] dusheeda, [[biyo|biyaha]] dhexdooda, [[buur]]aha iyo meelo badan oo kala duwan. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo dhirta ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. Guud ahaan dhirtu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay ka kooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. Qeybaha rasmiga ah ee dhirtu waa dhirta ubaxa leh (flowering plant), caleen-yare (carnifers), feerno, Lycopodiopsida, jirid-yare, algiya, caleenley iyo shurub. Dhirtu waxay ka mid tahay [[Noole]]ha. Sidoo kale, dhirtu waxay leedahay unugyo-dahaadhan (cellwalls) kuwaasi oo u suurta geliya ineey sameeysato [[cunto]] ayadoo isticmaaleysa [[ileys]]ka [[qorax]]da, [[biyo]] iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsajiin]]. Dhirtu waxay manaafacaad iyo faa'iido badan u leedahay [[duni]]dan aan ku noolnahay; waxay suurto-gelisaa in hawada ka soo saart kaarboonka isla markaana ku sii deeyso [[hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] oo ah mida teegeerta nolosha [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dad]]ka. Intaas waxaa dheer in dhirtu soo saarto [[midho]], [[caleen|caleemo]], [[jirid]] iyo [[xidid]]o kal duwan taasi oo ay quud iyo cunto ka dhigtaan dhamaan noolaha intiisa kale ee xayawaanka iyo dadku ka midka yihiin. Guud ahaan waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhir ah; kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah: [[beer]]aha, [[keyn|keymaha]], iyo dhuldaaqsiimeedka. Maadaama juqraafiga dhulku kala duwan yahay, meelaha dhirtu ka baxdo aduunyada weey kala duwan tahay. Meelaha qaar waxaa ka baxa kumanaan nooc oo dhir ah, halka deegaanada qaar (sida [[saxare]]ha ama [[lamadegaan]]ka) ay ku yar tahay dhirtu. Maadaama noloshu ku tiirsan tahay dhirta waxaa waajib ah in la ilaaliyo jiritaanka, koritaanka iyo caafimaadka dhirta. [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|left|Geedku wuxuu u baahan yahay [[ileys]], [[biyo]] iyo [[hawo]] si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]].]] Dhirtu waa noolaha kali ah ee [[cunto|cuntadiisa]] diyaarsada ayagoo isticmaalaya nidaam loo yaqaano [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] (photosynthesis). Geeduhu waxay u baahan yihiin [[ileys]] (inta badan ileyska dabiiciga ah ee [[qorax]]da), [[biyo]] ay [[xidido|xididadu]] ka soo nuugaan dhulka iyo [[hawo]] - gaar ahaan [[Kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O) si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya Habka Samayska Cuntada. Inta u badan dhirta, habka samayska cuntada ee geedku wuxuu ka dhex dhacaa [[caleen|caleemaha]] iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta, halkaas oo [[biyo|biyaha]], awooda [[ileys]]ka iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]ku ku [[falgal]]aan. [[Isku dhis]]ka halkaas ka dhaca waxaa ka soo baxa [[Ogsajiin]] [[hawo]] ah oo caleemuhu [[cir]]ka ku sii daayaan. Taasi oo ah faa'iidada koowaad ee dhirtu u leedahay deegaanka dhulka. [[File:Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg|thumb|Habka Samaynta Cuntada ee geedka. Dhirtu waa isha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku darta [[dhul]]ka.]] Qaacidada [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee dhirtu waa sidan: '''2n CO₂ + 2n DH₂ + Ileyska Qoraxda → 2(CH₂O)n + 2n DO''' Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh + deeq elektaron + awooda iftiinka → Kaarbohaydarate + deeq elektaron ogsajiin Habkan cunto samayska dhirtu wuxuu dhacaa [[wakhti]]ga [[maalin]]tii sababtoo ah [[ileys|iftiinka]] falaadhaha [[qorax]]da waa lagama maarmaan. Sidoo kale, habkani waxaa lagu sameeyn karaa nidaam loo yaqaano ''greenhouse'' oo iftiin fiican siin kara geedka. Habka samayska cuntada dhirta waa deeqaha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku dara [[hawo]]da. Markasta oo geedku cunto sameeysto Ogsajiin ayuu sii daayaa taasi oo [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ku [[neefsi|neefsadaan]]. = Beer = [[File:PSM_V18_D630_Restoration_of_a_lepidodendron.jpg|thumb|left|Geedaha aan caleenta lahayn.]] [[Beer]], ama Beero (wadar) waa nidaamka abuurida, korinta, xanaaneynta iyo soo saarida [[dhir]] laga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], [[daawo]], [[hooy]] iyo guud ahaan manafaac taageera nolosha [[dad]]ka, [[xoolo|xoolaha]], [[xayawaan]]ka iyo inta ku tiirsan. Beeruhu waa aasaaska nolosha iyo jiritaanka nolosha, iyo barta ay ka soo uunkantey horumarka xadaarada aadamaha. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo beero ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. [[Dhir]]tu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay kakooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. =Dhul beereedka= Inkastoo dhirtu u qaybsanto mid la aadanuhu cuno iyo mid uu anfacsado iyo mid uusan waxba ku falin ayaa hadana waxaa jira dhul loogu talo galay beerashada, dhulkaas ayaa ka bedelan kan kale, waxaa ku badan macdanta iyo nafaqada dhiri ku bixi karto, dhuldaaqsimeedka waxaa lagu gartaa carrada madow ee dhoobeeyda ah, badanaa waxaa ka ag dhow [[biyo]] mareenno sida [[Webiyada|wabiyada]] iyo togaga, ama waa meel godan oo biyo fariistaan xiliyada [[Roob|roobka]], dhirta lagu beerto ayaa leh xili la gurto. = Keymo = Keymuhu waa [[dhul]] baaxad balaadhan leh oo [[geed]]o badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah. Tiro badan oo dhir nooceeda, [[dherer]]keeda iyo qaradeedu kala duwan tahay ayaa noqonaysa Keyn. [[Qolof dhul|Oogada sare ee dhulka]] waxaa ku yaala keymo aad u badan kuwaas oo ku fadhiya 9.4% dhulka dunida. Si kale hadaan u dhigno keymuhu waxay qariyaan 30% [[dhul|dhulka qalalan]] ee dunida. Intaas uun kuma koobna ee waxaa jira keymo [[biyo|biyaha]] ku dhex yaala. Waxaa ka mid ah keynta kelp. [[File:Kelp_forest.jpg|thumb|Keymaha Kelp ee biyaha ka dhex baxa.]] Keymaha [[duni]]da ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Tayga|Keynta Tayga]] ee ku fidsan [[labo|labo qaaradood]], taas oo ka soo bilaabanta [[Kanada]] kuna fidsan dhamaan wadanka [[Ruushka]], iyo [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]]. [[File:Redwoods_in_Muir_Woods_2.JPG|thumb|Keymaha alwaaxa ee dhaadheer.]] = Isticmaalka Dhirta = [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|left|Jirida geedaha waawayn waxaa laga sameeyaa alaabo badan oo dadku isticmaalaan.]] Sida [[cilmi|cilmiga jiyoolojigu]] sheegay, [[Dhir]]ta dabiiciga ah waxay [[qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]] ku beeran tahay in ka badan [[milyan|370 milyan]] oo sano. Barashada cilmiga tirada, koritaanka, caafimaadka, isticmaalka iyo baaxada [[keyn|keymaha]] dhirta caalamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Silvicultur''. Dhirta dadku beeraan si looga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], agabka dhismaha, qurux ahaan iyo waxyaabo kale waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Beer]] (plantation). Beeraha lagu beero [[khudaar]]ta iyo [[midho|midhaha]] waxaa lagu magacaabaa Beer-midho (orchard). Dhul baaxad balaadhan leh oo geedo badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah, waxaa loo yaqanaanaa [[Keyn]] (forest). Sidoo kale, deegaanada fidsan ee [[buur]]uhu ku yar yihiin isla markaana leh [[cows]] badan iyo geedo talanteel ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[Dhuldaaqsiin]] (savanna). Guud ahaan, dhir badan ayaa ku taala oogada dhulka. Meelaha qaar aad ayay ugu badan tahay oo keymo waawayn ayaa ku yaala - keymaha ugu weyn dunida waxaa ka mid ah [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]] iyo [[Tayga]] (Taiga) oo ku fidsan [[qaarad|labo qaaradood]] oo kala ah [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]] iyo [[Ruushka]]. Dhamaan noocyada geedku faa'iido badan ayuu u leeyahay [[noole|noolaha]] iyo [[dhul|deegaanka dhulka]]. Nolosha dadku si toosan ayay ugu xidhan tahay [[dhir]]ta, mar ahaan waa isha koowaad ee quudka (cunto), [[daawo]]oyinka, agabka guryaha, dharka iyo sheeyo badan oo aadamuhu isticmaalo. Marka labaad, ayadoo isticmaalaysa [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] dhirtu si joogto ah ayay [[hawo|hawada]] ugu dartaa [[neef]]ta [[Ogsajiin]]ta, midaas oo noole badan [[neefsi|neefsado]]. Waxa intaas dheer in dhirtu difaac u tahay [[caro|carada]] ayadoo ka ilaalisa nabaad-guurka. == Cuntada == [[File:Maple_syrup_taps.jpg|thumb|Geedka [[Sonkor]]ta.]] Geeduhu waa isha ugu horeeysa ee soo saarta noocyo badan oo [[cunto|cuntada]] dadku quutaan maalin kasta. [[Khudaar]]ta sida [[basal|basasha]], [[tamaandho|tamaandhada]], [[besbaas]]k, [[toon]]ta, [[saladh]]ka, [[barandho|barandhada]] iyo kuwo kale oo badan; iyo [[midho|midhaha]] sida [[muus]]ka, [[liin]]ta, [[tufaax]]a, [[cambe|cambaha]], [[saytuun]]ka, [[timir]]ta iyo in badan oo kale waxay ka mid yihiin dhirta loo beero ganacsi ahaan ee caalamka oo dhan laga cuno. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa sheeyo badan oo cuntada lagu darsado, waxa ka mid ah [[sonkor]]ta, daqiiqda ama burka, [[saliid]]a, [[shaah]]a, [[koofi]]ga iyo in badan oo kale. Intaas waxaa dheer, noocyo badan oo geedaha ka mid ah waxay [[ur|udug]] iyo caraf u sameeyaan cuntada, tusaale ahaan, heylka, qorfaha iyo carfiyayaasha kale. Dhinaca kale, in badan oo dhirta ah waxay leeyihiin [[ubax]] leh dheecaan macaan (nectar) kaas oo [[xasharaad]]ka soo jiita. [[Shini]]du waxay ururisaa dheecaankaas macaan ka dibna ka sameeysaa [[malab]]ka oo ah wax dadku cunaan. Sidoo kale, [[caleen]]ta iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta waxaa quuta [[xoolo|xoolaha]] dadku dhaqdaan kuwaas oo cunto iyo cabitaanba siiya aadamaha. [[File:Saxifrage umbrosa Jehova Blume.png|thumb|280px|''[[Saxifraga umbrosa]]'' (''Yehovah-ubaxa'', Dhibcaha guduudan ee ubaxyada cadcad waxay u eg yihiin magaca [https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/magaca-ilaahay/ Yehowah Ilaaha] ah ee [[Af-Hebrow|Cibraaniga]] ah)]] == Shidaal == == Agab == =Asalka= [[File:Selling_fuelwood.jpeg|thumb|280px|[[Xaabo|xaabadu]] waa [[shidaal]] laga helo [[kul]].]] '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} [[File:Timberwork2.JPG|thumb|left|Alwaaxa guryaha lagu dhiso.]] Dhirta qaar ka mid ah, sida geedka [[dun]]ta (cotton tree) waxuu soo saara midhaha dunta, taas oo la [[warshad]]eeyo ka dib laga sameeyo noocyo badan oo [[dhar]] ah. Qoryaha iyo alwaaxyada laga soo guro dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa agab badan, kuwaas oo dadku isticmaalaan si nolosha u fududaato. Agabka laga sameeyo dhirta waxaa ka mid ah: [[Miis|miisaska]], [[kursi|kuraasida]], kabadhada, [[sariir]]aha, weelka wax lagu cuno iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. = Faa'iidooyin Kale = = Abuuridda = Ilaahay baa wax walba abuuray (sidoo kale dhirta)<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay]</ref> [[File:Latex_dripping.JPG|thumb|Geedka rabadhka laga sameeyo oo dareere rabadh ah laga guraayo.]] =Sidoo kale eeg= *[[Dhirta ubaxa]] *[[Dhirta biyuhu]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Keymo]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] 6btnxx3x4vle2e2w3occwg89ofb25yj 239544 239542 2022-08-06T13:21:42Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{selfref|''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan "dhirta". Bogag kale fiiri [[Geed]]aha iyo [[beer]]aha.''}} {{taxobox | image = Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png | image2_alt = Ash_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_590710.jpg | image2_caption = [[Geed]]ku waa taageere [[nolol|nolosha dhulka]] oo aad u muhiim ah. | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_domain = [[Diaphoretickes]] | unranked_domain2 = [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = [[Plantae]] |subdivision = <center>[[Beer]] • [[Geed]]</center> }} '''Dhir''' ({{lang-en|plant}}; {{lang-ar|نبات}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Dhirta Cagaaran''' waa [[noole]] ka samaysan [[unug]]yo badan oo isku xidhan taasi oo dulsaaran oogada sare ee [[dhul]]ka. Dhirtu waa kalmada jamcisa dhamaan [[geed]]aha noocaydooda kala duwan ee laga helo [[caro|carada]] dusheeda, [[biyo|biyaha]] dhexdooda, [[buur]]aha iyo meelo badan oo kala duwan. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo dhirta ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. Guud ahaan dhirtu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay ka kooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. Qeybaha rasmiga ah ee dhirtu waa dhirta ubaxa leh (flowering plant), caleen-yare (carnifers), feerno, Lycopodiopsida, jirid-yare, algiya, caleenley iyo shurub. Dhirtu waxay ka mid tahay [[Noole]]ha. Sidoo kale, dhirtu waxay leedahay unugyo-dahaadhan (cellwalls) kuwaasi oo u suurta geliya ineey sameeysato [[cunto]] ayadoo isticmaaleysa [[ileys]]ka [[qorax]]da, [[biyo]] iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsajiin]]. Dhirtu waxay manaafacaad iyo faa'iido badan u leedahay [[duni]]dan aan ku noolnahay; waxay suurto-gelisaa in hawada ka soo saart kaarboonka isla markaana ku sii deeyso [[hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] oo ah mida teegeerta nolosha [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dad]]ka. Intaas waxaa dheer in dhirtu soo saarto [[midho]], [[caleen|caleemo]], [[jirid]] iyo [[xidid]]o kal duwan taasi oo ay quud iyo cunto ka dhigtaan dhamaan noolaha intiisa kale ee xayawaanka iyo dadku ka midka yihiin. Guud ahaan waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhir ah; kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah: [[beer]]aha, [[keyn|keymaha]], iyo dhuldaaqsiimeedka. Maadaama juqraafiga dhulku kala duwan yahay, meelaha dhirtu ka baxdo aduunyada weey kala duwan tahay. Meelaha qaar waxaa ka baxa kumanaan nooc oo dhir ah, halka deegaanada qaar (sida [[saxare]]ha ama [[lamadegaan]]ka) ay ku yar tahay dhirtu. Maadaama noloshu ku tiirsan tahay dhirta waxaa waajib ah in la ilaaliyo jiritaanka, koritaanka iyo caafimaadka dhirta. [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|left|Geedku wuxuu u baahan yahay [[ileys]], [[biyo]] iyo [[hawo]] si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]].]] Dhirtu waa noolaha kali ah ee [[cunto|cuntadiisa]] diyaarsada ayagoo isticmaalaya nidaam loo yaqaano [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] (photosynthesis). Geeduhu waxay u baahan yihiin [[ileys]] (inta badan ileyska dabiiciga ah ee [[qorax]]da), [[biyo]] ay [[xidido|xididadu]] ka soo nuugaan dhulka iyo [[hawo]] - gaar ahaan [[Kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O) si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya Habka Samayska Cuntada. Inta u badan dhirta, habka samayska cuntada ee geedku wuxuu ka dhex dhacaa [[caleen|caleemaha]] iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta, halkaas oo [[biyo|biyaha]], awooda [[ileys]]ka iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]ku ku [[falgal]]aan. [[Isku dhis]]ka halkaas ka dhaca waxaa ka soo baxa [[Ogsajiin]] [[hawo]] ah oo caleemuhu [[cir]]ka ku sii daayaan. Taasi oo ah faa'iidada koowaad ee dhirtu u leedahay deegaanka dhulka. [[File:Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg|thumb|Habka Samaynta Cuntada ee geedka. Dhirtu waa isha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku darta [[dhul]]ka.]] Qaacidada [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee dhirtu waa sidan: '''2n CO₂ + 2n DH₂ + Ileyska Qoraxda → 2(CH₂O)n + 2n DO''' Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh + deeq elektaron + awooda iftiinka → Kaarbohaydarate + deeq elektaron ogsajiin Habkan cunto samayska dhirtu wuxuu dhacaa [[wakhti]]ga [[maalin]]tii sababtoo ah [[ileys|iftiinka]] falaadhaha [[qorax]]da waa lagama maarmaan. Sidoo kale, habkani waxaa lagu sameeyn karaa nidaam loo yaqaano ''greenhouse'' oo iftiin fiican siin kara geedka. Habka samayska cuntada dhirta waa deeqaha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku dara [[hawo]]da. Markasta oo geedku cunto sameeysto Ogsajiin ayuu sii daayaa taasi oo [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ku [[neefsi|neefsadaan]]. = Beer = [[File:PSM_V18_D630_Restoration_of_a_lepidodendron.jpg|thumb|left|Geedaha aan caleenta lahayn.]] [[Beer]], ama Beero (wadar) waa nidaamka abuurida, korinta, xanaaneynta iyo soo saarida [[dhir]] laga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], [[daawo]], [[hooy]] iyo guud ahaan manafaac taageera nolosha [[dad]]ka, [[xoolo|xoolaha]], [[xayawaan]]ka iyo inta ku tiirsan. Beeruhu waa aasaaska nolosha iyo jiritaanka nolosha, iyo barta ay ka soo uunkantey horumarka xadaarada aadamaha. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo beero ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. [[Dhir]]tu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay kakooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. =Dhul beereedka= Inkastoo dhirtu u qaybsanto mid la aadanuhu cuno iyo mid uu anfacsado iyo mid uusan waxba ku falin ayaa hadana waxaa jira dhul loogu talo galay beerashada, dhulkaas ayaa ka bedelan kan kale, waxaa ku badan macdanta iyo nafaqada dhiri ku bixi karto, dhuldaaqsimeedka waxaa lagu gartaa carrada madow ee dhoobeeyda ah, badanaa waxaa ka ag dhow [[biyo]] mareenno sida [[Webiyada|wabiyada]] iyo togaga, ama waa meel godan oo biyo fariistaan xiliyada [[Roob|roobka]], dhirta lagu beerto ayaa leh xili la gurto. = Keymo = Keymuhu waa [[dhul]] baaxad balaadhan leh oo [[geed]]o badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah. Tiro badan oo dhir nooceeda, [[dherer]]keeda iyo qaradeedu kala duwan tahay ayaa noqonaysa Keyn. [[Qolof dhul|Oogada sare ee dhulka]] waxaa ku yaala keymo aad u badan kuwaas oo ku fadhiya 9.4% dhulka dunida. Si kale hadaan u dhigno keymuhu waxay qariyaan 30% [[dhul|dhulka qalalan]] ee dunida. Intaas uun kuma koobna ee waxaa jira keymo [[biyo|biyaha]] ku dhex yaala. Waxaa ka mid ah keynta kelp. [[File:Kelp_forest.jpg|thumb|Keymaha Kelp ee biyaha ka dhex baxa.]] Keymaha [[duni]]da ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Tayga|Keynta Tayga]] ee ku fidsan [[labo|labo qaaradood]], taas oo ka soo bilaabanta [[Kanada]] kuna fidsan dhamaan wadanka [[Ruushka]], iyo [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]]. [[File:Redwoods_in_Muir_Woods_2.JPG|thumb|Keymaha alwaaxa ee dhaadheer.]] = Isticmaalka Dhirta = [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|left|Jirida geedaha waawayn waxaa laga sameeyaa alaabo badan oo dadku isticmaalaan.]] Sida [[cilmi|cilmiga jiyoolojigu]] sheegay, [[Dhir]]ta dabiiciga ah waxay [[qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]] ku beeran tahay in ka badan [[milyan|370 milyan]] oo sano. Barashada cilmiga tirada, koritaanka, caafimaadka, isticmaalka iyo baaxada [[keyn|keymaha]] dhirta caalamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Silvicultur''. Dhirta dadku beeraan si looga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], agabka dhismaha, qurux ahaan iyo waxyaabo kale waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Beer]] (plantation). Beeraha lagu beero [[khudaar]]ta iyo [[midho|midhaha]] waxaa lagu magacaabaa Beer-midho (orchard). Dhul baaxad balaadhan leh oo geedo badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah, waxaa loo yaqanaanaa [[Keyn]] (forest). Sidoo kale, deegaanada fidsan ee [[buur]]uhu ku yar yihiin isla markaana leh [[cows]] badan iyo geedo talanteel ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[Dhuldaaqsiin]] (savanna). Guud ahaan, dhir badan ayaa ku taala oogada dhulka. Meelaha qaar aad ayay ugu badan tahay oo keymo waawayn ayaa ku yaala - keymaha ugu weyn dunida waxaa ka mid ah [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]] iyo [[Tayga]] (Taiga) oo ku fidsan [[qaarad|labo qaaradood]] oo kala ah [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]] iyo [[Ruushka]]. Dhamaan noocyada geedku faa'iido badan ayuu u leeyahay [[noole|noolaha]] iyo [[dhul|deegaanka dhulka]]. Nolosha dadku si toosan ayay ugu xidhan tahay [[dhir]]ta, mar ahaan waa isha koowaad ee quudka (cunto), [[daawo]]oyinka, agabka guryaha, dharka iyo sheeyo badan oo aadamuhu isticmaalo. Marka labaad, ayadoo isticmaalaysa [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] dhirtu si joogto ah ayay [[hawo|hawada]] ugu dartaa [[neef]]ta [[Ogsajiin]]ta, midaas oo noole badan [[neefsi|neefsado]]. Waxa intaas dheer in dhirtu difaac u tahay [[caro|carada]] ayadoo ka ilaalisa nabaad-guurka. == Cuntada == [[File:Maple_syrup_taps.jpg|thumb|Geedka [[Sonkor]]ta.]] Geeduhu waa isha ugu horeeysa ee soo saarta noocyo badan oo [[cunto|cuntada]] dadku quutaan maalin kasta. [[Khudaar]]ta sida [[basal|basasha]], [[tamaandho|tamaandhada]], [[besbaas]]k, [[toon]]ta, [[saladh]]ka, [[barandho|barandhada]] iyo kuwo kale oo badan; iyo [[midho|midhaha]] sida [[muus]]ka, [[liin]]ta, [[tufaax]]a, [[cambe|cambaha]], [[saytuun]]ka, [[timir]]ta iyo in badan oo kale waxay ka mid yihiin dhirta loo beero ganacsi ahaan ee caalamka oo dhan laga cuno. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa sheeyo badan oo cuntada lagu darsado, waxa ka mid ah [[sonkor]]ta, daqiiqda ama burka, [[saliid]]a, [[shaah]]a, [[koofi]]ga iyo in badan oo kale. Intaas waxaa dheer, noocyo badan oo geedaha ka mid ah waxay [[ur|udug]] iyo caraf u sameeyaan cuntada, tusaale ahaan, heylka, qorfaha iyo carfiyayaasha kale. Dhinaca kale, in badan oo dhirta ah waxay leeyihiin [[ubax]] leh dheecaan macaan (nectar) kaas oo [[xasharaad]]ka soo jiita. [[Shini]]du waxay ururisaa dheecaankaas macaan ka dibna ka sameeysaa [[malab]]ka oo ah wax dadku cunaan. Sidoo kale, [[caleen]]ta iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta waxaa quuta [[xoolo|xoolaha]] dadku dhaqdaan kuwaas oo cunto iyo cabitaanba siiya aadamaha. [[File:Saxifrage umbrosa Jehova Blume.png|thumb|280px|''[[Saxifraga umbrosa]]'' (''Yehovah-ubaxa'', Dhibcaha guduudan ee ubaxyada cadcad waxay u eg yihiin magaca [https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/magaca-ilaahay/ Yehowah Ilaaha] ah ee [[Af-Hebrow|Cibraaniga]] ah)]] == Shidaal == == Agab == =Asalka= [[File:Selling_fuelwood.jpeg|thumb|280px|[[Xaabo|xaabadu]] waa [[shidaal]] laga helo [[kul]].]] '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} [[File:Timberwork2.JPG|thumb|left|Alwaaxa guryaha lagu dhiso.]] Dhirta qaar ka mid ah, sida geedka [[dun]]ta (cotton tree) waxuu soo saara midhaha dunta, taas oo la [[warshad]]eeyo ka dib laga sameeyo noocyo badan oo [[dhar]] ah. Qoryaha iyo alwaaxyada laga soo guro dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa agab badan, kuwaas oo dadku isticmaalaan si nolosha u fududaato. Agabka laga sameeyo dhirta waxaa ka mid ah: [[Miis|miisaska]], [[kursi|kuraasida]], kabadhada, [[sariir]]aha, weelka wax lagu cuno iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. = Faa'iidooyin Kale = = Abuuridda = Ilaahay baa wax walba abuuray (sidoo kale dhirta)<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay]</ref> [[File:Latex_dripping.JPG|thumb|Geedka rabadhka laga sameeyo oo dareere rabadh ah laga guraayo.]] =Sidoo kale eeg= *[[Dhirta ubaxa]] *[[Dhirta biyuhu]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Keymo]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] 28t6iheyiu6gkum1l01f9lq9djmn6l0 239545 239544 2022-08-06T13:25:05Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{selfref|''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan "dhirta". Bogag kale fiiri [[Geed]]aha iyo [[beer]]aha.''}} {{taxobox | image = Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png | image2_alt = Ash_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_590710.jpg | image2_caption = [[Geed]]ku waa taageere [[nolol|nolosha dhulka]] oo aad u muhiim ah. | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_domain = [[Diaphoretickes]]</br> [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = [[Plantae]] | subdivision_ranks = Sidoo kale eeg |subdivision = <center>[[Beer]] • [[Geed]]</center> }} '''Dhir''' ({{lang-en|plant}}; {{lang-ar|نبات}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Dhirta Cagaaran''' waa [[noole]] ka samaysan [[unug]]yo badan oo isku xidhan taasi oo dulsaaran oogada sare ee [[dhul]]ka. Dhirtu waa kalmada jamcisa dhamaan [[geed]]aha noocaydooda kala duwan ee laga helo [[caro|carada]] dusheeda, [[biyo|biyaha]] dhexdooda, [[buur]]aha iyo meelo badan oo kala duwan. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo dhirta ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. Guud ahaan dhirtu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay ka kooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. Qeybaha rasmiga ah ee dhirtu waa dhirta ubaxa leh (flowering plant), caleen-yare (carnifers), feerno, Lycopodiopsida, jirid-yare, algiya, caleenley iyo shurub. Dhirtu waxay ka mid tahay [[Noole]]ha. Sidoo kale, dhirtu waxay leedahay unugyo-dahaadhan (cellwalls) kuwaasi oo u suurta geliya ineey sameeysato [[cunto]] ayadoo isticmaaleysa [[ileys]]ka [[qorax]]da, [[biyo]] iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsajiin]]. Dhirtu waxay manaafacaad iyo faa'iido badan u leedahay [[duni]]dan aan ku noolnahay; waxay suurto-gelisaa in hawada ka soo saart kaarboonka isla markaana ku sii deeyso [[hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] oo ah mida teegeerta nolosha [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dad]]ka. Intaas waxaa dheer in dhirtu soo saarto [[midho]], [[caleen|caleemo]], [[jirid]] iyo [[xidid]]o kal duwan taasi oo ay quud iyo cunto ka dhigtaan dhamaan noolaha intiisa kale ee xayawaanka iyo dadku ka midka yihiin. Guud ahaan waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhir ah; kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah: [[beer]]aha, [[keyn|keymaha]], iyo dhuldaaqsiimeedka. Maadaama juqraafiga dhulku kala duwan yahay, meelaha dhirtu ka baxdo aduunyada weey kala duwan tahay. Meelaha qaar waxaa ka baxa kumanaan nooc oo dhir ah, halka deegaanada qaar (sida [[saxare]]ha ama [[lamadegaan]]ka) ay ku yar tahay dhirtu. Maadaama noloshu ku tiirsan tahay dhirta waxaa waajib ah in la ilaaliyo jiritaanka, koritaanka iyo caafimaadka dhirta. [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|left|Geedku wuxuu u baahan yahay [[ileys]], [[biyo]] iyo [[hawo]] si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]].]] Dhirtu waa noolaha kali ah ee [[cunto|cuntadiisa]] diyaarsada ayagoo isticmaalaya nidaam loo yaqaano [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] (photosynthesis). Geeduhu waxay u baahan yihiin [[ileys]] (inta badan ileyska dabiiciga ah ee [[qorax]]da), [[biyo]] ay [[xidido|xididadu]] ka soo nuugaan dhulka iyo [[hawo]] - gaar ahaan [[Kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O) si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya Habka Samayska Cuntada. Inta u badan dhirta, habka samayska cuntada ee geedku wuxuu ka dhex dhacaa [[caleen|caleemaha]] iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta, halkaas oo [[biyo|biyaha]], awooda [[ileys]]ka iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]ku ku [[falgal]]aan. [[Isku dhis]]ka halkaas ka dhaca waxaa ka soo baxa [[Ogsajiin]] [[hawo]] ah oo caleemuhu [[cir]]ka ku sii daayaan. Taasi oo ah faa'iidada koowaad ee dhirtu u leedahay deegaanka dhulka. [[File:Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg|thumb|Habka Samaynta Cuntada ee geedka. Dhirtu waa isha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku darta [[dhul]]ka.]] Qaacidada [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee dhirtu waa sidan: '''2n CO₂ + 2n DH₂ + Ileyska Qoraxda → 2(CH₂O)n + 2n DO''' Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh + deeq elektaron + awooda iftiinka → Kaarbohaydarate + deeq elektaron ogsajiin Habkan cunto samayska dhirtu wuxuu dhacaa [[wakhti]]ga [[maalin]]tii sababtoo ah [[ileys|iftiinka]] falaadhaha [[qorax]]da waa lagama maarmaan. Sidoo kale, habkani waxaa lagu sameeyn karaa nidaam loo yaqaano ''greenhouse'' oo iftiin fiican siin kara geedka. Habka samayska cuntada dhirta waa deeqaha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku dara [[hawo]]da. Markasta oo geedku cunto sameeysto Ogsajiin ayuu sii daayaa taasi oo [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ku [[neefsi|neefsadaan]]. = Beer = [[File:PSM_V18_D630_Restoration_of_a_lepidodendron.jpg|thumb|left|Geedaha aan caleenta lahayn.]] [[Beer]], ama Beero (wadar) waa nidaamka abuurida, korinta, xanaaneynta iyo soo saarida [[dhir]] laga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], [[daawo]], [[hooy]] iyo guud ahaan manafaac taageera nolosha [[dad]]ka, [[xoolo|xoolaha]], [[xayawaan]]ka iyo inta ku tiirsan. Beeruhu waa aasaaska nolosha iyo jiritaanka nolosha, iyo barta ay ka soo uunkantey horumarka xadaarada aadamaha. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo beero ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. [[Dhir]]tu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay kakooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. =Dhul beereedka= Inkastoo dhirtu u qaybsanto mid la aadanuhu cuno iyo mid uu anfacsado iyo mid uusan waxba ku falin ayaa hadana waxaa jira dhul loogu talo galay beerashada, dhulkaas ayaa ka bedelan kan kale, waxaa ku badan macdanta iyo nafaqada dhiri ku bixi karto, dhuldaaqsimeedka waxaa lagu gartaa carrada madow ee dhoobeeyda ah, badanaa waxaa ka ag dhow [[biyo]] mareenno sida [[Webiyada|wabiyada]] iyo togaga, ama waa meel godan oo biyo fariistaan xiliyada [[Roob|roobka]], dhirta lagu beerto ayaa leh xili la gurto. = Keymo = Keymuhu waa [[dhul]] baaxad balaadhan leh oo [[geed]]o badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah. Tiro badan oo dhir nooceeda, [[dherer]]keeda iyo qaradeedu kala duwan tahay ayaa noqonaysa Keyn. [[Qolof dhul|Oogada sare ee dhulka]] waxaa ku yaala keymo aad u badan kuwaas oo ku fadhiya 9.4% dhulka dunida. Si kale hadaan u dhigno keymuhu waxay qariyaan 30% [[dhul|dhulka qalalan]] ee dunida. Intaas uun kuma koobna ee waxaa jira keymo [[biyo|biyaha]] ku dhex yaala. Waxaa ka mid ah keynta kelp. [[File:Kelp_forest.jpg|thumb|Keymaha Kelp ee biyaha ka dhex baxa.]] Keymaha [[duni]]da ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Tayga|Keynta Tayga]] ee ku fidsan [[labo|labo qaaradood]], taas oo ka soo bilaabanta [[Kanada]] kuna fidsan dhamaan wadanka [[Ruushka]], iyo [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]]. [[File:Redwoods_in_Muir_Woods_2.JPG|thumb|Keymaha alwaaxa ee dhaadheer.]] = Isticmaalka Dhirta = [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|left|Jirida geedaha waawayn waxaa laga sameeyaa alaabo badan oo dadku isticmaalaan.]] Sida [[cilmi|cilmiga jiyoolojigu]] sheegay, [[Dhir]]ta dabiiciga ah waxay [[qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]] ku beeran tahay in ka badan [[milyan|370 milyan]] oo sano. Barashada cilmiga tirada, koritaanka, caafimaadka, isticmaalka iyo baaxada [[keyn|keymaha]] dhirta caalamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Silvicultur''. Dhirta dadku beeraan si looga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], agabka dhismaha, qurux ahaan iyo waxyaabo kale waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Beer]] (plantation). Beeraha lagu beero [[khudaar]]ta iyo [[midho|midhaha]] waxaa lagu magacaabaa Beer-midho (orchard). Dhul baaxad balaadhan leh oo geedo badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah, waxaa loo yaqanaanaa [[Keyn]] (forest). Sidoo kale, deegaanada fidsan ee [[buur]]uhu ku yar yihiin isla markaana leh [[cows]] badan iyo geedo talanteel ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[Dhuldaaqsiin]] (savanna). Guud ahaan, dhir badan ayaa ku taala oogada dhulka. Meelaha qaar aad ayay ugu badan tahay oo keymo waawayn ayaa ku yaala - keymaha ugu weyn dunida waxaa ka mid ah [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]] iyo [[Tayga]] (Taiga) oo ku fidsan [[qaarad|labo qaaradood]] oo kala ah [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]] iyo [[Ruushka]]. Dhamaan noocyada geedku faa'iido badan ayuu u leeyahay [[noole|noolaha]] iyo [[dhul|deegaanka dhulka]]. Nolosha dadku si toosan ayay ugu xidhan tahay [[dhir]]ta, mar ahaan waa isha koowaad ee quudka (cunto), [[daawo]]oyinka, agabka guryaha, dharka iyo sheeyo badan oo aadamuhu isticmaalo. Marka labaad, ayadoo isticmaalaysa [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] dhirtu si joogto ah ayay [[hawo|hawada]] ugu dartaa [[neef]]ta [[Ogsajiin]]ta, midaas oo noole badan [[neefsi|neefsado]]. Waxa intaas dheer in dhirtu difaac u tahay [[caro|carada]] ayadoo ka ilaalisa nabaad-guurka. == Cuntada == [[File:Maple_syrup_taps.jpg|thumb|Geedka [[Sonkor]]ta.]] Geeduhu waa isha ugu horeeysa ee soo saarta noocyo badan oo [[cunto|cuntada]] dadku quutaan maalin kasta. [[Khudaar]]ta sida [[basal|basasha]], [[tamaandho|tamaandhada]], [[besbaas]]k, [[toon]]ta, [[saladh]]ka, [[barandho|barandhada]] iyo kuwo kale oo badan; iyo [[midho|midhaha]] sida [[muus]]ka, [[liin]]ta, [[tufaax]]a, [[cambe|cambaha]], [[saytuun]]ka, [[timir]]ta iyo in badan oo kale waxay ka mid yihiin dhirta loo beero ganacsi ahaan ee caalamka oo dhan laga cuno. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa sheeyo badan oo cuntada lagu darsado, waxa ka mid ah [[sonkor]]ta, daqiiqda ama burka, [[saliid]]a, [[shaah]]a, [[koofi]]ga iyo in badan oo kale. Intaas waxaa dheer, noocyo badan oo geedaha ka mid ah waxay [[ur|udug]] iyo caraf u sameeyaan cuntada, tusaale ahaan, heylka, qorfaha iyo carfiyayaasha kale. Dhinaca kale, in badan oo dhirta ah waxay leeyihiin [[ubax]] leh dheecaan macaan (nectar) kaas oo [[xasharaad]]ka soo jiita. [[Shini]]du waxay ururisaa dheecaankaas macaan ka dibna ka sameeysaa [[malab]]ka oo ah wax dadku cunaan. Sidoo kale, [[caleen]]ta iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta waxaa quuta [[xoolo|xoolaha]] dadku dhaqdaan kuwaas oo cunto iyo cabitaanba siiya aadamaha. [[File:Saxifrage umbrosa Jehova Blume.png|thumb|280px|''[[Saxifraga umbrosa]]'' (''Yehovah-ubaxa'', Dhibcaha guduudan ee ubaxyada cadcad waxay u eg yihiin magaca [https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/magaca-ilaahay/ Yehowah Ilaaha] ah ee [[Af-Hebrow|Cibraaniga]] ah)]] == Shidaal == == Agab == =Asalka= [[File:Selling_fuelwood.jpeg|thumb|280px|[[Xaabo|xaabadu]] waa [[shidaal]] laga helo [[kul]].]] '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} [[File:Timberwork2.JPG|thumb|left|Alwaaxa guryaha lagu dhiso.]] Dhirta qaar ka mid ah, sida geedka [[dun]]ta (cotton tree) waxuu soo saara midhaha dunta, taas oo la [[warshad]]eeyo ka dib laga sameeyo noocyo badan oo [[dhar]] ah. Qoryaha iyo alwaaxyada laga soo guro dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa agab badan, kuwaas oo dadku isticmaalaan si nolosha u fududaato. Agabka laga sameeyo dhirta waxaa ka mid ah: [[Miis|miisaska]], [[kursi|kuraasida]], kabadhada, [[sariir]]aha, weelka wax lagu cuno iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. = Faa'iidooyin Kale = = Abuuridda = Ilaahay baa wax walba abuuray (sidoo kale dhirta)<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay]</ref> [[File:Latex_dripping.JPG|thumb|Geedka rabadhka laga sameeyo oo dareere rabadh ah laga guraayo.]] =Sidoo kale eeg= *[[Dhirta ubaxa]] *[[Dhirta biyuhu]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Keymo]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] ptf04179js1wcq6xej16vyrmogcri8l 239547 239545 2022-08-06T13:27:33Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{selfref|''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan "dhirta". Bogag kale fiiri [[Geed]]aha iyo [[beer]]aha.''}} {{taxobox | image = Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_domain = [[Diaphoretickes]]</br> [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = '''Plantae''' | subdivision_ranks = Sidoo kale eeg |subdivision = <center>[[Beer]] • [[Geed]]</center> }} [[File:Ash_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_590710.jpg|thumb|[[Geed]]ku waa taageere [[nolol|nolosha dhulka]] oo aad u muhiim ah.]] '''Dhir''' ({{lang-en|plant}}; {{lang-ar|نبات}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Dhirta Cagaaran''' waa [[noole]] ka samaysan [[unug]]yo badan oo isku xidhan taasi oo dulsaaran oogada sare ee [[dhul]]ka. Dhirtu waa kalmada jamcisa dhamaan [[geed]]aha noocaydooda kala duwan ee laga helo [[caro|carada]] dusheeda, [[biyo|biyaha]] dhexdooda, [[buur]]aha iyo meelo badan oo kala duwan. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo dhirta ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. Guud ahaan dhirtu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay ka kooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. Qeybaha rasmiga ah ee dhirtu waa dhirta ubaxa leh (flowering plant), caleen-yare (carnifers), feerno, Lycopodiopsida, jirid-yare, algiya, caleenley iyo shurub. Dhirtu waxay ka mid tahay [[Noole]]ha. Sidoo kale, dhirtu waxay leedahay unugyo-dahaadhan (cellwalls) kuwaasi oo u suurta geliya ineey sameeysato [[cunto]] ayadoo isticmaaleysa [[ileys]]ka [[qorax]]da, [[biyo]] iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsajiin]]. Dhirtu waxay manaafacaad iyo faa'iido badan u leedahay [[duni]]dan aan ku noolnahay; waxay suurto-gelisaa in hawada ka soo saart kaarboonka isla markaana ku sii deeyso [[hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] oo ah mida teegeerta nolosha [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dad]]ka. Intaas waxaa dheer in dhirtu soo saarto [[midho]], [[caleen|caleemo]], [[jirid]] iyo [[xidid]]o kal duwan taasi oo ay quud iyo cunto ka dhigtaan dhamaan noolaha intiisa kale ee xayawaanka iyo dadku ka midka yihiin. Guud ahaan waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhir ah; kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah: [[beer]]aha, [[keyn|keymaha]], iyo dhuldaaqsiimeedka. Maadaama juqraafiga dhulku kala duwan yahay, meelaha dhirtu ka baxdo aduunyada weey kala duwan tahay. Meelaha qaar waxaa ka baxa kumanaan nooc oo dhir ah, halka deegaanada qaar (sida [[saxare]]ha ama [[lamadegaan]]ka) ay ku yar tahay dhirtu. Maadaama noloshu ku tiirsan tahay dhirta waxaa waajib ah in la ilaaliyo jiritaanka, koritaanka iyo caafimaadka dhirta. [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|left|Geedku wuxuu u baahan yahay [[ileys]], [[biyo]] iyo [[hawo]] si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]].]] Dhirtu waa noolaha kali ah ee [[cunto|cuntadiisa]] diyaarsada ayagoo isticmaalaya nidaam loo yaqaano [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] (photosynthesis). Geeduhu waxay u baahan yihiin [[ileys]] (inta badan ileyska dabiiciga ah ee [[qorax]]da), [[biyo]] ay [[xidido|xididadu]] ka soo nuugaan dhulka iyo [[hawo]] - gaar ahaan [[Kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O) si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya Habka Samayska Cuntada. Inta u badan dhirta, habka samayska cuntada ee geedku wuxuu ka dhex dhacaa [[caleen|caleemaha]] iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta, halkaas oo [[biyo|biyaha]], awooda [[ileys]]ka iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]ku ku [[falgal]]aan. [[Isku dhis]]ka halkaas ka dhaca waxaa ka soo baxa [[Ogsajiin]] [[hawo]] ah oo caleemuhu [[cir]]ka ku sii daayaan. Taasi oo ah faa'iidada koowaad ee dhirtu u leedahay deegaanka dhulka. [[File:Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg|thumb|Habka Samaynta Cuntada ee geedka. Dhirtu waa isha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku darta [[dhul]]ka.]] Qaacidada [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee dhirtu waa sidan: '''2n CO₂ + 2n DH₂ + Ileyska Qoraxda → 2(CH₂O)n + 2n DO''' Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh + deeq elektaron + awooda iftiinka → Kaarbohaydarate + deeq elektaron ogsajiin Habkan cunto samayska dhirtu wuxuu dhacaa [[wakhti]]ga [[maalin]]tii sababtoo ah [[ileys|iftiinka]] falaadhaha [[qorax]]da waa lagama maarmaan. Sidoo kale, habkani waxaa lagu sameeyn karaa nidaam loo yaqaano ''greenhouse'' oo iftiin fiican siin kara geedka. Habka samayska cuntada dhirta waa deeqaha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku dara [[hawo]]da. Markasta oo geedku cunto sameeysto Ogsajiin ayuu sii daayaa taasi oo [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ku [[neefsi|neefsadaan]]. = Beer = [[File:PSM_V18_D630_Restoration_of_a_lepidodendron.jpg|thumb|left|Geedaha aan caleenta lahayn.]] [[Beer]], ama Beero (wadar) waa nidaamka abuurida, korinta, xanaaneynta iyo soo saarida [[dhir]] laga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], [[daawo]], [[hooy]] iyo guud ahaan manafaac taageera nolosha [[dad]]ka, [[xoolo|xoolaha]], [[xayawaan]]ka iyo inta ku tiirsan. Beeruhu waa aasaaska nolosha iyo jiritaanka nolosha, iyo barta ay ka soo uunkantey horumarka xadaarada aadamaha. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo beero ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. [[Dhir]]tu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay kakooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. =Dhul beereedka= Inkastoo dhirtu u qaybsanto mid la aadanuhu cuno iyo mid uu anfacsado iyo mid uusan waxba ku falin ayaa hadana waxaa jira dhul loogu talo galay beerashada, dhulkaas ayaa ka bedelan kan kale, waxaa ku badan macdanta iyo nafaqada dhiri ku bixi karto, dhuldaaqsimeedka waxaa lagu gartaa carrada madow ee dhoobeeyda ah, badanaa waxaa ka ag dhow [[biyo]] mareenno sida [[Webiyada|wabiyada]] iyo togaga, ama waa meel godan oo biyo fariistaan xiliyada [[Roob|roobka]], dhirta lagu beerto ayaa leh xili la gurto. = Keymo = Keymuhu waa [[dhul]] baaxad balaadhan leh oo [[geed]]o badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah. Tiro badan oo dhir nooceeda, [[dherer]]keeda iyo qaradeedu kala duwan tahay ayaa noqonaysa Keyn. [[Qolof dhul|Oogada sare ee dhulka]] waxaa ku yaala keymo aad u badan kuwaas oo ku fadhiya 9.4% dhulka dunida. Si kale hadaan u dhigno keymuhu waxay qariyaan 30% [[dhul|dhulka qalalan]] ee dunida. Intaas uun kuma koobna ee waxaa jira keymo [[biyo|biyaha]] ku dhex yaala. Waxaa ka mid ah keynta kelp. [[File:Kelp_forest.jpg|thumb|Keymaha Kelp ee biyaha ka dhex baxa.]] Keymaha [[duni]]da ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Tayga|Keynta Tayga]] ee ku fidsan [[labo|labo qaaradood]], taas oo ka soo bilaabanta [[Kanada]] kuna fidsan dhamaan wadanka [[Ruushka]], iyo [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]]. [[File:Redwoods_in_Muir_Woods_2.JPG|thumb|Keymaha alwaaxa ee dhaadheer.]] = Isticmaalka Dhirta = [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|left|Jirida geedaha waawayn waxaa laga sameeyaa alaabo badan oo dadku isticmaalaan.]] Sida [[cilmi|cilmiga jiyoolojigu]] sheegay, [[Dhir]]ta dabiiciga ah waxay [[qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]] ku beeran tahay in ka badan [[milyan|370 milyan]] oo sano. Barashada cilmiga tirada, koritaanka, caafimaadka, isticmaalka iyo baaxada [[keyn|keymaha]] dhirta caalamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Silvicultur''. Dhirta dadku beeraan si looga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], agabka dhismaha, qurux ahaan iyo waxyaabo kale waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Beer]] (plantation). Beeraha lagu beero [[khudaar]]ta iyo [[midho|midhaha]] waxaa lagu magacaabaa Beer-midho (orchard). Dhul baaxad balaadhan leh oo geedo badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah, waxaa loo yaqanaanaa [[Keyn]] (forest). Sidoo kale, deegaanada fidsan ee [[buur]]uhu ku yar yihiin isla markaana leh [[cows]] badan iyo geedo talanteel ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[Dhuldaaqsiin]] (savanna). Guud ahaan, dhir badan ayaa ku taala oogada dhulka. Meelaha qaar aad ayay ugu badan tahay oo keymo waawayn ayaa ku yaala - keymaha ugu weyn dunida waxaa ka mid ah [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]] iyo [[Tayga]] (Taiga) oo ku fidsan [[qaarad|labo qaaradood]] oo kala ah [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]] iyo [[Ruushka]]. Dhamaan noocyada geedku faa'iido badan ayuu u leeyahay [[noole|noolaha]] iyo [[dhul|deegaanka dhulka]]. Nolosha dadku si toosan ayay ugu xidhan tahay [[dhir]]ta, mar ahaan waa isha koowaad ee quudka (cunto), [[daawo]]oyinka, agabka guryaha, dharka iyo sheeyo badan oo aadamuhu isticmaalo. Marka labaad, ayadoo isticmaalaysa [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] dhirtu si joogto ah ayay [[hawo|hawada]] ugu dartaa [[neef]]ta [[Ogsajiin]]ta, midaas oo noole badan [[neefsi|neefsado]]. Waxa intaas dheer in dhirtu difaac u tahay [[caro|carada]] ayadoo ka ilaalisa nabaad-guurka. == Cuntada == [[File:Maple_syrup_taps.jpg|thumb|Geedka [[Sonkor]]ta.]] Geeduhu waa isha ugu horeeysa ee soo saarta noocyo badan oo [[cunto|cuntada]] dadku quutaan maalin kasta. [[Khudaar]]ta sida [[basal|basasha]], [[tamaandho|tamaandhada]], [[besbaas]]k, [[toon]]ta, [[saladh]]ka, [[barandho|barandhada]] iyo kuwo kale oo badan; iyo [[midho|midhaha]] sida [[muus]]ka, [[liin]]ta, [[tufaax]]a, [[cambe|cambaha]], [[saytuun]]ka, [[timir]]ta iyo in badan oo kale waxay ka mid yihiin dhirta loo beero ganacsi ahaan ee caalamka oo dhan laga cuno. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa sheeyo badan oo cuntada lagu darsado, waxa ka mid ah [[sonkor]]ta, daqiiqda ama burka, [[saliid]]a, [[shaah]]a, [[koofi]]ga iyo in badan oo kale. Intaas waxaa dheer, noocyo badan oo geedaha ka mid ah waxay [[ur|udug]] iyo caraf u sameeyaan cuntada, tusaale ahaan, heylka, qorfaha iyo carfiyayaasha kale. Dhinaca kale, in badan oo dhirta ah waxay leeyihiin [[ubax]] leh dheecaan macaan (nectar) kaas oo [[xasharaad]]ka soo jiita. [[Shini]]du waxay ururisaa dheecaankaas macaan ka dibna ka sameeysaa [[malab]]ka oo ah wax dadku cunaan. Sidoo kale, [[caleen]]ta iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta waxaa quuta [[xoolo|xoolaha]] dadku dhaqdaan kuwaas oo cunto iyo cabitaanba siiya aadamaha. [[File:Saxifrage umbrosa Jehova Blume.png|thumb|280px|''[[Saxifraga umbrosa]]'' (''Yehovah-ubaxa'', Dhibcaha guduudan ee ubaxyada cadcad waxay u eg yihiin magaca [https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/magaca-ilaahay/ Yehowah Ilaaha] ah ee [[Af-Hebrow|Cibraaniga]] ah)]] == Shidaal == == Agab == =Asalka= [[File:Selling_fuelwood.jpeg|thumb|280px|[[Xaabo|xaabadu]] waa [[shidaal]] laga helo [[kul]].]] '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} [[File:Timberwork2.JPG|thumb|left|Alwaaxa guryaha lagu dhiso.]] Dhirta qaar ka mid ah, sida geedka [[dun]]ta (cotton tree) waxuu soo saara midhaha dunta, taas oo la [[warshad]]eeyo ka dib laga sameeyo noocyo badan oo [[dhar]] ah. Qoryaha iyo alwaaxyada laga soo guro dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa agab badan, kuwaas oo dadku isticmaalaan si nolosha u fududaato. Agabka laga sameeyo dhirta waxaa ka mid ah: [[Miis|miisaska]], [[kursi|kuraasida]], kabadhada, [[sariir]]aha, weelka wax lagu cuno iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. = Faa'iidooyin Kale = = Abuuridda = Ilaahay baa wax walba abuuray (sidoo kale dhirta)<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay]</ref> [[File:Latex_dripping.JPG|thumb|Geedka rabadhka laga sameeyo oo dareere rabadh ah laga guraayo.]] =Sidoo kale eeg= *[[Dhirta ubaxa]] *[[Dhirta biyuhu]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Keymo]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] e8tyl2evvqwf5iwpczmnt73ph8ryp6z 239548 239547 2022-08-06T13:28:47Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{selfref|''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan "dhirta". Bogag kale fiiri [[Geed]]aha iyo [[beer]]aha.''}} {{taxobox | image = Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_domain = [[Diaphoretickes]]</br> [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = [[Plantae]] | subdivision_ranks = Sidoo kale eeg |subdivision = <center>[[Beer]] • [[Geed]]</center> }} [[File:Ash_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_590710.jpg|thumb|[[Geed]]ku waa taageere [[nolol|nolosha dhulka]] oo aad u muhiim ah.]] '''Dhir''' ({{lang-en|plant}}; {{lang-ar|نبات}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Dhirta Cagaaran''' waa [[noole]] ka samaysan [[unug]]yo badan oo isku xidhan taasi oo dulsaaran oogada sare ee [[dhul]]ka. Dhirtu waa kalmada jamcisa dhamaan [[geed]]aha noocaydooda kala duwan ee laga helo [[caro|carada]] dusheeda, [[biyo|biyaha]] dhexdooda, [[buur]]aha iyo meelo badan oo kala duwan. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo dhirta ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. Guud ahaan dhirtu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay ka kooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. Qeybaha rasmiga ah ee dhirtu waa dhirta ubaxa leh (flowering plant), caleen-yare (carnifers), feerno, Lycopodiopsida, jirid-yare, algiya, caleenley iyo shurub. Dhirtu waxay ka mid tahay [[Noole]]ha. Sidoo kale, dhirtu waxay leedahay unugyo-dahaadhan (cellwalls) kuwaasi oo u suurta geliya ineey sameeysato [[cunto]] ayadoo isticmaaleysa [[ileys]]ka [[qorax]]da, [[biyo]] iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsajiin]]. Dhirtu waxay manaafacaad iyo faa'iido badan u leedahay [[duni]]dan aan ku noolnahay; waxay suurto-gelisaa in hawada ka soo saart kaarboonka isla markaana ku sii deeyso [[hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] oo ah mida teegeerta nolosha [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dad]]ka. Intaas waxaa dheer in dhirtu soo saarto [[midho]], [[caleen|caleemo]], [[jirid]] iyo [[xidid]]o kal duwan taasi oo ay quud iyo cunto ka dhigtaan dhamaan noolaha intiisa kale ee xayawaanka iyo dadku ka midka yihiin. Guud ahaan waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhir ah; kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah: [[beer]]aha, [[keyn|keymaha]], iyo dhuldaaqsiimeedka. Maadaama juqraafiga dhulku kala duwan yahay, meelaha dhirtu ka baxdo aduunyada weey kala duwan tahay. Meelaha qaar waxaa ka baxa kumanaan nooc oo dhir ah, halka deegaanada qaar (sida [[saxare]]ha ama [[lamadegaan]]ka) ay ku yar tahay dhirtu. Maadaama noloshu ku tiirsan tahay dhirta waxaa waajib ah in la ilaaliyo jiritaanka, koritaanka iyo caafimaadka dhirta. [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|left|Geedku wuxuu u baahan yahay [[ileys]], [[biyo]] iyo [[hawo]] si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]].]] Dhirtu waa noolaha kali ah ee [[cunto|cuntadiisa]] diyaarsada ayagoo isticmaalaya nidaam loo yaqaano [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] (photosynthesis). Geeduhu waxay u baahan yihiin [[ileys]] (inta badan ileyska dabiiciga ah ee [[qorax]]da), [[biyo]] ay [[xidido|xididadu]] ka soo nuugaan dhulka iyo [[hawo]] - gaar ahaan [[Kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O) si uu u samaysto cunto asagoo isticmaalaya Habka Samayska Cuntada. Inta u badan dhirta, habka samayska cuntada ee geedku wuxuu ka dhex dhacaa [[caleen|caleemaha]] iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta, halkaas oo [[biyo|biyaha]], awooda [[ileys]]ka iyo [[kaarboon|kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]ku ku [[falgal]]aan. [[Isku dhis]]ka halkaas ka dhaca waxaa ka soo baxa [[Ogsajiin]] [[hawo]] ah oo caleemuhu [[cir]]ka ku sii daayaan. Taasi oo ah faa'iidada koowaad ee dhirtu u leedahay deegaanka dhulka. [[File:Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg|thumb|Habka Samaynta Cuntada ee geedka. Dhirtu waa isha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku darta [[dhul]]ka.]] Qaacidada [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] ee dhirtu waa sidan: '''2n CO₂ + 2n DH₂ + Ileyska Qoraxda → 2(CH₂O)n + 2n DO''' Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh + deeq elektaron + awooda iftiinka → Kaarbohaydarate + deeq elektaron ogsajiin Habkan cunto samayska dhirtu wuxuu dhacaa [[wakhti]]ga [[maalin]]tii sababtoo ah [[ileys|iftiinka]] falaadhaha [[qorax]]da waa lagama maarmaan. Sidoo kale, habkani waxaa lagu sameeyn karaa nidaam loo yaqaano ''greenhouse'' oo iftiin fiican siin kara geedka. Habka samayska cuntada dhirta waa deeqaha koowaad ee [[Ogsajiin]]ta ku dara [[hawo]]da. Markasta oo geedku cunto sameeysto Ogsajiin ayuu sii daayaa taasi oo [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ku [[neefsi|neefsadaan]]. = Beer = [[File:PSM_V18_D630_Restoration_of_a_lepidodendron.jpg|thumb|left|Geedaha aan caleenta lahayn.]] [[Beer]], ama Beero (wadar) waa nidaamka abuurida, korinta, xanaaneynta iyo soo saarida [[dhir]] laga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], [[daawo]], [[hooy]] iyo guud ahaan manafaac taageera nolosha [[dad]]ka, [[xoolo|xoolaha]], [[xayawaan]]ka iyo inta ku tiirsan. Beeruhu waa aasaaska nolosha iyo jiritaanka nolosha, iyo barta ay ka soo uunkantey horumarka xadaarada aadamaha. Waxa jira noocyo badan oo beero ah kuwaasi oo lagu qiyaaso in ay ka kooban yihiin ilaa 375,000 oo nooc. [[Dhir]]tu waxa ay ka kooban tahay qaar iniinyo leh (Seed plants) iyo qaar aan lahayn. Waxa kale oo ay kakooban tahay qaar qodax leh iyo qayb aan qodax lahayn haba yaraatee. =Dhul beereedka= Inkastoo dhirtu u qaybsanto mid la aadanuhu cuno iyo mid uu anfacsado iyo mid uusan waxba ku falin ayaa hadana waxaa jira dhul loogu talo galay beerashada, dhulkaas ayaa ka bedelan kan kale, waxaa ku badan macdanta iyo nafaqada dhiri ku bixi karto, dhuldaaqsimeedka waxaa lagu gartaa carrada madow ee dhoobeeyda ah, badanaa waxaa ka ag dhow [[biyo]] mareenno sida [[Webiyada|wabiyada]] iyo togaga, ama waa meel godan oo biyo fariistaan xiliyada [[Roob|roobka]], dhirta lagu beerto ayaa leh xili la gurto. = Keymo = Keymuhu waa [[dhul]] baaxad balaadhan leh oo [[geed]]o badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah. Tiro badan oo dhir nooceeda, [[dherer]]keeda iyo qaradeedu kala duwan tahay ayaa noqonaysa Keyn. [[Qolof dhul|Oogada sare ee dhulka]] waxaa ku yaala keymo aad u badan kuwaas oo ku fadhiya 9.4% dhulka dunida. Si kale hadaan u dhigno keymuhu waxay qariyaan 30% [[dhul|dhulka qalalan]] ee dunida. Intaas uun kuma koobna ee waxaa jira keymo [[biyo|biyaha]] ku dhex yaala. Waxaa ka mid ah keynta kelp. [[File:Kelp_forest.jpg|thumb|Keymaha Kelp ee biyaha ka dhex baxa.]] Keymaha [[duni]]da ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Tayga|Keynta Tayga]] ee ku fidsan [[labo|labo qaaradood]], taas oo ka soo bilaabanta [[Kanada]] kuna fidsan dhamaan wadanka [[Ruushka]], iyo [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]]. [[File:Redwoods_in_Muir_Woods_2.JPG|thumb|Keymaha alwaaxa ee dhaadheer.]] = Isticmaalka Dhirta = [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|left|Jirida geedaha waawayn waxaa laga sameeyaa alaabo badan oo dadku isticmaalaan.]] Sida [[cilmi|cilmiga jiyoolojigu]] sheegay, [[Dhir]]ta dabiiciga ah waxay [[qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]] ku beeran tahay in ka badan [[milyan|370 milyan]] oo sano. Barashada cilmiga tirada, koritaanka, caafimaadka, isticmaalka iyo baaxada [[keyn|keymaha]] dhirta caalamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Silvicultur''. Dhirta dadku beeraan si looga sameeyo [[cunto]], [[dhar]], agabka dhismaha, qurux ahaan iyo waxyaabo kale waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Beer]] (plantation). Beeraha lagu beero [[khudaar]]ta iyo [[midho|midhaha]] waxaa lagu magacaabaa Beer-midho (orchard). Dhul baaxad balaadhan leh oo geedo badan iyo [[cows]] badan leh, kuwaas oo dabiici ama dad-beer ah, waxaa loo yaqanaanaa [[Keyn]] (forest). Sidoo kale, deegaanada fidsan ee [[buur]]uhu ku yar yihiin isla markaana leh [[cows]] badan iyo geedo talanteel ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[Dhuldaaqsiin]] (savanna). Guud ahaan, dhir badan ayaa ku taala oogada dhulka. Meelaha qaar aad ayay ugu badan tahay oo keymo waawayn ayaa ku yaala - keymaha ugu weyn dunida waxaa ka mid ah [[Rainforest]] oo ku taala wadanka Brasil ee [[Koonfur Ameerika]] iyo [[Tayga]] (Taiga) oo ku fidsan [[qaarad|labo qaaradood]] oo kala ah [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]] iyo [[Ruushka]]. Dhamaan noocyada geedku faa'iido badan ayuu u leeyahay [[noole|noolaha]] iyo [[dhul|deegaanka dhulka]]. Nolosha dadku si toosan ayay ugu xidhan tahay [[dhir]]ta, mar ahaan waa isha koowaad ee quudka (cunto), [[daawo]]oyinka, agabka guryaha, dharka iyo sheeyo badan oo aadamuhu isticmaalo. Marka labaad, ayadoo isticmaalaysa [[Habka Samayska Cuntada]] dhirtu si joogto ah ayay [[hawo|hawada]] ugu dartaa [[neef]]ta [[Ogsajiin]]ta, midaas oo noole badan [[neefsi|neefsado]]. Waxa intaas dheer in dhirtu difaac u tahay [[caro|carada]] ayadoo ka ilaalisa nabaad-guurka. == Cuntada == [[File:Maple_syrup_taps.jpg|thumb|Geedka [[Sonkor]]ta.]] Geeduhu waa isha ugu horeeysa ee soo saarta noocyo badan oo [[cunto|cuntada]] dadku quutaan maalin kasta. [[Khudaar]]ta sida [[basal|basasha]], [[tamaandho|tamaandhada]], [[besbaas]]k, [[toon]]ta, [[saladh]]ka, [[barandho|barandhada]] iyo kuwo kale oo badan; iyo [[midho|midhaha]] sida [[muus]]ka, [[liin]]ta, [[tufaax]]a, [[cambe|cambaha]], [[saytuun]]ka, [[timir]]ta iyo in badan oo kale waxay ka mid yihiin dhirta loo beero ganacsi ahaan ee caalamka oo dhan laga cuno. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa sheeyo badan oo cuntada lagu darsado, waxa ka mid ah [[sonkor]]ta, daqiiqda ama burka, [[saliid]]a, [[shaah]]a, [[koofi]]ga iyo in badan oo kale. Intaas waxaa dheer, noocyo badan oo geedaha ka mid ah waxay [[ur|udug]] iyo caraf u sameeyaan cuntada, tusaale ahaan, heylka, qorfaha iyo carfiyayaasha kale. Dhinaca kale, in badan oo dhirta ah waxay leeyihiin [[ubax]] leh dheecaan macaan (nectar) kaas oo [[xasharaad]]ka soo jiita. [[Shini]]du waxay ururisaa dheecaankaas macaan ka dibna ka sameeysaa [[malab]]ka oo ah wax dadku cunaan. Sidoo kale, [[caleen]]ta iyo [[laan|laamaha]] dhirta waxaa quuta [[xoolo|xoolaha]] dadku dhaqdaan kuwaas oo cunto iyo cabitaanba siiya aadamaha. [[File:Saxifrage umbrosa Jehova Blume.png|thumb|280px|''[[Saxifraga umbrosa]]'' (''Yehovah-ubaxa'', Dhibcaha guduudan ee ubaxyada cadcad waxay u eg yihiin magaca [https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/magaca-ilaahay/ Yehowah Ilaaha] ah ee [[Af-Hebrow|Cibraaniga]] ah)]] == Shidaal == == Agab == =Asalka= [[File:Selling_fuelwood.jpeg|thumb|280px|[[Xaabo|xaabadu]] waa [[shidaal]] laga helo [[kul]].]] '''Boqortooyo (biyoloji)''' (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''regnum''''', wadar ahaan '''''regna''''') waa heerka labaad ee loo kala saaro noocyada [[noole|noolaha]]. Boqortooyadani waxaa loo sii kala jebiyaa kooxo yar-yar oo Saynis ahaan loo yaqaano ''Fyla'' (Phyla). In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>[http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163)] {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> ==Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka== {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} [[File:Timberwork2.JPG|thumb|left|Alwaaxa guryaha lagu dhiso.]] Dhirta qaar ka mid ah, sida geedka [[dun]]ta (cotton tree) waxuu soo saara midhaha dunta, taas oo la [[warshad]]eeyo ka dib laga sameeyo noocyo badan oo [[dhar]] ah. Qoryaha iyo alwaaxyada laga soo guro dhirta waxaa laga sameeyaa agab badan, kuwaas oo dadku isticmaalaan si nolosha u fududaato. Agabka laga sameeyo dhirta waxaa ka mid ah: [[Miis|miisaska]], [[kursi|kuraasida]], kabadhada, [[sariir]]aha, weelka wax lagu cuno iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan. = Faa'iidooyin Kale = = Abuuridda = Ilaahay baa wax walba abuuray (sidoo kale dhirta)<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/abuuraha-binu-ʼ-aadanka-jannuu-siiyay/ Abuuraha Binuʼaadanka Jannuu Siiyay]</ref> [[File:Latex_dripping.JPG|thumb|Geedka rabadhka laga sameeyo oo dareere rabadh ah laga guraayo.]] =Sidoo kale eeg= *[[Dhirta ubaxa]] *[[Dhirta biyuhu]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Keymo]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] tq3m1jjzt6wxym67y9pd2y6pdhcy5qt 0 17115 239616 239443 2022-08-07T05:36:30Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Daadka deggan Maraykanka */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|40|43|N|74|00|W|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = Gobolada Midoobay ee Mareykanka |conventional_long_name = ''United States of America'' |common_name = Mareykan |qaarada = [[Ameerika]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the United States.svg |sawir_qaran = US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg |image_map = United States (orthographic projection).svg |caasimada = [[Washington]] |luuqadaha = [[Ingiriis]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[madaxweyne ku xigeen]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Joe Biden]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Kamala Harris]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |Gdp: = 20.998 Trilliyan Dollarka |bed = 9,826,675 km<sup>2 |areami² = 3,794,101 sq mi |biyo = 6.76 |population_estimate = 335,075,000 + |population_estimate_year = 2021 |lacagta = [[Dollar]] 22.99 Trillion Dollar |wakhti = [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] |furaha_wadanka lagu galo = 1 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} '''Gobolada Midoobay ee Mareykanka, GMM,''' loosoo gaabiyo '''Mareykanka''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: United States of America, USA; [[carabi]]: الولايات المتحدة) waa dawlad Federaal Dastuuri ah dhacdana bartamaha [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]]. Waxay ka koobantahay 49 gobol iyo [[Washington D.C|Degmada Kolombia]], (D.C. ama "District of Colombia"), oo ah magaalo-madaxda wadanka iyo xarunta dowlada wadanka. Waxaa ka xiga dhanka waqooyi [[Kanada]], koofur [[Meksiko]], iyo Gobolka Alaska oo dhaca Waqooyi Galbeed Qaarada '''[[Ameerika]]'''. Masaaxada (badka) wadanka Mareekanka waa 9.83 milyan km², tirada dadkane waa 309 milyan Dawlada Mareykanka n xaga dhulka ama badka wadanka ku fadhiyo, waana dawlada seddexaad ee ugu dad badan aduunka, dad degen dalka mareykanka waxee gaarayaan ilaa 310 miliyan oo qof. Sidoo kale waa wadanka koowaad oo ay ku noolyihiin dad kala dhaqan iyo kala asal ah. Dhaqaalaha Mareykanka waa kan ugu balaaran dunida, ayadoo lagu qiyaasay sanadii 2018 aduun dhan '''[[lacag|12.5 tiriliyan]]''' oo [[Dollar]]ka [[Mareykanka]] wax soo saarka wadanka ee dabada loo iib geeyo. [[File:LosAngeles06.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]]<Br/>[[File:Amazon logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|]]<Br/>[[File:Pacific_Bell_logo.svg|thumb|right|204px|]] Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu xonimadiisa ka helay gumeestihii [[Ingriiska|Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska]] sanadka marka oo ahaa 1776ii, wakhtigaasi oo Mareykanku ka koobnaa 13gabol oo ku yaalay dhinaca bariga ee dalkaas. Wadanka waxoo balaaraday bilaawgii 1800meeyadii, waxoona gobolo ka qabsaday wadamada [[Faransiiska]], [[Spania|Isbaanishka]], [[Ingriiska]], [[Maksiko]], iyo Ruushka, waxoona ku sii darsaday labada gobol oo markaas ahaa jamhuuriyado, [[Teksas]] iyo jasiirada [[Hawaay]]. Khilaafkii ka dhashtay Gobolada Koonfurta iyo woqooyiga oo markaas ku murmaayay xukunka gobolada iyo dhinaca adoomada waxoo sababay dagaalkii sokeeyay oo dhacay sanadka marka oo ahaa 1860meeyadii. Gobolada woqooyiga ayaa ku guuleestay in ee wadanka mideeyaan isla markaaas neh oo joogsaday adoonsiga. [[Dagaalkii mareykanka iyo spania]] iyo dagaalkii aduunka kii labaad, militariga mareykanka waxaa lagu gartay in oo yahay kan ugu awooda badan aduunka.dhamaadkii Dagaalkii aduunka kii 2aadm, waxoo wadanka mareykanka ahaa wadanka kaliya oo watay bombada halista ah ee looyaqaan atombomb.Marka ee dhacday xukunkii soviet union 1991kii , wadanka mareykanka waxoo ku soo baxay wadanka kaliya oo ugu awooda ween aduunka. ==Boqolkiiba IMF== ===15%=== ==Xubin== * [[IADB]] * * [[NATO]] * * [[OECD]] * * [[ICSID]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Dagaalkii Sokeeyay ee Mareykanka == Bartamihii Qarniga sagaal iyo tobnaad ayaa waxaa ka dhex qarxay dagaal Sokeeye oo ka dhaxeeye gobolada Mareykanka, Halkaas oo Kow iyo toban(11) Gobol oo hogaaminaayay Jefrison Deevis sheegteen in ay ka go'ayaan gobolada kale ee mareekanka. Waxeyna aasaasteen Gobolada Konfodaraaliga ee Mareykanka, Sidoo kale waxey ku dhawaaqeyn dagaal ka dhan Mareykanka. Xilligii doorashada guud ee Madaxtinimada Mareykanka sanadku markuu ahaay 1860 ayaa [[Xizbiga Jamhuuriga]] olole ka dhan ah bilaabay balaarinta adoonsiga meel ka baxsan Mareykanka. Arinkaas oo keentay in ay ku guuleeystaan Xizbiga Jamhuuriga doorashada. [[File:Kellogg's-Logo.svg|thumb|right|193px|]] Madaxweynihii ku guuleystay xilligaas [[Abraham Linkolon]] intuusan fariisan xafiiska 4 tii maarso 1861 ayaa todobo gobol iclaamiyeyn in ay ka go'ayaan mareynka taas oo ay kasoo horjeesteen maamulkii markaas jiray iyo kii hore waxeyna u arkeen fal jabhadnimo. waxaana bilawday dagaalkii 12 Abriil 1861 kadib markii ay weerar kusoo qaadeen xoogagii Konfadaraaliga ahaay Fariisin Ciidan oo ay laheyd Mareykanka ooo lagu magacaabi jiray Foorto Somatir ee ku taalay gobolka [[koraliina]] koonfurtiisa, Ayadoo arinkaas laga jawaabayo ayuu madaxweyne Linkolon ku baaqay in la sameeyo ciidan mutadawac ah gobol kasta, taas oo keentay in afar gobol kale ay ayagane sheegtaan gooni istaag. Labadii dhinac waxoo mid kastaba u diyaar garoway dagaal halkaas oo qabsaday mareykanka gobolada xadka kuyaal waxoona xayiraad saaray dhinaca bada Sebtember 1962, Linkolon waxuu ku baaqay in la xarooyo dhamaan dadkii la adoonsanayay kaas oo soo gabagabeeyay dagaalkii adoonsiga ee qeybta koonfurta. Sidoo kale hogaamiyihii konfadaraaliga Roberto Ii Lii waxow awood u yeeshay inuu guulo ka keeno dagaalo ka dhacay dhinaca Bariga, Laakin sanadii 1863 uma aysan suura galin inuu kusii socda dhankii waqooyiga kadib dagaaalkii Jitesbergi. dhankale Mareykankagdhhggdh waxey ku siqeyn dhanka galbeedka ayagoo qabsaday wabiga Missisibi kadib dagaalkii Fikesberg.[[File:Indianapolis-1872528.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]]<Br/>[[File:McDonald's_logo.svg|thumb|right|194px|{{Flag|United States}}]] ===Naatiijadii Dagaalkii sokeeye=== Dhamaan dadkii adoomada ahaay oo ay heesteen goboladii konfidereytka waa la xarooyay ayadoo ay ku guuleysteyn kuwii kasoo horjeeday goooni ugoosadka konfidereytka sanadii 1865 dagaalka waxuu dhib dhaliyay 1 milyan oo dhibane (3% dadka mareykanka) taas oo ay ku jirtay 620,000 oo dhimashada askarta ah. Ayadoo 4 Milyan oo dad madow la adoonsado la xoreeyay. ==Juquraafi== Wadanka mareykanka waa wadanka 3aad oo ugu weyn aduunka, waxoo ku xigaa [[Ruushka]] iyo [[Kanada]]. wadanka mareykanka waxoo xuduudka ugu dheer la leeyahay Dalka Kanada oo ka xiga dhinaca woqooyiga, waxaa ku xiga [[Meksiko]] oo ka xigta Koonfurta. Dhinaca bariga waxaa kaga dhegen [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] dhinaca Galbeedka neh [[Badweynta Baasifik]].Wadanka [[Mareykanka]] waxa uu leeyahay muuqaalo dabiici ah sida: buuro, geedo iyo saxaro kuwaasoo dhaca koonfur galbeed. [[File:Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg|thumb|right|198px|Metroka minnesota USA]] ==Jawiga== Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah.wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. ==Daadka deggan Maraykanka== * {{Flag|United States}} 350,195,000+ [<Ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Brazil}} 130,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 153,000+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 1,559,000+[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 152,000+ * {{Flag|Nigeria}} 250,000+ *{{Flag|Ethiopia}} 135,000 [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/d/Democracy.htm</ref>]. * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 1,388,900++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 195,000+ * {{Flag|Australia}} 120,000+ * {{Flag|Canada}} 125,000+ * {{Flag|China}} PR 510,000+++[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref>]. * {{Flag|Mexico}} 600,000+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 120,500+ * {{Flag|South Korea}} 120,000+ [<Ref>https://www.aaiusa.org/demographics</Ref>]. ==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka== Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. ===Taariikh kooban=== Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Los Angels iyo Las Vegas. Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Joe Biden. ===Diinta=== Mareykanka(USA) wuxuu leeyahay diimo aad ufaro badan waxaana ugu badan dadka heesto diinta Karishtaanka waxaana qaar ey heestaan diimaha kale sida Yahuuda ayaa labeeso Karishtaanka wexeyna sidoo kale heestaan Islaamka, Hinduuga iyo Buudhistaha. ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Canada]] *[[Mexico]] {{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika‎}} {{stub}} ppj6fv4f2m3gudutkg6zivkjp1xhepu 0 18264 239580 239534 2022-08-06T14:55:52Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Noqay bedelaadka 239534 ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/EnsiklopediaXylon|EnsiklopediaXylon]] ([[User talk:EnsiklopediaXylon|hadal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan koox ka mid ah noolaha.''. {{Taxobox | fossil_range = [[Neoproterozoic]] – Recent | image = Protist collage.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | domain='''[[Eukarya]]''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = <div> ---- <center>'''Kooxo ka madax banaan'''</center> * [[Fungi]] * [[Dhir]] * [[Xayawaan]] ---- <center>'''Supergroups<ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal | author = Adl Sina M. | year = 2012 | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | url = http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–514 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x | display-authors = etal | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2013-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216183506/http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> and typical phyla'''</center> * '''Archaeplastida''' ** Red alga ** Glaucophyta * '''SAR supergroup''' ** '''Stramenopiles''' ** '''Alveolata''' *** Apicomplexa *** Ciliophora *** Dinoflagellata ** '''Rhizaria''' *** Cercozoa *** Foraminifera *** Radiolaria * '''Excavate''' ** Euglenozoa ** Percolozoa ** Metamonad * '''Amoebozoa''' * '''Opisthokonta''' ** Choanozoa ---- <center>'''Kuwo kale;<br>kala saarka waa lagu kala duwan yahay'''</center></div> }} '''Brotist''' ({{lang-en|Protist}}; {{lang-ar|طلائعيات}}; loogu dhawaaqo: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|t|ɨ|s|t}}) (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''paraphyletic''''') waa koox balaadhan oo [[noole]] ka tirsan silsilada [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyooyinka nolosha]]. Brotist waa noole yar (ili-maqabatay ah) leh [[unug|hal unug]], kaasi oon lahayn waslad (ama xubno is-heystaa ama iskuxidhan). Wakhtiyadii hore waxaa kooxdan lagu dari jiray dhinaca [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyada Brotistai]], laakiin xadaarada iyo [[Saynis]]ka cusub ee maanta waxaa loo aqoonsaday in Brotista ka tirsan tahay [[lafdhabar la'ley]]da (noolaha aan lahay [[lafdhabar]]ka).<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 14601411 | year = 2003 | author1 = Gooday | first1 = A. J. | title = Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics | journal = Advances in marine biology | volume = 46 | pages = 1–90 | doi=10.1016/s0065-2881(03)46002-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080618| pmid = 24260438 |pmc=3833926| title = Tracking Transmission of Apicomplexan Symbionts in Diverse Caribbean Corals| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 11| pages = e80618| year = 2013| last1 = Kirk | first1 = N. L. | last2 = Ritson-Williams | first2 = R. | last3 = Coffroth | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Miller | first4 = M. W. | last5 = Fogarty | first5 = N. D. | last6 = Santos | first6 = S. R. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0077044| title = Genetic Differentiation of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase ''c'' Subunit I Gene in Genus ''Paramecium'' (Protista, Ciliophora)| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 10| pages = e77044| year = 2013| last1 = Zhao | first1 = Y. | last2 = Gentekaki | first2 = E. | last3 = Yi | first3 = Z. | last4 = Lin | first4 = X. |pmc= 3812207 |pmid=24204730}}</ref> An equivalent term '''Protoctista''' is used for these organisms by various organisations and institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011916| pmid = 20689856 |pmc=2914069| title = Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 5| issue = 8| pages = e11916| year = 2010| last1 = Miloslavich | first1 = P. | last2 = Díaz | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Klein | first3 = E. | last4 = Alvarado | first4 = J. J. | last5 = Díaz | first5 = C. | last6 = Gobin | first6 = J. | last7 = Escobar-Briones | first7 = E. | last8 = Cruz-Motta | first8 = J. J. | last9 = Weil | first9 = E. | last10 = Cortés | first10 = J. | last11 = Bastidas | first11 = A. C. | last12 = Robertson | first12 = R. | last13 = Zapata | first13 = F. | last14 = Martín | first14 = A. | last15 = Castillo | first15 = J. | last16 = Kazandjian | first16 = A. | last17 = Ortiz | first17 = M. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 17173305 | year = 2007 | author1 = Martínez-Girón | first1 = R | title = Pitfall in sputum cytology: Protoctista resembling adenocarcinoma cells | journal = Diagnostic Cytopathology | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–3 | last2 = Ribas-Barceló | first2 = A | doi = 10.1002/dc.20584 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6627376_Pitfall_in_sputum_cytology_protoctista_resembling_adenocarcinoma_cells }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 12480549 | year = 2003 | author1 = Osaka | first1 = T | title = The protozoa dinoflagellate ''Oxyrrhis marina'' contains selenoproteins and the relevant translation apparatus | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 300 | issue = 1 | pages = 236–40 | last2 = Beika | first2 = A | last3 = Hattori | first3 = A | last4 = Kohno | first4 = Y | last5 = Kato | first5 = K. H. | last6 = Mizutani | first6 = T | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02806-1 | url = http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222815/http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> =Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka= In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163) http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} =Qoraalo Kale= * [[Dhakhtar]] * [[Cilmi]] * [[Aqoon]] * [[Caafimaad]] =Tixraac= * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20031022/Those-Resilient-Germs-How-They-Rebound/ Those Resilient Germs—How They Rebound] {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Protists}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Cilmi]] aa265a9u6oim0qwxgkem8znq8oc3bhv 239581 239580 2022-08-06T14:56:32Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan koox ka mid ah noolaha.''. {{Taxobox | fossil_range = [[Neoproterozoic]] – Recent | image = Protist collage.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | domain='''[[Eukarya]]''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = Kooxo ka madax banaan <div> ---- <center>'''Kooxo ka madax banaan'''</center> * [[Fungi]] * [[Dhir]] * [[Xayawaan]] ---- <center>'''Supergroups<ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal | author = Adl Sina M. | year = 2012 | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | url = http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–514 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x | display-authors = etal | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2013-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216183506/http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> and typical phyla'''</center> * '''Archaeplastida''' ** Red alga ** Glaucophyta * '''SAR supergroup''' ** '''Stramenopiles''' ** '''Alveolata''' *** Apicomplexa *** Ciliophora *** Dinoflagellata ** '''Rhizaria''' *** Cercozoa *** Foraminifera *** Radiolaria * '''Excavate''' ** Euglenozoa ** Percolozoa ** Metamonad * '''Amoebozoa''' * '''Opisthokonta''' ** Choanozoa ---- <center>'''Kuwo kale;<br>kala saarka waa lagu kala duwan yahay'''</center></div> }} '''Brotist''' ({{lang-en|Protist}}; {{lang-ar|طلائعيات}}; loogu dhawaaqo: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|t|ɨ|s|t}}) (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''paraphyletic''''') waa koox balaadhan oo [[noole]] ka tirsan silsilada [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyooyinka nolosha]]. Brotist waa noole yar (ili-maqabatay ah) leh [[unug|hal unug]], kaasi oon lahayn waslad (ama xubno is-heystaa ama iskuxidhan). Wakhtiyadii hore waxaa kooxdan lagu dari jiray dhinaca [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyada Brotistai]], laakiin xadaarada iyo [[Saynis]]ka cusub ee maanta waxaa loo aqoonsaday in Brotista ka tirsan tahay [[lafdhabar la'ley]]da (noolaha aan lahay [[lafdhabar]]ka).<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 14601411 | year = 2003 | author1 = Gooday | first1 = A. J. | title = Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics | journal = Advances in marine biology | volume = 46 | pages = 1–90 | doi=10.1016/s0065-2881(03)46002-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080618| pmid = 24260438 |pmc=3833926| title = Tracking Transmission of Apicomplexan Symbionts in Diverse Caribbean Corals| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 11| pages = e80618| year = 2013| last1 = Kirk | first1 = N. L. | last2 = Ritson-Williams | first2 = R. | last3 = Coffroth | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Miller | first4 = M. W. | last5 = Fogarty | first5 = N. D. | last6 = Santos | first6 = S. R. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0077044| title = Genetic Differentiation of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase ''c'' Subunit I Gene in Genus ''Paramecium'' (Protista, Ciliophora)| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 10| pages = e77044| year = 2013| last1 = Zhao | first1 = Y. | last2 = Gentekaki | first2 = E. | last3 = Yi | first3 = Z. | last4 = Lin | first4 = X. |pmc= 3812207 |pmid=24204730}}</ref> An equivalent term '''Protoctista''' is used for these organisms by various organisations and institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011916| pmid = 20689856 |pmc=2914069| title = Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 5| issue = 8| pages = e11916| year = 2010| last1 = Miloslavich | first1 = P. | last2 = Díaz | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Klein | first3 = E. | last4 = Alvarado | first4 = J. J. | last5 = Díaz | first5 = C. | last6 = Gobin | first6 = J. | last7 = Escobar-Briones | first7 = E. | last8 = Cruz-Motta | first8 = J. J. | last9 = Weil | first9 = E. | last10 = Cortés | first10 = J. | last11 = Bastidas | first11 = A. C. | last12 = Robertson | first12 = R. | last13 = Zapata | first13 = F. | last14 = Martín | first14 = A. | last15 = Castillo | first15 = J. | last16 = Kazandjian | first16 = A. | last17 = Ortiz | first17 = M. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 17173305 | year = 2007 | author1 = Martínez-Girón | first1 = R | title = Pitfall in sputum cytology: Protoctista resembling adenocarcinoma cells | journal = Diagnostic Cytopathology | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–3 | last2 = Ribas-Barceló | first2 = A | doi = 10.1002/dc.20584 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6627376_Pitfall_in_sputum_cytology_protoctista_resembling_adenocarcinoma_cells }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 12480549 | year = 2003 | author1 = Osaka | first1 = T | title = The protozoa dinoflagellate ''Oxyrrhis marina'' contains selenoproteins and the relevant translation apparatus | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 300 | issue = 1 | pages = 236–40 | last2 = Beika | first2 = A | last3 = Hattori | first3 = A | last4 = Kohno | first4 = Y | last5 = Kato | first5 = K. H. | last6 = Mizutani | first6 = T | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02806-1 | url = http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222815/http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> =Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka= In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163) http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} =Qoraalo Kale= * [[Dhakhtar]] * [[Cilmi]] * [[Aqoon]] * [[Caafimaad]] =Tixraac= * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20031022/Those-Resilient-Germs-How-They-Rebound/ Those Resilient Germs—How They Rebound] {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Protists}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Cilmi]] hkm9te0ejk3zdzgmzhacxfo9tpwory4 239653 239581 2022-08-07T10:35:15Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 EnsiklopediaXylon moved page [[Brotist]] to [[Brotista]] over redirect: Sida erayga ku jira google kiiboodhka wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan koox ka mid ah noolaha.''. {{Taxobox | fossil_range = [[Neoproterozoic]] – Recent | image = Protist collage.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | domain='''[[Eukarya]]''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = Kooxo ka madax banaan <div> ---- <center>'''Kooxo ka madax banaan'''</center> * [[Fungi]] * [[Dhir]] * [[Xayawaan]] ---- <center>'''Supergroups<ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal | author = Adl Sina M. | year = 2012 | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | url = http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–514 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x | display-authors = etal | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2013-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216183506/http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> and typical phyla'''</center> * '''Archaeplastida''' ** Red alga ** Glaucophyta * '''SAR supergroup''' ** '''Stramenopiles''' ** '''Alveolata''' *** Apicomplexa *** Ciliophora *** Dinoflagellata ** '''Rhizaria''' *** Cercozoa *** Foraminifera *** Radiolaria * '''Excavate''' ** Euglenozoa ** Percolozoa ** Metamonad * '''Amoebozoa''' * '''Opisthokonta''' ** Choanozoa ---- <center>'''Kuwo kale;<br>kala saarka waa lagu kala duwan yahay'''</center></div> }} '''Brotist''' ({{lang-en|Protist}}; {{lang-ar|طلائعيات}}; loogu dhawaaqo: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|t|ɨ|s|t}}) (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''paraphyletic''''') waa koox balaadhan oo [[noole]] ka tirsan silsilada [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyooyinka nolosha]]. Brotist waa noole yar (ili-maqabatay ah) leh [[unug|hal unug]], kaasi oon lahayn waslad (ama xubno is-heystaa ama iskuxidhan). Wakhtiyadii hore waxaa kooxdan lagu dari jiray dhinaca [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyada Brotistai]], laakiin xadaarada iyo [[Saynis]]ka cusub ee maanta waxaa loo aqoonsaday in Brotista ka tirsan tahay [[lafdhabar la'ley]]da (noolaha aan lahay [[lafdhabar]]ka).<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 14601411 | year = 2003 | author1 = Gooday | first1 = A. J. | title = Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics | journal = Advances in marine biology | volume = 46 | pages = 1–90 | doi=10.1016/s0065-2881(03)46002-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080618| pmid = 24260438 |pmc=3833926| title = Tracking Transmission of Apicomplexan Symbionts in Diverse Caribbean Corals| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 11| pages = e80618| year = 2013| last1 = Kirk | first1 = N. L. | last2 = Ritson-Williams | first2 = R. | last3 = Coffroth | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Miller | first4 = M. W. | last5 = Fogarty | first5 = N. D. | last6 = Santos | first6 = S. R. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0077044| title = Genetic Differentiation of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase ''c'' Subunit I Gene in Genus ''Paramecium'' (Protista, Ciliophora)| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 10| pages = e77044| year = 2013| last1 = Zhao | first1 = Y. | last2 = Gentekaki | first2 = E. | last3 = Yi | first3 = Z. | last4 = Lin | first4 = X. |pmc= 3812207 |pmid=24204730}}</ref> An equivalent term '''Protoctista''' is used for these organisms by various organisations and institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011916| pmid = 20689856 |pmc=2914069| title = Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 5| issue = 8| pages = e11916| year = 2010| last1 = Miloslavich | first1 = P. | last2 = Díaz | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Klein | first3 = E. | last4 = Alvarado | first4 = J. J. | last5 = Díaz | first5 = C. | last6 = Gobin | first6 = J. | last7 = Escobar-Briones | first7 = E. | last8 = Cruz-Motta | first8 = J. J. | last9 = Weil | first9 = E. | last10 = Cortés | first10 = J. | last11 = Bastidas | first11 = A. C. | last12 = Robertson | first12 = R. | last13 = Zapata | first13 = F. | last14 = Martín | first14 = A. | last15 = Castillo | first15 = J. | last16 = Kazandjian | first16 = A. | last17 = Ortiz | first17 = M. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 17173305 | year = 2007 | author1 = Martínez-Girón | first1 = R | title = Pitfall in sputum cytology: Protoctista resembling adenocarcinoma cells | journal = Diagnostic Cytopathology | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–3 | last2 = Ribas-Barceló | first2 = A | doi = 10.1002/dc.20584 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6627376_Pitfall_in_sputum_cytology_protoctista_resembling_adenocarcinoma_cells }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 12480549 | year = 2003 | author1 = Osaka | first1 = T | title = The protozoa dinoflagellate ''Oxyrrhis marina'' contains selenoproteins and the relevant translation apparatus | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 300 | issue = 1 | pages = 236–40 | last2 = Beika | first2 = A | last3 = Hattori | first3 = A | last4 = Kohno | first4 = Y | last5 = Kato | first5 = K. H. | last6 = Mizutani | first6 = T | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02806-1 | url = http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222815/http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> =Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka= In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163) http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} =Qoraalo Kale= * [[Dhakhtar]] * [[Cilmi]] * [[Aqoon]] * [[Caafimaad]] =Tixraac= * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20031022/Those-Resilient-Germs-How-They-Rebound/ Those Resilient Germs—How They Rebound] {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Protists}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Cilmi]] hkm9te0ejk3zdzgmzhacxfo9tpwory4 239655 239653 2022-08-07T10:36:02Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan koox ka mid ah noolaha.'' {{Taxobox | fossil_range = [[Neoproterozoic]] – Recent | image = Protist collage.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | domain='''[[Eukarya]]''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = <div> ---- <center>'''Kooxo ka madax banaan'''</center> * [[Fungi]] * [[Dhir]] * [[Xayawaan]] ---- <center>'''Supergroups<ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal | author = Adl Sina M. | year = 2012 | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | url = http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–514 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x | display-authors = etal | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2013-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216183506/http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> and typical phyla'''</center> * '''Archaeplastida''' ** Red alga ** Glaucophyta * '''SAR supergroup''' ** '''Stramenopiles''' ** '''Alveolata''' *** Apicomplexa *** Ciliophora *** Dinoflagellata ** '''Rhizaria''' *** Cercozoa *** Foraminifera *** Radiolaria * '''Excavate''' ** Euglenozoa ** Percolozoa ** Metamonad * '''Amoebozoa''' * '''Opisthokonta''' ** Choanozoa ---- <center>'''Kuwo kale;<br>kala saarka waa lagu kala duwan yahay'''</center></div> }} '''Brotista''' ({{lang-en|Protist}}; {{lang-ar|طلائعيات}}; loogu dhawaaqo: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|t|ɨ|s|t}}) (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''paraphyletic''''') waa koox balaadhan oo [[noole]] ka tirsan silsilada [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyooyinka nolosha]]. Brotist waa noole yar (ili-maqabatay ah) leh [[unug|hal unug]], kaasi oon lahayn waslad (ama xubno is-heystaa ama iskuxidhan). Wakhtiyadii hore waxaa kooxdan lagu dari jiray dhinaca [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyada Brotistai]], laakiin xadaarada iyo [[Saynis]]ka cusub ee maanta waxaa loo aqoonsaday in Brotista ka tirsan tahay [[lafdhabar la'ley]]da (noolaha aan lahay [[lafdhabar]]ka).<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 14601411 | year = 2003 | author1 = Gooday | first1 = A. J. | title = Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics | journal = Advances in marine biology | volume = 46 | pages = 1–90 | doi=10.1016/s0065-2881(03)46002-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080618| pmid = 24260438 |pmc=3833926| title = Tracking Transmission of Apicomplexan Symbionts in Diverse Caribbean Corals| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 11| pages = e80618| year = 2013| last1 = Kirk | first1 = N. L. | last2 = Ritson-Williams | first2 = R. | last3 = Coffroth | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Miller | first4 = M. W. | last5 = Fogarty | first5 = N. D. | last6 = Santos | first6 = S. R. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0077044| title = Genetic Differentiation of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase ''c'' Subunit I Gene in Genus ''Paramecium'' (Protista, Ciliophora)| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 10| pages = e77044| year = 2013| last1 = Zhao | first1 = Y. | last2 = Gentekaki | first2 = E. | last3 = Yi | first3 = Z. | last4 = Lin | first4 = X. |pmc= 3812207 |pmid=24204730}}</ref> An equivalent term '''Protoctista''' is used for these organisms by various organisations and institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011916| pmid = 20689856 |pmc=2914069| title = Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 5| issue = 8| pages = e11916| year = 2010| last1 = Miloslavich | first1 = P. | last2 = Díaz | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Klein | first3 = E. | last4 = Alvarado | first4 = J. J. | last5 = Díaz | first5 = C. | last6 = Gobin | first6 = J. | last7 = Escobar-Briones | first7 = E. | last8 = Cruz-Motta | first8 = J. J. | last9 = Weil | first9 = E. | last10 = Cortés | first10 = J. | last11 = Bastidas | first11 = A. C. | last12 = Robertson | first12 = R. | last13 = Zapata | first13 = F. | last14 = Martín | first14 = A. | last15 = Castillo | first15 = J. | last16 = Kazandjian | first16 = A. | last17 = Ortiz | first17 = M. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 17173305 | year = 2007 | author1 = Martínez-Girón | first1 = R | title = Pitfall in sputum cytology: Protoctista resembling adenocarcinoma cells | journal = Diagnostic Cytopathology | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–3 | last2 = Ribas-Barceló | first2 = A | doi = 10.1002/dc.20584 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6627376_Pitfall_in_sputum_cytology_protoctista_resembling_adenocarcinoma_cells }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 12480549 | year = 2003 | author1 = Osaka | first1 = T | title = The protozoa dinoflagellate ''Oxyrrhis marina'' contains selenoproteins and the relevant translation apparatus | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 300 | issue = 1 | pages = 236–40 | last2 = Beika | first2 = A | last3 = Hattori | first3 = A | last4 = Kohno | first4 = Y | last5 = Kato | first5 = K. H. | last6 = Mizutani | first6 = T | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02806-1 | url = http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222815/http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> =Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka= In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163) http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} =Qoraalo Kale= * [[Dhakhtar]] * [[Cilmi]] * [[Aqoon]] * [[Caafimaad]] =Tixraac= * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20031022/Those-Resilient-Germs-How-They-Rebound/ Those Resilient Germs—How They Rebound] {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Protists}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Cilmi]] 0y07b56p4xkay4uxw4nwyg7lrv8zk31 239656 239655 2022-08-07T10:37:29Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan koox ka mid ah noolaha.'' {{Taxobox | fossil_range = [[Neoproterozoic]] – Recent | image = Protist collage.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | domain='''[[Eukarya]]''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = <div> <center>'''Kooxo ka madax banaan'''</center> * [[Fungi]] * [[Dhir]] * [[Xayawaan]] <center>'''Supergroups<ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal | author = Adl Sina M. | year = 2012 | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | url = http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–514 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x | display-authors = etal | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2013-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216183506/http://www.paru.cas.cz/docs/documents/93-Adl-JEM-2012.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> and typical phyla'''</center> * '''Archaeplastida''' ** Red alga ** Glaucophyta * '''SAR supergroup''' ** '''Stramenopiles''' ** '''Alveolata''' *** Apicomplexa *** Ciliophora *** Dinoflagellata ** '''Rhizaria''' *** Cercozoa *** Foraminifera *** Radiolaria * '''Excavate''' ** Euglenozoa ** Percolozoa ** Metamonad * '''Amoebozoa''' * '''Opisthokonta''' ** Choanozoa <center>'''Kuwo kale;<br>kala saarka waa lagu kala duwan yahay'''</center></div> }} '''Brotista''' ({{lang-en|Protist}}; {{lang-ar|طلائعيات}}; loogu dhawaaqo: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|t|ɨ|s|t}}) (magaca [[Saynis]] '''''paraphyletic''''') waa koox balaadhan oo [[noole]] ka tirsan silsilada [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyooyinka nolosha]]. Brotist waa noole yar (ili-maqabatay ah) leh [[unug|hal unug]], kaasi oon lahayn waslad (ama xubno is-heystaa ama iskuxidhan). Wakhtiyadii hore waxaa kooxdan lagu dari jiray dhinaca [[boqortooyo (biyoloji)|boqortooyada Brotistai]], laakiin xadaarada iyo [[Saynis]]ka cusub ee maanta waxaa loo aqoonsaday in Brotista ka tirsan tahay [[lafdhabar la'ley]]da (noolaha aan lahay [[lafdhabar]]ka).<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 14601411 | year = 2003 | author1 = Gooday | first1 = A. J. | title = Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics | journal = Advances in marine biology | volume = 46 | pages = 1–90 | doi=10.1016/s0065-2881(03)46002-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080618| pmid = 24260438 |pmc=3833926| title = Tracking Transmission of Apicomplexan Symbionts in Diverse Caribbean Corals| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 11| pages = e80618| year = 2013| last1 = Kirk | first1 = N. L. | last2 = Ritson-Williams | first2 = R. | last3 = Coffroth | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Miller | first4 = M. W. | last5 = Fogarty | first5 = N. D. | last6 = Santos | first6 = S. R. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0077044| title = Genetic Differentiation of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase ''c'' Subunit I Gene in Genus ''Paramecium'' (Protista, Ciliophora)| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 10| pages = e77044| year = 2013| last1 = Zhao | first1 = Y. | last2 = Gentekaki | first2 = E. | last3 = Yi | first3 = Z. | last4 = Lin | first4 = X. |pmc= 3812207 |pmid=24204730}}</ref> An equivalent term '''Protoctista''' is used for these organisms by various organisations and institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011916| pmid = 20689856 |pmc=2914069| title = Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 5| issue = 8| pages = e11916| year = 2010| last1 = Miloslavich | first1 = P. | last2 = Díaz | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Klein | first3 = E. | last4 = Alvarado | first4 = J. J. | last5 = Díaz | first5 = C. | last6 = Gobin | first6 = J. | last7 = Escobar-Briones | first7 = E. | last8 = Cruz-Motta | first8 = J. J. | last9 = Weil | first9 = E. | last10 = Cortés | first10 = J. | last11 = Bastidas | first11 = A. C. | last12 = Robertson | first12 = R. | last13 = Zapata | first13 = F. | last14 = Martín | first14 = A. | last15 = Castillo | first15 = J. | last16 = Kazandjian | first16 = A. | last17 = Ortiz | first17 = M. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 17173305 | year = 2007 | author1 = Martínez-Girón | first1 = R | title = Pitfall in sputum cytology: Protoctista resembling adenocarcinoma cells | journal = Diagnostic Cytopathology | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–3 | last2 = Ribas-Barceló | first2 = A | doi = 10.1002/dc.20584 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6627376_Pitfall_in_sputum_cytology_protoctista_resembling_adenocarcinoma_cells }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 12480549 | year = 2003 | author1 = Osaka | first1 = T | title = The protozoa dinoflagellate ''Oxyrrhis marina'' contains selenoproteins and the relevant translation apparatus | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 300 | issue = 1 | pages = 236–40 | last2 = Beika | first2 = A | last3 = Hattori | first3 = A | last4 = Kohno | first4 = Y | last5 = Kato | first5 = K. H. | last6 = Mizutani | first6 = T | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02806-1 | url = http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2015-12-27 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222815/http://zoologia.biologia.uasnet.mx/protozoos/protozoa83.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> =Qeybaha Boqortooyooyinka= In kastoo kala qeybinta kooxaha boqortooyada ee biyoloji lagu kala duwan yahay, wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Kanada]] waxay qeybahaasi ka dhigaan ilaa lix kooxood ([[Xayawaan]], [[Dhir]], [[Fungi]], [[Brotista]], [[Arjaeya]], [[Bakteriya]]); halka wadanada ay ka mid yihiin [[Ingiriis]]ka, [[Hindiya]], [[Australia]], [[Latin Amerika]], meelo badan oo [[Afrika]] ah iyo wadano kale waxay aqoonsadeen kaliya shan koox oo ka tirsan boqortooyada, kuwaasi oo kala ah: Xayawaanka, Dhirta, Fungiga, Brotistaha iyo Bakteriyada.<ref>Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163) http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf |date=20201019133625 }}</ref> {{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Noole]] |1={{clade |1=Boqortooyo [[Dhir]] |2=Boqortooyo [[Xayawaan]] |3=Boqortooyo [[Brotist]] |4=Boqortooyo [[Bakteriya]] |5=Boqortooyo [[Fungi]] }} }} }} =Qoraalo Kale= * [[Dhakhtar]] * [[Cilmi]] * [[Aqoon]] * [[Caafimaad]] =Tixraac= * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20031022/Those-Resilient-Germs-How-They-Rebound/ Those Resilient Germs—How They Rebound] {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Protists}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Aqoon]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Bayoloji]] [[Category:Geedaha]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Qeybaha Geedka]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Kheyraadka Dabiiciga]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Cilmi]] 0jggnhtg6sgfa8s6t3dfp5dr4i3uuhj 0 23945 239576 238483 2022-08-06T14:35:15Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Masaxay bogga wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 239577 239576 2022-08-06T14:35:28Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Noqay bedelaadka 239576 ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/EnsiklopediaXylon|EnsiklopediaXylon]] ([[User talk:EnsiklopediaXylon|hadal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} <!-- Note: In the transliterations below, &rsquo; is used to indicate א, and &lsquo; to indicate ע; furthermore, voiced schwa is indicated with ‘(e)’ --> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Stanza !Modern Hebrew !Transliteration !Modern [[Help:IPA/Hebrew|IPA]] transcription !Arabic !English translation !Poetic English translation |- ! scope="row" | First | {{Hebrew|כֹּל עוֹד בַּלֵּבָב פְּנִימָה}}<br> {{Hebrew|נֶפֶשׁ יְהוּדִי הוֹמִיָּה,}}<br> {{Hebrew|וּלְפַאֲתֵי מִזְרָח קָדִימָה}}<br> {{Hebrew|עַיִן לְצִיּוֹן צוֹפִיָּה;}} | ''Kol &lsquo;od balevav penimah''<br> ''Nefesh Yehudi homiyah,''<br> ''Ulfa&rsquo;ate mizrach kadimah,''<br> ''&lsquo;Ayin leTziyon tzofiyah;'' | {{IPA-he|kol od balevav penima<br> nefeʃ jehudi homija<br> ulfaʔate mizʁaχ kadima<br> ajin let͡sijon t͡sofija|}} | ،طالما في القلب تكمن<br> ،نفس يهودية تتوق<br> ،وللأمام نحو الشرق<br> .عين تنظر إلى صهيون | As long as in the heart, within,<br> A [[Jews|Jewish]] soul still yearns,<br> And onward, towards the ends of the [[east]],<br> an eye still gazes toward [[Zion]]; | O while within a Jewish heart,<br> Yearns true a Jewish soul,<br> And Jewish glances turning East,<br> To Zion fondly dart; |- ! scope="row" | Second | {{Hebrew|עוֹד לֹא אָבְדָה תִּקְוָתֵנוּ‬,}}<br> {{Hebrew|הַתִּקְוָה בַּת שְׁנוֹת אַלְפַּיִם‬}}<br> {{Hebrew|לִהְיוֹת עַם חָפְשִׁי בְּאַרְצֵנוּ,}}<br> {{Hebrew|אֶרֶץ צִיּוֹן וִירוּשָׁלַיִם.}} | ''&lsquo;Od lo avdah tikvatenu,''<br> ''Hatikvah bat shnot &rsquo;alpayim,''<br> ''Lihyot &lsquo;am chofshi be&rsquo;artzenu,''<br> ''&rsquo;Eretz-Tziyon virushalayim.'' | {{IPA-he|od lo avda tikvatenu<br> hatikva bat ʃnot alpajim<br> lihjot am χofʃi beʔaʁt͡senu<br> eʁet͡s t͡sijon viʁuʃalajim|}} | ،أملنا لم يضع بعد<br> ،أمل عمره ألفا سنة<br> ،أن نكون أمّة حرّة في بلادنا<br> .بلاد صهيون وأورشليم القدس | Our hope is not yet lost,<br> The hope two thousand years old,<br> To be a free nation in our land,<br> The land of Zion and [[Jerusalem]]. | O then our Hope—it is not dead,<br> Our ancient Hope and true,<br> To be a nation free forevermore <br> Zion and Jerusalem at our core. |} eqbn7gn02sh21n6tyfx9o31w8wedpo2 0 24264 239566 235144 2022-08-06T14:28:50Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 EnsiklopediaXylon moved page [[Right- and left-hand traffic]] to [[Taraafikada midig iyo bidix]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Countries driving on the left or right.svg|thumb|400px|Countries by handedness of traffic, c. 2018 {{legend|#CC0000|Right-hand traffic}} {{legend|#204A87|Left-hand traffic}} ]] [[File:Fari-Wechsel.jpg|right|thumb|Change of traffic directions at the [[Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge]]]] [[File:Harcourt Road near Admiralty Centre.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong drives on the left.]] [[File:View east along Sungang East Road from Renmin North Road, Shenzhen, China.jpg|thumb|Mainland China drives on the right.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Country ! Road traffic ! Road switched sides ! [[Double-track railway|Multi-track rail]] traffic generally ! Notes |- | [[Afghanistan]] | RHT | | RHT/LHT | Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring [[British India]] and later [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC&pg=PA70&dq=Right+hand+traffic+Afghanistan+by+Ghulam+Mohammad+Farhad,+the+Mayor+of+Kabul,%5B&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3-8HUqeVDIWI0AWOr4CQAw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Right%20hand%20traffic%20Afghanistan%20by%20Ghulam%20Mohammad%20Farhad%2C%20the%20Mayor%20of%20Kabul%2C%5B&f=false|title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?|publisher=APH |year=2002|author=L. R. Reddy|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> |- | [[Albania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin">{{cite web|title=Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|accessdate=13 December 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111225/http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Algeria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Andorra]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Angola]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Antigua and Barbuda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Argentina]] | RHT | 1945 10 June | LHT | The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as ''Día de la Seguridad Vial'' (road safety day).<ref>{{cite web|title=10 de Junio: Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial|url=https://www.rosario.gov.ar/mr/epidemiologia/copy_of_efemerides/junio/10-de-junio-dia-mundial-de-la-seguridad-vial|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> <br> The [[Premetro (Buenos Aires)|Premetro]] and [[Metrotranvía Mendoza]] use RHT. |- | [[Armenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Australia]] | LHT | | LHT |- | [[Austria]] |RHT |1921–1938 | RHT<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tYkoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&dq=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbqaqv2rnWAhWJbrwKHdZoC-cQ6AEIKDAA ''New Scientist''], Volume 112, IPC Magazines, 1986, page 18</ref> | Originally LHT, like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]]. Switched sides in 1921 in [[Vorarlberg]], 1930 in [[North Tyrol]], 1935 in [[Carinthia]] and [[East Tyrol]], and in 1938 in the rest of the country. |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Bahamas]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|title=Driving in the Bahamas - Caribya!|first=|last=IIWINC|website=caribya.com|accessdate=26 June 2018|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216061456/http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bahamas/safety-and-security|title=Safety and security - Bahamas travel advice|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> |- | [[Bahrain]] | RHT | 1967 | | Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8v1CAQAAIAAJ&dq=bahrain+driving+right+1967&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22driving+on+the+right+was+effected+smoothly%22 ''Bahrain Government Annual Reports''], Times of India Press, 1968, page 158</ref> |- | [[Bangladesh]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Barbados]] | LHT | | | |- | [[Belgium]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1899 | RHT |- | [[Belarus]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Belize]] | RHT | 1961<ref name="kincaid"/> | | Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours. |- | [[Benin]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bhutan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Under British protection before 1949. |- | [[Bolivia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ|title=Zillertal Railway Narrow Gauge in Bosnian Gauge|first=|last=Uwe Hilgemann|date=15 November 2015|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> | Switched sides after the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Botswana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Brazil]] | RHT | 1928<ref name="chartsbin"/> | RHT | A Portuguese colony until the early [[19th century]] as LHT and retained it at least partially following [[Independence of Brazil|independence]], switched some states still on LHT to RHT in 1928, the same year as Portugal.<ref>{{cite web|title=História|url=http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|website=Touring Club do Brasil|accessdate=8 January 2017|language=Portuguese|quote=''"Já na década de 1920 (...) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão-inglesa"'' (Translation: In the 1920s (...) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left-hand traffic.)|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111206/http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Decreto 18.323/1928|url=http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1920-1929/decreto-18323-24-julho-1928-516789-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html|language=Portuguese|quote= ''"Art. 31. São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos: a) conservar sua direita, trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada, e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario."'' (Translation: article 31: The common obligations to vehicle drivers are; a) Keep to the right, driving the closest as possible to the roadside, letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic.)|accessdate=17 January 2017}}, the first nationwide traffic legislation, cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country.</ref> While some areas in present-day Brazil formerly belonged to [[Bolivia]] were already in RHT. |- | [[Brunei]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bulgaria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Burundi]] | RHT | | | Former Belgian colony. Considering switching to LHT<ref name=rwandaburundi>{{cite news|last=Nkwame|first=Marc|title=Burundi, Rwanda to start driving on the left|url=https://24tanzania.com/burundi-rwanda-to-start-driving-on-the-left/|accessdate=28 May 2016|newspaper=DailyNews Online|date=27 July 2013}}</ref> in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Cambodia]] | RHT | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Cambodia bans right-hand drive cars | publisher = BBC News | date= 1 January 2001 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1096303.stm | accessdate=12 January 2007}}</ref> |- | [[Cameroon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1961 | | |- | [[Canada]] | RHT | 1920s | RHT | Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except [[British Columbia]], which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,<ref>{{cite web |title=Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 |url=https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |work=The British Columbia Road Runner |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=March 1966 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020071518/https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Week In History: Switching from the left was the right thing to do |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |first=Kevin |last=Griffin |work=[[The Vancouver Sun|Vancouver Sun]] |accessdate=26 August 2017 |date=1 January 2016 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=27 Bisha Sideedaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827045523/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> and [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Prince Edward Island]] which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.<ref name="ns1758.ca">{{cite web |title=Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides |url=http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |first=Ivan |last=Smith |work=History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia, 1899-1949 |accessdate=27 August 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=8 Bisha Sideedaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012644/http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] changed to RHT in 1947 while still a [[Dominion of Newfoundland|dominion]] of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.<ref name="A triumph for left over right">{{cite web |url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/columnists/a-triumph-for-left-over-right-56169697.html |title=A triumph for left over right |first=Gwynne |last=Dyer |work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]] |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=30 August 2009 }}</ref> |- | [[Cape Verde]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Central African Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chad]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chile]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | LHT | The [[Santiago Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[China]] | RHT | 1946 | RHT/LHT | At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are all on LHT due to their colonial heritage. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Hong Kong MTR]] and the [[Macau LRT]]. |- | [[Colombia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Comoros]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Costa Rica]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Côte d'Ivoire]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Croatia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of [[Austria-Hungary]]<ref name=croatiaslavonia>{{cite news|last=Baedeker|first=Karl|title=Austria, including Hungary, Transylvania, Dalmatia and Bosnia|url=https://archive.org/details/01703017.5423.emory.edu|accessdate=28 July 2017|page=xiii-xiv|date=1900|quote="In Styria, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, Carniola, Croatia, and Hungary we keep to the left, and pass to the right in overtaking; in Carinthia, Tyrol, and the Austrian Littoral (Adriatic coast: Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and Dalmatia) we keep to the right and overtake to the left. Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road, so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them, keep to the left."}}</ref>. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. |- | [[Cuba]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Cyprus]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Czech Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939 | RHT | Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, [[Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia|switched]] during the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]]. |- | [[Denmark]] | RHT | | RHT<ref name=DEN3>{{cite web|url=http://videnskab.dk/videnskabdk/los-mysteriet-hvorfor-korer-nogle-lande-i-hojre-side-af-vejen-og-andre-i-venstre |title=;Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side? (Why do some countries drive on the right side?) |publisher=videnskab.dk |accessdate=31 Aug 2014}}</ref> | Includes [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Greenland]] |- | [[Djibouti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Dominica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Dominican Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[East Timor]] | LHT | 1976 | | Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.<ref name="kincaid"/> Under the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]], changed back to LHT in 1976. |- | [[Ecuador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Quito Metro]] and [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]] tram system will use RHT. |- | [[Egypt]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies. |- | [[El Salvador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Equatorial Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Eritrea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | | |- | [[Estonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Ethiopia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | LHT | The [[Addis Ababa Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Fiji]] | LHT | | LHT | |- | [[Finland]] | RHT | 1858 | RHT/LHT | Formerly ruled as part of LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] by Russian decree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.aland.net/bosse/hogertrafik.htm|title=Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland|work=aland.net}}</ref> Most of the [[Helsinki commuter rail]] lines use LHT, but the [[Helsinki Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[France]] | RHT | 1792 | LHT<ref name="Jan 1 1541, p.16">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfak8nsMNGIC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false 'Left is right on the road'], Mick Hamer ''[[New Scientist]]'', 25 December 1986 – 1 January 1987 No 1540/1541, p.16.</ref>/RHT | Includes [[French Polynesia]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Collectivity of Saint Martin]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Mayotte]]. <br> Railroads in [[Alsace]] and [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] use RHT as a former part of [[German Empire]]. [[CDGVAL]] uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Lyon Metro]]. |- | [[Gabon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Gambia]] | RHT | 1965<ref name="TBD Gambia">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=22wMAQAAIAAJ&dq=gambia+drive+right+1965&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22drive+on+the+right%22 ''Tourist and Business Directory - The Gambia''], 1969, page 19</ref> | | |- | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | About 40% vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html|title="Выживут" ли праворульные машины в Грузии|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputnik-georgia.ru|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref>. The [[Batumi Ropeway]] uses LHT. |- | [[Germany]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hillger|first1=Don|last2=Toth|first2=Garry|title=Right-Hand/Left-Hand Driving Customs|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/driving-customs.htm|publisher=Colorado State University|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Ghana]] | RHT | 1974<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UyCl5iWBSzwC&lpg=PA5&dq=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&f=true ''Daily Graphic''], Issue 7526, December 21 1974, page 9</ref> | |Former British colony. Ghana changed to driving on the right on 4 August 1974, the last former British colony in the region to do so, the military National Redemption Council having passed the Right Hand Traffic Act by decree in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=391&t=ghana-laws |title=Right-Hand Traffic Act |publisher=Ghanalegal.com |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> When changing to RHT, a [[Twi language]] slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".<ref>{{cite web|author=Phil Bartle |url=http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-trv.htm |title=Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community, Society, History, Culture; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle, PhD |publisher=Cec.vcn.bc.ca |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref>Ghana has also banned RHD vehicles. Ghana prohibited new registrations of RHD vehicles after 1 August 1974, three days before the traffic change on 4 August 1974. RHD vehicles may be imported only temporarily into Sierra Leone, for example for humanitarian programmes, but must be exported at the end of the operation. |- | [[Greece]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Grenada]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guatemala]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Guyana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Haiti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Honduras]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Hong Kong]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT |Former British Colony. |- | [[Hungary]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1941 | RHT | Originally LHT, like most of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Iceland]] | RHT | 1968 | | The day of the switch was known as [[H-dagurinn]]. Most passenger cars were already LHD. |- | [[Iran]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Iraq]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[India]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Indonesia]] | LHT<ref name="basement">{{cite web|title=Right-Hand Traffic versus Left-Hand Traffic|url=http://basementgeographer.com/right-hand-traffic-versus-left-hand-traffic/|website=The Basement Geographer|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> | |RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gL4CFLWb84|title=indonesia train compilation|first=|last=hadi anto|date=26 July 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> |Roads were built by the British, but railways are RHT due to Dutch influence. The [[Jakarta MRT]] will also use RHT. |- | [[Ireland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Part of the United Kingdom until 1922. |- | [[Israel]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Under British rule till 1948; The [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Italy]] | RHT | 1920s | LHT | Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2008/03/29/mrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|title=Sight for sure eyes, Honest John's Agony Column|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=28 March 2008|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621071058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fmotoring%2F2008%2F03%2F29%2Fmrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. [[Alfa Romeo]] and [[Lancia]] did produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively only to special order, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |editor=Nick Georgano | authorlink=G.N. Georgano |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2000 |edition=Vol. 2: G-O|page=867|chapter=Lancia|isbn=1-57958-293-1}}</ref> <br> The metro systems in [[Brescia Metro|Brescia]], [[Genoa Metro|Genoa]], [[Milan Metro|Milan]], and [[Turin Metro|Turin]] use RHT, as well as all tram systems. |- | [[Jamaica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Japan]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web| title = Why Does Japan Drive On The Left | publisher = 2pass.co.uk |url= http://www.2pass.co.uk/japan.htm | accessdate=11 August 2006 }}</ref> | | LHT | Post-[[World War II]] [[Okinawa]] was ruled by the [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands]] and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 but did not convert back to LHT until 1978.<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew H. Malcolm|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D1FFD355513728DDDAC0894DF405B888BF1D3 |title= U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned |work=The New York Times |date=5 July 1978|page=A2}}</ref> The conversion operation was known as [[730 (transport)|730]] (''Nana-San-Maru'', which refers to the date of the changeover, [[30 July]]). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. The [[Hakone Ropeway]] uses RHT. |- | [[Jordan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946. |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Kenya]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kra.go.ke/customs/faqcustoms2.html#Q1 |title=Customs Services Department – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=KRA |accessdate=12 December 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111100/https://www.kra.go.ke/index.php#Q1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | | | British colony until 1963. |- | [[Kiribati]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[North Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> The metro system in [[Pyongyang Metro|Pyongyang]] uses a mixture of RHT and LHT. |- | [[South Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include lines [[Seoul Subway Line 1|1]] and [[Seoul Subway Line 4|4]] of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]], the [[Bundang Line]], and the [[Shinbundang Line]]). |- | [[Kosovo]] | RHT | | RHT | |- | [[Kuwait]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Kyrgyzstan]] | RHT | | RHT | Former part of RHT [[Soviet Union]]. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/over-20000-right-hand-drive-cars-imported-in-kyrgyzstan-in-2012/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=8 May 2013|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref> |- | [[Laos]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Latvia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lebanon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former French mandate. |- | [[Lesotho]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liberia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Libya]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lithuania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Luxembourg]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Madagascar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malawi]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Malaysia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Maldives]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Mali]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malta]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | British colony until 1964. |- | [[Marshall Islands]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. |- | [[Mauritania]] | RHT | | | Mining roads between [[Fderîck]] and [[Zouérat]] are LHT.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |title=Photo of All Change. Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! |publisher=Panoramio |accessdate=10 June 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095031/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Mauritius]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Mexico]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Micronesia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. Nearly 80% vehicles are RHD due to the import of used cars from Japan. |- | [[Moldova]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Monaco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Mongolia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Montenegro]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Morocco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Mozambique]] | LHT<ref name="mozrev">[https://books.google.com/books?id=W2oaAAAAMAAJ&dq=mozambique+drive+on+left&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Mozambique+one+drives+on+the+the+left%22 ''Mozambique: memoirs of a revolution''], John Paul, Penguin, 1975, page 41</ref> | | LHT | |- | [[Myanmar]] | RHT | 1970 | LHT | Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/414ecaaa-cd09-11e6-b8ce-b9c03770f8b1 Myanmar’s car market set to take new direction], Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 2 January 2017</ref> |- | [[Netherlands]] | RHT | 1906<ref name="NED">{{cite web|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/de-claim-links-rijden~a358071/|title=De Claim links rijden|first=|website=|publisher=Volkskrant.nl|language=nl|author=Peter van Ammelrooy|accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> | RHT | Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/Hans/rechtsrijden.htm |title=De geschiedenis van het linksrijden |publisher=Engelfriet.net |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> Includes [[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]], and [[Aruba]] |- | [[Namibia]] | LHT | 1918 | | RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied [[German South-West Africa]] during World War I, switched to LHT.<ref name="kincaid"/> [[South-West Africa]] was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-RszAAAAIAAJ&q=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&dq=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6rvT_v_7KAhVGWBQKHZyYAMoQ6AEIIDAA The Laws of South West Africa], Volume 2, J. Meibert, 1961</ref> |- | [[Nauru]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | | |- | [[Nepal]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2004/0427/latest/DLM302188.html?search=qs_all%40act%40bill%40regulation_left+side+road_resel&p=1|title= 2.1 "Keeping Left" – Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 – New Zealand Legislation |publisher= New Zealand Government |accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref> | | | |- | [[New Zealand]] | LHT<ref name=basement/> | | LHT | Includes territories [[Niue]] and [[Cook Islands]] |- | [[Nicaragua]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Niger]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Nigeria]] | RHT | 1972<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8LiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&dq=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRjcKJ36bZAhVFPsAKHbZjCyMQ6AEIKTAA ''Africa''], Issues 6-10, Africa Journal, Limited, 1972, page 32</ref> | LHT | Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) warned operators of RHD vehicles that they would face prosecution<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | work=Punch | first1=Temitayo | last1=Famutimi | title=FRSC warns owners of right-hand drive vehicles | date=19 March 2012 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=30 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430043332/http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> under Section 71 of the National Road Traffic Regulation (2004), which states that no RHD vehicle shall be registered or driven on public roads.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/02/frsc-to-prosecute-operators-of-right-hand-vehicles/| work=PM News | first1=Jethro | last1= Ibileke | title=FRSC To Prosecute Operators Of Right-Hand Vehicles | date=2 July 2012}}</ref> |- | [[Norway]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Oman]] | RHT | | | Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=8 August 2006|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office (fco.gov.uk)|title=Travel advice by country, Oman|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184423/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|archivedate=8 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Pakistan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was part of undivided India |- | [[Palau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan because it's a second Japanese-speaking country. |- | [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Panama]] | RHT |1943<ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars |date=20170111081559 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', April 25, 1943</ref> |RHT | |- | [[Papua New Guinea]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | After Australia occupied [[German New Guinea]] during World War I, switched to LHT. |- | [[Paraguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref>[http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/suplementos/abc-revista/enterese-1219611.html De izquierda a derecha], ''[[ABC Color]]'', 2 March 2014</ref> | | |- | [[Peru]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Philippines]] | RHT | 1946<ref name="E.O. 34 1945"/> | RHT | Was LHT during the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish]] and [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American]] colonial periods. Switched to RHT during [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945. |- | [[Poland]] | RHT | | RHT | [[Partitions of Poland]] belonging to the [[German Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl">{{cite web |url=http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |title=Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska – autobusy, tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe – History of the Cracow tram network |publisher=Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl |date=28 November 1982 |accessdate=11 May 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819132405/http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Portugal]] | RHT<ref name="basement"/> | 1928 | LHT | Colonies [[Goa]], Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.<ref name="mozrev"/> The [[Porto Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Qatar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Romania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Transylvania]], the [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] were until 1919 LHT like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]], while [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were already RHT. |- | [[Russia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT |In the [[Russian Far East]] RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.<ref name="rbth.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/business/2016/08/31/russian-far-east-is-still-attached-to-japanese-cars_625665 |title=Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars |publisher=Russia behind the headlines |date=31 August 2016 |accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref> Railway between [[Moscow]] and [[Ryazan]] is LHT. [[Sormovskaya line]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro]] also uses LHT. |- | [[Rwanda]] | RHT<ref name=rwandaburundi/> | | | Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT<ref name="rwandaburundi"/><ref name=rwandatransport>{{cite web|author=Peter|title=Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards|url=http://www.rwandatransport.com/2013/07/rwanda-to-adopt-eac-driving-standards/|work=Rwanda Transport|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Lucia]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Samoa]] | LHT | 2009 | | Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.<ref name=basement/> |- | [[San Marino]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Saudi Arabia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Makkah Metro]] and the [[Riyadh Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Senegal]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Serbia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Vojvodina]] was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary. |- | [[Seychelles]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | RHT | 1971<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F80CAAAAMAAJ&q=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&dq=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4hFRVbmVEojA7AbvxoGgCA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBw ''The Rising Sun: A History of the All People's Congress Party of Sierra Leone''], A.P.C. Secretariat, 1982, page 396</ref> | | Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/sierra-leone-officially-bans-right-hand-vehichles-as-hazards/1751527.html Sierra Leone Bans Right-Hand Vehicles as Hazards], [[Voice of America]], Nina de Vries, 17 September 2013</ref> |- | [[Singapore]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Slovakia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939–41 | RHT | Was LHT like most of former Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT when it became a [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|client state]] of [[Nazi Germany]]. |- | [[Slovenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was LHT like most of Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT to unite with [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] to form with [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. |- | [[Solomon Islands]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Somalia]] | RHT | 1968<ref name="Tsvsati">{{cite web|title=Somalia – Visa service and travel information|url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=619&Pagetitle=Somalia|publisher=Travcour|accessdate=22 August 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111141/https://www.travcour.com/page/visa-applications/somalia.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | | |- | [[South Africa]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web|title=Road Rules|url=http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|work=SACarRental.com|accessdate=15 February 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102054016/http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in South Africa Information|url=http://www.drivesouthafrica.co.za/driving-information/south-africa/|work=drivesouthafrica.co.za|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[South Sudan]] | RHT | 1973 | | Was LHT during the period of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|British colonial rule]]. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence. |- | [[Spain]] | RHT | 1924 | RHT | Up to the 1920s [[Barcelona]] was RHT, and [[Madrid]] was LHT until 1924. The [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]] and [[Bilbao Metro|Bilbao]] metro systems use LHT.<ref>Moya, Aurora. "Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia", Chapter 1</ref> |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Sudan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1973 | | Former British colony. |- | [[Suriname]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | | |- | [[Swaziland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Sweden]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1967 3 September | LHT | The day of the switch was known as ''[[Dagen H]]''. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in [[Gothenburg tram network|Gothenburg]] (except for a short part), [[Trams in Norrköping|Norrköping]] and [[Trams in Stockholm|Stockholm]] are RHT<!-- [[Lidingöbanan|Lidingö Line]] is also RHT, see https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AGA_tram_stop , the AGA tram stop is part of a long double track-->.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taplin|first=Michael|title=Light Rail in Europe|date=1995|publisher=Capital Transport|pages=126, 128|ISBN=1-85414-180-5}}</ref> The railroads in [[Malmö]] use RHT due to the connection to Denmark. |- | [[Switzerland]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The tram system in [[Zurich]] and the [[Lausanne Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Syria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Taiwan]] | RHT | 1946 |LHT | Was LHT during the period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]]. The [[government of the Republic of China]] changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210214228/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=違警罰法 (Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences) |author=Passed by the Legislative Yuan |year=1946 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=14 August 2012 }}</ref> Most metro systems use RHT. |- | [[Tajikistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tanzania]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Thailand]] | LHT<ref name="basement"/> | | LHT | One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia. |- | [[Togo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Tonga]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Trinidad and Tobago]] | LHT<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=c1n3oVO5Gv8C&lpg=PA53&ots=FTKWflZhgE&dq=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&f=true ''Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide''], Kathleen O'Donnell, Stassi Pefkaros, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2000, page 53</ref> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Tunisia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | French RHT was enforced in the [[French protectorate of Tunisia]] from 1881. |- | [[Turkey]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tuvalu]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | |Former British colony. |- | [[Uganda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Ukraine]] | RHT | 1922<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl"/> | RHT | West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the [[Russian Empire]], already drove on the right.<br>Some sections of [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram]] use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI|title=Криворожский скоростной трамвай|first=|last=Vril|date=13 October 2013|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | [[United Arab Emirates]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[United Kingdom]] | LHT<br>{{small|(Mainland UK)}}<br>RHT<br>{{small|(Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory)}} |1929 <br> {{small|(in Gibraltar)}} | LHT | Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories [[Isle of Man]], [[Guernsey]], [[Jersey]], [[Anguilla]], [[Bermuda]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Falkland Islands]], [[Montserrat]], [[Pitcairn Islands]] (unregistered), [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], [[Saint Helena]], [[Ascension Island|Ascension]], [[Tristan da Cunha]] are all LHT. [[Gibraltar]] has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MoAzAQAAMAAJ&dq=Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance+Gibraltar+1929&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance%22 ''Colonial Reports''], Annual, Volumes 1480-1499, 1930, page 76</ref> The [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is the only other overseas territory driving on the right. The [[Channel Islands]] (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|German occupation]] until their liberation in 1945.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-iQNAAAAIAAJ&dq=channel+islands+drive+on+right+german+occupation&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22rule+of+the+road+was+changed+to+the+right%22 ''The Channel Islands War: 1940-1945''], Peter King, Hale, 1991, page 31</ref> The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their [[Occupation of the Falkland Islands|occupation by Argentina]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news |title='82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy, Hope |first= Hector |last=Tobar |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 April 2002 |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/argentina/hope.htm |accessdate= 1 March 2010}}</ref>However, virtually all passenger vehicles in British Virgin Islands are LHD due to grey imports of used cars from USA and South Korea. |- | [[United States]] | RHT<br>LHT<br>{{small|(U.S. Virgin Islands)}} | | RHT/LHT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/#trains|title=Which side of the road do they drive on?|website=brianlucas.ca}}</ref> | Includes [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]]. [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] is LHT, like much of the Caribbean, as the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT, because the islands drove on the left when the United States purchased the former Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1917. However, virtually all passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports of US vehicles. |- | [[Uruguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref name="Autoblog">[http://www.autoblog.com.uy/2015/08/el-dia-en-que-el-rio-de-la-plata-dejo.html El día en que el Río de la Plata dejó de manejar por la izquierda], Autoblog, 25 August 2015</ref> | LHT | Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945.<ref name="Autoblog" /> A speed limit of {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}} was observed until 30 September for safety. |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Vanuatu]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web| title = RHD/LHD Country Guide | publisher = toyota-gib.com |url= https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/vehicle-sales/lhd-rhd-guide.html | accessdate=22 September 2017 }}</ref> | | | |- | [[Venezuela]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Caracas Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Vietnam]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Became RHT as [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Yemen]] | RHT | 1977<ref name="kincaid"/> | | [[South Yemen]], formerly the British [[colony of Aden]], changed to RHT in 1977. A series of [[postage stamps]] commemorating the event was issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/South-Yemen/Postage%20stamps/?year=1977|title=South Yemen – Postage stamps – 1977|author=|date=|work=stampworld.com}}</ref> [[North Yemen]] was already RHT. |- | [[Zambia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | LHT | | LHT | Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.<ref>[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/01/30/left-hand-vehicles-stay/ Left-hand vehicles to stay], ''[[NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)|NewsDay]]'', 30 January 2014</ref> |} 1r5nebngdjwbiutp8o09kqn9694px1i 239568 239566 2022-08-06T14:30:00Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki Tani waa liiska '''{{pagename}}'''. ={{pagename}}= ::''Fadlan qaybtan u tarjun Ingiriis.'' [[File:Countries driving on the left or right.svg|thumb|400px|Countries by handedness of traffic, c. 2018 {{legend|#CC0000|Right-hand traffic}} {{legend|#204A87|Left-hand traffic}} ]] [[File:Fari-Wechsel.jpg|right|thumb|Change of traffic directions at the [[Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge]]]] [[File:Harcourt Road near Admiralty Centre.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong drives on the left.]] [[File:View east along Sungang East Road from Renmin North Road, Shenzhen, China.jpg|thumb|Mainland China drives on the right.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Country ! Road traffic ! Road switched sides ! [[Double-track railway|Multi-track rail]] traffic generally ! Notes |- | [[Afghanistan]] | RHT | | RHT/LHT | Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring [[British India]] and later [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC&pg=PA70&dq=Right+hand+traffic+Afghanistan+by+Ghulam+Mohammad+Farhad,+the+Mayor+of+Kabul,%5B&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3-8HUqeVDIWI0AWOr4CQAw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Right%20hand%20traffic%20Afghanistan%20by%20Ghulam%20Mohammad%20Farhad%2C%20the%20Mayor%20of%20Kabul%2C%5B&f=false|title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?|publisher=APH |year=2002|author=L. R. Reddy|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> |- | [[Albania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin">{{cite web|title=Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|accessdate=13 December 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111225/http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Algeria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Andorra]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Angola]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Antigua and Barbuda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Argentina]] | RHT | 1945 10 June | LHT | The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as ''Día de la Seguridad Vial'' (road safety day).<ref>{{cite web|title=10 de Junio: Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial|url=https://www.rosario.gov.ar/mr/epidemiologia/copy_of_efemerides/junio/10-de-junio-dia-mundial-de-la-seguridad-vial|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> <br> The [[Premetro (Buenos Aires)|Premetro]] and [[Metrotranvía Mendoza]] use RHT. |- | [[Armenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Australia]] | LHT | | LHT |- | [[Austria]] |RHT |1921–1938 | RHT<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tYkoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&dq=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbqaqv2rnWAhWJbrwKHdZoC-cQ6AEIKDAA ''New Scientist''], Volume 112, IPC Magazines, 1986, page 18</ref> | Originally LHT, like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]]. Switched sides in 1921 in [[Vorarlberg]], 1930 in [[North Tyrol]], 1935 in [[Carinthia]] and [[East Tyrol]], and in 1938 in the rest of the country. |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Bahamas]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|title=Driving in the Bahamas - Caribya!|first=|last=IIWINC|website=caribya.com|accessdate=26 June 2018|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216061456/http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bahamas/safety-and-security|title=Safety and security - Bahamas travel advice|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> |- | [[Bahrain]] | RHT | 1967 | | Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8v1CAQAAIAAJ&dq=bahrain+driving+right+1967&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22driving+on+the+right+was+effected+smoothly%22 ''Bahrain Government Annual Reports''], Times of India Press, 1968, page 158</ref> |- | [[Bangladesh]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Barbados]] | LHT | | | |- | [[Belgium]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1899 | RHT |- | [[Belarus]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Belize]] | RHT | 1961<ref name="kincaid"/> | | Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours. |- | [[Benin]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bhutan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Under British protection before 1949. |- | [[Bolivia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ|title=Zillertal Railway Narrow Gauge in Bosnian Gauge|first=|last=Uwe Hilgemann|date=15 November 2015|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> | Switched sides after the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Botswana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Brazil]] | RHT | 1928<ref name="chartsbin"/> | RHT | A Portuguese colony until the early [[19th century]] as LHT and retained it at least partially following [[Independence of Brazil|independence]], switched some states still on LHT to RHT in 1928, the same year as Portugal.<ref>{{cite web|title=História|url=http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|website=Touring Club do Brasil|accessdate=8 January 2017|language=Portuguese|quote=''"Já na década de 1920 (...) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão-inglesa"'' (Translation: In the 1920s (...) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left-hand traffic.)|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111206/http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Decreto 18.323/1928|url=http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1920-1929/decreto-18323-24-julho-1928-516789-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html|language=Portuguese|quote= ''"Art. 31. São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos: a) conservar sua direita, trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada, e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario."'' (Translation: article 31: The common obligations to vehicle drivers are; a) Keep to the right, driving the closest as possible to the roadside, letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic.)|accessdate=17 January 2017}}, the first nationwide traffic legislation, cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country.</ref> While some areas in present-day Brazil formerly belonged to [[Bolivia]] were already in RHT. |- | [[Brunei]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bulgaria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Burundi]] | RHT | | | Former Belgian colony. Considering switching to LHT<ref name=rwandaburundi>{{cite news|last=Nkwame|first=Marc|title=Burundi, Rwanda to start driving on the left|url=https://24tanzania.com/burundi-rwanda-to-start-driving-on-the-left/|accessdate=28 May 2016|newspaper=DailyNews Online|date=27 July 2013}}</ref> in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Cambodia]] | RHT | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Cambodia bans right-hand drive cars | publisher = BBC News | date= 1 January 2001 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1096303.stm | accessdate=12 January 2007}}</ref> |- | [[Cameroon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1961 | | |- | [[Canada]] | RHT | 1920s | RHT | Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except [[British Columbia]], which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,<ref>{{cite web |title=Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 |url=https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |work=The British Columbia Road Runner |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=March 1966 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020071518/https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Week In History: Switching from the left was the right thing to do |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |first=Kevin |last=Griffin |work=[[The Vancouver Sun|Vancouver Sun]] |accessdate=26 August 2017 |date=1 January 2016 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=27 Bisha Sideedaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827045523/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> and [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Prince Edward Island]] which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.<ref name="ns1758.ca">{{cite web |title=Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides |url=http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |first=Ivan |last=Smith |work=History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia, 1899-1949 |accessdate=27 August 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=8 Bisha Sideedaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012644/http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] changed to RHT in 1947 while still a [[Dominion of Newfoundland|dominion]] of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.<ref name="A triumph for left over right">{{cite web |url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/columnists/a-triumph-for-left-over-right-56169697.html |title=A triumph for left over right |first=Gwynne |last=Dyer |work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]] |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=30 August 2009 }}</ref> |- | [[Cape Verde]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Central African Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chad]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chile]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | LHT | The [[Santiago Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[China]] | RHT | 1946 | RHT/LHT | At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are all on LHT due to their colonial heritage. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Hong Kong MTR]] and the [[Macau LRT]]. |- | [[Colombia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Comoros]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Costa Rica]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Côte d'Ivoire]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Croatia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of [[Austria-Hungary]]<ref name=croatiaslavonia>{{cite news|last=Baedeker|first=Karl|title=Austria, including Hungary, Transylvania, Dalmatia and Bosnia|url=https://archive.org/details/01703017.5423.emory.edu|accessdate=28 July 2017|page=xiii-xiv|date=1900|quote="In Styria, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, Carniola, Croatia, and Hungary we keep to the left, and pass to the right in overtaking; in Carinthia, Tyrol, and the Austrian Littoral (Adriatic coast: Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and Dalmatia) we keep to the right and overtake to the left. Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road, so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them, keep to the left."}}</ref>. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. |- | [[Cuba]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Cyprus]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Czech Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939 | RHT | Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, [[Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia|switched]] during the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]]. |- | [[Denmark]] | RHT | | RHT<ref name=DEN3>{{cite web|url=http://videnskab.dk/videnskabdk/los-mysteriet-hvorfor-korer-nogle-lande-i-hojre-side-af-vejen-og-andre-i-venstre |title=;Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side? (Why do some countries drive on the right side?) |publisher=videnskab.dk |accessdate=31 Aug 2014}}</ref> | Includes [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Greenland]] |- | [[Djibouti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Dominica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Dominican Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[East Timor]] | LHT | 1976 | | Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.<ref name="kincaid"/> Under the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]], changed back to LHT in 1976. |- | [[Ecuador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Quito Metro]] and [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]] tram system will use RHT. |- | [[Egypt]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies. |- | [[El Salvador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Equatorial Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Eritrea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | | |- | [[Estonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Ethiopia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | LHT | The [[Addis Ababa Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Fiji]] | LHT | | LHT | |- | [[Finland]] | RHT | 1858 | RHT/LHT | Formerly ruled as part of LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] by Russian decree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.aland.net/bosse/hogertrafik.htm|title=Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland|work=aland.net}}</ref> Most of the [[Helsinki commuter rail]] lines use LHT, but the [[Helsinki Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[France]] | RHT | 1792 | LHT<ref name="Jan 1 1541, p.16">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfak8nsMNGIC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false 'Left is right on the road'], Mick Hamer ''[[New Scientist]]'', 25 December 1986 – 1 January 1987 No 1540/1541, p.16.</ref>/RHT | Includes [[French Polynesia]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Collectivity of Saint Martin]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Mayotte]]. <br> Railroads in [[Alsace]] and [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] use RHT as a former part of [[German Empire]]. [[CDGVAL]] uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Lyon Metro]]. |- | [[Gabon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Gambia]] | RHT | 1965<ref name="TBD Gambia">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=22wMAQAAIAAJ&dq=gambia+drive+right+1965&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22drive+on+the+right%22 ''Tourist and Business Directory - The Gambia''], 1969, page 19</ref> | | |- | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | About 40% vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html|title="Выживут" ли праворульные машины в Грузии|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputnik-georgia.ru|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref>. The [[Batumi Ropeway]] uses LHT. |- | [[Germany]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hillger|first1=Don|last2=Toth|first2=Garry|title=Right-Hand/Left-Hand Driving Customs|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/driving-customs.htm|publisher=Colorado State University|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Ghana]] | RHT | 1974<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UyCl5iWBSzwC&lpg=PA5&dq=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&f=true ''Daily Graphic''], Issue 7526, December 21 1974, page 9</ref> | |Former British colony. Ghana changed to driving on the right on 4 August 1974, the last former British colony in the region to do so, the military National Redemption Council having passed the Right Hand Traffic Act by decree in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=391&t=ghana-laws |title=Right-Hand Traffic Act |publisher=Ghanalegal.com |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> When changing to RHT, a [[Twi language]] slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".<ref>{{cite web|author=Phil Bartle |url=http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-trv.htm |title=Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community, Society, History, Culture; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle, PhD |publisher=Cec.vcn.bc.ca |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref>Ghana has also banned RHD vehicles. Ghana prohibited new registrations of RHD vehicles after 1 August 1974, three days before the traffic change on 4 August 1974. RHD vehicles may be imported only temporarily into Sierra Leone, for example for humanitarian programmes, but must be exported at the end of the operation. |- | [[Greece]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Grenada]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guatemala]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Guyana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Haiti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Honduras]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Hong Kong]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT |Former British Colony. |- | [[Hungary]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1941 | RHT | Originally LHT, like most of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Iceland]] | RHT | 1968 | | The day of the switch was known as [[H-dagurinn]]. Most passenger cars were already LHD. |- | [[Iran]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Iraq]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[India]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Indonesia]] | LHT<ref name="basement">{{cite web|title=Right-Hand Traffic versus Left-Hand Traffic|url=http://basementgeographer.com/right-hand-traffic-versus-left-hand-traffic/|website=The Basement Geographer|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> | |RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gL4CFLWb84|title=indonesia train compilation|first=|last=hadi anto|date=26 July 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> |Roads were built by the British, but railways are RHT due to Dutch influence. The [[Jakarta MRT]] will also use RHT. |- | [[Ireland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Part of the United Kingdom until 1922. |- | [[Israel]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Under British rule till 1948; The [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Italy]] | RHT | 1920s | LHT | Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2008/03/29/mrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|title=Sight for sure eyes, Honest John's Agony Column|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=28 March 2008|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621071058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fmotoring%2F2008%2F03%2F29%2Fmrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. [[Alfa Romeo]] and [[Lancia]] did produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively only to special order, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |editor=Nick Georgano | authorlink=G.N. Georgano |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2000 |edition=Vol. 2: G-O|page=867|chapter=Lancia|isbn=1-57958-293-1}}</ref> <br> The metro systems in [[Brescia Metro|Brescia]], [[Genoa Metro|Genoa]], [[Milan Metro|Milan]], and [[Turin Metro|Turin]] use RHT, as well as all tram systems. |- | [[Jamaica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Japan]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web| title = Why Does Japan Drive On The Left | publisher = 2pass.co.uk |url= http://www.2pass.co.uk/japan.htm | accessdate=11 August 2006 }}</ref> | | LHT | Post-[[World War II]] [[Okinawa]] was ruled by the [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands]] and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 but did not convert back to LHT until 1978.<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew H. Malcolm|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D1FFD355513728DDDAC0894DF405B888BF1D3 |title= U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned |work=The New York Times |date=5 July 1978|page=A2}}</ref> The conversion operation was known as [[730 (transport)|730]] (''Nana-San-Maru'', which refers to the date of the changeover, [[30 July]]). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. The [[Hakone Ropeway]] uses RHT. |- | [[Jordan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946. |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Kenya]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kra.go.ke/customs/faqcustoms2.html#Q1 |title=Customs Services Department – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=KRA |accessdate=12 December 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111100/https://www.kra.go.ke/index.php#Q1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | | | British colony until 1963. |- | [[Kiribati]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[North Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> The metro system in [[Pyongyang Metro|Pyongyang]] uses a mixture of RHT and LHT. |- | [[South Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include lines [[Seoul Subway Line 1|1]] and [[Seoul Subway Line 4|4]] of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]], the [[Bundang Line]], and the [[Shinbundang Line]]). |- | [[Kosovo]] | RHT | | RHT | |- | [[Kuwait]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Kyrgyzstan]] | RHT | | RHT | Former part of RHT [[Soviet Union]]. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/over-20000-right-hand-drive-cars-imported-in-kyrgyzstan-in-2012/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=8 May 2013|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref> |- | [[Laos]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Latvia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lebanon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former French mandate. |- | [[Lesotho]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liberia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Libya]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lithuania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Luxembourg]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Madagascar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malawi]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Malaysia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Maldives]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Mali]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malta]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | British colony until 1964. |- | [[Marshall Islands]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. |- | [[Mauritania]] | RHT | | | Mining roads between [[Fderîck]] and [[Zouérat]] are LHT.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |title=Photo of All Change. Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! |publisher=Panoramio |accessdate=10 June 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095031/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Mauritius]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Mexico]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Micronesia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. Nearly 80% vehicles are RHD due to the import of used cars from Japan. |- | [[Moldova]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Monaco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Mongolia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Montenegro]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Morocco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Mozambique]] | LHT<ref name="mozrev">[https://books.google.com/books?id=W2oaAAAAMAAJ&dq=mozambique+drive+on+left&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Mozambique+one+drives+on+the+the+left%22 ''Mozambique: memoirs of a revolution''], John Paul, Penguin, 1975, page 41</ref> | | LHT | |- | [[Myanmar]] | RHT | 1970 | LHT | Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/414ecaaa-cd09-11e6-b8ce-b9c03770f8b1 Myanmar’s car market set to take new direction], Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 2 January 2017</ref> |- | [[Netherlands]] | RHT | 1906<ref name="NED">{{cite web|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/de-claim-links-rijden~a358071/|title=De Claim links rijden|first=|website=|publisher=Volkskrant.nl|language=nl|author=Peter van Ammelrooy|accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> | RHT | Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/Hans/rechtsrijden.htm |title=De geschiedenis van het linksrijden |publisher=Engelfriet.net |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> Includes [[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]], and [[Aruba]] |- | [[Namibia]] | LHT | 1918 | | RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied [[German South-West Africa]] during World War I, switched to LHT.<ref name="kincaid"/> [[South-West Africa]] was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-RszAAAAIAAJ&q=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&dq=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6rvT_v_7KAhVGWBQKHZyYAMoQ6AEIIDAA The Laws of South West Africa], Volume 2, J. Meibert, 1961</ref> |- | [[Nauru]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | | |- | [[Nepal]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2004/0427/latest/DLM302188.html?search=qs_all%40act%40bill%40regulation_left+side+road_resel&p=1|title= 2.1 "Keeping Left" – Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 – New Zealand Legislation |publisher= New Zealand Government |accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref> | | | |- | [[New Zealand]] | LHT<ref name=basement/> | | LHT | Includes territories [[Niue]] and [[Cook Islands]] |- | [[Nicaragua]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Niger]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Nigeria]] | RHT | 1972<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8LiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&dq=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRjcKJ36bZAhVFPsAKHbZjCyMQ6AEIKTAA ''Africa''], Issues 6-10, Africa Journal, Limited, 1972, page 32</ref> | LHT | Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) warned operators of RHD vehicles that they would face prosecution<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | work=Punch | first1=Temitayo | last1=Famutimi | title=FRSC warns owners of right-hand drive vehicles | date=19 March 2012 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=30 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430043332/http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> under Section 71 of the National Road Traffic Regulation (2004), which states that no RHD vehicle shall be registered or driven on public roads.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/02/frsc-to-prosecute-operators-of-right-hand-vehicles/| work=PM News | first1=Jethro | last1= Ibileke | title=FRSC To Prosecute Operators Of Right-Hand Vehicles | date=2 July 2012}}</ref> |- | [[Norway]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Oman]] | RHT | | | Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=8 August 2006|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office (fco.gov.uk)|title=Travel advice by country, Oman|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184423/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|archivedate=8 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Pakistan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was part of undivided India |- | [[Palau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan because it's a second Japanese-speaking country. |- | [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Panama]] | RHT |1943<ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars |date=20170111081559 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', April 25, 1943</ref> |RHT | |- | [[Papua New Guinea]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | After Australia occupied [[German New Guinea]] during World War I, switched to LHT. |- | [[Paraguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref>[http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/suplementos/abc-revista/enterese-1219611.html De izquierda a derecha], ''[[ABC Color]]'', 2 March 2014</ref> | | |- | [[Peru]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Philippines]] | RHT | 1946<ref name="E.O. 34 1945"/> | RHT | Was LHT during the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish]] and [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American]] colonial periods. Switched to RHT during [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945. |- | [[Poland]] | RHT | | RHT | [[Partitions of Poland]] belonging to the [[German Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl">{{cite web |url=http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |title=Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska – autobusy, tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe – History of the Cracow tram network |publisher=Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl |date=28 November 1982 |accessdate=11 May 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819132405/http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Portugal]] | RHT<ref name="basement"/> | 1928 | LHT | Colonies [[Goa]], Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.<ref name="mozrev"/> The [[Porto Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Qatar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Romania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Transylvania]], the [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] were until 1919 LHT like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]], while [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were already RHT. |- | [[Russia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT |In the [[Russian Far East]] RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.<ref name="rbth.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/business/2016/08/31/russian-far-east-is-still-attached-to-japanese-cars_625665 |title=Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars |publisher=Russia behind the headlines |date=31 August 2016 |accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref> Railway between [[Moscow]] and [[Ryazan]] is LHT. [[Sormovskaya line]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro]] also uses LHT. |- | [[Rwanda]] | RHT<ref name=rwandaburundi/> | | | Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT<ref name="rwandaburundi"/><ref name=rwandatransport>{{cite web|author=Peter|title=Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards|url=http://www.rwandatransport.com/2013/07/rwanda-to-adopt-eac-driving-standards/|work=Rwanda Transport|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Lucia]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Samoa]] | LHT | 2009 | | Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.<ref name=basement/> |- | [[San Marino]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Saudi Arabia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Makkah Metro]] and the [[Riyadh Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Senegal]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Serbia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Vojvodina]] was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary. |- | [[Seychelles]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | RHT | 1971<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F80CAAAAMAAJ&q=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&dq=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4hFRVbmVEojA7AbvxoGgCA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBw ''The Rising Sun: A History of the All People's Congress Party of Sierra Leone''], A.P.C. Secretariat, 1982, page 396</ref> | | Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/sierra-leone-officially-bans-right-hand-vehichles-as-hazards/1751527.html Sierra Leone Bans Right-Hand Vehicles as Hazards], [[Voice of America]], Nina de Vries, 17 September 2013</ref> |- | [[Singapore]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Slovakia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939–41 | RHT | Was LHT like most of former Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT when it became a [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|client state]] of [[Nazi Germany]]. |- | [[Slovenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was LHT like most of Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT to unite with [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] to form with [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. |- | [[Solomon Islands]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Somalia]] | RHT | 1968<ref name="Tsvsati">{{cite web|title=Somalia – Visa service and travel information|url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=619&Pagetitle=Somalia|publisher=Travcour|accessdate=22 August 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111141/https://www.travcour.com/page/visa-applications/somalia.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | | |- | [[South Africa]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web|title=Road Rules|url=http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|work=SACarRental.com|accessdate=15 February 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102054016/http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in South Africa Information|url=http://www.drivesouthafrica.co.za/driving-information/south-africa/|work=drivesouthafrica.co.za|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[South Sudan]] | RHT | 1973 | | Was LHT during the period of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|British colonial rule]]. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence. |- | [[Spain]] | RHT | 1924 | RHT | Up to the 1920s [[Barcelona]] was RHT, and [[Madrid]] was LHT until 1924. The [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]] and [[Bilbao Metro|Bilbao]] metro systems use LHT.<ref>Moya, Aurora. "Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia", Chapter 1</ref> |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Sudan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1973 | | Former British colony. |- | [[Suriname]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | | |- | [[Swaziland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Sweden]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1967 3 September | LHT | The day of the switch was known as ''[[Dagen H]]''. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in [[Gothenburg tram network|Gothenburg]] (except for a short part), [[Trams in Norrköping|Norrköping]] and [[Trams in Stockholm|Stockholm]] are RHT<!-- [[Lidingöbanan|Lidingö Line]] is also RHT, see https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AGA_tram_stop , the AGA tram stop is part of a long double track-->.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taplin|first=Michael|title=Light Rail in Europe|date=1995|publisher=Capital Transport|pages=126, 128|ISBN=1-85414-180-5}}</ref> The railroads in [[Malmö]] use RHT due to the connection to Denmark. |- | [[Switzerland]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The tram system in [[Zurich]] and the [[Lausanne Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Syria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Taiwan]] | RHT | 1946 |LHT | Was LHT during the period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]]. The [[government of the Republic of China]] changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210214228/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=違警罰法 (Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences) |author=Passed by the Legislative Yuan |year=1946 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=14 August 2012 }}</ref> Most metro systems use RHT. |- | [[Tajikistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tanzania]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Thailand]] | LHT<ref name="basement"/> | | LHT | One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia. |- | [[Togo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Tonga]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Trinidad and Tobago]] | LHT<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=c1n3oVO5Gv8C&lpg=PA53&ots=FTKWflZhgE&dq=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&f=true ''Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide''], Kathleen O'Donnell, Stassi Pefkaros, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2000, page 53</ref> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Tunisia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | French RHT was enforced in the [[French protectorate of Tunisia]] from 1881. |- | [[Turkey]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tuvalu]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | |Former British colony. |- | [[Uganda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Ukraine]] | RHT | 1922<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl"/> | RHT | West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the [[Russian Empire]], already drove on the right.<br>Some sections of [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram]] use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI|title=Криворожский скоростной трамвай|first=|last=Vril|date=13 October 2013|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | [[United Arab Emirates]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[United Kingdom]] | LHT<br>{{small|(Mainland UK)}}<br>RHT<br>{{small|(Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory)}} |1929 <br> {{small|(in Gibraltar)}} | LHT | Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories [[Isle of Man]], [[Guernsey]], [[Jersey]], [[Anguilla]], [[Bermuda]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Falkland Islands]], [[Montserrat]], [[Pitcairn Islands]] (unregistered), [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], [[Saint Helena]], [[Ascension Island|Ascension]], [[Tristan da Cunha]] are all LHT. [[Gibraltar]] has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MoAzAQAAMAAJ&dq=Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance+Gibraltar+1929&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance%22 ''Colonial Reports''], Annual, Volumes 1480-1499, 1930, page 76</ref> The [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is the only other overseas territory driving on the right. The [[Channel Islands]] (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|German occupation]] until their liberation in 1945.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-iQNAAAAIAAJ&dq=channel+islands+drive+on+right+german+occupation&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22rule+of+the+road+was+changed+to+the+right%22 ''The Channel Islands War: 1940-1945''], Peter King, Hale, 1991, page 31</ref> The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their [[Occupation of the Falkland Islands|occupation by Argentina]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news |title='82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy, Hope |first= Hector |last=Tobar |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 April 2002 |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/argentina/hope.htm |accessdate= 1 March 2010}}</ref>However, virtually all passenger vehicles in British Virgin Islands are LHD due to grey imports of used cars from USA and South Korea. |- | [[United States]] | RHT<br>LHT<br>{{small|(U.S. Virgin Islands)}} | | RHT/LHT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/#trains|title=Which side of the road do they drive on?|website=brianlucas.ca}}</ref> | Includes [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]]. [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] is LHT, like much of the Caribbean, as the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT, because the islands drove on the left when the United States purchased the former Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1917. However, virtually all passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports of US vehicles. |- | [[Uruguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref name="Autoblog">[http://www.autoblog.com.uy/2015/08/el-dia-en-que-el-rio-de-la-plata-dejo.html El día en que el Río de la Plata dejó de manejar por la izquierda], Autoblog, 25 August 2015</ref> | LHT | Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945.<ref name="Autoblog" /> A speed limit of {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}} was observed until 30 September for safety. |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Vanuatu]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web| title = RHD/LHD Country Guide | publisher = toyota-gib.com |url= https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/vehicle-sales/lhd-rhd-guide.html | accessdate=22 September 2017 }}</ref> | | | |- | [[Venezuela]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Caracas Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Vietnam]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Became RHT as [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Yemen]] | RHT | 1977<ref name="kincaid"/> | | [[South Yemen]], formerly the British [[colony of Aden]], changed to RHT in 1977. A series of [[postage stamps]] commemorating the event was issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/South-Yemen/Postage%20stamps/?year=1977|title=South Yemen – Postage stamps – 1977|author=|date=|work=stampworld.com}}</ref> [[North Yemen]] was already RHT. |- | [[Zambia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | LHT | | LHT | Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.<ref>[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/01/30/left-hand-vehicles-stay/ Left-hand vehicles to stay], ''[[NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)|NewsDay]]'', 30 January 2014</ref> |} aoww9sbecf83azka7da2eozr47cula7 239569 239568 2022-08-06T14:30:54Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki Tani waa liiska '''Taraafikada midig iyo bidix'''. ={{pagename}}= ::''Fadlan qaybtan u tarjun Ingiriis.'' [[File:Countries driving on the left or right.svg|thumb|400px|Countries by handedness of traffic, c. 2018 {{legend|#CC0000|Right-hand traffic}} {{legend|#204A87|Left-hand traffic}} ]] [[File:Fari-Wechsel.jpg|right|thumb|Change of traffic directions at the [[Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge]]]] [[File:Harcourt Road near Admiralty Centre.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong drives on the left.]] [[File:View east along Sungang East Road from Renmin North Road, Shenzhen, China.jpg|thumb|Mainland China drives on the right.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Country ! Road traffic ! Road switched sides ! [[Double-track railway|Multi-track rail]] traffic generally ! Notes |- | [[Afghanistan]] | RHT | | RHT/LHT | Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring [[British India]] and later [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC&pg=PA70&dq=Right+hand+traffic+Afghanistan+by+Ghulam+Mohammad+Farhad,+the+Mayor+of+Kabul,%5B&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3-8HUqeVDIWI0AWOr4CQAw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Right%20hand%20traffic%20Afghanistan%20by%20Ghulam%20Mohammad%20Farhad%2C%20the%20Mayor%20of%20Kabul%2C%5B&f=false|title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?|publisher=APH |year=2002|author=L. R. Reddy|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> |- | [[Albania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin">{{cite web|title=Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|accessdate=13 December 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111225/http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Algeria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Andorra]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Angola]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Antigua and Barbuda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Argentina]] | RHT | 1945 10 June | LHT | The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as ''Día de la Seguridad Vial'' (road safety day).<ref>{{cite web|title=10 de Junio: Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial|url=https://www.rosario.gov.ar/mr/epidemiologia/copy_of_efemerides/junio/10-de-junio-dia-mundial-de-la-seguridad-vial|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> <br> The [[Premetro (Buenos Aires)|Premetro]] and [[Metrotranvía Mendoza]] use RHT. |- | [[Armenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Australia]] | LHT | | LHT |- | [[Austria]] |RHT |1921–1938 | RHT<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tYkoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&dq=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbqaqv2rnWAhWJbrwKHdZoC-cQ6AEIKDAA ''New Scientist''], Volume 112, IPC Magazines, 1986, page 18</ref> | Originally LHT, like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]]. Switched sides in 1921 in [[Vorarlberg]], 1930 in [[North Tyrol]], 1935 in [[Carinthia]] and [[East Tyrol]], and in 1938 in the rest of the country. |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Bahamas]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|title=Driving in the Bahamas - Caribya!|first=|last=IIWINC|website=caribya.com|accessdate=26 June 2018|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216061456/http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bahamas/safety-and-security|title=Safety and security - Bahamas travel advice|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> |- | [[Bahrain]] | RHT | 1967 | | Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8v1CAQAAIAAJ&dq=bahrain+driving+right+1967&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22driving+on+the+right+was+effected+smoothly%22 ''Bahrain Government Annual Reports''], Times of India Press, 1968, page 158</ref> |- | [[Bangladesh]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Barbados]] | LHT | | | |- | [[Belgium]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1899 | RHT |- | [[Belarus]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Belize]] | RHT | 1961<ref name="kincaid"/> | | Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours. |- | [[Benin]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bhutan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Under British protection before 1949. |- | [[Bolivia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ|title=Zillertal Railway Narrow Gauge in Bosnian Gauge|first=|last=Uwe Hilgemann|date=15 November 2015|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> | Switched sides after the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Botswana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Brazil]] | RHT | 1928<ref name="chartsbin"/> | RHT | A Portuguese colony until the early [[19th century]] as LHT and retained it at least partially following [[Independence of Brazil|independence]], switched some states still on LHT to RHT in 1928, the same year as Portugal.<ref>{{cite web|title=História|url=http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|website=Touring Club do Brasil|accessdate=8 January 2017|language=Portuguese|quote=''"Já na década de 1920 (...) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão-inglesa"'' (Translation: In the 1920s (...) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left-hand traffic.)|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111206/http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Decreto 18.323/1928|url=http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1920-1929/decreto-18323-24-julho-1928-516789-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html|language=Portuguese|quote= ''"Art. 31. São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos: a) conservar sua direita, trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada, e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario."'' (Translation: article 31: The common obligations to vehicle drivers are; a) Keep to the right, driving the closest as possible to the roadside, letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic.)|accessdate=17 January 2017}}, the first nationwide traffic legislation, cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country.</ref> While some areas in present-day Brazil formerly belonged to [[Bolivia]] were already in RHT. |- | [[Brunei]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bulgaria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Burundi]] | RHT | | | Former Belgian colony. Considering switching to LHT<ref name=rwandaburundi>{{cite news|last=Nkwame|first=Marc|title=Burundi, Rwanda to start driving on the left|url=https://24tanzania.com/burundi-rwanda-to-start-driving-on-the-left/|accessdate=28 May 2016|newspaper=DailyNews Online|date=27 July 2013}}</ref> in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Cambodia]] | RHT | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Cambodia bans right-hand drive cars | publisher = BBC News | date= 1 January 2001 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1096303.stm | accessdate=12 January 2007}}</ref> |- | [[Cameroon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1961 | | |- | [[Canada]] | RHT | 1920s | RHT | Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except [[British Columbia]], which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,<ref>{{cite web |title=Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 |url=https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |work=The British Columbia Road Runner |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=March 1966 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020071518/https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Week In History: Switching from the left was the right thing to do |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |first=Kevin |last=Griffin |work=[[The Vancouver Sun|Vancouver Sun]] |accessdate=26 August 2017 |date=1 January 2016 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=27 Bisha Sideedaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827045523/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> and [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Prince Edward Island]] which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.<ref name="ns1758.ca">{{cite web |title=Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides |url=http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |first=Ivan |last=Smith |work=History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia, 1899-1949 |accessdate=27 August 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=8 Bisha Sideedaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012644/http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] changed to RHT in 1947 while still a [[Dominion of Newfoundland|dominion]] of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.<ref name="A triumph for left over right">{{cite web |url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/columnists/a-triumph-for-left-over-right-56169697.html |title=A triumph for left over right |first=Gwynne |last=Dyer |work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]] |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=30 August 2009 }}</ref> |- | [[Cape Verde]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Central African Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chad]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chile]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | LHT | The [[Santiago Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[China]] | RHT | 1946 | RHT/LHT | At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are all on LHT due to their colonial heritage. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Hong Kong MTR]] and the [[Macau LRT]]. |- | [[Colombia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Comoros]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Costa Rica]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Côte d'Ivoire]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Croatia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of [[Austria-Hungary]]<ref name=croatiaslavonia>{{cite news|last=Baedeker|first=Karl|title=Austria, including Hungary, Transylvania, Dalmatia and Bosnia|url=https://archive.org/details/01703017.5423.emory.edu|accessdate=28 July 2017|page=xiii-xiv|date=1900|quote="In Styria, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, Carniola, Croatia, and Hungary we keep to the left, and pass to the right in overtaking; in Carinthia, Tyrol, and the Austrian Littoral (Adriatic coast: Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and Dalmatia) we keep to the right and overtake to the left. Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road, so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them, keep to the left."}}</ref>. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. |- | [[Cuba]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Cyprus]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Czech Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939 | RHT | Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, [[Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia|switched]] during the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]]. |- | [[Denmark]] | RHT | | RHT<ref name=DEN3>{{cite web|url=http://videnskab.dk/videnskabdk/los-mysteriet-hvorfor-korer-nogle-lande-i-hojre-side-af-vejen-og-andre-i-venstre |title=;Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side? (Why do some countries drive on the right side?) |publisher=videnskab.dk |accessdate=31 Aug 2014}}</ref> | Includes [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Greenland]] |- | [[Djibouti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Dominica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Dominican Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[East Timor]] | LHT | 1976 | | Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.<ref name="kincaid"/> Under the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]], changed back to LHT in 1976. |- | [[Ecuador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Quito Metro]] and [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]] tram system will use RHT. |- | [[Egypt]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies. |- | [[El Salvador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Equatorial Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Eritrea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | | |- | [[Estonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Ethiopia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | LHT | The [[Addis Ababa Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Fiji]] | LHT | | LHT | |- | [[Finland]] | RHT | 1858 | RHT/LHT | Formerly ruled as part of LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] by Russian decree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.aland.net/bosse/hogertrafik.htm|title=Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland|work=aland.net}}</ref> Most of the [[Helsinki commuter rail]] lines use LHT, but the [[Helsinki Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[France]] | RHT | 1792 | LHT<ref name="Jan 1 1541, p.16">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfak8nsMNGIC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false 'Left is right on the road'], Mick Hamer ''[[New Scientist]]'', 25 December 1986 – 1 January 1987 No 1540/1541, p.16.</ref>/RHT | Includes [[French Polynesia]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Collectivity of Saint Martin]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Mayotte]]. <br> Railroads in [[Alsace]] and [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] use RHT as a former part of [[German Empire]]. [[CDGVAL]] uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Lyon Metro]]. |- | [[Gabon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Gambia]] | RHT | 1965<ref name="TBD Gambia">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=22wMAQAAIAAJ&dq=gambia+drive+right+1965&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22drive+on+the+right%22 ''Tourist and Business Directory - The Gambia''], 1969, page 19</ref> | | |- | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | About 40% vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html|title="Выживут" ли праворульные машины в Грузии|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputnik-georgia.ru|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref>. The [[Batumi Ropeway]] uses LHT. |- | [[Germany]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hillger|first1=Don|last2=Toth|first2=Garry|title=Right-Hand/Left-Hand Driving Customs|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/driving-customs.htm|publisher=Colorado State University|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Ghana]] | RHT | 1974<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UyCl5iWBSzwC&lpg=PA5&dq=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&f=true ''Daily Graphic''], Issue 7526, December 21 1974, page 9</ref> | |Former British colony. Ghana changed to driving on the right on 4 August 1974, the last former British colony in the region to do so, the military National Redemption Council having passed the Right Hand Traffic Act by decree in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=391&t=ghana-laws |title=Right-Hand Traffic Act |publisher=Ghanalegal.com |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> When changing to RHT, a [[Twi language]] slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".<ref>{{cite web|author=Phil Bartle |url=http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-trv.htm |title=Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community, Society, History, Culture; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle, PhD |publisher=Cec.vcn.bc.ca |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref>Ghana has also banned RHD vehicles. Ghana prohibited new registrations of RHD vehicles after 1 August 1974, three days before the traffic change on 4 August 1974. RHD vehicles may be imported only temporarily into Sierra Leone, for example for humanitarian programmes, but must be exported at the end of the operation. |- | [[Greece]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Grenada]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guatemala]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Guyana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Haiti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Honduras]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Hong Kong]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT |Former British Colony. |- | [[Hungary]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1941 | RHT | Originally LHT, like most of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Iceland]] | RHT | 1968 | | The day of the switch was known as [[H-dagurinn]]. Most passenger cars were already LHD. |- | [[Iran]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Iraq]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[India]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Indonesia]] | LHT<ref name="basement">{{cite web|title=Right-Hand Traffic versus Left-Hand Traffic|url=http://basementgeographer.com/right-hand-traffic-versus-left-hand-traffic/|website=The Basement Geographer|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> | |RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gL4CFLWb84|title=indonesia train compilation|first=|last=hadi anto|date=26 July 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> |Roads were built by the British, but railways are RHT due to Dutch influence. The [[Jakarta MRT]] will also use RHT. |- | [[Ireland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Part of the United Kingdom until 1922. |- | [[Israel]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Under British rule till 1948; The [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Italy]] | RHT | 1920s | LHT | Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2008/03/29/mrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|title=Sight for sure eyes, Honest John's Agony Column|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=28 March 2008|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621071058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fmotoring%2F2008%2F03%2F29%2Fmrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. [[Alfa Romeo]] and [[Lancia]] did produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively only to special order, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |editor=Nick Georgano | authorlink=G.N. Georgano |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2000 |edition=Vol. 2: G-O|page=867|chapter=Lancia|isbn=1-57958-293-1}}</ref> <br> The metro systems in [[Brescia Metro|Brescia]], [[Genoa Metro|Genoa]], [[Milan Metro|Milan]], and [[Turin Metro|Turin]] use RHT, as well as all tram systems. |- | [[Jamaica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Japan]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web| title = Why Does Japan Drive On The Left | publisher = 2pass.co.uk |url= http://www.2pass.co.uk/japan.htm | accessdate=11 August 2006 }}</ref> | | LHT | Post-[[World War II]] [[Okinawa]] was ruled by the [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands]] and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 but did not convert back to LHT until 1978.<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew H. Malcolm|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D1FFD355513728DDDAC0894DF405B888BF1D3 |title= U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned |work=The New York Times |date=5 July 1978|page=A2}}</ref> The conversion operation was known as [[730 (transport)|730]] (''Nana-San-Maru'', which refers to the date of the changeover, [[30 July]]). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. The [[Hakone Ropeway]] uses RHT. |- | [[Jordan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946. |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Kenya]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kra.go.ke/customs/faqcustoms2.html#Q1 |title=Customs Services Department – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=KRA |accessdate=12 December 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111100/https://www.kra.go.ke/index.php#Q1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | | | British colony until 1963. |- | [[Kiribati]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[North Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> The metro system in [[Pyongyang Metro|Pyongyang]] uses a mixture of RHT and LHT. |- | [[South Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include lines [[Seoul Subway Line 1|1]] and [[Seoul Subway Line 4|4]] of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]], the [[Bundang Line]], and the [[Shinbundang Line]]). |- | [[Kosovo]] | RHT | | RHT | |- | [[Kuwait]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Kyrgyzstan]] | RHT | | RHT | Former part of RHT [[Soviet Union]]. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/over-20000-right-hand-drive-cars-imported-in-kyrgyzstan-in-2012/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=8 May 2013|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref> |- | [[Laos]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Latvia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lebanon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former French mandate. |- | [[Lesotho]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liberia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Libya]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lithuania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Luxembourg]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Madagascar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malawi]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Malaysia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Maldives]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Mali]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malta]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | British colony until 1964. |- | [[Marshall Islands]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. |- | [[Mauritania]] | RHT | | | Mining roads between [[Fderîck]] and [[Zouérat]] are LHT.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |title=Photo of All Change. Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! |publisher=Panoramio |accessdate=10 June 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095031/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Mauritius]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Mexico]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Micronesia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. Nearly 80% vehicles are RHD due to the import of used cars from Japan. |- | [[Moldova]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Monaco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Mongolia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Montenegro]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Morocco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Mozambique]] | LHT<ref name="mozrev">[https://books.google.com/books?id=W2oaAAAAMAAJ&dq=mozambique+drive+on+left&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Mozambique+one+drives+on+the+the+left%22 ''Mozambique: memoirs of a revolution''], John Paul, Penguin, 1975, page 41</ref> | | LHT | |- | [[Myanmar]] | RHT | 1970 | LHT | Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/414ecaaa-cd09-11e6-b8ce-b9c03770f8b1 Myanmar’s car market set to take new direction], Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 2 January 2017</ref> |- | [[Netherlands]] | RHT | 1906<ref name="NED">{{cite web|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/de-claim-links-rijden~a358071/|title=De Claim links rijden|first=|website=|publisher=Volkskrant.nl|language=nl|author=Peter van Ammelrooy|accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> | RHT | Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/Hans/rechtsrijden.htm |title=De geschiedenis van het linksrijden |publisher=Engelfriet.net |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> Includes [[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]], and [[Aruba]] |- | [[Namibia]] | LHT | 1918 | | RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied [[German South-West Africa]] during World War I, switched to LHT.<ref name="kincaid"/> [[South-West Africa]] was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-RszAAAAIAAJ&q=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&dq=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6rvT_v_7KAhVGWBQKHZyYAMoQ6AEIIDAA The Laws of South West Africa], Volume 2, J. Meibert, 1961</ref> |- | [[Nauru]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | | |- | [[Nepal]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2004/0427/latest/DLM302188.html?search=qs_all%40act%40bill%40regulation_left+side+road_resel&p=1|title= 2.1 "Keeping Left" – Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 – New Zealand Legislation |publisher= New Zealand Government |accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref> | | | |- | [[New Zealand]] | LHT<ref name=basement/> | | LHT | Includes territories [[Niue]] and [[Cook Islands]] |- | [[Nicaragua]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Niger]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Nigeria]] | RHT | 1972<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8LiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&dq=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRjcKJ36bZAhVFPsAKHbZjCyMQ6AEIKTAA ''Africa''], Issues 6-10, Africa Journal, Limited, 1972, page 32</ref> | LHT | Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) warned operators of RHD vehicles that they would face prosecution<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | work=Punch | first1=Temitayo | last1=Famutimi | title=FRSC warns owners of right-hand drive vehicles | date=19 March 2012 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=30 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430043332/http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> under Section 71 of the National Road Traffic Regulation (2004), which states that no RHD vehicle shall be registered or driven on public roads.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/02/frsc-to-prosecute-operators-of-right-hand-vehicles/| work=PM News | first1=Jethro | last1= Ibileke | title=FRSC To Prosecute Operators Of Right-Hand Vehicles | date=2 July 2012}}</ref> |- | [[Norway]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Oman]] | RHT | | | Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=8 August 2006|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office (fco.gov.uk)|title=Travel advice by country, Oman|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184423/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|archivedate=8 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Pakistan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was part of undivided India |- | [[Palau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan because it's a second Japanese-speaking country. |- | [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Panama]] | RHT |1943<ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars |date=20170111081559 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', April 25, 1943</ref> |RHT | |- | [[Papua New Guinea]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | After Australia occupied [[German New Guinea]] during World War I, switched to LHT. |- | [[Paraguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref>[http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/suplementos/abc-revista/enterese-1219611.html De izquierda a derecha], ''[[ABC Color]]'', 2 March 2014</ref> | | |- | [[Peru]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Philippines]] | RHT | 1946<ref name="E.O. 34 1945"/> | RHT | Was LHT during the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish]] and [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American]] colonial periods. Switched to RHT during [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945. |- | [[Poland]] | RHT | | RHT | [[Partitions of Poland]] belonging to the [[German Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl">{{cite web |url=http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |title=Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska – autobusy, tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe – History of the Cracow tram network |publisher=Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl |date=28 November 1982 |accessdate=11 May 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819132405/http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Portugal]] | RHT<ref name="basement"/> | 1928 | LHT | Colonies [[Goa]], Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.<ref name="mozrev"/> The [[Porto Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Qatar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Romania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Transylvania]], the [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] were until 1919 LHT like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]], while [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were already RHT. |- | [[Russia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT |In the [[Russian Far East]] RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.<ref name="rbth.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/business/2016/08/31/russian-far-east-is-still-attached-to-japanese-cars_625665 |title=Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars |publisher=Russia behind the headlines |date=31 August 2016 |accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref> Railway between [[Moscow]] and [[Ryazan]] is LHT. [[Sormovskaya line]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro]] also uses LHT. |- | [[Rwanda]] | RHT<ref name=rwandaburundi/> | | | Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT<ref name="rwandaburundi"/><ref name=rwandatransport>{{cite web|author=Peter|title=Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards|url=http://www.rwandatransport.com/2013/07/rwanda-to-adopt-eac-driving-standards/|work=Rwanda Transport|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Lucia]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Samoa]] | LHT | 2009 | | Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.<ref name=basement/> |- | [[San Marino]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Saudi Arabia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Makkah Metro]] and the [[Riyadh Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Senegal]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Serbia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Vojvodina]] was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary. |- | [[Seychelles]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | RHT | 1971<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F80CAAAAMAAJ&q=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&dq=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4hFRVbmVEojA7AbvxoGgCA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBw ''The Rising Sun: A History of the All People's Congress Party of Sierra Leone''], A.P.C. Secretariat, 1982, page 396</ref> | | Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/sierra-leone-officially-bans-right-hand-vehichles-as-hazards/1751527.html Sierra Leone Bans Right-Hand Vehicles as Hazards], [[Voice of America]], Nina de Vries, 17 September 2013</ref> |- | [[Singapore]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Slovakia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939–41 | RHT | Was LHT like most of former Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT when it became a [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|client state]] of [[Nazi Germany]]. |- | [[Slovenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was LHT like most of Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT to unite with [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] to form with [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. |- | [[Solomon Islands]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Somalia]] | RHT | 1968<ref name="Tsvsati">{{cite web|title=Somalia – Visa service and travel information|url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=619&Pagetitle=Somalia|publisher=Travcour|accessdate=22 August 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111141/https://www.travcour.com/page/visa-applications/somalia.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | | |- | [[South Africa]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web|title=Road Rules|url=http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|work=SACarRental.com|accessdate=15 February 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102054016/http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in South Africa Information|url=http://www.drivesouthafrica.co.za/driving-information/south-africa/|work=drivesouthafrica.co.za|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[South Sudan]] | RHT | 1973 | | Was LHT during the period of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|British colonial rule]]. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence. |- | [[Spain]] | RHT | 1924 | RHT | Up to the 1920s [[Barcelona]] was RHT, and [[Madrid]] was LHT until 1924. The [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]] and [[Bilbao Metro|Bilbao]] metro systems use LHT.<ref>Moya, Aurora. "Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia", Chapter 1</ref> |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Sudan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1973 | | Former British colony. |- | [[Suriname]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | | |- | [[Swaziland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Sweden]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1967 3 September | LHT | The day of the switch was known as ''[[Dagen H]]''. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in [[Gothenburg tram network|Gothenburg]] (except for a short part), [[Trams in Norrköping|Norrköping]] and [[Trams in Stockholm|Stockholm]] are RHT<!-- [[Lidingöbanan|Lidingö Line]] is also RHT, see https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AGA_tram_stop , the AGA tram stop is part of a long double track-->.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taplin|first=Michael|title=Light Rail in Europe|date=1995|publisher=Capital Transport|pages=126, 128|ISBN=1-85414-180-5}}</ref> The railroads in [[Malmö]] use RHT due to the connection to Denmark. |- | [[Switzerland]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The tram system in [[Zurich]] and the [[Lausanne Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Syria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Taiwan]] | RHT | 1946 |LHT | Was LHT during the period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]]. The [[government of the Republic of China]] changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210214228/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=違警罰法 (Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences) |author=Passed by the Legislative Yuan |year=1946 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=14 August 2012 }}</ref> Most metro systems use RHT. |- | [[Tajikistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tanzania]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Thailand]] | LHT<ref name="basement"/> | | LHT | One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia. |- | [[Togo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Tonga]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Trinidad and Tobago]] | LHT<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=c1n3oVO5Gv8C&lpg=PA53&ots=FTKWflZhgE&dq=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&f=true ''Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide''], Kathleen O'Donnell, Stassi Pefkaros, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2000, page 53</ref> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Tunisia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | French RHT was enforced in the [[French protectorate of Tunisia]] from 1881. |- | [[Turkey]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tuvalu]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | |Former British colony. |- | [[Uganda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Ukraine]] | RHT | 1922<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl"/> | RHT | West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the [[Russian Empire]], already drove on the right.<br>Some sections of [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram]] use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI|title=Криворожский скоростной трамвай|first=|last=Vril|date=13 October 2013|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | [[United Arab Emirates]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[United Kingdom]] | LHT<br>{{small|(Mainland UK)}}<br>RHT<br>{{small|(Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory)}} |1929 <br> {{small|(in Gibraltar)}} | LHT | Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories [[Isle of Man]], [[Guernsey]], [[Jersey]], [[Anguilla]], [[Bermuda]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Falkland Islands]], [[Montserrat]], [[Pitcairn Islands]] (unregistered), [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], [[Saint Helena]], [[Ascension Island|Ascension]], [[Tristan da Cunha]] are all LHT. [[Gibraltar]] has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MoAzAQAAMAAJ&dq=Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance+Gibraltar+1929&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance%22 ''Colonial Reports''], Annual, Volumes 1480-1499, 1930, page 76</ref> The [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is the only other overseas territory driving on the right. The [[Channel Islands]] (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|German occupation]] until their liberation in 1945.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-iQNAAAAIAAJ&dq=channel+islands+drive+on+right+german+occupation&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22rule+of+the+road+was+changed+to+the+right%22 ''The Channel Islands War: 1940-1945''], Peter King, Hale, 1991, page 31</ref> The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their [[Occupation of the Falkland Islands|occupation by Argentina]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news |title='82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy, Hope |first= Hector |last=Tobar |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 April 2002 |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/argentina/hope.htm |accessdate= 1 March 2010}}</ref>However, virtually all passenger vehicles in British Virgin Islands are LHD due to grey imports of used cars from USA and South Korea. |- | [[United States]] | RHT<br>LHT<br>{{small|(U.S. Virgin Islands)}} | | RHT/LHT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/#trains|title=Which side of the road do they drive on?|website=brianlucas.ca}}</ref> | Includes [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]]. [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] is LHT, like much of the Caribbean, as the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT, because the islands drove on the left when the United States purchased the former Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1917. However, virtually all passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports of US vehicles. |- | [[Uruguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref name="Autoblog">[http://www.autoblog.com.uy/2015/08/el-dia-en-que-el-rio-de-la-plata-dejo.html El día en que el Río de la Plata dejó de manejar por la izquierda], Autoblog, 25 August 2015</ref> | LHT | Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945.<ref name="Autoblog" /> A speed limit of {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}} was observed until 30 September for safety. |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Vanuatu]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web| title = RHD/LHD Country Guide | publisher = toyota-gib.com |url= https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/vehicle-sales/lhd-rhd-guide.html | accessdate=22 September 2017 }}</ref> | | | |- | [[Venezuela]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Caracas Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Vietnam]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Became RHT as [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Yemen]] | RHT | 1977<ref name="kincaid"/> | | [[South Yemen]], formerly the British [[colony of Aden]], changed to RHT in 1977. A series of [[postage stamps]] commemorating the event was issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/South-Yemen/Postage%20stamps/?year=1977|title=South Yemen – Postage stamps – 1977|author=|date=|work=stampworld.com}}</ref> [[North Yemen]] was already RHT. |- | [[Zambia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | LHT | | LHT | Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.<ref>[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/01/30/left-hand-vehicles-stay/ Left-hand vehicles to stay], ''[[NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)|NewsDay]]'', 30 January 2014</ref> |} 4vdb3bhka0unvvzddcv45k6k6zb7e8c 239570 239569 2022-08-06T14:31:11Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki Tani waa liiska '''Taraafikada midig iyo bidix'''. =Taraafikada midig iyo bidix= ::''Fadlan qaybtan u tarjun Ingiriis.'' [[File:Countries driving on the left or right.svg|thumb|400px|Countries by handedness of traffic, c. 2018 {{legend|#CC0000|Right-hand traffic}} {{legend|#204A87|Left-hand traffic}} ]] [[File:Fari-Wechsel.jpg|right|thumb|Change of traffic directions at the [[Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge]]]] [[File:Harcourt Road near Admiralty Centre.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong drives on the left.]] [[File:View east along Sungang East Road from Renmin North Road, Shenzhen, China.jpg|thumb|Mainland China drives on the right.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Country ! Road traffic ! Road switched sides ! [[Double-track railway|Multi-track rail]] traffic generally ! Notes |- | [[Afghanistan]] | RHT | | RHT/LHT | Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring [[British India]] and later [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC&pg=PA70&dq=Right+hand+traffic+Afghanistan+by+Ghulam+Mohammad+Farhad,+the+Mayor+of+Kabul,%5B&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3-8HUqeVDIWI0AWOr4CQAw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Right%20hand%20traffic%20Afghanistan%20by%20Ghulam%20Mohammad%20Farhad%2C%20the%20Mayor%20of%20Kabul%2C%5B&f=false|title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?|publisher=APH |year=2002|author=L. R. Reddy|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> |- | [[Albania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin">{{cite web|title=Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|accessdate=13 December 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111225/http://chartsbin.com/view/edr|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Algeria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Andorra]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Angola]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Antigua and Barbuda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Argentina]] | RHT | 1945 10 June | LHT | The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as ''Día de la Seguridad Vial'' (road safety day).<ref>{{cite web|title=10 de Junio: Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial|url=https://www.rosario.gov.ar/mr/epidemiologia/copy_of_efemerides/junio/10-de-junio-dia-mundial-de-la-seguridad-vial|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> <br> The [[Premetro (Buenos Aires)|Premetro]] and [[Metrotranvía Mendoza]] use RHT. |- | [[Armenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Australia]] | LHT | | LHT |- | [[Austria]] |RHT |1921–1938 | RHT<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tYkoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&dq=%22Austria+itself+was+something+of+a+curiosity.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbqaqv2rnWAhWJbrwKHdZoC-cQ6AEIKDAA ''New Scientist''], Volume 112, IPC Magazines, 1986, page 18</ref> | Originally LHT, like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]]. Switched sides in 1921 in [[Vorarlberg]], 1930 in [[North Tyrol]], 1935 in [[Carinthia]] and [[East Tyrol]], and in 1938 in the rest of the country. |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Bahamas]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|title=Driving in the Bahamas - Caribya!|first=|last=IIWINC|website=caribya.com|accessdate=26 June 2018|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216061456/http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bahamas/safety-and-security|title=Safety and security - Bahamas travel advice|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> |- | [[Bahrain]] | RHT | 1967 | | Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8v1CAQAAIAAJ&dq=bahrain+driving+right+1967&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22driving+on+the+right+was+effected+smoothly%22 ''Bahrain Government Annual Reports''], Times of India Press, 1968, page 158</ref> |- | [[Bangladesh]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Barbados]] | LHT | | | |- | [[Belgium]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1899 | RHT |- | [[Belarus]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Belize]] | RHT | 1961<ref name="kincaid"/> | | Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours. |- | [[Benin]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bhutan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Under British protection before 1949. |- | [[Bolivia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ|title=Zillertal Railway Narrow Gauge in Bosnian Gauge|first=|last=Uwe Hilgemann|date=15 November 2015|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> | Switched sides after the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Botswana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Brazil]] | RHT | 1928<ref name="chartsbin"/> | RHT | A Portuguese colony until the early [[19th century]] as LHT and retained it at least partially following [[Independence of Brazil|independence]], switched some states still on LHT to RHT in 1928, the same year as Portugal.<ref>{{cite web|title=História|url=http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|website=Touring Club do Brasil|accessdate=8 January 2017|language=Portuguese|quote=''"Já na década de 1920 (...) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão-inglesa"'' (Translation: In the 1920s (...) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left-hand traffic.)|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111206/http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Decreto 18.323/1928|url=http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1920-1929/decreto-18323-24-julho-1928-516789-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html|language=Portuguese|quote= ''"Art. 31. São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos: a) conservar sua direita, trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada, e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario."'' (Translation: article 31: The common obligations to vehicle drivers are; a) Keep to the right, driving the closest as possible to the roadside, letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic.)|accessdate=17 January 2017}}, the first nationwide traffic legislation, cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country.</ref> While some areas in present-day Brazil formerly belonged to [[Bolivia]] were already in RHT. |- | [[Brunei]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Bulgaria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Burundi]] | RHT | | | Former Belgian colony. Considering switching to LHT<ref name=rwandaburundi>{{cite news|last=Nkwame|first=Marc|title=Burundi, Rwanda to start driving on the left|url=https://24tanzania.com/burundi-rwanda-to-start-driving-on-the-left/|accessdate=28 May 2016|newspaper=DailyNews Online|date=27 July 2013}}</ref> in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Cambodia]] | RHT | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Cambodia bans right-hand drive cars | publisher = BBC News | date= 1 January 2001 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1096303.stm | accessdate=12 January 2007}}</ref> |- | [[Cameroon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1961 | | |- | [[Canada]] | RHT | 1920s | RHT | Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except [[British Columbia]], which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,<ref>{{cite web |title=Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 |url=https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |work=The British Columbia Road Runner |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=March 1966 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020071518/https://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/roadrunners/1966/1966_03_march.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Week In History: Switching from the left was the right thing to do |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |first=Kevin |last=Griffin |work=[[The Vancouver Sun|Vancouver Sun]] |accessdate=26 August 2017 |date=1 January 2016 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=27 Bisha Sideedaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827045523/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/week+history+switching+from+left+right+thing/11625241/story.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> and [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Prince Edward Island]] which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.<ref name="ns1758.ca">{{cite web |title=Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides |url=http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |first=Ivan |last=Smith |work=History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia, 1899-1949 |accessdate=27 August 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=8 Bisha Sideedaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012644/http://ns1758.ca/auto/automobiles.html#roadrule1923 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] changed to RHT in 1947 while still a [[Dominion of Newfoundland|dominion]] of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.<ref name="A triumph for left over right">{{cite web |url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/columnists/a-triumph-for-left-over-right-56169697.html |title=A triumph for left over right |first=Gwynne |last=Dyer |work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]] |accessdate=27 August 2017 |date=30 August 2009 }}</ref> |- | [[Cape Verde]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Central African Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chad]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Chile]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | LHT | The [[Santiago Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[China]] | RHT | 1946 | RHT/LHT | At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are all on LHT due to their colonial heritage. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Hong Kong MTR]] and the [[Macau LRT]]. |- | [[Colombia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Comoros]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Costa Rica]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Côte d'Ivoire]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Croatia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of [[Austria-Hungary]]<ref name=croatiaslavonia>{{cite news|last=Baedeker|first=Karl|title=Austria, including Hungary, Transylvania, Dalmatia and Bosnia|url=https://archive.org/details/01703017.5423.emory.edu|accessdate=28 July 2017|page=xiii-xiv|date=1900|quote="In Styria, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, Carniola, Croatia, and Hungary we keep to the left, and pass to the right in overtaking; in Carinthia, Tyrol, and the Austrian Littoral (Adriatic coast: Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and Dalmatia) we keep to the right and overtake to the left. Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road, so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them, keep to the left."}}</ref>. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. |- | [[Cuba]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Cyprus]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Czech Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939 | RHT | Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, [[Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia|switched]] during the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]]. |- | [[Denmark]] | RHT | | RHT<ref name=DEN3>{{cite web|url=http://videnskab.dk/videnskabdk/los-mysteriet-hvorfor-korer-nogle-lande-i-hojre-side-af-vejen-og-andre-i-venstre |title=;Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side? (Why do some countries drive on the right side?) |publisher=videnskab.dk |accessdate=31 Aug 2014}}</ref> | Includes [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Greenland]] |- | [[Djibouti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Dominica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Dominican Republic]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[East Timor]] | LHT | 1976 | | Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.<ref name="kincaid"/> Under the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]], changed back to LHT in 1976. |- | [[Ecuador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Quito Metro]] and [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]] tram system will use RHT. |- | [[Egypt]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies. |- | [[El Salvador]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Equatorial Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Eritrea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | | |- | [[Estonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Ethiopia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1964 | LHT | The [[Addis Ababa Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Fiji]] | LHT | | LHT | |- | [[Finland]] | RHT | 1858 | RHT/LHT | Formerly ruled as part of LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] by Russian decree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.aland.net/bosse/hogertrafik.htm|title=Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland|work=aland.net}}</ref> Most of the [[Helsinki commuter rail]] lines use LHT, but the [[Helsinki Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[France]] | RHT | 1792 | LHT<ref name="Jan 1 1541, p.16">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfak8nsMNGIC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false 'Left is right on the road'], Mick Hamer ''[[New Scientist]]'', 25 December 1986 – 1 January 1987 No 1540/1541, p.16.</ref>/RHT | Includes [[French Polynesia]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], [[Wallis and Futuna]], [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Collectivity of Saint Martin]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Mayotte]]. <br> Railroads in [[Alsace]] and [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] use RHT as a former part of [[German Empire]]. [[CDGVAL]] uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the [[Lyon Metro]]. |- | [[Gabon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Gambia]] | RHT | 1965<ref name="TBD Gambia">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=22wMAQAAIAAJ&dq=gambia+drive+right+1965&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22drive+on+the+right%22 ''Tourist and Business Directory - The Gambia''], 1969, page 19</ref> | | |- | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | About 40% vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html|title="Выживут" ли праворульные машины в Грузии|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputnik-georgia.ru|accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref>. The [[Batumi Ropeway]] uses LHT. |- | [[Germany]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hillger|first1=Don|last2=Toth|first2=Garry|title=Right-Hand/Left-Hand Driving Customs|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/driving-customs.htm|publisher=Colorado State University|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> | |RHT | |- | [[Ghana]] | RHT | 1974<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UyCl5iWBSzwC&lpg=PA5&dq=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=ghana%20drive%20right%201974&f=true ''Daily Graphic''], Issue 7526, December 21 1974, page 9</ref> | |Former British colony. Ghana changed to driving on the right on 4 August 1974, the last former British colony in the region to do so, the military National Redemption Council having passed the Right Hand Traffic Act by decree in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=391&t=ghana-laws |title=Right-Hand Traffic Act |publisher=Ghanalegal.com |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> When changing to RHT, a [[Twi language]] slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".<ref>{{cite web|author=Phil Bartle |url=http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-trv.htm |title=Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community, Society, History, Culture; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle, PhD |publisher=Cec.vcn.bc.ca |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref>Ghana has also banned RHD vehicles. Ghana prohibited new registrations of RHD vehicles after 1 August 1974, three days before the traffic change on 4 August 1974. RHD vehicles may be imported only temporarily into Sierra Leone, for example for humanitarian programmes, but must be exported at the end of the operation. |- | [[Greece]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Grenada]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guatemala]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Guyana]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Haiti]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Honduras]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Hong Kong]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT |Former British Colony. |- | [[Hungary]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1941 | RHT | Originally LHT, like most of [[Austria-Hungary]]. |- | [[Iceland]] | RHT | 1968 | | The day of the switch was known as [[H-dagurinn]]. Most passenger cars were already LHD. |- | [[Iran]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Iraq]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[India]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | |LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Indonesia]] | LHT<ref name="basement">{{cite web|title=Right-Hand Traffic versus Left-Hand Traffic|url=http://basementgeographer.com/right-hand-traffic-versus-left-hand-traffic/|website=The Basement Geographer|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> | |RHT<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gL4CFLWb84|title=indonesia train compilation|first=|last=hadi anto|date=26 July 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> |Roads were built by the British, but railways are RHT due to Dutch influence. The [[Jakarta MRT]] will also use RHT. |- | [[Ireland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Part of the United Kingdom until 1922. |- | [[Israel]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Under British rule till 1948; The [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] uses RHT. |- | [[Italy]] | RHT | 1920s | LHT | Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2008/03/29/mrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|title=Sight for sure eyes, Honest John's Agony Column|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=28 March 2008|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621071058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fmotoring%2F2008%2F03%2F29%2Fmrjon129.xml&DCMP=EMC-mot_02042008|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. [[Alfa Romeo]] and [[Lancia]] did produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively only to special order, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |editor=Nick Georgano | authorlink=G.N. Georgano |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2000 |edition=Vol. 2: G-O|page=867|chapter=Lancia|isbn=1-57958-293-1}}</ref> <br> The metro systems in [[Brescia Metro|Brescia]], [[Genoa Metro|Genoa]], [[Milan Metro|Milan]], and [[Turin Metro|Turin]] use RHT, as well as all tram systems. |- | [[Jamaica]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Japan]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web| title = Why Does Japan Drive On The Left | publisher = 2pass.co.uk |url= http://www.2pass.co.uk/japan.htm | accessdate=11 August 2006 }}</ref> | | LHT | Post-[[World War II]] [[Okinawa]] was ruled by the [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands]] and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 but did not convert back to LHT until 1978.<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew H. Malcolm|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D1FFD355513728DDDAC0894DF405B888BF1D3 |title= U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned |work=The New York Times |date=5 July 1978|page=A2}}</ref> The conversion operation was known as [[730 (transport)|730]] (''Nana-San-Maru'', which refers to the date of the changeover, [[30 July]]). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. The [[Hakone Ropeway]] uses RHT. |- | [[Jordan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946. |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Kenya]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kra.go.ke/customs/faqcustoms2.html#Q1 |title=Customs Services Department – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=KRA |accessdate=12 December 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111100/https://www.kra.go.ke/index.php#Q1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | | | British colony until 1963. |- | [[Kiribati]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[North Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> The metro system in [[Pyongyang Metro|Pyongyang]] uses a mixture of RHT and LHT. |- | [[South Korea]] | RHT | 1946 | LHT/RHT | Korea had been LHT because of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|influence of Japan]] in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. <br> Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include lines [[Seoul Subway Line 1|1]] and [[Seoul Subway Line 4|4]] of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]], the [[Bundang Line]], and the [[Shinbundang Line]]). |- | [[Kosovo]] | RHT | | RHT | |- | [[Kuwait]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Kyrgyzstan]] | RHT | | RHT | Former part of RHT [[Soviet Union]]. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/over-20000-right-hand-drive-cars-imported-in-kyrgyzstan-in-2012/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=8 May 2013|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref> |- | [[Laos]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | RHT implemented while part of [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Latvia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lebanon]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former French mandate. |- | [[Lesotho]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liberia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Libya]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Lithuania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Luxembourg]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Madagascar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malawi]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Malaysia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Maldives]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Mali]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Malta]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | British colony until 1964. |- | [[Marshall Islands]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. |- | [[Mauritania]] | RHT | | | Mining roads between [[Fderîck]] and [[Zouérat]] are LHT.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |title=Photo of All Change. Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! |publisher=Panoramio |accessdate=10 June 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118095031/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/9441095?tag=Mauritania |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Mauritius]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Mexico]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Micronesia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Was being under American rule. Nearly 80% vehicles are RHD due to the import of used cars from Japan. |- | [[Moldova]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Monaco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Mongolia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Montenegro]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Morocco]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Mozambique]] | LHT<ref name="mozrev">[https://books.google.com/books?id=W2oaAAAAMAAJ&dq=mozambique+drive+on+left&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Mozambique+one+drives+on+the+the+left%22 ''Mozambique: memoirs of a revolution''], John Paul, Penguin, 1975, page 41</ref> | | LHT | |- | [[Myanmar]] | RHT | 1970 | LHT | Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/414ecaaa-cd09-11e6-b8ce-b9c03770f8b1 Myanmar’s car market set to take new direction], Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 2 January 2017</ref> |- | [[Netherlands]] | RHT | 1906<ref name="NED">{{cite web|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/de-claim-links-rijden~a358071/|title=De Claim links rijden|first=|website=|publisher=Volkskrant.nl|language=nl|author=Peter van Ammelrooy|accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> | RHT | Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engelfriet.net/Alie/Hans/rechtsrijden.htm |title=De geschiedenis van het linksrijden |publisher=Engelfriet.net |accessdate=2014-05-14}}</ref> Includes [[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]], and [[Aruba]] |- | [[Namibia]] | LHT | 1918 | | RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied [[German South-West Africa]] during World War I, switched to LHT.<ref name="kincaid"/> [[South-West Africa]] was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-RszAAAAIAAJ&q=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&dq=%22south+west+africa%22+%22driving+on+the+left%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6rvT_v_7KAhVGWBQKHZyYAMoQ6AEIIDAA The Laws of South West Africa], Volume 2, J. Meibert, 1961</ref> |- | [[Nauru]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1918 | | |- | [[Nepal]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2004/0427/latest/DLM302188.html?search=qs_all%40act%40bill%40regulation_left+side+road_resel&p=1|title= 2.1 "Keeping Left" – Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 – New Zealand Legislation |publisher= New Zealand Government |accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref> | | | |- | [[New Zealand]] | LHT<ref name=basement/> | | LHT | Includes territories [[Niue]] and [[Cook Islands]] |- | [[Nicaragua]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Niger]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Nigeria]] | RHT | 1972<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8LiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&dq=%22April+2,+1972,+Nigeria+will+cease+to+drive+on+the+left+and,+like+most+of+her+neighbours,+drive+on+the+right%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRjcKJ36bZAhVFPsAKHbZjCyMQ6AEIKTAA ''Africa''], Issues 6-10, Africa Journal, Limited, 1972, page 32</ref> | LHT | Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) warned operators of RHD vehicles that they would face prosecution<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | work=Punch | first1=Temitayo | last1=Famutimi | title=FRSC warns owners of right-hand drive vehicles | date=19 March 2012 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-date=30 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430043332/http://www.punchng.com/metro/frsc-warns-owners-of-right-hand-drive-vehicles/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> under Section 71 of the National Road Traffic Regulation (2004), which states that no RHD vehicle shall be registered or driven on public roads.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/02/frsc-to-prosecute-operators-of-right-hand-vehicles/| work=PM News | first1=Jethro | last1= Ibileke | title=FRSC To Prosecute Operators Of Right-Hand Vehicles | date=2 July 2012}}</ref> |- | [[Norway]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Oman]] | RHT | | | Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=8 August 2006|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office (fco.gov.uk)|title=Travel advice by country, Oman|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184423/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/oman|archivedate=8 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Pakistan]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was part of undivided India |- | [[Palau]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan because it's a second Japanese-speaking country. |- | [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Panama]] | RHT |1943<ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1943/04/25/page/10/article/panama-shifts-to-right-handed-driving-of-cars |date=20170111081559 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', April 25, 1943</ref> |RHT | |- | [[Papua New Guinea]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | After Australia occupied [[German New Guinea]] during World War I, switched to LHT. |- | [[Paraguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref>[http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/suplementos/abc-revista/enterese-1219611.html De izquierda a derecha], ''[[ABC Color]]'', 2 March 2014</ref> | | |- | [[Peru]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | |- | [[Philippines]] | RHT | 1946<ref name="E.O. 34 1945"/> | RHT | Was LHT during the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish]] and [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American]] colonial periods. Switched to RHT during [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in 1945. |- | [[Poland]] | RHT | | RHT | [[Partitions of Poland]] belonging to the [[German Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl">{{cite web |url=http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |title=Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska – autobusy, tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe – History of the Cracow tram network |publisher=Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl |date=28 November 1982 |accessdate=11 May 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819132405/http://komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=412&Itemid=226 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Portugal]] | RHT<ref name="basement"/> | 1928 | LHT | Colonies [[Goa]], Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.<ref name="mozrev"/> The [[Porto Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Qatar]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Romania]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Transylvania]], the [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]] were until 1919 LHT like most of former [[Austria-Hungary]], while [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were already RHT. |- | [[Russia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT |In the [[Russian Far East]] RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.<ref name="rbth.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/business/2016/08/31/russian-far-east-is-still-attached-to-japanese-cars_625665 |title=Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars |publisher=Russia behind the headlines |date=31 August 2016 |accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref> Railway between [[Moscow]] and [[Ryazan]] is LHT. [[Sormovskaya line]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro]] also uses LHT. |- | [[Rwanda]] | RHT<ref name=rwandaburundi/> | | | Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT<ref name="rwandaburundi"/><ref name=rwandatransport>{{cite web|author=Peter|title=Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards|url=http://www.rwandatransport.com/2013/07/rwanda-to-adopt-eac-driving-standards/|work=Rwanda Transport|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. |- | [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Lucia]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] | LHT | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Samoa]] | LHT | 2009 | | Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.<ref name=basement/> |- | [[San Marino]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1928 | | |- | [[Saudi Arabia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Makkah Metro]] and the [[Riyadh Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Senegal]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Serbia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | [[Vojvodina]] was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary. |- | [[Seychelles]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | Former British colony. Island nation. |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | RHT | 1971<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F80CAAAAMAAJ&q=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&dq=Sierra+Leone++right-hand+traffic+on+1+March+1971.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4hFRVbmVEojA7AbvxoGgCA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBw ''The Rising Sun: A History of the All People's Congress Party of Sierra Leone''], A.P.C. Secretariat, 1982, page 396</ref> | | Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/sierra-leone-officially-bans-right-hand-vehichles-as-hazards/1751527.html Sierra Leone Bans Right-Hand Vehicles as Hazards], [[Voice of America]], Nina de Vries, 17 September 2013</ref> |- | [[Singapore]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Slovakia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1939–41 | RHT | Was LHT like most of former Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT when it became a [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|client state]] of [[Nazi Germany]]. |- | [[Slovenia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Was LHT like most of Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT to unite with [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] to form with [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. |- | [[Solomon Islands]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Somalia]] | RHT | 1968<ref name="Tsvsati">{{cite web|title=Somalia – Visa service and travel information|url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=619&Pagetitle=Somalia|publisher=Travcour|accessdate=22 August 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111141/https://www.travcour.com/page/visa-applications/somalia.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | | |- | [[South Africa]] | LHT<ref>{{cite web|title=Road Rules|url=http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|work=SACarRental.com|accessdate=15 February 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102054016/http://www.sacarrental.com/road-rules.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in South Africa Information|url=http://www.drivesouthafrica.co.za/driving-information/south-africa/|work=drivesouthafrica.co.za|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[South Sudan]] | RHT | 1973 | | Was LHT during the period of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|British colonial rule]]. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence. |- | [[Spain]] | RHT | 1924 | RHT | Up to the 1920s [[Barcelona]] was RHT, and [[Madrid]] was LHT until 1924. The [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]] and [[Bilbao Metro|Bilbao]] metro systems use LHT.<ref>Moya, Aurora. "Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia", Chapter 1</ref> |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Former British colony. |- | [[Sudan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1973 | | Former British colony. |- | [[Suriname]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1920s | | |- | [[Swaziland]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Sweden]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | 1967 3 September | LHT | The day of the switch was known as ''[[Dagen H]]''. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in [[Gothenburg tram network|Gothenburg]] (except for a short part), [[Trams in Norrköping|Norrköping]] and [[Trams in Stockholm|Stockholm]] are RHT<!-- [[Lidingöbanan|Lidingö Line]] is also RHT, see https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AGA_tram_stop , the AGA tram stop is part of a long double track-->.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taplin|first=Michael|title=Light Rail in Europe|date=1995|publisher=Capital Transport|pages=126, 128|ISBN=1-85414-180-5}}</ref> The railroads in [[Malmö]] use RHT due to the connection to Denmark. |- | [[Switzerland]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The tram system in [[Zurich]] and the [[Lausanne Metro]] use RHT. |- | [[Syria]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Taiwan]] | RHT | 1946 |LHT | Was LHT during the period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]]. The [[government of the Republic of China]] changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210214228/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01172/0117235060800.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=違警罰法 (Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences) |author=Passed by the Legislative Yuan |year=1946 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=14 August 2012 }}</ref> Most metro systems use RHT. |- | [[Tajikistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tanzania]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Thailand]] | LHT<ref name="basement"/> | | LHT | One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia. |- | [[Togo]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Tonga]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Trinidad and Tobago]] | LHT<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=c1n3oVO5Gv8C&lpg=PA53&ots=FTKWflZhgE&dq=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20drives%20on%20the%20left.&f=true ''Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide''], Kathleen O'Donnell, Stassi Pefkaros, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2000, page 53</ref> | | | Former British colony. |- | [[Tunisia]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | French RHT was enforced in the [[French protectorate of Tunisia]] from 1881. |- | [[Turkey]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Tuvalu]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | |Former British colony. |- | [[Uganda]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Ukraine]] | RHT | 1922<ref name="Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl"/> | RHT | West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the [[Russian Empire]], already drove on the right.<br>Some sections of [[Kryvyi Rih Metrotram]] use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI|title=Криворожский скоростной трамвай|first=|last=Vril|date=13 October 2013|publisher=|accessdate=26 June 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | [[United Arab Emirates]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[United Kingdom]] | LHT<br>{{small|(Mainland UK)}}<br>RHT<br>{{small|(Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory)}} |1929 <br> {{small|(in Gibraltar)}} | LHT | Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories [[Isle of Man]], [[Guernsey]], [[Jersey]], [[Anguilla]], [[Bermuda]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Falkland Islands]], [[Montserrat]], [[Pitcairn Islands]] (unregistered), [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], [[Saint Helena]], [[Ascension Island|Ascension]], [[Tristan da Cunha]] are all LHT. [[Gibraltar]] has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MoAzAQAAMAAJ&dq=Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance+Gibraltar+1929&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Rule+of+the+Road+Ordinance%22 ''Colonial Reports''], Annual, Volumes 1480-1499, 1930, page 76</ref> The [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] is the only other overseas territory driving on the right. The [[Channel Islands]] (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|German occupation]] until their liberation in 1945.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-iQNAAAAIAAJ&dq=channel+islands+drive+on+right+german+occupation&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22rule+of+the+road+was+changed+to+the+right%22 ''The Channel Islands War: 1940-1945''], Peter King, Hale, 1991, page 31</ref> The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their [[Occupation of the Falkland Islands|occupation by Argentina]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news |title='82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy, Hope |first= Hector |last=Tobar |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 April 2002 |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/argentina/hope.htm |accessdate= 1 March 2010}}</ref>However, virtually all passenger vehicles in British Virgin Islands are LHD due to grey imports of used cars from USA and South Korea. |- | [[United States]] | RHT<br>LHT<br>{{small|(U.S. Virgin Islands)}} | | RHT/LHT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/#trains|title=Which side of the road do they drive on?|website=brianlucas.ca}}</ref> | Includes [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]]. [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] is LHT, like much of the Caribbean, as the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT, because the islands drove on the left when the United States purchased the former Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1917. However, virtually all passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports of US vehicles. |- | [[Uruguay]] | RHT | 1945<ref name="Autoblog">[http://www.autoblog.com.uy/2015/08/el-dia-en-que-el-rio-de-la-plata-dejo.html El día en que el Río de la Plata dejó de manejar por la izquierda], Autoblog, 25 August 2015</ref> | LHT | Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945.<ref name="Autoblog" /> A speed limit of {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}} was observed until 30 September for safety. |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | RHT | |- | [[Vanuatu]] | RHT<ref>{{cite web| title = RHD/LHD Country Guide | publisher = toyota-gib.com |url= https://www.toyota-gib.com/eng/vehicle-sales/lhd-rhd-guide.html | accessdate=22 September 2017 }}</ref> | | | |- | [[Venezuela]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | The [[Caracas Metro]] uses RHT. |- | [[Vietnam]] | RHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | LHT | Became RHT as [[French Indochina]]. |- | [[Yemen]] | RHT | 1977<ref name="kincaid"/> | | [[South Yemen]], formerly the British [[colony of Aden]], changed to RHT in 1977. A series of [[postage stamps]] commemorating the event was issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/South-Yemen/Postage%20stamps/?year=1977|title=South Yemen – Postage stamps – 1977|author=|date=|work=stampworld.com}}</ref> [[North Yemen]] was already RHT. |- | [[Zambia]] | LHT<ref name="chartsbin"/> | | | |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | LHT | | LHT | Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.<ref>[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/01/30/left-hand-vehicles-stay/ Left-hand vehicles to stay], ''[[NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)|NewsDay]]'', 30 January 2014</ref> |} mqd3fhf54ybhjwbj8ju32y54qe4l8l3 0 24539 239571 176264 2022-08-06T14:32:43Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} [[File:Flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.png|thumb|The flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.]] [[File:panmure island lighthouse.JPG|thumb|Lighthouse on [[Panmure Island (Prince Edward Island)|Panmure Island]]]] '''Jasiiradda Prince Edward''' (PEI ama P.E.I. Faransiiska: Île-du-Prince-Édouard) waa gobolka Canada oo ka kooban jasiirada isla magaca, iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar. Prince Edward Island waa mid ka mid ah saddexda Gobollada Maritime waana gobolka ugu yar ee labada dhul iyo dad. Waa qayb ka mid ah dhulalka dhaqanka ee Miqkac, waxaana uu noqday gumeysi British ah 1700-yadii waxaana uu ku biiray Canada sida gobolka 1873-dii. Caasimadiisa waa Charlottetown. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka 2016, gobolka Edward Island wuxuu leeyahay 142,907 deganayaasha [6]. Laf-dhabarka dhaqaalaha waa beerashada; waxay soo saartaa 25% baradhada Canada. Jasiiradu waxay leedahay dhowr magacyo aan rasmi ahayn: "Beerta Gacanka", iyada oo la tixraacayo haya'daha xoola-dhaqatada iyo beeraleyda beeraha ee gobolka oo dhan; iyo "Dhalasho Confederation" ama "Cradle of Confederation", oo la xidhiidha Shirka Charlottetown 1864, inkastoo PEI aanay ku biirin Confederation ilaa 1873, markii ay noqotay gobolka 7aad ee Kanada. Taariikh ahaan, PEI waa mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee Kanada, dadkuna waxay ka soo horjeedaan socdaalkoodii hore ee dalka, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon iyo Faransiisku waxay xukumi jireen maanta. pb2mahv0ou8nr9op1ydrvrfm8635fxa 239572 239571 2022-08-06T14:33:08Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} [[File:Flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.png|thumb|The flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.]] [[File:panmure island lighthouse.JPG|thumb|Lighthouse on [[Panmure Island (Prince Edward Island)|Panmure Island]]]] '''Jasiiradaha Prince Edward''' (PEI ama P.E.I. Faransiiska: Île-du-Prince-Édouard) waa gobolka Canada oo ka kooban jasiirada isla magaca, iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar. Prince Edward Island waa mid ka mid ah saddexda Gobollada Maritime waana gobolka ugu yar ee labada dhul iyo dad. Waa qayb ka mid ah dhulalka dhaqanka ee Miqkac, waxaana uu noqday gumeysi British ah 1700-yadii waxaana uu ku biiray Canada sida gobolka 1873-dii. Caasimadiisa waa Charlottetown. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka 2016, gobolka Edward Island wuxuu leeyahay 142,907 deganayaasha [6]. Laf-dhabarka dhaqaalaha waa beerashada; waxay soo saartaa 25% baradhada Canada. Jasiiradu waxay leedahay dhowr magacyo aan rasmi ahayn: "Beerta Gacanka", iyada oo la tixraacayo haya'daha xoola-dhaqatada iyo beeraleyda beeraha ee gobolka oo dhan; iyo "Dhalasho Confederation" ama "Cradle of Confederation", oo la xidhiidha Shirka Charlottetown 1864, inkastoo PEI aanay ku biirin Confederation ilaa 1873, markii ay noqotay gobolka 7aad ee Kanada. Taariikh ahaan, PEI waa mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee Kanada, dadkuna waxay ka soo horjeedaan socdaalkoodii hore ee dalka, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon iyo Faransiisku waxay xukumi jireen maanta. fikwuv16qb8bgdqoofdm8l9c7a74g59 239573 239572 2022-08-06T14:33:23Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 EnsiklopediaXylon moved page [[Prince Edward Island]] to [[Jasiiradaha Prince Edward]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} [[File:Flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.png|thumb|The flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.]] [[File:panmure island lighthouse.JPG|thumb|Lighthouse on [[Panmure Island (Prince Edward Island)|Panmure Island]]]] '''Jasiiradaha Prince Edward''' (PEI ama P.E.I. Faransiiska: Île-du-Prince-Édouard) waa gobolka Canada oo ka kooban jasiirada isla magaca, iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar. Prince Edward Island waa mid ka mid ah saddexda Gobollada Maritime waana gobolka ugu yar ee labada dhul iyo dad. Waa qayb ka mid ah dhulalka dhaqanka ee Miqkac, waxaana uu noqday gumeysi British ah 1700-yadii waxaana uu ku biiray Canada sida gobolka 1873-dii. Caasimadiisa waa Charlottetown. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka 2016, gobolka Edward Island wuxuu leeyahay 142,907 deganayaasha [6]. Laf-dhabarka dhaqaalaha waa beerashada; waxay soo saartaa 25% baradhada Canada. Jasiiradu waxay leedahay dhowr magacyo aan rasmi ahayn: "Beerta Gacanka", iyada oo la tixraacayo haya'daha xoola-dhaqatada iyo beeraleyda beeraha ee gobolka oo dhan; iyo "Dhalasho Confederation" ama "Cradle of Confederation", oo la xidhiidha Shirka Charlottetown 1864, inkastoo PEI aanay ku biirin Confederation ilaa 1873, markii ay noqotay gobolka 7aad ee Kanada. Taariikh ahaan, PEI waa mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee Kanada, dadkuna waxay ka soo horjeedaan socdaalkoodii hore ee dalka, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon iyo Faransiisku waxay xukumi jireen maanta. fikwuv16qb8bgdqoofdm8l9c7a74g59 239575 239573 2022-08-06T14:34:12Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} [[File:Flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.png|thumb|The flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island.]] [[File:panmure island lighthouse.JPG|thumb|Lighthouse on [[Panmure Island (Prince Edward Island)|Panmure Island]]]] '''Jasiiradaha Prince Edward''' (PEI ama P.E.I. Faransiiska: Île-du-Prince-Édouard) waa gobolka Canada oo ka kooban jasiirada isla magaca, iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar. Prince Edward Island waa mid ka mid ah saddexda Gobollada Maritime waana gobolka ugu yar ee labada dhul iyo dad. Waa qayb ka mid ah dhulalka dhaqanka ee Miqkac, waxaana uu noqday gumeysi British ah 1700-yadii waxaana uu ku biiray Canada sida gobolka 1873-dii. Caasimadiisa waa Charlottetown. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka 2016, gobolka Edward Island wuxuu leeyahay 142,907 deganayaasha. Laf-dhabarka dhaqaalaha waa beerashada; waxay soo saartaa 25% baradhada Canada. Jasiiradu waxay leedahay dhowr magacyo aan rasmi ahayn: "Beerta Gacanka", iyada oo la tixraacayo haya'daha xoola-dhaqatada iyo beeraleyda beeraha ee gobolka oo dhan; iyo "Dhalasho Confederation" ama "Cradle of Confederation", oo la xidhiidha Shirka Charlottetown 1864, inkastoo PEI aanay ku biirin Confederation ilaa 1873, markii ay noqotay gobolka 7aad ee Kanada. Taariikh ahaan, PEI waa mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee Kanada, dadkuna waxay ka soo horjeedaan socdaalkoodii hore ee dalka, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon iyo Faransiisku waxay xukumi jireen maanta. a86hmfkbnf1dg944xta4n1jswpqgbll 0 24758 239588 219352 2022-08-07T01:45:29Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog loo bedeley [[Af-Indunisi]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Af-Indunisi]] 7tqhi6z5jn0f2hxgtk1lzq56e8znyfo 0 31885 239591 207903 2022-08-07T01:54:30Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taariikhda Jabuuti}} {{Dhaqan Soomaali}} '''Taariikhda Jabuuti''' ({{lang-en|''History of Djibouti''}}; {{lang-ar|تاريخ جيبوتي}}) waa sooyaalka soo jireenka ahaa ee deegaanada wadanka [[Jabuuti]].<ref>[[Jabuuti]] waa wadan ku yaala [[Geeska Afrika]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Soomaaliya]] koonfur-bari, [[Eritrea]] iyo [[Badda Cas]] ee waqooyi iyo waqooyi-bari, [[Ethiopia]] galbeed iyo koonfur, iyo</ref> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * [[Siyaassada Jabuuti]] *[[Dhaqaallaha Jabuuti]] *[[Jabuuti#Cimilada|Cimilada]] * [[Webiyada Jabuuti|Webiyada]] *[[Juqraafiga Jabuuti|Juqraafiga]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Maqaalo Jabuuti}} [[Category:Jabuuti| ]] [[Category:Taariikhda Jabuuti]] [[Category:Dhaqaalaha Jabuuti]] [[Category:Bulshada Jabuuti]] [[Category:Juquraafiga Jabuuti]] kufp2bb4iwlw92xvio92w0sdwova13v 239592 239591 2022-08-07T01:54:49Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Noqay bedelaadka 239591 ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/EnsiklopediaXylon|EnsiklopediaXylon]] ([[User talk:EnsiklopediaXylon|hadal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taariikhda Jabuuti}} {{Dhaqan Soomaali}} '''Taariikhda Jabuuti''' ({{lang-en|''History of Djibouti''}}; {{lang-ar|تاريخ جيبوتي}}) waa sooyaalka soo jireenka ahaa ee deegaanada wadanka [[Jabuuti]].<ref>[[Djibouti]] is a country in the [[Horn of Africa]]. It is bordered by [[Somalia]] to the southeast, [[Eritrea]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the north and northeast, [[Ethiopia]] to the west and south, and the [[Gulf of Aden]] to the east.</ref> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * [[Siyaassada Jabuuti]] *[[Dhaqaallaha Jabuuti]] *[[Jabuuti#Cimilada|Cimilada]] * [[Webiyada Jabuuti|Webiyada]] *[[Juqraafiga Jabuuti|Juqraafiga]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Maqaalo Jabuuti}} [[Category:Jabuuti| ]] [[Category:Taariikhda Jabuuti]] [[Category:Dhaqaalaha Jabuuti]] [[Category:Bulshada Jabuuti]] [[Category:Juquraafiga Jabuuti]] o0j73pybs20rcs6tif48pdrd1kklz3c 239593 239592 2022-08-07T01:55:48Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taariikhda Jabuuti}} {{Dhaqan Soomaali}} '''Taariikhda Jabuuti''' ({{lang-en|''History of Djibouti''}}; {{lang-ar|تاريخ جيبوتي}}) waa sooyaalka soo jireenka ahaa ee deegaanada wadanka [[Jabuuti]].<ref>[[Jabuuti]] waa wadan ku yaala [[Geeska Afrika]]. Waxa ay xuduud la leedahay [[Soomaaliya]] Koonfur-bari, [[Eritrea]] iyo [[Badda Cas]] waqooyi iyo waqooyi-bari, [[Itoobiya]] galbeed iyo koonfur, iyo [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] bari.</ref> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * [[Siyaassada Jabuuti]] *[[Dhaqaallaha Jabuuti]] *[[Jabuuti#Cimilada|Cimilada]] * [[Webiyada Jabuuti|Webiyada]] *[[Juqraafiga Jabuuti|Juqraafiga]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Maqaalo Jabuuti}} [[Category:Jabuuti| ]] [[Category:Taariikhda Jabuuti]] [[Category:Dhaqaalaha Jabuuti]] [[Category:Bulshada Jabuuti]] [[Category:Juquraafiga Jabuuti]] 21f3e7aee5nw2v5ktc3h4fpf3rcw47l 0 33922 239648 228976 2022-08-07T08:57:36Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Venice Old Town Lagoon Aerial View.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Venice]] waa '''Magaalada Badda dhexdeeda'''.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20050322/Venice-City-in-the-Sea/ Venice—“City in the Sea”]</ref>]] Venice - magaalo ku taal [[Talyaaniga]]. =Tix= {{Commons|Venice}}{{reflist}}{{stub}} augafbwyesh57oohmqxjrfvvi5xxoro 239649 239648 2022-08-07T08:57:58Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Venice Old Town Lagoon Aerial View.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Venice]] waa Magaalada Badda dhexdeeda.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20050322/Venice-City-in-the-Sea/ Venice—“City in the Sea”]</ref>]] Venice waa magaalo ku taal [[Talyaaniga]]. =Tix= {{Commons|Venice}}{{reflist}}{{stub}} 0t11zkbdvs94rbxst57xxxbwiod3w22 3 35370 239583 229755 2022-08-06T18:09:14Z Pathoschild 246 add talk page header ([[m:Synchbot|requested by MdsShakil]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{User talk:MdsShakil/header}} What's up mam!? Are you able to help me edit a wiki page that has incorrect information that I'd like to correct? Message me here if you can, ma. Please. Thanks. betxw2i4i5be7x4tedqet1mum4qfliy 0 36433 239601 236631 2022-08-07T04:29:58Z 192.145.174.136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saliim labaad ina [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]] ina [[saliim koowaad]] ina [[bayazid labaad]] ina [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad al-faatix]] ina [[muraad labaad]] ina [[muxamad koowaad]] ina [[bayazid koowaad]] ina [[muraad koowaad]] ina [[orkhan]] ina [[cusmaan gaazi]],''' waa kan 11aad ee baqdaad cusmaaniyiinta, waana Wiilka [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]] iyo khuram suldaan, waxa uu xilka haayay inta u dhaxeesay (1566-1574) {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: green; text-align: center;" | '''saliim labaad'''<br /> سليم الثاني <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 11aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[khaliifka islaamka]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[1566]] ilaa , [[1574]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]] |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[muraad sedexaad]] |- !Dhashay: |[[1524]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]] |- !hooyadii |[[khuram suldaan]] |- !Dhintay: |[[1574]] |- !Ku dhintay: |[[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] |} == Horaantiisa == == Qabashada xilka == saliim labaad uma muuqan qofka aabihiis badalaayo balse dhimasha walaalihiis [[shahrazaada musdafa]], Maxamed iyo jahaankiir ayaa ka dhigtay inuu noqdo qofka badalo aabihiis == Dhimashadiisa == Sanadkii 1574 ayuu dhintay saliim labaad, wuxuuna sababsaday inuu ku simbirixooday lugtiisa xili uu [[qasriga duub kaay]] ku qubeesanaayay <ref name=">مولد تلقائيا1">أوزتونا، يلماز: تاريخ الدولة العثمانية (عدنان محمود سلمان). المجلد الأول. (1988). ط1. مؤسسة فيصل للتمويل، تركيا، إسطنبول. ص 381-383.</ref>, taariiqyahanada reer galbeedka waxay dhimashadiisa ku sababeeyaan khamriga badan uu cabi jiray == Tilmaantiisa == Selim waxaa loo soo bandhigay inuu yahay boqor deeqsi ah oo jecel raaxada iyo maaweelada ilaha xilligaan, oo jecel golaha cabitaanka, wuxuu ku raaxaystaa joogitaanka aqoonyahannada iyo abwaannada ku hareeraysan, iyo sidoo kale fannaaniin, legdanayaal, iyo aqoonyahanno, kuwaas oo sameeya. ma rabto in ay qalbiyada qofna jebiso. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa la sheegay in aanu wax badan ka soo muuqan fagaarayaasha, oo uu aabbihii inta badan aadi jiray Salaadda Jimcaha, isla markaana uu ka dhex bixi jiray dadweynaha; Selim taas wuu dayacay oo waqtigiisa ku qaatay qasriga. ==Xigasho== 5po72i6hodvw22vs080flg7evsjjcni 10 36439 239650 238966 2022-08-07T10:27:15Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#ffffff; border-style:ridge; border-width:3px; border-color:green;" | width="55%" style="vertical-align:top;padding: 0; margin:0;" | <center></center> <div style="float:center; width:100%"><center>'''Eon'''</center> <center>[[Kambriyaan ka hor]] - [[Hadeyaan]] - [[Arkeyaan]] - [[Broterosoyig]] - [[Fanerosoyig]]</center> <center>'''Xilli'''</center> <center>[[Eoarkeyaan]] - [[Balyuuarkeyaan]] - [[Mesoarkeyaan]] - [[Neoarkeyaan]] - [[Balyuubroterosoyik]] - [[Mesobroterosoyik]] - [[Neobroterosoyik]] - [[Balyuusoyik]] - [[Mesosoyik]] - [[Senosoyik]]</center> <center>'''Muddada'''</center> <center>[[Kambriyaan]] - [[Ordofisiyaan]] - [[Siluriyaan]] - [[Defoniyaan]] - [[Kaarboon (da'da)|Kaarboon]] - [[Barmiyaan]] - [[Saddexaad]] - [[Juuraasiig]] - [[Nuurad (da'da)|Nuurad]] - [[Balyuujiin]] - [[Niujiin]] - [[Afar-geesood]]</center></center> |} </br> <noinclude> [[Category:Template]] </noinclude> dpklg9dcl8gaodmt62d6cdips2izs8q 0 36454 239651 237686 2022-08-07T10:28:41Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geo-time}} [[Barmiyaan]] ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: Permian), lixaad ee lixdii xilli ee [[Balyuuzoik]] Era iyo xilli koror, ayaa laga kordhiyay 298.9 ± 0.15 ilaa 251.902 ± 0.024 [[milyan]] sano ka hor, muddo ku saabsan 46.998 milyan sano. Waxaa ka horreeya kaarboon, oo ay ku xigaan seddexda. [[File:280 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|200px|right]] =Tixraac= *[https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A Gudaha Af Carabi Wikipedia] {{stub}} {{geochronology-stub}} lx9zgszc5xgr0rtqvokmp299dac6q50 239652 239651 2022-08-07T10:29:15Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geo-time}} [[Barmiyaan]] ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: Permian), lixaad ee lixdii xilli ee [[Balyuuzoik]] Era iyo xilli koror, ayaa laga kordhiyay 298.9 ± 0.15 ilaa 251.902 ± 0.024 [[milyan]] sano ka hor, muddo ku saabsan 46.998 milyan sano. Waxaa ka horreeya kaarboon, oo ay ku xigaan seddexda. [[File:280 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|400px]] =Tixraac= *[https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A Gudaha Af Carabi Wikipedia] {{stub}} {{geochronology-stub}} jd20r3hhsa0nxxq0illvkd2cf20jxqt 2 36491 239590 239408 2022-08-07T01:52:38Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{retired}} {{pp-semi-indef}} ---- {{quote|Aynu ka dhigno dhaqdhaqaaqa toban kun oo maqaallo ku guuleysta Wikibidhiya}} 0a4a1bkrmtgxhkkn34m6vgvtbuxeiin 0 36577 239627 238001 2022-08-07T07:03:20Z 41.78.72.39 wikitext text/x-wiki '''almalik mudafar seefudiin quduz maxamuud bin mamduud''' (afka carabiga; '''الملك المظفر سيف الدين قُطُز محمود بن ممدود'''), waa suldaanka mamaaliikta, waana halyeygii ku jabiyay [[tataarka]] [[Macrakadii Ceyn Jaaluut|dagaalkii ceynu jaaluut]] kana xureeyay dhulka [[shaam]], xilka waxa uu haayay wax ka yar hal sano, sanadkii 1260 ayaa la dilay {{Infobox royalty|name=Seefudiin quduz|title=Suldaanka sedexaad ee mamaaliikta masar|image=صورة تمثال سيف الدين قطز crop.jpg|caption=Quduz bust in qaahiro|succession=[[Suldaanka masar]]|reign=Nofembar 1259 – 24 Oktoobar 1260|predecessor=[[Mansuur cali]]|successor=[[Daahir Beebaris]]|succession1=[[Suldaan]] of [[Shaam]]|reign1=Sebtembar 1260 – 24 Oktoobar 1260|predecessor1=|successor1=[[Daahir Beebaris]]|full name=al-Malik al-Mudafar Seefudiin Qutuz|dynasty=[[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]]|spouse=|issue=|birth_date=2 Nofembar 1221|birth_place=[[Samarqanda]], [[Dawladii khawaarzimiyiinta]]|death_date={{death date and age|1260|10|24|1221|11|2|df=y}}|death_place=[[Alsaalixiya]], [[dawladii Mamaaliikta ]]|place of burial=[[Qaahiro]]|religion=[[Islam]]|nationality=[[Egyptian]]}} == Horaantiisa == wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada [[samarqanda]] xiligii[[dawlada khawaarzimiyiinta]], qoyska talada haayay ayay is ku dhawaayeen, aabihiis mamduud wuxuu ina adeer la ahaa Suldaanka khawaarzim calaaudiin, [[tataarka]] ayaa ku soo duulay oo dumiyay [[dawlada khawaarzimiyiinta]], aabihiis mamduud wuxuu ku shahiiday dagaalada<ref>وا إسلاماه، علي أحمد باكثير صفحة 15</ref>, quduz oo xiligaas yaraa waxaa qafaashay [[tataarka]], waxaana adoon ahaan looga gaday mid ka mid ah hantiilayaasha [[shaam]], wax barasho ayuu helay quraanka iyo xadiiska ayuu bartay, mudo ka dib mid talyo ah oo [[dawlada ayuubiyiinta]] ka mid ahaa ayaa iibsaday, quduz wuxuu ka mid noqday ciidankii la dagaalamaayay gaalada, tababro fiican ayuu qaatay, Suldaanka ayuubiyiinta [[saalax ayuub]] oo aad ugu dadaalaayay iibsashada adoomaha ayaa soo gatay, wuxuuna ku daray adoomihiisa, quduz wuxuu sii watay tababarka ilaa uu noqday mid jago fiican gaaray. == Qabashada xilka == == La dagaalanka tataarka == == Dilkiisa == == Shaqsiyadiisa == == Xigasho == 0ahth0vzr5h0m7tvf74k7rhb886834q 0 36653 239565 238592 2022-08-06T14:27:07Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan [[w:simple:Pidgin|wikibidhiya Ingiriis fudud]]'' '''Bidjiin''' waa luqad la fududeeyay. Bidjiinka badanaa way horumaraan sababtoo ah laba kooxood oo dad ah ayaa u baahan inay wada hadlaan laakiin isku af kuma hadlaan. Bidjiinka inta badan maaha kuwo u adag sida luqado kale oo badan. Dhammaan noocyada luqadda fudud ama "[[jaban]]" maaha bidjiin. Bidjiinka waxay leeyihiin sharciyo ay tahay inuu qofku si fiican u barto ku hadalka bidjiin-ka. Wadamada isticmaala luqadaha pidgin sida luqadooda rasmiga ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Baabwa Cusub Guinea]], Jamaika iyo qaar ka mid ah wadamada kale ee [[Kariibiyaan]]ka iyo [[Bartamaha Ameerika]]. =Tixraacyada= * {{Harvard reference |last=Bakker |first=Peter |year=1994 |chapter=Pidgins |editor=Jacques Arends |editor2=Pieter Muysken |editor3=Norval Smithh |title=Pidgins and Creoles: an introduction |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=26–39 }} * {{Harvard reference |last=Hymes |first=Dell |title=Pidginization and creolization of languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1971 |ISBN=0-521-07833-4 }} * {{cite book | author=McWhorter, John | title=The Power of Babel: the natural history of language | publisher=Random House Group| year=2002 | isbn=0-06-052085-X }} * {{cite book | author=Sebba, Mark | title=Contact languages: Pidgins and Creoles | url=https://archive.org/details/contactlanguages0000sebb | publisher=MacMillan| year=1997| isbn=0-333-63024-6 }} * {{Harvard reference |last=[[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] |first=Sarah |last2=[[Terrence Kaufman|Kaufman]] |first2=Terrence |year=1988 |title=Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics |place=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |edition=first }} * {{Harvard reference |last=Todd |first=Loreto |title=Pidgins and Creoles |Year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |ISBN=0415053110 }} {{stub}} h45zd5fbg1um8ufmofifghv64wux9b5 0 36760 239535 2022-08-06T12:34:42Z 192.145.174.136 Bog cusub: '''khuram suldaan''' oo loo yaqaan sidoo kale '''rookislaana''' waa xaaska suldaanka cusmaaniyiinta [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]], waana hooyada [[Saliim labaad|saliim labaad,]]<nowiki/>waxaa lagu eedeeyaa inay lug ku lahayd dilka [[shahrazaada musdafa]] oo ahaa kan ugu weynaa ilmaha suleymaan qaanuuni iyo dilka [[Sadrulacdam ibrahim baashaa|sadrulacdam Ibrahim baashaa]]. {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{... wikitext text/x-wiki '''khuram suldaan''' oo loo yaqaan sidoo kale '''rookislaana''' waa xaaska suldaanka cusmaaniyiinta [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]], waana hooyada [[Saliim labaad|saliim labaad,]]<nowiki/>waxaa lagu eedeeyaa inay lug ku lahayd dilka [[shahrazaada musdafa]] oo ahaa kan ugu weynaa ilmaha suleymaan qaanuuni iyo dilka [[Sadrulacdam ibrahim baashaa|sadrulacdam Ibrahim baashaa]]. {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: yellow; text-align: center;" | '''khuram suldaan'''<br /> خرم سلطان <br /> |- |- !Dhalatay: |qiyaastii 1502 ama [[1504]] |- !goobta dhalshada: |[[roohaatin]], [[boqortooyada boolaaan]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[kirishtaan artodkas]], kadib [[islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !xaaska |[[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]] |- !ilmaha |[[saliim labaad]] |- !Dhimatay: |[[1558]] |- !Ku dhimatay: |[[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] |} 9kk5otkcif2rxfxw6oumqiag70uviry 0 36761 239553 2022-08-06T13:42:18Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u... wikitext text/x-wiki =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u gaaban tahay noloshiisa badhkeed, taas oo ah 0.69 millise daqiiqado oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaasha waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo guryaha ay kooxdu ka siman tahay midba midka kale. Maadaama uu yahay gaas sharaf leh, waxaa la saadaaliyay in ay noqon doonto molecule diatomic ah (kaliya waxay la mid tahay lafteeda). =Tixraac= {{stub}}{{ow}} bz2uoifcxpo7mgs4wfcbdfch6qr7wzh 239554 239553 2022-08-06T13:47:19Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=oganesson |number=118 |symbol=Og |alt names= |abundance= |abundance in earth's crust= |abundance in oceans= |abundance in solar system= |left=[[tennessine]] |right=[[ununennium]] |above=[[radon|Rn]] |below=(Usb) |category=noble gas (predicted) |category comment= |group=18 |period=7 |block=p |appearance= |mass number comment=(unconfirmed: 295) |electron configuration=&#91;[[Radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶ |electron configuration comment=''(predicted)'' |electron configuration ref=<ref name=Nash2005>{{cite journal |title=Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118|first=Clinton S. |last=Nash|journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry A|year=2005|volume=109|issue=15|pages=3493–3500|doi=10.1021/jp050736o|pmid=16833687|bibcode=2005JPCA..109.3493N}}</ref><ref name=Haire/> |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 |electrons per shell comment=''(predicted)'' |phase=solid |phase comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |density gpcm3mp=4.9–5.1 |density gpcm3mp comment=''(predicted)''<ref name="B&K">{{cite journal |last1=Bonchev |first1=Danail |last2=Kamenska |first2=Verginia |year=1981 |title=Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1186 |publisher=American Chemical Society |doi=10.1021/j150609a021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657207 }}</ref> |boiling point K=350±30 |boiling point C=80±30 |boiling point F=170±50 |boiling point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |crystal structure=face-centered cubic |crystal structure comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=60s>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(65)80255-X|date=1965|publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd.|title=Some physical and chemical properties of element 118 (Eka-Em) and element 86 (Em)|first=A. V.|last=Grosse|journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=27|issue=3|pages=509–19}}</ref> |critical point K=439 |critical point MPa=6.8 |critical point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler>{{citation|title=Thermochemical Properties of the Elements Rn, 112, 114, and 118|first1=R. |last1=Eichler |first2=B. |last2=Eichler|publisher=Paul Scherrer Institut|url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep03/06.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-23}}</ref> |heat fusion=23.5 |heat fusion comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |heat vaporization=19.4 |heat vaporization comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |number of ionization energies=2 |ionization energy 1=860.1 |ionization energy 1 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=VPershina>{{cite book |chapter=Theoretical Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements |last1=Pershina |first1=Valeria |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |date=30 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |page=154 |isbn=9783642374661}}</ref> |ionization energy 2=1560 |ionization energy 2 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=BFricke>{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=Burkhard |year=1975 |title=Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties |journal=Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry |series=Structure and Bonding |volume=21 |pages=89–144 |doi=10.1007/BFb0116498 |isbn=978-3-540-07109-9 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225672062 |accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> |covalent radius=157 |covalent radius comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=rsc>[http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/118/ununoctium Chemical Data. Ununoctium - Uuo], Royal Chemical Society</ref> |CAS number=54144-19-3 |magnetic susceptibility= |magnetic susceptibility ref= |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=294| sym=Og<ref name="synthesis-118-116">{{cite journal |first1=Yu. Ts. |last1=Oganessian |first2=V. K. |last2=Utyonkov |first3=Yu. V. |last3=Lobanov |first4=F. Sh. |last4=Abdullin |first5=A. N. |last5=Polyakov |first6=R. N. |last6=Sagaidak |first7=I. V. |last7=Shirokovsky |first8=Yu. S. |last8=Tsyganov |first9=A. A. |last9=Voinov |first10=G. G. |last10=Gulbekian |first11=S. L. |last11=Bogomolov |first12=B. N. |last12=Gikal |first13=A. N. |last13=Mezentsev |first14=S. |last14=Iliev |first15=V. G. |last15=Subbotin |first16=A. M. |last16=Sukhov |first17=K. |last17=Subotic |first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev |first19=G. K. |last19=Vostokin |first20=M. G. |last20=Itkis |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=J. B. |last22=Patin |first23=D. A. |last23=Shaughnessy |first24=M. A. |last24=Stoyer |first25=N. J. |last25=Stoyer |first26=P. A. |last26=Wilk |first27=J. M. |last27=Kenneally |first28=J. H. |last28=Landrum |first29=J. F. |last29=Wild |first30=R. W. |last30=Lougheed |display-authors={{{display-authors|{{template other||8}}}}} |title=Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the ²⁴⁹Cf and ²⁴⁵Cm+⁴⁸Ca fusion reactions |journal=Physical Review C |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=044602 |date=2006-10-09 |url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v74/e044602|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602 |accessdate=2008-01-18 |bibcode = 2006PhRvC..74d4602O }}</ref> | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.69&nbsp;ms<ref name="Og-Ryk">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Rykaczewski|first2=Krzysztof P.|title=A beachhead on the island of stability|journal=Physics Today|date=August 2015|volume=68|issue=8|pages=32–38|doi=10.1063/PT.3.2880|url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.2880|accessdate=2017-06-14|bibcode=2015PhT....68h..32O|osti=1337838}}</ref> | dm1= [[alpha decay|α]]| de1=11.65±0.06| link1=livermorium-290 | pn1=290 | ps1=Lv | dm2= [[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de2= | pn2= | ps2= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay|mn=295 |sym=Og<ref name="EXON">{{cite conference |title=Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120 |first1=S. |last1=Hofmann |first2=S. |last2=Heinz |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Schneidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Pospiech |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |year=2016 |conference=Exotic Nuclei |editor1-first=Yu. E. |editor1-last=Peninozhkevich |editor2-first=Yu. G. |editor2-last=Sobolev |book-title=Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |pages=155–164 |isbn=9789813226555}}</ref> |na=syn |hl=181 ms? |dm=α |de=11.81 |link1=livermorium-291 |pn=291 |ps=Lv}} |predicted by=[[Niels Bohr]] |prediction date=1922 |discovered by=[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |naming=after [[Yuri Oganessian]] |discovery date=2002 |QID=Q1307 }}<noinclude> {{Infobox element/element navigation|symbol=Og}} {{Template reference list}} {{documentation|1=Template:Infobox element/doc}} </noinclude> =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u gaaban tahay noloshiisa badhkeed, taas oo ah 0.69 millise daqiiqado oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaasha waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo guryaha ay kooxdu ka siman tahay midba midka kale. Maadaama uu yahay gaas sharaf leh, waxaa la saadaaliyay in ay noqon doonto molecule diatomic ah (kaliya waxay la mid tahay lafteeda). =Tixraac= {{stub}}{{ow}} doro19x5rm454yltcgxfeg43a2jkzy4 239558 239554 2022-08-06T13:55:39Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=oganesson |number=118 |symbol=Og |alt names= |abundance= |abundance in earth's crust= |abundance in oceans= |abundance in solar system= |left=[[tennessine]] |right=[[ununennium]] |above=[[radon|Rn]] |below=(Usb) |category=noble gas (predicted) |category comment= |group=18 |period=7 |block=p |appearance= |mass number comment=(unconfirmed: 295) |electron configuration=&#91;[[Radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶ |electron configuration comment=''(predicted)'' |electron configuration ref=<ref name=Nash2005>{{cite journal |title=Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118|first=Clinton S. |last=Nash|journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry A|year=2005|volume=109|issue=15|pages=3493–3500|doi=10.1021/jp050736o|pmid=16833687|bibcode=2005JPCA..109.3493N}}</ref><ref name=Haire/> |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 |electrons per shell comment=''(predicted)'' |phase=solid |phase comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |density gpcm3mp=4.9–5.1 |density gpcm3mp comment=''(predicted)''<ref name="B&K">{{cite journal |last1=Bonchev |first1=Danail |last2=Kamenska |first2=Verginia |year=1981 |title=Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1186 |publisher=American Chemical Society |doi=10.1021/j150609a021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657207 }}</ref> |boiling point K=350±30 |boiling point C=80±30 |boiling point F=170±50 |boiling point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |crystal structure=face-centered cubic |crystal structure comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=60s>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(65)80255-X|date=1965|publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd.|title=Some physical and chemical properties of element 118 (Eka-Em) and element 86 (Em)|first=A. V.|last=Grosse|journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=27|issue=3|pages=509–19}}</ref> |critical point K=439 |critical point MPa=6.8 |critical point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler>{{citation|title=Thermochemical Properties of the Elements Rn, 112, 114, and 118|first1=R. |last1=Eichler |first2=B. |last2=Eichler|publisher=Paul Scherrer Institut|url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep03/06.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-23}}</ref> |heat fusion=23.5 |heat fusion comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |heat vaporization=19.4 |heat vaporization comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |number of ionization energies=2 |ionization energy 1=860.1 |ionization energy 1 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=VPershina>{{cite book |chapter=Theoretical Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements |last1=Pershina |first1=Valeria |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |date=30 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |page=154 |isbn=9783642374661}}</ref> |ionization energy 2=1560 |ionization energy 2 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=BFricke>{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=Burkhard |year=1975 |title=Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties |journal=Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry |series=Structure and Bonding |volume=21 |pages=89–144 |doi=10.1007/BFb0116498 |isbn=978-3-540-07109-9 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225672062 |accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> |covalent radius=157 |covalent radius comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=rsc>[http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/118/ununoctium Chemical Data. Ununoctium - Uuo], Royal Chemical Society</ref> |CAS number=54144-19-3 |magnetic susceptibility= |magnetic susceptibility ref= |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=294| sym=Og<ref name="synthesis-118-116">{{cite journal |first1=Yu. Ts. |last1=Oganessian |first2=V. K. |last2=Utyonkov |first3=Yu. V. |last3=Lobanov |first4=F. Sh. |last4=Abdullin |first5=A. N. |last5=Polyakov |first6=R. N. |last6=Sagaidak |first7=I. V. |last7=Shirokovsky |first8=Yu. S. |last8=Tsyganov |first9=A. A. |last9=Voinov |first10=G. G. |last10=Gulbekian |first11=S. L. |last11=Bogomolov |first12=B. N. |last12=Gikal |first13=A. N. |last13=Mezentsev |first14=S. |last14=Iliev |first15=V. G. |last15=Subbotin |first16=A. M. |last16=Sukhov |first17=K. |last17=Subotic |first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev |first19=G. K. |last19=Vostokin |first20=M. G. |last20=Itkis |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=J. B. |last22=Patin |first23=D. A. |last23=Shaughnessy |first24=M. A. |last24=Stoyer |first25=N. J. |last25=Stoyer |first26=P. A. |last26=Wilk |first27=J. M. |last27=Kenneally |first28=J. H. |last28=Landrum |first29=J. F. |last29=Wild |first30=R. W. |last30=Lougheed |display-authors={{{display-authors|{{template other||8}}}}} |title=Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the ²⁴⁹Cf and ²⁴⁵Cm+⁴⁸Ca fusion reactions |journal=Physical Review C |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=044602 |date=2006-10-09 |url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v74/e044602|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602 |accessdate=2008-01-18 |bibcode = 2006PhRvC..74d4602O }}</ref> | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.69&nbsp;ms<ref name="Og-Ryk">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Rykaczewski|first2=Krzysztof P.|title=A beachhead on the island of stability|journal=Physics Today|date=August 2015|volume=68|issue=8|pages=32–38|doi=10.1063/PT.3.2880|url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.2880|accessdate=2017-06-14|bibcode=2015PhT....68h..32O|osti=1337838}}</ref> | dm1= [[alpha decay|α]]| de1=11.65±0.06| link1=livermorium-290 | pn1=290 | ps1=Lv | dm2= [[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de2= | pn2= | ps2= }} =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u gaaban tahay noloshiisa badhkeed, taas oo ah 0.69 millise daqiiqado oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaasha waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo guryaha ay kooxdu ka siman tahay midba midka kale. Maadaama uu yahay gaas sharaf leh, waxaa la saadaaliyay in ay noqon doonto molecule diatomic ah (kaliya waxay la mid tahay lafteeda). =Tixraac= {{stub}}{{ow}} 7qlejnb20o5gijwzdugfhhcijx0npve 239559 239558 2022-08-06T13:56:01Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Noqay bedelaadka 239558 ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/EnsiklopediaXylon|EnsiklopediaXylon]] ([[User talk:EnsiklopediaXylon|hadal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=oganesson |number=118 |symbol=Og |alt names= |abundance= |abundance in earth's crust= |abundance in oceans= |abundance in solar system= |left=[[tennessine]] |right=[[ununennium]] |above=[[radon|Rn]] |below=(Usb) |category=noble gas (predicted) |category comment= |group=18 |period=7 |block=p |appearance= |mass number comment=(unconfirmed: 295) |electron configuration=&#91;[[Radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶ |electron configuration comment=''(predicted)'' |electron configuration ref=<ref name=Nash2005>{{cite journal |title=Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118|first=Clinton S. |last=Nash|journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry A|year=2005|volume=109|issue=15|pages=3493–3500|doi=10.1021/jp050736o|pmid=16833687|bibcode=2005JPCA..109.3493N}}</ref><ref name=Haire/> |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 |electrons per shell comment=''(predicted)'' |phase=solid |phase comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |density gpcm3mp=4.9–5.1 |density gpcm3mp comment=''(predicted)''<ref name="B&K">{{cite journal |last1=Bonchev |first1=Danail |last2=Kamenska |first2=Verginia |year=1981 |title=Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1186 |publisher=American Chemical Society |doi=10.1021/j150609a021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657207 }}</ref> |boiling point K=350±30 |boiling point C=80±30 |boiling point F=170±50 |boiling point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |crystal structure=face-centered cubic |crystal structure comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=60s>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(65)80255-X|date=1965|publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd.|title=Some physical and chemical properties of element 118 (Eka-Em) and element 86 (Em)|first=A. V.|last=Grosse|journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=27|issue=3|pages=509–19}}</ref> |critical point K=439 |critical point MPa=6.8 |critical point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler>{{citation|title=Thermochemical Properties of the Elements Rn, 112, 114, and 118|first1=R. |last1=Eichler |first2=B. |last2=Eichler|publisher=Paul Scherrer Institut|url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep03/06.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-23}}</ref> |heat fusion=23.5 |heat fusion comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |heat vaporization=19.4 |heat vaporization comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |number of ionization energies=2 |ionization energy 1=860.1 |ionization energy 1 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=VPershina>{{cite book |chapter=Theoretical Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements |last1=Pershina |first1=Valeria |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |date=30 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |page=154 |isbn=9783642374661}}</ref> |ionization energy 2=1560 |ionization energy 2 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=BFricke>{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=Burkhard |year=1975 |title=Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties |journal=Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry |series=Structure and Bonding |volume=21 |pages=89–144 |doi=10.1007/BFb0116498 |isbn=978-3-540-07109-9 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225672062 |accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> |covalent radius=157 |covalent radius comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=rsc>[http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/118/ununoctium Chemical Data. Ununoctium - Uuo], Royal Chemical Society</ref> |CAS number=54144-19-3 |magnetic susceptibility= |magnetic susceptibility ref= |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=294| sym=Og<ref name="synthesis-118-116">{{cite journal |first1=Yu. Ts. |last1=Oganessian |first2=V. K. |last2=Utyonkov |first3=Yu. V. |last3=Lobanov |first4=F. Sh. |last4=Abdullin |first5=A. N. |last5=Polyakov |first6=R. N. |last6=Sagaidak |first7=I. V. |last7=Shirokovsky |first8=Yu. S. |last8=Tsyganov |first9=A. A. |last9=Voinov |first10=G. G. |last10=Gulbekian |first11=S. L. |last11=Bogomolov |first12=B. N. |last12=Gikal |first13=A. N. |last13=Mezentsev |first14=S. |last14=Iliev |first15=V. G. |last15=Subbotin |first16=A. M. |last16=Sukhov |first17=K. |last17=Subotic |first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev |first19=G. K. |last19=Vostokin |first20=M. G. |last20=Itkis |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=J. B. |last22=Patin |first23=D. A. |last23=Shaughnessy |first24=M. A. |last24=Stoyer |first25=N. J. |last25=Stoyer |first26=P. A. |last26=Wilk |first27=J. M. |last27=Kenneally |first28=J. H. |last28=Landrum |first29=J. F. |last29=Wild |first30=R. W. |last30=Lougheed |display-authors={{{display-authors|{{template other||8}}}}} |title=Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the ²⁴⁹Cf and ²⁴⁵Cm+⁴⁸Ca fusion reactions |journal=Physical Review C |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=044602 |date=2006-10-09 |url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v74/e044602|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602 |accessdate=2008-01-18 |bibcode = 2006PhRvC..74d4602O }}</ref> | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.69&nbsp;ms<ref name="Og-Ryk">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Rykaczewski|first2=Krzysztof P.|title=A beachhead on the island of stability|journal=Physics Today|date=August 2015|volume=68|issue=8|pages=32–38|doi=10.1063/PT.3.2880|url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.2880|accessdate=2017-06-14|bibcode=2015PhT....68h..32O|osti=1337838}}</ref> | dm1= [[alpha decay|α]]| de1=11.65±0.06| link1=livermorium-290 | pn1=290 | ps1=Lv | dm2= [[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de2= | pn2= | ps2= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay|mn=295 |sym=Og<ref name="EXON">{{cite conference |title=Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120 |first1=S. |last1=Hofmann |first2=S. |last2=Heinz |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Schneidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Pospiech |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |year=2016 |conference=Exotic Nuclei |editor1-first=Yu. E. |editor1-last=Peninozhkevich |editor2-first=Yu. G. |editor2-last=Sobolev |book-title=Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |pages=155–164 |isbn=9789813226555}}</ref> |na=syn |hl=181 ms? |dm=α |de=11.81 |link1=livermorium-291 |pn=291 |ps=Lv}} |predicted by=[[Niels Bohr]] |prediction date=1922 |discovered by=[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |naming=after [[Yuri Oganessian]] |discovery date=2002 |QID=Q1307 }}<noinclude> {{Infobox element/element navigation|symbol=Og}} {{Template reference list}} {{documentation|1=Template:Infobox element/doc}} </noinclude> =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u gaaban tahay noloshiisa badhkeed, taas oo ah 0.69 millise daqiiqado oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaasha waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo guryaha ay kooxdu ka siman tahay midba midka kale. Maadaama uu yahay gaas sharaf leh, waxaa la saadaaliyay in ay noqon doonto molecule diatomic ah (kaliya waxay la mid tahay lafteeda). =Tixraac= {{stub}}{{ow}} doro19x5rm454yltcgxfeg43a2jkzy4 239560 239559 2022-08-06T13:57:35Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox oganesson}} =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u gaaban tahay noloshiisa badhkeed, taas oo ah 0.69 millise daqiiqado oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaasha waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo guryaha ay kooxdu ka siman tahay midba midka kale. Maadaama uu yahay gaas sharaf leh, waxaa la saadaaliyay in ay noqon doonto molecule diatomic ah (kaliya waxay la mid tahay lafteeda). =Tixraac= {{stub}}{{ow}} tqhkdssn1y3jweav6lkugt6yr18d9wp 239563 239560 2022-08-06T14:01:32Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox oganesson}} =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u gaaban tahay noloshiisa badhkeed, taas oo ah 0.69 millise daqiiqado oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaasha waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo guryaha ay kooxdu ka siman tahay midba midka kale. Maadaama uu yahay gaas sharaf leh, waxaa la saadaaliyay in ay noqon doonto molecule diatomic ah (kaliya waxay la mid tahay lafteeda). =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{stub}}{{ow}} rgb7uz1z3rt113iy6mvuf85m4gvvet4 239564 239563 2022-08-06T14:23:24Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox oganesson}} =Oganesson= '''Oganesson''' waa [[curiye|curiye kiimikaad]] sinthetiiga ah oo leh calaamad Og iyo lambarka atomiga 118. Oganesson waxa uu leeyahay lambarka atomiga ugu sarreeya iyo cufka atomiiga ugu sarreeya dhammaan curiyeyaasha la yaqaan. Atamka radioactive oganesson waa mid aan degganayn, ilaa 2005tii, kaliya shan (malaha lix) atamka isotoobka oganesson-294 ayaa la abuuray. =Kiimikada= Kiimikada Oganesson lama heli karo sababta oo ah sida uu u shaqeeyo shucaac iyo sida ay u gaaban tahay noloshiisa badhkeed, taas oo ah 0.69 millise daqiiqado oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaasha waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo guryaha ay kooxdu ka siman tahay midba midka kale. Maadaama uu yahay gaas sharaf leh, waxaa la saadaaliyay in ay noqon doonto molecule diatomiig ah (kaliya waxay la mid tahay lafteeda). =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{stub}}{{ow}} 2nlnf3b676yxizlfm3zyoglgy8cco7x 10 36762 239555 2022-08-06T13:48:50Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: {{main other |<!-- main: -->{{error|<nowiki>[[:Template:Infobox element/element navigation]]</nowiki> should not be used in mainspace}} |<!-- other: --> {{Infobox element/element navigation/format |sectionheader={{{sectionheader|}}}<!-- yes/no; adds h2 header --> |symbol={{{symbol|symbol}}} |name={{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol={{{symbol|H}}}|default=}} |Z={{Infobox element/symbol-to-Z|symbol={{{symbol|H}}}|default=}} |wl={{{symbol|Xx}}}<!-- ? --> |symbol-west={{infobox... wikitext text/x-wiki {{main other |<!-- main: -->{{error|<nowiki>[[:Template:Infobox element/element navigation]]</nowiki> should not be used in mainspace}} |<!-- other: --> {{Infobox element/element navigation/format |sectionheader={{{sectionheader|}}}<!-- yes/no; adds h2 header --> |symbol={{{symbol|symbol}}} |name={{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol={{{symbol|H}}}|default=}} |Z={{Infobox element/symbol-to-Z|symbol={{{symbol|H}}}|default=}} |wl={{{symbol|Xx}}}<!-- ? --> |symbol-west={{infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-NESW |symbol={{{symbol|}}} |direction=west}} |symbol-east={{infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-NESW |symbol={{{symbol|}}} |direction=east}} |block={{Infobox element/symbol-to-block|symbol={{{symbol|H}}}|default=unknown}} |qid={{Infobox element/symbol-to-QID|symbol={{{symbol|}}}|default=}} |aq={{Infobox element/symbol-to-article-quality|symbol={{{symbol|}}}|default=}} }}}}<!-- -->{{Infobox element/symbol-to--overview1|symbol={{{symbol|}}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 28uzqrqxrmc6m8d74wmjap69y9bqwd9 10 36763 239556 2022-08-06T13:50:36Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: <!-- add ==sectionheader== ? -->{{yesno|{{{sectionheader|yes}}}|yes=<h2>Element navigation</h2>|no=}}<!-- outer div --><div style="float:left; text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4; padding:2px; max-width:50%; border:0.7em solid #ECFCF4; margin:0 0.2em 0.2em 0;"><!-- Box header --> <div style="text-align:center; background:#e4e4e4;"><span style="visibility:hidden; float:left;">PT</span>'''{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol={{{symbol|symbol}}}|format=ucfirst, wl}}'''</d... wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- add ==sectionheader== ? -->{{yesno|{{{sectionheader|yes}}}|yes=<h2>Element navigation</h2>|no=}}<!-- outer div --><div style="float:left; text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4; padding:2px; max-width:50%; border:0.7em solid #ECFCF4; margin:0 0.2em 0.2em 0;"><!-- Box header --> <div style="text-align:center; background:#e4e4e4;"><span style="visibility:hidden; float:left;">PT</span>'''{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol={{{symbol|symbol}}}|format=ucfirst, wl}}'''</div> {| style="margin:0 auto" |- <!-- WEST (= Z minus 1) --> | style="width:4em;" | {{#if:{{{symbol-west|}}}| {{nowrap|1={{Infobox element/symbol-to-wl|symbol={{{symbol-west|}}}|default=}}&nbsp;&larr;}}<br/> {{nowrap|1=[[Template:Infobox_{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol={{{symbol-west|}}}|default=}}|{{small|1=i'box}}&nbsp;{{{symbol-west|west}}}]]}} }}<!-- ELEMENT CELL --> | {{element cell/index/element-navigation |symbol = {{{symbol|}}} |name = {{{name|}}} |Z = {{{Z|<noinclude>0</noinclude>}}} |aq = {{{aq|}}} |category-color={{element color|{{{category|}}}}} |block-color={{element color|{{{block|}}}}} |bgcolor={{element color|{{{block|}}}}} |aq-color= {{element color|aq-{{{aq|}}}}} |wl = {{{wl|<noinclude>0</noinclude>}}} |qid = {{{qid|}}} }}<!-- EAST (= Z plus 1) --> | style="width:4em;" | {{#if:{{{symbol-east|}}}| {{nowrap|1=&rarr;&nbsp;{{Infobox element/symbol-to-wl|symbol={{{symbol-east|}}}|default=}}}}<br/> {{nowrap|1=[[Template:Infobox_{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name|symbol={{{symbol-east|}}}|default=}}|{{small|1=i'box}}&nbsp;{{{symbol-east|}}}]]}} }}<!-- FOOTER --> |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"| {{Unbulleted list | [[File:Commons-logo.svg|12px|Commons|alt=]]&nbsp;[[:commons:Category:{{{name|}}}|<small>Commons</small>]] | [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|12px|Wikidata|alt=]]&nbsp;[[:wikidata:{{{qid|QID}}}|<small>Wikidata:{{{qid|QID}}}</small>]] | [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|12px|Wiktionary|alt=]]&nbsp;[[:wiktionary:{{{name|}}}#English|<small>Wiktionary</small>]] | <small>Indexes in PT:</small> [[#Template:Index to chemical element pages|<small>§ ''below''</small>]]{{middot|}}[[Template:Index to chemical element pages|<small>Page</small>]] }} |- | colspan=3 style="background:#eaeaea; text-align:right;"| {{navbar|e|template=Infobox element/element navigation/format|mini=1}} <!-- FOOTNOTE --> {{#if:{{{footnote|}}}| {{!}}- style="font-size: smaller; text-align:left; background:#efefef;" {{!}} colspan=3 {{!}} {{{footnote|}}} }} |} </div>{{clear|left}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> h2ybvoc2ihvr0osczk1c0dv60c50den 10 36764 239557 2022-08-06T13:52:16Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: {| class="wikitable collapsible {{{state|uncollapsed}}}" style="padding:0; margin:0.2em" |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" ! colspan=2 | {{v|Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview1}}{{nbsp|2}}Data sets read by {{tlf|Infobox element}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Name and identifiers | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-name|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Top image (caption, alt) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image|e... wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable collapsible {{{state|uncollapsed}}}" style="padding:0; margin:0.2em" |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" ! colspan=2 | {{v|Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview1}}{{nbsp|2}}Data sets read by {{tlf|Infobox element}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Name and identifiers | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-name|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Top image (caption, alt) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Pronunciation | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Allotropes ([[Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-allotropes|demo]]) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-allotropes|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Group ([[Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-infobox-formats|demo]]) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-group|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Period ([[Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-infobox-formats|demo]]) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-period|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Block ([[Template:Infobox element/symbol-to--overview-infobox-formats|demo]]) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-block|edit}} <!--- DEPR, unused. 31 May 2021 |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | <s>Category (enwiki)</s> ''depr'' | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-category|edit}} ---> |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | [[Standard atomic weight]] | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-saw|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | &nbsp;&nbsp;most stable isotope | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Natural occurrence | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-occurrence|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Phase at [[Standard temperature and pressure|STP]] | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-phase|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | [[Oxidation state]]s | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | [[Spectral lines]] image | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-spectral-lines-image|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | [[Electron configuration]] (cmt, ref) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Wikidata&nbsp;<nowiki>*</nowiki> | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/overview-wikidata|-|edit}} |- style="font-size:85%; padding:1px" | Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial) | {{view|template=Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology|edit}} |- | colspan=2 | <nowiki>*</nowiki> <small>''Not used in {{tlf|1=Infobox element}} (2021-12-24)''</small><br><small>See also {{clc|Element data sets}}</small> |}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> dd3rfddph4c0cj4ywq9y1mj7xqak8cc 10 36765 239561 2022-08-06T13:57:50Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: {{infobox element |name=oganesson |number=118 |symbol=Og |alt names= |abundance= |abundance in earth's crust= |abundance in oceans= |abundance in solar system= |left=[[tennessine]] |right=[[ununennium]] |above=[[radon|Rn]] |below=(Usb) |category=noble gas (predicted) |category comment= |group=18 |period=7 |block=p |appearance= |mass number comment=(unconfirmed: 295) |electron configuration=&#91;[[Radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶ |elect... wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=oganesson |number=118 |symbol=Og |alt names= |abundance= |abundance in earth's crust= |abundance in oceans= |abundance in solar system= |left=[[tennessine]] |right=[[ununennium]] |above=[[radon|Rn]] |below=(Usb) |category=noble gas (predicted) |category comment= |group=18 |period=7 |block=p |appearance= |mass number comment=(unconfirmed: 295) |electron configuration=&#91;[[Radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶ |electron configuration comment=''(predicted)'' |electron configuration ref=<ref name=Nash2005>{{cite journal |title=Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118|first=Clinton S. |last=Nash|journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry A|year=2005|volume=109|issue=15|pages=3493–3500|doi=10.1021/jp050736o|pmid=16833687|bibcode=2005JPCA..109.3493N}}</ref><ref name=Haire/> |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 |electrons per shell comment=''(predicted)'' |phase=solid |phase comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |density gpcm3mp=4.9–5.1 |density gpcm3mp comment=''(predicted)''<ref name="B&K">{{cite journal |last1=Bonchev |first1=Danail |last2=Kamenska |first2=Verginia |year=1981 |title=Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1186 |publisher=American Chemical Society |doi=10.1021/j150609a021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657207 }}</ref> |boiling point K=350±30 |boiling point C=80±30 |boiling point F=170±50 |boiling point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Nash2005/> |crystal structure=face-centered cubic |crystal structure comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=60s>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(65)80255-X|date=1965|publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd.|title=Some physical and chemical properties of element 118 (Eka-Em) and element 86 (Em)|first=A. V.|last=Grosse|journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=27|issue=3|pages=509–19}}</ref> |critical point K=439 |critical point MPa=6.8 |critical point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler>{{citation|title=Thermochemical Properties of the Elements Rn, 112, 114, and 118|first1=R. |last1=Eichler |first2=B. |last2=Eichler|publisher=Paul Scherrer Institut|url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep03/06.pdf|accessdate=2010-10-23}}</ref> |heat fusion=23.5 |heat fusion comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |heat vaporization=19.4 |heat vaporization comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=Eichler/> |number of ionization energies=2 |ionization energy 1=860.1 |ionization energy 1 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=VPershina>{{cite book |chapter=Theoretical Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements |last1=Pershina |first1=Valeria |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |date=30 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |page=154 |isbn=9783642374661}}</ref> |ionization energy 2=1560 |ionization energy 2 comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=BFricke>{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=Burkhard |year=1975 |title=Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties |journal=Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry |series=Structure and Bonding |volume=21 |pages=89–144 |doi=10.1007/BFb0116498 |isbn=978-3-540-07109-9 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225672062 |accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> |covalent radius=157 |covalent radius comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=rsc>[http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/118/ununoctium Chemical Data. Ununoctium - Uuo], Royal Chemical Society</ref> |CAS number=54144-19-3 |magnetic susceptibility= |magnetic susceptibility ref= |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=294| sym=Og<ref name="synthesis-118-116">{{cite journal |first1=Yu. Ts. |last1=Oganessian |first2=V. K. |last2=Utyonkov |first3=Yu. V. |last3=Lobanov |first4=F. Sh. |last4=Abdullin |first5=A. N. |last5=Polyakov |first6=R. N. |last6=Sagaidak |first7=I. V. |last7=Shirokovsky |first8=Yu. S. |last8=Tsyganov |first9=A. A. |last9=Voinov |first10=G. G. |last10=Gulbekian |first11=S. L. |last11=Bogomolov |first12=B. N. |last12=Gikal |first13=A. N. |last13=Mezentsev |first14=S. |last14=Iliev |first15=V. G. |last15=Subbotin |first16=A. M. |last16=Sukhov |first17=K. |last17=Subotic |first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev |first19=G. K. |last19=Vostokin |first20=M. G. |last20=Itkis |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=J. B. |last22=Patin |first23=D. A. |last23=Shaughnessy |first24=M. A. |last24=Stoyer |first25=N. J. |last25=Stoyer |first26=P. A. |last26=Wilk |first27=J. M. |last27=Kenneally |first28=J. H. |last28=Landrum |first29=J. F. |last29=Wild |first30=R. W. |last30=Lougheed |display-authors={{{display-authors|{{template other||8}}}}} |title=Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the ²⁴⁹Cf and ²⁴⁵Cm+⁴⁸Ca fusion reactions |journal=Physical Review C |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=044602 |date=2006-10-09 |url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v74/e044602|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602 |accessdate=2008-01-18 |bibcode = 2006PhRvC..74d4602O }}</ref> | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=0.69&nbsp;ms<ref name="Og-Ryk">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yuri Ts.|last2=Rykaczewski|first2=Krzysztof P.|title=A beachhead on the island of stability|journal=Physics Today|date=August 2015|volume=68|issue=8|pages=32–38|doi=10.1063/PT.3.2880|url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.2880|accessdate=2017-06-14|bibcode=2015PhT....68h..32O|osti=1337838}}</ref> | dm1= [[alpha decay|α]]| de1=11.65±0.06| link1=livermorium-290 | pn1=290 | ps1=Lv | dm2= [[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de2= | pn2= | ps2= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay|mn=295 |sym=Og<ref name="EXON">{{cite conference |title=Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120 |first1=S. |last1=Hofmann |first2=S. |last2=Heinz |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Schneidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Pospiech |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |year=2016 |conference=Exotic Nuclei |editor1-first=Yu. E. |editor1-last=Peninozhkevich |editor2-first=Yu. G. |editor2-last=Sobolev |book-title=Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |pages=155–164 |isbn=9789813226555}}</ref> |na=syn |hl=181 ms? |dm=α |de=11.81 |link1=livermorium-291 |pn=291 |ps=Lv}} |predicted by=[[Niels Bohr]] |prediction date=1922 |discovered by=[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |naming=after [[Yuri Oganessian]] |discovery date=2002 |QID=Q1307 }}<noinclude> {{Infobox element/element navigation|symbol=Og}} {{Template reference list}} {{documentation|1=Template:Infobox element/doc}} </noinclude> 2umv6ghmdamqu3dcskkqr3gevx8mxtp 0 36766 239562 2022-08-06T13:59:32Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog loo bedeley [[Oganesson]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Oganesson]] 7ez31l31mzy2xfdhk8l2bx61wp936uz 0 36767 239567 2022-08-06T14:28:50Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 EnsiklopediaXylon moved page [[Right- and left-hand traffic]] to [[Taraafikada midig iyo bidix]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Taraafikada midig iyo bidix]] annoj3lhjv07w1luakgon2y5nykds09 0 36768 239574 2022-08-06T14:33:23Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 EnsiklopediaXylon moved page [[Prince Edward Island]] to [[Jasiiradaha Prince Edward]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jasiiradaha Prince Edward]] 90wdugo4yxgmjyt3crttk0y9jq0g6iq 3 36769 239582 2022-08-06T16:39:46Z Pathoschild 246 create header for talk page ([[m:Synchbot|requested by MdsShakil]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; align-items: center; margin: 16px 0; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;"> <div style="padding: 12px;">[[File:Circle-icons-megaphone.svg|75px|link=[[m:User_talk:MdsShakil]]]]</div> <div style="flex: 1; padding: 12px; background-color: #dddddd; color: #555555;"> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%; color: red; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'">Welcome to my talk page!</div> <div style="max-width: 700px">Hey! I am Shakil Hosen. I patrol many projects, and where I don't know the language I only act in cases of serious vandalism. If you think I have done anything wrong, feel free to [[m:User talk:MdsShakil|message me]] on Meta wiki. If you don't like that you can leave me messages here too, but since I do not watch all of my talk pages, your message might not get a timely response. Thanks! [[File:Face-smile.svg|18px|link=[[m:User:MdsShakil]]]]</div> </div> </div> 6ns6eellkw7iqc4yteyjnszfjmo2yio 0 36770 239589 2022-08-07T01:48:59Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: '''Port Moresby''' (9°30′S 147°12′E) waa magaalada caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn [[Baabwa Cusub Guinea]]. Sannadkii 2000, 255,000 oo qof ayaa ku noolaa. Magaaladu waxay ku taal xeebta Gacanka Baabwa, oo ku taal xeebta koonfur-bari ee jasiiradda Cusub Guinea. =Sawir= [[File:Papua New Guinea map.png|thumb|200px]] [[Image:Flag of Port Moresby.png|thumb|200px]]{{ow}} wikitext text/x-wiki '''Port Moresby''' (9°30′S 147°12′E) waa magaalada caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn [[Baabwa Cusub Guinea]]. Sannadkii 2000, 255,000 oo qof ayaa ku noolaa. Magaaladu waxay ku taal xeebta Gacanka Baabwa, oo ku taal xeebta koonfur-bari ee jasiiradda Cusub Guinea. =Sawir= [[File:Papua New Guinea map.png|thumb|200px]] [[Image:Flag of Port Moresby.png|thumb|200px]]{{ow}} jq7ozpy0pej7f8uhet957qpb3so5sjv 10 36771 239598 2022-08-07T04:26:59Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{infobox | child = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}|yes}} | bodyclass = mw-collapsible {{#switch:{{lc:{{{collapsed_state|}}}}}|expanded|uncollapsed=|collapsed|collapse|mw-collapsed=mw-collapsed|#default=mw-collapsed}} | abovestyle = font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap; | above = {{resize|1=120%|2={{#ifexist:List of {{{Name}}} state symbols|[[List of {{{Name}}} state symbols|{{{Name}}} state symbols]]|{{{Name}}} state symbols}}}} | image1 = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedde... wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{infobox | child = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}|yes}} | bodyclass = mw-collapsible {{#switch:{{lc:{{{collapsed_state|}}}}}|expanded|uncollapsed=|collapsed|collapse|mw-collapsed=mw-collapsed|#default=mw-collapsed}} | abovestyle = font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap; | above = {{resize|1=120%|2={{#ifexist:List of {{{Name}}} state symbols|[[List of {{{Name}}} state symbols|{{{Name}}} state symbols]]|{{{Name}}} state symbols}}}} | image1 = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}||{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{Flag|}}}|border={{{Flagborder|{{{Flag border|yes}}}}}}|size={{{Flagsize|{{{Flag size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=250px }}}} | caption1 = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}||{{#if:{{{Flag link|}}}|[[{{{Flag link|}}}|Flag of {{{Name}}}]]|[[Flag of {{{Name}}}]]}}}} | image2 = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}||{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{Seal|}}}|size={{{Seal size|{{{Sealsize|}}}}}}|sizedefault=150px }}}} | caption2 = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{Seal link|}}}|[[{{{Seal link|}}}|Seal of {{{Name}}}]]|[[Seal of {{{Name}}}]]}}}} | image3 = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{Coat of arms|}}}|size={{{Coat of arms size|{{{Coatofarmssize|}}}}}}|sizedefault=150px }}}} | caption3 = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}||[[Coat of arms of {{{Name}}}]]}} | headerstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | header1 = {{#if:{{{Amphibian|}}}{{{Bird|}}}{{{Butterfly|}}}{{{Crustacean|}}}{{{Dog|{{{Dog breed|{{{Dog Breed|}}}}}}}}}{{{Fish|}}}{{{Flower|}}}{{{Grass|}}}{{{Insect|}}}{{{Mammal|}}}{{{Marsupial|}}}{{{Mushroom|}}}{{{Reptile|}}}{{{Tree|}}}|Living insignia}} | label2 = [[List of U.S. state amphibians|Amphibian]] | data2 = {{{Amphibian|}}} | label3 = [[List of U.S. state birds|Bird]] | data3 = {{{Bird|}}} | label4 = [[List of U.S. state butterflies|Butterfly]] | data4 = {{{Butterfly|}}} | label5 = Cactus | data5 = {{{Cactus|}}} | label6 = [[List of U.S. state mammals|Cat breed]] | data6 = {{{Cat|{{{Cat breed|}}}}}} | label7 = [[List of U.S. state crustaceans|Crustacean]] | data7 = {{{Crustacean|}}} | label8 = [[List of U.S. state dogs|Dog breed]] | data8 = {{{Dog|{{{Dog breed|{{{Dog Breed|}}}}}}}}} | label9 = [[List of U.S. state mammals|Domestic animal]] | data9 = {{{Domestic animal|}}} | label10 = [[List of U.S. state mammals|Wildlife animal]] | data10 = {{{Wildlife animal|}}} | label11 = [[List of U.S. state fish|Fish]] | data11 = {{{Fish|}}} | label12 = [[List of U.S. state and territory flowers|Flower]] | data12 = {{{Flower|}}} | label13 = [[List of U.S. state grasses|Grass]] | data13 = {{{Grass|}}} | label14 = [[List of U.S. state mammals|Horse breed]] | data14 = {{{Horse|{{{Horse breed|}}}}}} | label15 = [[List of U.S. state insects|Insect]] | data15 = {{{Insect|}}} | label16 = [[List of U.S. state mammals|Mammal]] | data16 = {{{Mammal|}}} | label17 = [[List of U.S. state pets|Pet]] | data17 = {{{Pet|}}} | label18 = Marsupial | data18 = {{{Marsupial|}}} | label19 = [[List of U.S. state mushrooms|Mushroom]] | data19 = {{{Mushroom|}}} | label20 = [[List of U.S. state reptiles|Reptile]] | data20 = {{{Reptile|}}} | label21 = [[List of U.S. state and territory trees|Tree]] | data21 = {{{Tree|}}} | header22 = {{#if:{{{Beverage|}}}{{{Colors|}}}{{{Dance|}}}{{{Dinosaur|}}}{{{Firearm|}}}{{{Folk dance|{{{Folk Dance|{{{FolkDance|}}}}}}}}}{{{Food|}}}{{{Fossil|}}}{{{Gemstone|}}}{{{Instrument|}}}{{{Mineral|}}}{{{Motto|}}}{{{Poem|}}}{{{Rock|{{{StateRock|}}}}}}{{{Ships|}}}{{{Slogan|}}}{{{Soil|}}}{{{Song|}}}{{{Sport|}}}{{{Game|}}}{{{Toy|}}}{{{Other|}}}|Inanimate insignia}} | label23 = [[List of U.S. state beverages|Beverage]] | data23 = {{{Beverage|}}} | label24 = [[List of U.S. state colors|Colors]] | data24 = {{{Colors|}}} | label25 = [[List of U.S. state dances|Dance]] | data25 = {{{Dance|}}} | label26 = [[List of U.S. state dinosaurs|Dinosaur]] | data26 = {{{Dinosaur|}}} | label27 = [[List of U.S. state firearms|Firearm]] | data27 = {{{Firearm|}}} | label28 = [[List of U.S. state folk dances|Folk dance]] | data28 = {{{Folk dance|{{{Folk Dance|{{{FolkDance|}}}}}}}}} | label29 = [[List of U.S. state foods|Food]] | data29 = {{{Food|}}} | label30 = [[List of U.S. state fossils|Fossil]] | data30 = {{{Fossil|}}} | label31 = [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|Gemstone]] | data31 = {{{Gemstone|}}} | label32 = [[List of U.S. state instruments|Instrument]] | data32 = {{{Instrument|}}} | label33 = [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|Mineral]] | data33 = {{{Mineral|}}} | label34 = [[List of U.S. state and territory mottos|Motto]] | data34 = {{{Motto|}}} | label35 = [[List of U.S. state and territory nicknames|Nickname]] | data35 = {{{Nickname|}}} | label36 = [[List of U.S. state poems|Poem]] | data36 = {{{Poem|}}} | label37 = [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|Rock]] | data37 = {{{Rock|{{{StateRock|}}}}}} | label38 = [[List of U.S. state shells|Shell]] | data38 = {{{Shell|}}} | label39 = [[List of U.S. state ships|Ship]] | data39 = {{{Ship|{{{Ships|}}}}}} | label40 = [[List of U.S. state, district, and territorial nicknames|Slogan]] | data40 = {{{Slogan|}}} | label41 = [[List of U.S. state soils|Soil]] | data41 = {{{Soil|}}} | label42 = [[List of U.S. state songs|Song]] | data42 = {{{Song|}}} | label43 = [[List of U.S. state sports|Sport]] | data43 = {{{Sport|}}} | label44 = Game | data44 = {{{Game|}}} | label45 = [[List of U.S. state tartans|Tartan]] | data45 = {{{Tartan|}}} | label46 = [[State toy|Toy]] | data46 = {{{Toy|}}} | label47 = Other | data47 = {{{Other|}}} | header50 = {{#if:{{{Route marker|{{{Route Marker|}}}}}}|[[Numbered highways in the United States#State highways|State route marker]]}} | data51 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{Route marker|{{{Route Marker|}}}}}}|size=125x85px|title={{{Name}}} state route marker}} | header52 = {{#if:{{{Quarter|}}}|[[50 State quarters|State quarter]]}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{Quarter|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{Quarter|}}}|size={{{Quartersize|{{{Quarter size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=125x85px|title={{{Name}}} quarter dollar coin}}{{#if:{{{Quarter release date|{{{QuarterReleaseDate|}}}}}}|<div>Released in {{{Quarter release date|{{{QuarterReleaseDate}}}}}}</div>}}}} | belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | below = {{#if:{{{embed|{{{embedded|}}}}}}||[[Lists of United States state symbols]]}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox U.S. state symbols with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox U.S. state symbols]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| Amphibian | Beverage | Bird | Butterfly | Cactus | Cat | Cat breed | Coat of arms | Coat of arms size | Coatofarmssize | collapsed_state | Colors | Crustacean | Dance | Dinosaur | Dog | Dog Breed | Dog breed | Domestic animal | Embed | Embedded | Firearm | Fish | Flag | Flag border | Flag link | Flag size | Flagborder | Flagsize | Flower | Folk Dance | Folk dance | FolkDance | Food | Fossil | Game | Gemstone | Grass | Horse | Horse breed | Insect | Instrument | Mammal | Marsupial | Mineral | Motto | Mushroom | Name | Nickname | Other | Pet | Poem | Quarter | Quarter release date | Quarter size | QuarterReleaseDate | Quartersize | Reptile | Rock | Route Marker | Route marker | Seal | Seal link | Seal size | Sealsize | Shell | Ship | Ships | Slogan | Soil | Song | Sport | StateRock | Tartan | Toy | Tree | Wildlife animal}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> i0fqko1clco5ftoqampjkx1ae9tk5d6 0 36772 239602 2022-08-07T04:36:12Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: [[File:K2 2006b.jpg|thumb|right|200px]] '''K2''' waa buurta labaad ee ugu sarraysa adduunka , dhererkeedu waa 8,611 mitir (28,251 ft). Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan Buuraha Godwin-Austen ama Chhogori. K2 waa qayb ka mid ah Karakoram kala duwan Waxay ku taal [[Hindiya]]. Magaca K2 wuxuu ka yimid sahamintii ugu horreysay ee Karakoram. Waqtigaas, sahamiyeyaashu waxay buur walba siiyeen calaamad fudud oo "K" oo ay ku xigto lambar.<ref>http://www.skardu.pk/k2-chhoghori-the-king... wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:K2 2006b.jpg|thumb|right|200px]] '''K2''' waa buurta labaad ee ugu sarraysa adduunka , dhererkeedu waa 8,611 mitir (28,251 ft). Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan Buuraha Godwin-Austen ama Chhogori. K2 waa qayb ka mid ah Karakoram kala duwan Waxay ku taal [[Hindiya]]. Magaca K2 wuxuu ka yimid sahamintii ugu horreysay ee Karakoram. Waqtigaas, sahamiyeyaashu waxay buur walba siiyeen calaamad fudud oo "K" oo ay ku xigto lambar.<ref>http://www.skardu.pk/k2-chhoghori-the-king-of-karakoram/</ref> =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{ow}} iy49657y6faxq8vinqexfh2zj2wluml 239603 239602 2022-08-07T04:38:25Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:K2 2006b.jpg|thumb|right|200px]] '''K2''' waa buurta labaad ee ugu sarraysa adduunka, dhererkeedu waa 8,611 mitir (28,251 ft). Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan Buuraha Godwin-Austen ama Chhogori. K2 waa qayb ka mid ah Karakoram kala duwan Waxay ku taal [[Hindiya]]. Magaca K2 wuxuu ka yimid sahamintii ugu horreysay ee Karakoram. Waqtigaas, sahamiyeyaashu waxay buur walba siiyeen calaamad fudud oo "K" oo ay ku xigto lambar.<ref>http://www.skardu.pk/k2-chhoghori-the-king-of-karakoram/</ref> =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{ow}} q225tnz6m0mrbwjlscae30orib2xqi0 0 36773 239604 2022-08-07T04:47:44Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' (wuxuu dhashay Sebteembar 23, 2001) waa heesaa [[Indunisi]] ah iyo jilaa ka yimid Jember, [[Bariga Jawa]]. {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Tiara Andini | honorific_suffix = | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Tiara Andi... wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' (wuxuu dhashay Sebteembar 23, 2001) waa heesaa [[Indunisi]] ah iyo jilaa ka yimid Jember, [[Bariga Jawa]]. {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Tiara Andini | honorific_suffix = | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Tiara Andini pada tahun 2021 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | othername = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|09|23}} | birth_place =[[Jember]], [[Bariga Jawa]], [[Indunisiya]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | years_active = 2017—hadda | occupation = {{hlist|[[Heesaa]]|[[tuurid]]|[[model|model]]|[[soo bandhige|soo bandhige]]}} | height = 163 cm<ref>{{Citation|title=Mahen Bisa Tahu Tinggi Badan Tiara Idol - 00:10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAJJO4CnWiU|accessdate=2022-03-23|language=id-ID}}</ref> | children = | education = [[Jaamacadda Multimedia Nusantara]] | works = [[Diskografi Tiara Andini|Diskografi]] dan [[Tiara Andini#Filmografi|filmografi]] | relatives = | spouse = | ethnicity = | signature = Tiara Andini (signature).svg | awards = [[Liiska abaal-marinnada iyo magacaabista uu helay Tiara Andini|Liiska abaal-marinaha]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = | Origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Musik pop|Pop]]|[[Balada sentimental|balada]]}} | instrument = [[Vokal]] | years_active = 2020—sekarang | label = [[Universal Music Indonesia]] | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Arsy Widianto]]|[[Yovie Widianto]]}} <!-- Untuk diisi informasi musikus atau band yang cukup berkontribusi secara signifikan kepada karier artis sepanjang masa aktifnya. Jangan menambahkan sekali kolaborasi, per [[Template:Infobox musical artist#associated acts]] --> | current_members = | past_members = }} }} =Guul= Iyadu waa kaalinta labaad ee [[Indonesian Idol]] xilli 10. =Abtirsiinyo= Dhanka kale wuxuu leeyahay dhiiga Nederlandka ee ka yimid hooyadiis.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kM1zBtrdp4</ref> =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{ow}} cyht7o83xpqdk9zvibsime2bu7bgj3e 239605 239604 2022-08-07T04:48:49Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' (wuxuu dhashay Sebteembar 23, 2001) waa heesaa [[Indunisi]] ah iyo jilaa ka yimid Jember, [[Bariga Jawa]]. {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Tiara Andini | honorific_suffix = | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Tiara Andini pada tahun 2021 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | othername = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|09|23}} | birth_place =[[Jember]], [[Bariga Jawa]], [[Indunisiya]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | years_active = 2017—hadda | occupation = {{hlist|[[Heesaa]]|[[tuurid]]|[[model|model]]|[[soo bandhige|soo bandhige]]}} | height = 163 cm<ref>{{Citation|title=Mahen Bisa Tahu Tinggi Badan Tiara Idol - 00:10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAJJO4CnWiU|accessdate=2022-03-23|language=id-ID}}</ref> | children = | education = [[Jaamacadda Multimedia Nusantara]] | works = [[Diskografi Tiara Andini|Diskografi]] dan [[Tiara Andini#Filmografi|filmografi]] | relatives = | spouse = | ethnicity = | signature = Tiara Andini (signature).svg | awards = [[Liiska abaal-marinnada iyo magacaabista uu helay Tiara Andini|Liiska abaal-marinaha]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = | Origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Musik pop|Pop]]|''[[Balada sentimental|ballad]]''}} | instrument = [[Vokal]] | years_active = 2020—sekarang | label = [[Universal Music Indonesia]] | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Arsy Widianto]]|[[Yovie Widianto]]}} <!-- Untuk diisi informasi musikus atau band yang cukup berkontribusi secara signifikan kepada karier artis sepanjang masa aktifnya. Jangan menambahkan sekali kolaborasi, per [[Template:Infobox musical artist#associated acts]] --> | current_members = | past_members = }} }} =Guul= Iyadu waa kaalinta labaad ee [[Indonesian Idol]] xilli 10. =Abtirsiinyo= Dhanka kale wuxuu leeyahay dhiiga Nederlandka ee ka yimid hooyadiis.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kM1zBtrdp4</ref> =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{ow}} gei84kpg4d8vhrhg4nfbmbc51r1t4qa 239606 239605 2022-08-07T04:49:20Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' (wuxuu dhashay Sebteembar 23, 2001) waa heesaa [[Indunisi]] ah iyo jilaa ka yimid Jember, [[Bariga Jawa]]. {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Tiara Andini | honorific_suffix = | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Tiara Andini sanadka 2021 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | othername = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|09|23}} | birth_place =[[Jember]], [[Bariga Jawa]], [[Indunisiya]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | years_active = 2017—hadda | occupation = {{hlist|[[Heesaa]]|[[tuurid]]|[[model|model]]|[[soo bandhige|soo bandhige]]}} | height = 163 cm<ref>{{Citation|title=Mahen Bisa Tahu Tinggi Badan Tiara Idol - 00:10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAJJO4CnWiU|accessdate=2022-03-23|language=id-ID}}</ref> | children = | education = [[Jaamacadda Multimedia Nusantara]] | works = [[Diskografi Tiara Andini|Diskografi]] dan [[Tiara Andini#Filmografi|filmografi]] | relatives = | spouse = | ethnicity = | signature = Tiara Andini (signature).svg | awards = [[Liiska abaal-marinnada iyo magacaabista uu helay Tiara Andini|Liiska abaal-marinaha]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = | Origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Musik pop|Pop]]|''[[Balada sentimental|ballad]]''}} | instrument = [[Vokal]] | years_active = 2020—sekarang | label = [[Universal Music Indonesia]] | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Arsy Widianto]]|[[Yovie Widianto]]}} <!-- Untuk diisi informasi musikus atau band yang cukup berkontribusi secara signifikan kepada karier artis sepanjang masa aktifnya. Jangan menambahkan sekali kolaborasi, per [[Template:Infobox musical artist#associated acts]] --> | current_members = | past_members = }} }} =Guul= Iyadu waa kaalinta labaad ee [[Indonesian Idol]] xilli 10. =Abtirsiinyo= Dhanka kale wuxuu leeyahay dhiiga Nederlandka ee ka yimid hooyadiis.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kM1zBtrdp4</ref> =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{ow}} t8vmz9l2cx1li36dsn8gvl263xa20oj 239607 239606 2022-08-07T04:50:14Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' (wuxuu dhashay Sebteembar 23, 2001) waa heesaa [[Indunisi]] ah iyo jilaa ka yimid Jember, [[Bariga Jawa]]. {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Tiara Andini | honorific_suffix = | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Tiara Andini sanadka 2021 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | othername = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|09|23}} | birth_place =[[Jember]], [[Bariga Jawa]], [[Indunisiya]] | religion = [[Islaam]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | years_active = 2017—hadda | occupation = {{hlist|[[Heesaa]]|[[tuurid]]|[[model|model]]|[[soo bandhige|soo bandhige]]}} | height = 163 cm<ref>{{Citation|title=Mahen Bisa Tahu Tinggi Badan Tiara Idol - 00:10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAJJO4CnWiU|accessdate=2022-03-23|language=id-ID}}</ref> | children = | education = [[Jaamacadda Multimedia Nusantara]] | works = [[Diskografi Tiara Andini|Diskografi]] dan [[Tiara Andini#Filmografi|filmografi]] | relatives = | spouse = | ethnicity = | signature = Tiara Andini (signature).svg | awards = [[Liiska abaal-marinnada iyo magacaabista uu helay Tiara Andini|Liiska abaal-marinaha]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = | Origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Musik pop|Pop]]|''[[Balada sentimental|ballad]]''}} | instrument = [[Vokal]] | years_active = 2020—sekarang | label = [[Universal Music Indonesia]] | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Arsy Widianto]]|[[Yovie Widianto]]}} <!-- Untuk diisi informasi musikus atau band yang cukup berkontribusi secara signifikan kepada karier artis sepanjang masa aktifnya. Jangan menambahkan sekali kolaborasi, per [[Template:Infobox musical artist#associated acts]] --> | current_members = | past_members = }} }} =Guul= Iyadu waa kaalinta labaad ee [[Indonesian Idol]] xilli 10. =Abtirsiinyo= Dhanka kale wuxuu leeyahay dhiiga Nederlandka ee ka yimid hooyadiis.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kM1zBtrdp4</ref> =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{ow}} b3k4rz5trvr8whiakmlgd0xx39zlyl3 239608 239607 2022-08-07T04:52:27Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini''' (wuxuu dhashay Sebteembar 23, 2001) waa heesaa [[Indunisi]] ah iyo jilaa ka yimid Jember, [[Bariga Jawa]]. {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Tiara Andini | honorific_suffix = | image = Tiara Andini Photoby JodieOctora.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Tiara Andini sanadka 2021 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini | othername = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|09|23}} | birth_place =[[Jember]], [[Bariga Jawa]], [[Indunisiya]] | religion = [[Islaam]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | years_active = 2017—hadda | occupation = {{hlist|[[Heesaa]]|[[tuurid]]|[[model|model]]|[[soo bandhige|soo bandhige]]}} | height = 163 cm<ref>{{Citation|title=Mahen Bisa Tahu Tinggi Badan Tiara Idol - 00:10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAJJO4CnWiU|accessdate=2022-03-23|language=id-ID}}</ref> | children = | education = [[Jaamacadda Multimedia Nusantara]] | works = [[Sawir gacmeedka Tiara Andini|Sawir gacmeed]] dan [[Tiara Andini#Filmogarafi|filmogarafi]] | relatives = | spouse = | ethnicity = [[Indunisi]], [[Nederlander]] | signature = Tiara Andini (signature).svg | awards = [[Liiska abaal-marinnada iyo magacaabista uu helay Tiara Andini|Liiska abaal-marinaha]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = | Origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Musik pop|Pop]]|''[[Balada sentimental|ballad]]''}} | instrument = [[Vokal]] | years_active = 2020—hadda | label = [[Universal Music Indonesia]] | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Arsy Widianto]]|[[Yovie Widianto]]}} <!-- Untuk diisi informasi musikus atau band yang cukup berkontribusi secara signifikan kepada karier artis sepanjang masa aktifnya. Jangan menambahkan sekali kolaborasi, per [[Template:Infobox musical artist#associated acts]] --> | current_members = | past_members = }} }} =Guul= Iyadu waa kaalinta labaad ee [[Indonesian Idol]] xilli 10. =Abtirsiinyo= Dhanka kale wuxuu leeyahay dhiiga Nederlandka ee ka yimid hooyadiis.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kM1zBtrdp4</ref> =Tixraac= {{reflist}}{{ow}} rua4hjs8ehfiatml9srnkp0zau24fyi 0 36774 239638 2022-08-07T08:17:03Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: '''Pteridospermatophyta''' waa dhowr kooxood oo dhirta abuur dabar go'ay (spermatophyta). {{taxobox | name = Pteridospermatophyta Late Devonian – End Cretaceous 376–66 mya | image = FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg | image_caption = Fosil | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = '''Pteridospermatophyta''' | display children = 1 | subdivision ranks = Orders }}{{ow}} wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pteridospermatophyta''' waa dhowr kooxood oo dhirta abuur dabar go'ay (spermatophyta). {{taxobox | name = Pteridospermatophyta Late Devonian – End Cretaceous 376–66 mya | image = FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg | image_caption = Fosil | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = '''Pteridospermatophyta''' | display children = 1 | subdivision ranks = Orders }}{{ow}} 02zqrd0pdmmabc3onyr1q3hl30a94z0 0 36775 239639 2022-08-07T08:20:30Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: [[Image:Zeitschriften.JPG|200px|right|Magazines]] '''Majaladda''' waa nooc ka mid ah buugaag dadku akhriyaan. Wargeysyadu maaha sida buugaagta caadiga ah. Sababta oo ah nuqul cusub oo majaladda ah ayaa la daabacaa marar badan sannad kasta. Wargeysyadu waa nooc xilliyeedka ah. wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Zeitschriften.JPG|200px|right|Magazines]] '''Majaladda''' waa nooc ka mid ah buugaag dadku akhriyaan. Wargeysyadu maaha sida buugaagta caadiga ah. Sababta oo ah nuqul cusub oo majaladda ah ayaa la daabacaa marar badan sannad kasta. Wargeysyadu waa nooc xilliyeedka ah. dtsvjz26x9p9399s510xnewudzxjl6u 239640 239639 2022-08-07T08:20:46Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Zeitschriften.JPG|200px|right|Magazines]] '''Majaladda''' waa nooc ka mid ah buugaag dadku akhriyaan. Wargeysyadu maaha sida buugaagta caadiga ah. Sababta oo ah nuqul cusub oo majaladda ah ayaa la daabacaa marar badan sannad kasta. Wargeysyadu waa nooc xilliyeedka ah.[[en:Magazine]] 8d79etwhr9drendgrcphbe0mah1wwwb 0 36776 239641 2022-08-07T08:28:29Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: [[File:Brown Dwarf Comparison 2020.png|200px|right]] '''Ciirsi cas''' waa magac la siin karo xiddigaha qaar oo ka miisaan yar kana dhumuc yar qorraxda. Marka loo eego jaantuska ''Hertzsprung-Russell'', xiddiga guduudan ee casaanka ah waa xiddig yar oo aad u qabow, oo ka mid ah taxanaha ugu muhiimsan, ama nooca K ama M dabayaaqadiisa. Waxay ka kooban yihiin inta badan xiddigaha waxayna leeyihiin tiro ka yar nus [[qorax]]da [[qorax]]da (ilaa qiyaastii 0.075 cadceed masses, kuwaas... wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Brown Dwarf Comparison 2020.png|200px|right]] '''Ciirsi cas''' waa magac la siin karo xiddigaha qaar oo ka miisaan yar kana dhumuc yar qorraxda. Marka loo eego jaantuska ''Hertzsprung-Russell'', xiddiga guduudan ee casaanka ah waa xiddig yar oo aad u qabow, oo ka mid ah taxanaha ugu muhiimsan, ama nooca K ama M dabayaaqadiisa. Waxay ka kooban yihiin inta badan xiddigaha waxayna leeyihiin tiro ka yar nus [[qorax]]da [[qorax]]da (ilaa qiyaastii 0.075 cadceed masses, kuwaas oo ah cawl bunni) iyo heerkulka dusha sare ee ka yar 3,500 K. =Tixraacyada= *[https://citizendium.org/wiki/Red_dwarf_(star) Citizendium] 56suizcj63yw6sg6wsilmbbugrs134h 239642 239641 2022-08-07T08:29:41Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 /* Tixraacyada */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Brown Dwarf Comparison 2020.png|200px|right]] '''Ciirsi cas''' waa magac la siin karo xiddigaha qaar oo ka miisaan yar kana dhumuc yar qorraxda. Marka loo eego jaantuska ''Hertzsprung-Russell'', xiddiga guduudan ee casaanka ah waa xiddig yar oo aad u qabow, oo ka mid ah taxanaha ugu muhiimsan, ama nooca K ama M dabayaaqadiisa. Waxay ka kooban yihiin inta badan xiddigaha waxayna leeyihiin tiro ka yar nus [[qorax]]da [[qorax]]da (ilaa qiyaastii 0.075 cadceed masses, kuwaas oo ah cawl bunni) iyo heerkulka dusha sare ee ka yar 3,500 K. =Tixraacyada= *[https://citizendium.org/wiki/Red_dwarf_(star) Citizendium] [[en:Red dwarf]] aqazv6hm5ifw0ad3vvo6aep1q0k85f7 0 36777 239647 2022-08-07T08:51:19Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 Bog cusub: '''Raciąż'''{{ow}} waa magaalo ku taal [[Boland]].[[File:POL_{{PAGENAME}}_COA.svg|right|200px]] Dadku waa 4.600 naf.{{stub}} wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raciąż'''{{ow}} waa magaalo ku taal [[Boland]].[[File:POL_{{PAGENAME}}_COA.svg|right|200px]] Dadku waa 4.600 naf.{{stub}} 01tbtoh4jcdgbekz3sc68nk8y0ky3ow 0 36778 239654 2022-08-07T10:35:16Z EnsiklopediaXylon 31252 EnsiklopediaXylon moved page [[Brotist]] to [[Brotista]] over redirect: Sida erayga ku jira google kiiboodhka wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Brotista]] m83qfoks43o6pch2coq2mskx29ltmxx