Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 3380 1244447 1193671 2022-08-25T08:28:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El Aaiún''' (pia '''Laâyoune''', العيون = al-ʿUyūn) ni [[mji]] mkubwa wa [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] kwenye [[bonde]] la ''Saguia el Hamra'' karibu na [[mwambao]] wa [[Atlantiki]]. Hadi [[mwaka]] [[1976]] ilikuwa [[makao makuu]] ya utawala wa kikoloni wa [[Hispania]]. Baadaye mji ulivamiwa na [[Moroko]] pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya Sahara ya Magharibi. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ni takriban 200,000 wengi wao ni [[walowezi]] kutoka Moroko walioingia tangu mwisho wa 1976. Katika muundo wa utawala wa Moroko El Aaiun ni makao makuu ya wilaya ya Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra. Machoni pa wafuasi wa [[Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu]] mji unstahili kuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa nchi hii ikipata uhuru wake. "El Aaiún" ni umbo la maandishi ya Kihispania kwa ajili ya jina la Kiarabu kinchomaanisha "chemchemi". Maandishi katika kawaida ya Kifaransa ni "Laâyoune" yanayotumika zaidi upande wa Moroko. [[Jamii:Miji ya Moroko]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Sahara Magharibi]] cq75hwhqnxemq8r7dv205ccr82y9z4i 0 5792 1244513 1111231 2022-08-25T11:27:47Z 197.221.220.33 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wamwera''' ni [[kabila]] la [[watu]] wa [[Tanzania]] wanaoishi katika [[Mkoa wa Lindi]], hasa kwenye [[Wilaya ya Nachingwea]], [[Lindi Vijijini]] na [[Ruangwa]]. Wamwera huwasiliana kwa [[lugha]] yao ya [[Kimwera]] (wao wanasema ''Shimwera''), lugha ambayo ina [[muundo]] unaoeleweka upande wa [[sarufi]] na [[matamshi]] yake, tena kwa urahisi sana. Wamwera pia ni maarufu kwa mfumo wa mfumo jike, ambao mwanamke ndio ananguvu na anapewa umiliki wa watoto na ndio mtawala mkuu na watoto hutumia majina ya koo za mama yao Wanajitahidi kudumisha [[mila]] na [[desturi]] zao. {{makabila ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-utamaduni-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mwera}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Lindi]] 4dpbx6wz7qd9dzpkmxcdzchtyaz386f 1244514 1244513 2022-08-25T11:29:07Z 197.221.220.33 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wamwera''' ni [[kabila]] la [[watu]] wa [[Tanzania]] wanaoishi katika [[Mkoa wa Lindi]], hasa kwenye [[Wilaya ya Nachingwea]], [[Lindi Vijijini]] na [[Ruangwa]]. Wamwera huwasiliana kwa [[lugha]] yao ya [[Kimwera]] (wao wanasema ''Shimwera''), lugha ambayo ina [[muundo]] unaoeleweka upande wa [[sarufi]] na [[matamshi]] yake, tena kwa urahisi sana. Wamwera pia ni maarufu kwa wa mfumo jike, ambao mwanamke ndio ananguvu na anapewa umiliki wa watoto na ndio mtawala mkuu na watoto hutumia majina ya koo za mama yao Wanajitahidi kudumisha [[mila]] na [[desturi]] zao. {{makabila ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-utamaduni-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mwera}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Lindi]] b4lpthihx0gfwqqq34vm9w51fp0uwej 0 15671 1244437 1204900 2022-08-25T08:17:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Marx Brothers 1931.jpg|thumbnail|right|220px|Kundi la Marx Brothers. Kutoka juu hadi chini: Chico, Harpo, Groucho na Zeppo]] '''Marx Brothers''' kilikuwa kikundi mashuhuri cha watu watano walio ndugu wachekeshaji wa katika makumbi, filamu na katika [[televisheni]]. Ndugu hao alikuwemo Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo na Zeppo. Marx Brothers walianza kama kundi la muziki, wakati wa maonyesho ya [[vaudeville]] (maonyesho ya vichekesho na sanaa katika maukumbi). Walikuwa wakifanyiana utani, kucheza sehemu za kuchekesha na kujifanya kama wanataka kupigana wakati wa maonyesho yao. Wakiwa wnafanya maonysho yao huwa wanapata kupigiwa makofi na kufanya vizuri kuliko kazi yao rasmi ya muziki na baadaye likajakuwa kundi la vichekesho na muziki. == Viungo vya nje == * {{imdb name|2580347}} * [http://www.marx-brothers.org/index.htm www.marx-brothers.org] * [http://marxology.marx-brothers.org/intro.htm Marxology] * [http://www.marxbrothers.nu/index.htm The Marx Brothers Museum] * [http://www.nightattheopera.net Marx Brothers Night at the Opera Treasury] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nightattheopera.net/ |date=20040513001401 }} * [http://marx.comedyclassics.org/ Marx Brothers Forum] {{Wayback|url=http://marx.comedyclassics.org/ |date=20080708185512 }} * [http://www.angelfire.com/mb2/marx/index.html Marx Brothers tribute page] * [http://www.oraclesmusic.com/Review_Movies_2_The_Cocoanuts.php Review of Cocoanuts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oraclesmusic.com/Review_Movies_2_The_Cocoanuts.php |date=20080510031407 }} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] jn24kubirl072rrnuau3796uxzwjys4 0 16570 1244491 1038673 2022-08-25T09:03:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Franz Beckenbauer 2006 06 17.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Franz Beckenbauer.]] '''Franz Beckenbauer''' (amezaliwa [[11 Septemba]] [[1945]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa zamani kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Beckenbauer pia alikuwa [[kocha]] wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Ujerumani]] na [[FC Bayern Munich]]. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.beckenbauer.de Tasisi ya Franz Beckenbauer (German)] * [http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=12348 Taarifa kuhusu Beckenbauer (German)] * [http://www.planetworldcup.com/LEGENDS/beckbaur.html Portrait of Franz Beckenbauer (English)] * [http://www.bigsoccer.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-146978.html Takwimu kuhusu Franz Beckenbauer] {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beckenbauer, Franz}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Makocha wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa FC Bayern Munich]] tq851o1w290fr1o0tskzurnuvdn459p 14 16806 1244446 142568 2022-08-25T08:27:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Filamu]] 0kslqnj6m4mq1xhxevosju1rjtethnv 0 17324 1244493 1147139 2022-08-25T09:06:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | Jina = MC Lyte | Img = MC Lyte.jpg | Img_capt = MC Lyte akiwa katika Tuzo za BET Hip Hop mjini Atlanta, mnamo [[14 Oktoba]] [[2007]]. | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Lana Michele Moorer | Pia anajulikana kama = MC Lyte | Amezaliwa = [[11 Oktoba]] [[1971]] | Asili yake = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] | Ala = Sauti | Aina = [[Muziki wa Hip Hop|Hip hop]]<br>[[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]<br>[[Rap]] | Kazi yake = Mwanamuziki | Miaka ya kazi = 1984&ndash;hadi leo | Studio = | Ameshirikiana na = [[Audio Two]] [[Almost Septemba]] | Tovuti = http://www.mc-lyte.com }} '''Lana Michele Moorer''' (anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''MC Lyte'''; amezaliwa [[New York|Brooklyn, New York]], [[11 Oktoba]] [[1971]])<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mc-lyte-p72 |title=Biography |accessdate=2008-03-05 |last= Prato |first=Greg |work=[[Allmusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Guide]] }}</ref> ni msanii wa muziki wa rap wa kike na ni ndugu wa Milk Dee na Gizmo, ambao waliokuwa wanafanya rekodi zao kwa jina la Audio Two. MC Lyte ni mmoja kati ya wanachama wa Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. ==Muziki== ===Albamu za muziki=== * 1988 ''[[Lyte as a Rock]]'' * 1989 ''[[Eyes on This]]'' * 1991 ''[[Act Like You Know]]'' * 1993 ''[[Ain't No Other]]'' * 1996 ''[[Bad As I Wanna B]]'' <RIAA Certification>: Gold * 1998 ''[[Seven & Seven]]'' * 1998 ''[[Badder Than B-Fore]]'' * 2001 ''[[The Very Best of MC Lyte]]'' * 2003 ''[[Da Undaground Heat, Vol. 1]]'' * 2003 ''[[The Shit I Never Dropped]]'' * 2005 ''[[Rhyme Masters]]'' * 2006 ''[[Wonder Years]]'' ===Single zake=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="28" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! width="214" rowspan="2"| Jina ! colspan="4"| Chati iliyoshika ! width="214" rowspan="2"| Albamu |- ! width="86"| <small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US Hot 100]] </small> ! width="86"| <small>[[R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart|US R&B/Hip-Hop]]</small> ! width="86"| <small>[[Rap Tracks chart|US Rap]]</small> ! width="86"| <small>[[UK Singles Chart]]</small> |- |rowspan="3"|[[1988 in music|1988]] | "I Cram To Understand You (Sam)" ! – ! – ! – ! – |align="center" rowspan="3"|''[[Lyte As A Rock]]'' |- | "10% Dis" ! – ! – ! – ! – |- | "Paper Thin" ! – ! #35 ! #1 ! – |- |- |rowspan="4"|[[1989 in music|1989]] | "Cha Cha Cha" ! – ! – ! #1 ! - |align="center" rowspan="3"|''Eyes on This'' |- | "Cappuccino" ! – ! – ! #8 ! – |- |- | "Stop Look Listen" ! – ! – ! – ! – |- |- | "I'm Not Havin' It " ! – ! – ! #16 ! – |align="center"|''The First Priority Music Family: Basement Flavor'' |- |- |rowspan="3"|[[1991 in music|1991]] | "When in Love" ! – ! #14 ! #3 ! – |align="center" rowspan="4"|''Act Like You Know'' |- |- | "All That" ! – ! – ! – ! – |- |- | "Poor Georgie" ! #83 ! #11 ! #1 ! – |- |- |rowspan="2"|[[1992 in music|1992]] | "Eyes Are the Soul" ! – ! #84 ! – ! – |- |- | "Ice Cream Dream" ! – ! – ! #11 ! – |align="center"|''[[Mo' Money]]'' Kibwagizo/''Ain't No Other'' |- |- |rowspan="2"|[[1993 in music|1993]] | "Ruffneck" ! #35 ! #10 ! #1 ! #67 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Ain't No Other'' |- |- | "I Go On" ! – ! #68 ! #27 ! – |- |- |- |- |rowspan="1"|[[1994 in music|1994]] | "[[Freedom (Various Artists song)|Freedom]]" ! #18 ! #10 ! – ! – |align="center"|''[[Panther]]'' kibwagizo |- |- | [[1996 in music|1996]] | "Keep On, Keepin' On" (akimshirikisha [[Xscape]]) ! #10 ! #3 ! #2 ! #27 |align="center"|''Sunset Park'' [[kibwagizo]] |- |- |rowspan="3"|[[1997 in music|1997]] | "Cold Rock a Party" (akimshirikishaMissy Elliott na Puff Daddy) ! #11 ! #5 ! #1 ! #15 |align="center" rowspan="3"|''Bad as I Wanna B'' |- |- | "Druglord Superstar" ! – ! – ! – ! – |- |- | "Everyday" ! - ! #44 ! – ! – |- |- |rowspan="2"|[[1998 in music|1998]] | "I Can't Make A Mistake" ! – ! – ! – ! #46 |align="center" rowspan="2"|''Seven & Seven'' |- |- | "It's All Yours" (akimshirikishaGina Thompson) ! – ! – ! – ! #36 |- |- | [[2003 in music|2003]] | "Ride Wit Me" ! – ! – ! – ! #36 |align="center"|''Da Underground Heat Vol. 1 CD'' |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.mc-lyte.com/ Official website] * {{MySpace|mclyte|MC Lyte}} * [http://www.theshaitelboutique.com/ Boutique] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theshaitelboutique.com/ |date=20090803184012 }} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moorer, Lana Michele}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:watu kutoka New York]] 4r00w2ce68lr7d12u3yniora4qifrbl 0 17473 1244450 1155329 2022-08-25T08:33:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurap''' (pia inajulikana kama '''uemsii''', '''MC'', ''mashairi''', au '''kufokafoka''') ni tungo zinazoongelewa kwa kuiwakilisha mistari, au mtindo wa fokafoka, kuchezesha maneno, na [[mashairi]], ni moja kati ya chembechembe za utamaduni wa [[muziki]] wa [[hip hop]]. == Soma zaidi == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book| author = Alan Light| coauthors = et al.| date = Oktoba 1999| title = The Vibe History of Hip Hop| url = https://archive.org/details/vibehistoryofhip00ligh| pages = 432| publisher = Three Rivers Press| id = ISBN 0-609-80503-7}} * {{cite book| author = Jeff Chang| coauthors = D.J. Kool Herc | year = 2005 | month = Desemba| title = Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation | pages = 560| publisher = Picador| id = ISBN 0-312-42579-1}} * {{cite book | author = Sacha Jenkins | coauthors = et al. | year = 1999 | month = Desemba | title = Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists | url = https://archive.org/details/egotripsbookofra00jenk | pages = [https://archive.org/details/egotripsbookofra00jenk/page/n353 352] | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin | id = ISBN 0-312-24298-0 }} </div> ==Tazama pia== *[[Lango:Hip hop|Lango la Hip Hop]] {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Hip hop]] 1ghikg55wwz3umm1e8bw1ck5dleh5h9 10 22278 1244448 209148 2022-08-25T08:30:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox Musical artist |name=Lou Bega |title=[[Lou Bega]] |background=solo_singer |group1=Albamu zake |list1=''[[A Little Bit of Mambo]]'' {{·}} ''[[Ladies and Gentlemen (albamu)|Ladies and Gentlemen]]'' {{·}} ''[[Lounatic]] |group3=Single zake |list3= "[[Mambo No. 5]]" {{·}} "[[I Got a Girl]]" {{·}} "[[Tricky, Tricky]]" {{·}} "[[Mambo Mambo]]" {{·}} "[[Gentleman (wimbo)|Gentleman]]" {{·}} "[[Just a Gigolo]]" {{·}} "[[Bachata]]" {{·}} "[[You Wanna Be Americano]]" {{·}} "[[Conchita]]" |group5=Makala zinazohusiana |list5=[[BMG]] {{·}} [[Big Records]] {{·}} [[RCA Records|RCA]] {{·}} }}<noinclude>[[Category:Kigezo cha wanamuziki wa pop|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 0t6lz2qznbe2wincm2kkb0xasai647v 0 24262 1244434 1123675 2022-08-25T08:12:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[picha:John Raleigh Mott.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|John Mott]] '''John Raleigh Mott''' ([[25 Mei]] [[1865]] – [[31 Januari]] [[1955]]) alikuwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[YMCA]] na mashirikia mengine ya [[Ukristo|kikristo]] kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Kuanzia [[mwaka]] wa 1895 hadi 1920 alikuwa [[Katibu mkuu|katibu mkuu]] wa [[Chama cha Wanafunzi Wakristo Duniani]]. Mwaka wa [[1910]], aliongoza [[Mkutano wa Misheni Duniani]] [[mji|mjini]] [[Edinburgh]] unaohesabika kama mwanzo wa [[ekumeni]] katika [[karne ya 20]]. Mwaka wa [[1946]], pamoja na [[Emily Balch]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]]''' kwa ajili ya [[kazi]] yake ya kuanzisha na kuimarisha jumuiya za [[Mwanafunzi|wanafunzi]] kwa ajili ya [[amani]] [[Dunia|duniani]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Mott, John}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1865]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] k1443ub7xqpvj72gh24ukic7hvjsi6j 0 27833 1244460 1222832 2022-08-25T08:39:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya Nje */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Television | jina la kipindi = 24 | rated = [[Picha:TV14-V.gif|50px]] | picha = [[Picha:24-Logo.svg|250px]] | maelezo ya picha = logo ya ''24'' | aina = [[Mapambano]], [[Maigizo]], [[Kutisha]] | mbunifu = [[Joel Surnow]]<br />[[Robert Cochran]] | nyota = [[Kiefer Sutherland]]<br />[[Mary Lynn Rajskub]]<br />[[Janeane Garofalo]]<br />[[Cherry Jones]]<br />[[Carlos Bernard]]<br />[[James Morrison]]<br />[[Annie Wersching]]<br />[[Colm Feore]]<br />[[Bob Gunton]]<br />[[Rhys Coiro]]<br />[[Jeffrey Nordling]] | nchi = [[Marekani]] | lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | misimu = 7 | sehemu = 168 | muda = makadirio. dk. 43. | mtandao = [[FOX]] | muundo wa picha = [[NTSC]] [[480i]] ([[SDTV]])<br /> [[PAL]] [[576i]] (SDTV)<br />[[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) FOX HD <br />[[1080i]] ([[HDTV]]) SKY HD | hewani tangu = 6 Novemba 2001 | tovuti = http://www.fox.com/24/ | tv_com_id = 3866 | imdb_id = 0285331 }} '''''24''''' ni kipindi kilichoshinda Tuzo ya [[Emmy]] na [[Golden Globe]] kikiwa kama kipindi bora cha mfululizo wa televisheni cha [[Marekani|Kimarekani]]. Kipindi hurushwa na [[televisheni]] ya [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox Network]] ya nchini Marekani na kuonyeshwa pia dunia nzima. Kipindi kilianza kuja kwenye TV mnamo tar. [[6 Novemba]] [[2001]], ikianza na vipengele kumi na tatu tu. Misimu yote sita ya mwanzo ilikuwa ikifanya kazi katika kitengo chao kuzuia ugaida cha [[Los Angeles]], [[Counter Terrorist Unit]] (CTU). ''24'' inaonyesha muda halisi, kila msimu unaonyesha kipindi cha msaa 24 ya maisha ya [[Jack Bauer]], ambaye anafanya kazi za kiserikali dhidi ya vitisho vya kigaidi vinavyotokea nchini mwao. Bauer mara kadhaa huwa mapambanoni kwa ajili ya Kitengo cha Kuzuia Ugaidi ambao hufanya kazi ya kujaribu kuzuia ugadi katika taifa. Kipindi pia huonyesha matendo ya makachero wengine. Misimu sita ya mwanzo yote ilikuwa ikifanyika mjini [[Los Angeles]] na sehemu za karibuni&nbsp; — ambazo zote ni za kizushi&nbsp; — mjini California, ingawa kuna baadhi ya sehemu zingine zilikuwa zikitumika vilevile. Msimui wa saba pekee ndiyo ulifanyanyika mjini [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.tv.ign.com/articles/821/821061p1.html|title=IGN: 24: The Dead Rise|publisher=au.tv.ign.com|accessdate=2008-04-23|last=|first=|archivedate=2008-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823101243/http://au.tv.ign.com/articles/821/821061p1.html}}</ref> Msimu wa nane utakuwa [[New York City]], na CTU inarudishwa tena, lakini itakuwa CTU New York.<ref name="24 goes to New York">{{cite web | title= 24 goes to New York | url= http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/04/14/24-goes-to-new-york-city/ | author= EW | date= 2009-04-14 | accessdate= 2009-04-20 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090420015113/http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/04/14/24-goes-to-new-york-city/ | archivedate= 2009-04-20 }}</ref> == Washiriki == * [[Kiefer Sutherland]] kama [[Jack Bauer]] * [[Mary Lynn Rajskub]] kama [[Chloe O'Brian]] * [[Carlos Bernard]] kama [[Tony Almeida]] * [[James Morrison]] kama [[Bill Buchanan]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.fox.com/24/ Official 24 website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fox.com/24/ |date=20090307152123 }} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:vipindi vya televisheni]] egz2z4z4jr2eyxa0pf0zx980w8jh835 0 33834 1244431 1147846 2022-08-25T07:59:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renato "Kizito" Sesana''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1943]]) ni [[mmisionari]] wa shirika la [[Daniel Comboni]], [[mwandishi wa habari]] kutoka [[Italia]]. == Maisha ya utotoni == Renato Sesana alizaliwa katika [[Lecco]], Italia. Mwaka wa 1962, alimaliza na shahada katika uhandisi, akaenda kufanya kazi katika kiwanda maarufu kilichoitwa [[Guzzi Moto Mandello del Lario]] jirani. Sesana aliingia katika kundi la misionari katika [[Gozzano]], Italia, mwaka wa 1964. Baadaye alisoma teolojia kwa miaka minne katika [[Venegono]] [[Superiore]] na kuwa[[padre wa katoliki]] katika mwaka wa 1970. Alimiliki jina 'Kizito', baada ya [[Mtukufu Kizito]] (mdogo [[wa Mashahidi]] wa [[Uganda]], ambaye alikuwa canonized na [[Papa Paulo VI]] mwaka 1964). Katika miaka ya 1970, Sesana aliwafanyia ''Nigrizia,'' kazi jarida maarufu la Comboni.Aliteuliwa mhariri wake kati ya 1973 na 1975, wakati wa kipindi ambacho alianza kusafiri kote [[Afrika]], kuandika na kuchukua picha. Mwaka 1975, Sesana alisoma [[Kiingereza]] katika [[Marekani]], akiishi katika Parokia ya Msalaba Mtakatifu mjini [[Los Angeles, California.]] Alirudi Italia mwaka uliofuata, na mwaka wa 1977 alipata shahada ya udaktari katika [[sayansi ya siasa]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Padua]], Italia. Suala lake lilikuwa juu [[Wafrika Wamerika]] walio katika [[Kanisa la Katoliki.]] == Kazi ya kimisionari na fadhili katika Afrika == Kazi ya Baba Kizito ya kimisionari katika Afrika ilianza wakati yeye alipewa jukumu [[Zambia]]katika mwaka wa 1977. Aliwahi kutoa huduma katika [[Parokia]] ya vijijini kwa miaka mitatu kabla ya kuhamia mji mkuu, [[Lusaka.]] Baada ya kupewa eneo maskini linaloitwa Bauleni, Baba Kizito alifanya kazi hasa na vijana na kuanza jamii inayoitwa [[Koinonia .]] Kat Februari 1988, yeye alitumwa kwenda [[Nairobi, Kenya]], na kuanzisha ''Mpya Watu,'' a Comboni [[Anglophone]] magazine kwa nchi za Afrika. Mara moja mjini Nairobi, yeye kuanza walei katika jamii katika Kenya, pia hujulikana [[Koinonia]], pamoja na kundi la vijana ambao mara uvuvio maisha ya Wakristo kibiblia mapema kama ilivyoandikwa katika [[Matendo ya Mitume.]] The Community wajumbe walikuwa kutoka fani mbalimbali na asili, na wao waliishi pamoja kugawana ndoto zao, mafanikio na kushindwa. Leo hii, Koinonia Marafiki ina kuhusu wajumbe thelathini mjini Nairobi, na kumi katika Lusaka. [[Koinonia Kenya]] ilikuwa registered kama kampuni mwili mwaka 1996, baada ambayo haifahamiki [[makampuni]] mbalimbali ya [[kijamii]] ili kusaidia kuboresha jamii ya mitaa ndani ambayo ni makao. Sina shughuli na miradi ya kijamii kutoa kipaumbele juu ya Wanyonge katika jamii, kama vile watoto katika mazingira magumu - hasa [[watoto wa mitaani]] - kama vile wanawake na vijana kutoka asili [[maskini.]] Mbali na Nairobi na miradi Lusaka, Jumuiya tangu kuenea kwa [[Milima]] ya [[Nuba Sudan]], ambapo dada jamii, Koinonia Nuba, anaendesha shule mbili za msingi na walimu 'mafunzo ya chuo. Beyond umisionari wake na kazi ya kibinadamu, Baba acclaimed Kizito ni [[mwandishi wa habari.]] Yeye aliandika weekly column kuitwa "Baba Kizito's Notebook" 1995-2001, katika toleo la Jumapili Daily Nation, ambalo ni Kenya's wengi sana kusoma gazeti. Mwaka 1999, Mkutano wa Kenya Episcopal aliwaelekeza mpango naye na kuanzisha Waumini Redio, Katoliki kitaifa [[FM]] station. Utangazaji ya kituo kuanza mwezi Julai 2003, na Baba Kizito mbio hadi mapema 2006. Baba Kizito pia aliongoza na kusaidiwa kuanzishwa Newsfromafrica.org, an elektroniska News Bulletin kwamba kuchapisha makala zilizoandikwa kutoka katika mtazamo wa watu katika ngazi ya chini ya Afrika harakati zao kwa uhuru, heshima na haki. Kati ya mipango mingine, yeye imesaidia kuanzisha Peacelink-Afrika, portal mipango ya Afrika kwa [[amani]], na The Big Issue Kenya, ambayo ni nchi ya kwanza ya [[gazeti mitaani.]] Hivi sasa, Baba Kizito inaendelea aktivt kusaidia na kuendeleza mipango [[Koinonia]] mbalimbali, hasa Jumuiya ya watoto wa mitaani katika miradi ya ukarabati Nairobi na Lusaka, vile vile shughuli za kujenga amani Afrika Amani Point, asasi isiyokuwa ya kiserikali iliyoanzishwa chini Koinonia. Yeye pia linaendelea kuandika sana. Yeye ana hittills mwandishi vitabu 11 na kutafsiriwa kadhaa wengine. Katika Januari 2008, yeye uzinduzi blog mpya inayoitwa "A Life katika Afrika". == Kashfa == Katika Juni 2009 Baba Kizito alikuwa mshitakiwa wa kufanya ngono na wavulana wenyeji katika jamii yake. Kuhani huyo alikanusha sana madai hayo, akisema mali ya marafiki yalikuwa malengo halisi ya watu nyuma ya shutuma.<ref>Daily Nation, 20 Juni 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/613280/-/ukbo9e/-/index.html Boys Baba kutetea Kizito]</ref> == Tuzo == *1997: Raul Follereau tuzo <ref>[http://www.aifo.it/saperne_di_piu/follereau/-premio/pagina40.html AIFO]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *2002: Vita Nova Nobel ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * A Life katika Afrika: Fr. Renato Kizito Sesana's blog http://kizito.blogsite.org/ {{Wayback|url=http://kizito.blogsite.org/ |date=20080318174644 }} * Koinonia Kenya Website http://www.koinoniakenya.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Sesana, Renato Kizito}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Italia]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] nsyzo64wxilwgixm0j1ypdht12zvok9 1244432 1244431 2022-08-25T08:07:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renato "Kizito" Sesana''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1943]]) ni [[mmisionari]] wa shirika la [[Daniel Comboni]], [[mwandishi wa habari]] kutoka [[Italia]]. == Maisha ya utotoni == Renato Sesana alizaliwa katika [[Lecco]], Italia. Mwaka wa 1962, alimaliza na shahada katika uhandisi, akaenda kufanya kazi katika kiwanda maarufu kilichoitwa [[Guzzi Moto]] jirani na [[Mandello del Lario]]. Sesana aliingia katika kundi la wamisionari huko [[Gozzano]], Italia, mwaka wa 1964. Baadaye alisoma [[teolojia]] kwa miaka minne huko [[Venegono Superiore]] na kuwa [[padre]] katika mwaka wa 1970. Alichukua jina 'Kizito', kwa heshima ya [[Kizito]] (mdogo kuliko [[Mashahidi wa Uganda]] wote, ambao walitangazwa watakatifu na [[Papa Paulo VI]] mwaka 1964). Katika miaka ya 1970, Sesana alifanyia kazi ''Nigrizia,'' jarida maarufu la Wakomboni. Aliteuliwa mhariri wake kati ya 1973 na 1975, kipindi ambacho alianza kusafiri kote [[Afrika]], kuandika na kuchukua picha. Mwaka 1975, Sesana alisoma [[Kiingereza]] katika [[Marekani]], akiishi katika Parokia ya Msalaba Mtakatifu mjini [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alirudi Italia mwaka uliofuata, na mwaka wa 1977 alipata shahada ya udaktari katika [[sayansi ya siasa]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Padua]], Italia. Suala lake lilikuwa juu [[Wafrika Waamerika]] walio katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. == Kazi ya kimisionari na fadhili katika Afrika == Kazi ya Baba Kizito ya kimisionari katika Afrika ilianza wakati yeye alipewa jukumu [[Zambia]]katika mwaka wa 1977. Aliwahi kutoa huduma katika [[Parokia]] ya vijijini kwa miaka mitatu kabla ya kuhamia mji mkuu, [[Lusaka.]] Baada ya kupewa eneo maskini linaloitwa Bauleni, Baba Kizito alifanya kazi hasa na vijana na kuanza jamii inayoitwa [[Koinonia .]] Kat Februari 1988, yeye alitumwa kwenda [[Nairobi, Kenya]], na kuanzisha ''Mpya Watu,'' a Comboni [[Anglophone]] magazine kwa nchi za Afrika. Mara moja mjini Nairobi, yeye kuanza walei katika jamii katika Kenya, pia hujulikana [[Koinonia]], pamoja na kundi la vijana ambao mara uvuvio maisha ya Wakristo kibiblia mapema kama ilivyoandikwa katika [[Matendo ya Mitume.]] The Community wajumbe walikuwa kutoka fani mbalimbali na asili, na wao waliishi pamoja kugawana ndoto zao, mafanikio na kushindwa. Leo hii, Koinonia Marafiki ina kuhusu wajumbe thelathini mjini Nairobi, na kumi katika Lusaka. [[Koinonia Kenya]] ilikuwa registered kama kampuni mwili mwaka 1996, baada ambayo haifahamiki [[makampuni]] mbalimbali ya [[kijamii]] ili kusaidia kuboresha jamii ya mitaa ndani ambayo ni makao. Sina shughuli na miradi ya kijamii kutoa kipaumbele juu ya Wanyonge katika jamii, kama vile watoto katika mazingira magumu - hasa [[watoto wa mitaani]] - kama vile wanawake na vijana kutoka asili [[maskini.]] Mbali na Nairobi na miradi Lusaka, Jumuiya tangu kuenea kwa [[Milima]] ya [[Nuba Sudan]], ambapo dada jamii, Koinonia Nuba, anaendesha shule mbili za msingi na walimu 'mafunzo ya chuo. Beyond umisionari wake na kazi ya kibinadamu, Baba acclaimed Kizito ni [[mwandishi wa habari.]] Yeye aliandika weekly column kuitwa "Baba Kizito's Notebook" 1995-2001, katika toleo la Jumapili Daily Nation, ambalo ni Kenya's wengi sana kusoma gazeti. Mwaka 1999, Mkutano wa Kenya Episcopal aliwaelekeza mpango naye na kuanzisha Waumini Redio, Katoliki kitaifa [[FM]] station. Utangazaji ya kituo kuanza mwezi Julai 2003, na Baba Kizito mbio hadi mapema 2006. Baba Kizito pia aliongoza na kusaidiwa kuanzishwa Newsfromafrica.org, an elektroniska News Bulletin kwamba kuchapisha makala zilizoandikwa kutoka katika mtazamo wa watu katika ngazi ya chini ya Afrika harakati zao kwa uhuru, heshima na haki. Kati ya mipango mingine, yeye imesaidia kuanzisha Peacelink-Afrika, portal mipango ya Afrika kwa [[amani]], na The Big Issue Kenya, ambayo ni nchi ya kwanza ya [[gazeti mitaani.]] Hivi sasa, Baba Kizito inaendelea aktivt kusaidia na kuendeleza mipango [[Koinonia]] mbalimbali, hasa Jumuiya ya watoto wa mitaani katika miradi ya ukarabati Nairobi na Lusaka, vile vile shughuli za kujenga amani Afrika Amani Point, asasi isiyokuwa ya kiserikali iliyoanzishwa chini Koinonia. Yeye pia linaendelea kuandika sana. Yeye ana hittills mwandishi vitabu 11 na kutafsiriwa kadhaa wengine. Katika Januari 2008, yeye uzinduzi blog mpya inayoitwa "A Life katika Afrika". == Kashfa == Katika Juni 2009 Baba Kizito alikuwa mshitakiwa wa kufanya ngono na wavulana wenyeji katika jamii yake. Kuhani huyo alikanusha sana madai hayo, akisema mali ya marafiki yalikuwa malengo halisi ya watu nyuma ya shutuma.<ref>Daily Nation, 20 Juni 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/613280/-/ukbo9e/-/index.html Boys Baba kutetea Kizito]</ref> Hatimaye mashtaka yalifutwa<ref name="freed">Daily Nation, May 27, 2011:[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Fr-Kizito-freed-for-lack-of-evidence--/-/1056/1170734/-/l29tyhz/-/index.html Fr Kizito freed for lack of evidence]</ref><ref name="innocent">[http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_12197.html Father Kizito Renato Sesana is Innocent]</ref>; hapo yeye akafunguliwa kesi magazeti matatu yaliyomsema vibaya. == Tuzo == *1997: Raul Follereau tuzo <ref>[http://www.aifo.it/saperne_di_piu/follereau/-premio/pagina40.html AIFO]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *2002: Vita Nova Nobel *2002: Altropallone Award <ref>[http://altropallone.it/ Altropallone]</ref> He has been awarded for his commitment in the sponsorship of clean, fair and liable sport activities. He promoted the manufacturing of fair-trade footballs by Nairobi's Amani Yassets Sports Club and intended to bring back soccer and other sports as a mean of joy and fellowship.<br> *2011: City of Sasso Marconi Journalism Award <ref>[http://www.comune.sassomarconi.bologna.it/servizi/notizie/notizie_fase02.aspx?ID=3245 Premio Sasso Marconi]</ref><br> *2012: Regione Lombardia Peace Prize <ref>[https://archive.today/20130413062152/http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=News&childpagename=Regione/Detail&cid=1213569925595&pagename=RGNWrapper Lombardia Peace Prize]</ref><br> *2015: Ethical Award awarded by Associazione Culturale Plana to him and the film director Ermanno Olmi e the Uruguay president José "Pepe" [[José Mujica|Mujica]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * A Life katika Afrika: Fr. Renato Kizito Sesana's blog http://kizito.blogsite.org/ {{Wayback|url=http://kizito.blogsite.org/ |date=20080318174644 }} * Koinonia Kenya Website http://www.koinoniakenya.org * Newsfromafrica http://Newsfromafrica.org * Radio Waumini http://www.radiowaumini.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Sesana, Renato Kizito}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Italia]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] k2qy251q7ar749eyj9b1uxqw82d8rhs 1244433 1244432 2022-08-25T08:08:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tuzo */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renato "Kizito" Sesana''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1943]]) ni [[mmisionari]] wa shirika la [[Daniel Comboni]], [[mwandishi wa habari]] kutoka [[Italia]]. == Maisha ya utotoni == Renato Sesana alizaliwa katika [[Lecco]], Italia. Mwaka wa 1962, alimaliza na shahada katika uhandisi, akaenda kufanya kazi katika kiwanda maarufu kilichoitwa [[Guzzi Moto]] jirani na [[Mandello del Lario]]. Sesana aliingia katika kundi la wamisionari huko [[Gozzano]], Italia, mwaka wa 1964. Baadaye alisoma [[teolojia]] kwa miaka minne huko [[Venegono Superiore]] na kuwa [[padre]] katika mwaka wa 1970. Alichukua jina 'Kizito', kwa heshima ya [[Kizito]] (mdogo kuliko [[Mashahidi wa Uganda]] wote, ambao walitangazwa watakatifu na [[Papa Paulo VI]] mwaka 1964). Katika miaka ya 1970, Sesana alifanyia kazi ''Nigrizia,'' jarida maarufu la Wakomboni. Aliteuliwa mhariri wake kati ya 1973 na 1975, kipindi ambacho alianza kusafiri kote [[Afrika]], kuandika na kuchukua picha. Mwaka 1975, Sesana alisoma [[Kiingereza]] katika [[Marekani]], akiishi katika Parokia ya Msalaba Mtakatifu mjini [[Los Angeles, California]]. Alirudi Italia mwaka uliofuata, na mwaka wa 1977 alipata shahada ya udaktari katika [[sayansi ya siasa]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Padua]], Italia. Suala lake lilikuwa juu [[Wafrika Waamerika]] walio katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. == Kazi ya kimisionari na fadhili katika Afrika == Kazi ya Baba Kizito ya kimisionari katika Afrika ilianza wakati yeye alipewa jukumu [[Zambia]]katika mwaka wa 1977. Aliwahi kutoa huduma katika [[Parokia]] ya vijijini kwa miaka mitatu kabla ya kuhamia mji mkuu, [[Lusaka.]] Baada ya kupewa eneo maskini linaloitwa Bauleni, Baba Kizito alifanya kazi hasa na vijana na kuanza jamii inayoitwa [[Koinonia .]] Kat Februari 1988, yeye alitumwa kwenda [[Nairobi, Kenya]], na kuanzisha ''Mpya Watu,'' a Comboni [[Anglophone]] magazine kwa nchi za Afrika. Mara moja mjini Nairobi, yeye kuanza walei katika jamii katika Kenya, pia hujulikana [[Koinonia]], pamoja na kundi la vijana ambao mara uvuvio maisha ya Wakristo kibiblia mapema kama ilivyoandikwa katika [[Matendo ya Mitume.]] The Community wajumbe walikuwa kutoka fani mbalimbali na asili, na wao waliishi pamoja kugawana ndoto zao, mafanikio na kushindwa. Leo hii, Koinonia Marafiki ina kuhusu wajumbe thelathini mjini Nairobi, na kumi katika Lusaka. [[Koinonia Kenya]] ilikuwa registered kama kampuni mwili mwaka 1996, baada ambayo haifahamiki [[makampuni]] mbalimbali ya [[kijamii]] ili kusaidia kuboresha jamii ya mitaa ndani ambayo ni makao. Sina shughuli na miradi ya kijamii kutoa kipaumbele juu ya Wanyonge katika jamii, kama vile watoto katika mazingira magumu - hasa [[watoto wa mitaani]] - kama vile wanawake na vijana kutoka asili [[maskini.]] Mbali na Nairobi na miradi Lusaka, Jumuiya tangu kuenea kwa [[Milima]] ya [[Nuba Sudan]], ambapo dada jamii, Koinonia Nuba, anaendesha shule mbili za msingi na walimu 'mafunzo ya chuo. Beyond umisionari wake na kazi ya kibinadamu, Baba acclaimed Kizito ni [[mwandishi wa habari.]] Yeye aliandika weekly column kuitwa "Baba Kizito's Notebook" 1995-2001, katika toleo la Jumapili Daily Nation, ambalo ni Kenya's wengi sana kusoma gazeti. Mwaka 1999, Mkutano wa Kenya Episcopal aliwaelekeza mpango naye na kuanzisha Waumini Redio, Katoliki kitaifa [[FM]] station. Utangazaji ya kituo kuanza mwezi Julai 2003, na Baba Kizito mbio hadi mapema 2006. Baba Kizito pia aliongoza na kusaidiwa kuanzishwa Newsfromafrica.org, an elektroniska News Bulletin kwamba kuchapisha makala zilizoandikwa kutoka katika mtazamo wa watu katika ngazi ya chini ya Afrika harakati zao kwa uhuru, heshima na haki. Kati ya mipango mingine, yeye imesaidia kuanzisha Peacelink-Afrika, portal mipango ya Afrika kwa [[amani]], na The Big Issue Kenya, ambayo ni nchi ya kwanza ya [[gazeti mitaani.]] Hivi sasa, Baba Kizito inaendelea aktivt kusaidia na kuendeleza mipango [[Koinonia]] mbalimbali, hasa Jumuiya ya watoto wa mitaani katika miradi ya ukarabati Nairobi na Lusaka, vile vile shughuli za kujenga amani Afrika Amani Point, asasi isiyokuwa ya kiserikali iliyoanzishwa chini Koinonia. Yeye pia linaendelea kuandika sana. Yeye ana hittills mwandishi vitabu 11 na kutafsiriwa kadhaa wengine. Katika Januari 2008, yeye uzinduzi blog mpya inayoitwa "A Life katika Afrika". == Kashfa == Katika Juni 2009 Baba Kizito alikuwa mshitakiwa wa kufanya ngono na wavulana wenyeji katika jamii yake. Kuhani huyo alikanusha sana madai hayo, akisema mali ya marafiki yalikuwa malengo halisi ya watu nyuma ya shutuma.<ref>Daily Nation, 20 Juni 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/613280/-/ukbo9e/-/index.html Boys Baba kutetea Kizito]</ref> Hatimaye mashtaka yalifutwa<ref name="freed">Daily Nation, May 27, 2011:[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Fr-Kizito-freed-for-lack-of-evidence--/-/1056/1170734/-/l29tyhz/-/index.html Fr Kizito freed for lack of evidence]</ref><ref name="innocent">[http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_12197.html Father Kizito Renato Sesana is Innocent]</ref>; hapo yeye akafunguliwa kesi magazeti matatu yaliyomsema vibaya. == Tuzo == *1997: Raul Follereau tuzo <ref>[http://www.aifo.it/english/gen/follereau/follereauaward.htm Raoul Follereau Award]</ref><br> *2002: Vita Nova Nobel *2002: Altropallone Award <ref>[http://altropallone.it/ Altropallone]</ref> He has been awarded for his commitment in the sponsorship of clean, fair and liable sport activities. He promoted the manufacturing of fair-trade footballs by Nairobi's Amani Yassets Sports Club and intended to bring back soccer and other sports as a mean of joy and fellowship.<br> *2011: City of Sasso Marconi Journalism Award <ref>[http://www.comune.sassomarconi.bologna.it/servizi/notizie/notizie_fase02.aspx?ID=3245 Premio Sasso Marconi]</ref><br> *2012: Regione Lombardia Peace Prize <ref>[https://archive.today/20130413062152/http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=News&childpagename=Regione/Detail&cid=1213569925595&pagename=RGNWrapper Lombardia Peace Prize]</ref><br> *2015: Ethical Award awarded by Associazione Culturale Plana to him and the film director Ermanno Olmi e the Uruguay president José "Pepe" [[José Mujica|Mujica]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * A Life katika Afrika: Fr. Renato Kizito Sesana's blog http://kizito.blogsite.org/ {{Wayback|url=http://kizito.blogsite.org/ |date=20080318174644 }} * Koinonia Kenya Website http://www.koinoniakenya.org * Newsfromafrica http://Newsfromafrica.org * Radio Waumini http://www.radiowaumini.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Sesana, Renato Kizito}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Italia]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] aankg0xmc0hefz3juot68rhib4okzyq 0 34491 1244496 1207147 2022-08-25T09:10:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Dubai_Cares.JPG|thumb|Dubai Cares]] '''Dubai Cares''' (kwa Kiarabu: دبي العطاء) ni mpango wa maslahi ya kibinadamu ambao unataka kutoa [[elimu]] kwa watoto katika sehemu maskini duniani. Ilizinduliwa Septemba 2007 na Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Makamu wa Rais na Waziri Mkuu wa [[Umoja wa Falme za Kiarabu]], na Mtawala wa [[Dubai]]. Mwezi Aprili 2008, Dubai Cares ilikuwa mchango wa Dubai Umoja kwa Mataifa ya Maendeleo ya Milenia ya kutoa elimu ya msingi kwa kila mtoto ifikapo mwaka 2015 na ilikuwa msingi mkubwa ulimwenguni iliyokuwa na kazi ya kuboresha elimu ya msingi katika nchi zinazoendelea. <ref name="grt"></ref> Lengo ni kuwaelimisha watoto milioni 1 katika nchi maskini. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubaicares.ae/eng/default.asp |title=Dubai Cares |accessdate=2007-11-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109171438/http://www.dubaicares.ae/eng/default.asp |archivedate=2007-11-09 }}</ref> <ref name="wam">{{cite news|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/nation/Government/10281598.html|title=Hamdan Highlights UAE Role in Helping the Poor|date=2009-02-02|publisher=Gulf News|accessdate=2009-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203193447/http://www.gulfnews.com/nation/Government/10281598.html|archivedate=2009-02-03}}</ref> Miongoni mwa miradi mingine, Dubai Cares imekuwa inaohusika na [[Save the Children]] nchini Sudan, kwa kutoa ruzuku ya milioni $ 16.6. <ref name="grt">{{cite news|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/SaveChAlli/a5d44b438e36fb6d32ed57378ba695b5.htm|title=Dubai Cares Provides Multimillion Dollar Grant for Save the Children's Sudan Education Programs|coauthors=International Save the Children Alliance|date=2008-04-15|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2009-03-01|archivedate=2008-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204144645/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/SaveChAlli/a5d44b438e36fb6d32ed57378ba695b5.htm}}</ref> Mbali na kazi yao inayohusiana na elimu, Dubai Cares imekuwa inahusika na michango ya [[Myanmar]] kufuatia [[Tufani Nargis]] kupitia mahema, vifaa vya kufundishia na vifaa vya shule. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.dubaicares.ae/eng/default.asp Tovuti rasmi ya kiingereza ya Dubai Cares] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dubaicares.ae/eng/default.asp |date=20081210210211 }} {{UAE-stub}} {{Asia-org-stub}} [[Category:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] rtq9ifuoa6tmry81dlbvvib7ja11hhf 0 34494 1244499 1223865 2022-08-25T09:13:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox golf tournament |jina = Dubai Desert Classic |image = |mahali = {{Flag icon|UAE}} [[Dubai]],</br>[[United Arab Emirates]] |ilianzishwa = 1989 |uwanja = [[Emirates Golf Club]] |par = 72 |umbali = 7,301 |ziara = [[PGA European Tour|European Tour]] |jinsi = [[Stroke play]] |pesa = [[United States dollar|$]]2,500,000 |mwezi = Januari |jumla = 266 [[Thomas Bjørn]] (2001) |shimo = -22 ''(kama ilivyo hapa juu)'' |mshindi wa sasa = {{Flag icon|NIR}} [[Rory McIlroy]] }} [[Picha: ODDC_Logo_Red.png|thumb|Nembo ya Dubai Desert Classic]] '''Dubai Desert Classic''' ni mchuano wa utaalam wa [[gofu]] unaofanyika kila mwaka huko [[Dubai]] katika [[United Arab Emirates]]. Imekuwa sehemu ya ratiba ya [[European Tour]] tangu kuzinduliwa mwaka [[1989]] na ilikuwa sehemu ya kwanza ya ratiba ya European Tour kufanyiwa Mashariki ya Kati. Isipokuwa makala ya 1999 na 2000, ambayo yalifanyika katika [[Dubai Creek Golf &amp; Yacht Club]], imekuwa ikichezewa kwenye kozi la "Majlis katika [[Emirates Golf Club]]. Tukio limebainishwa kwa kuvutia baadhi ya nyota wakubwa duniani wa gofu kwa msaada wa pesa nyingi zilizotakikana za ushiriki. [[Ernie Els]] amekuwa na mafanikio zaidi kwani ameshinda Desert Classic mara tatu. Mdhamini mkuu wa tukio hilo ni [[Dubal]], pamoja na wadhamini-wasaidizi wakiwa pamoja na: [[Omega]], [[EmiratesNBD]], [[Golf Jumeirah Estates]], [[CNN]], [[Emaar]], [[Emirates Airlines]], [[BMW]] na [[Gulf News]]. == Washindi == {| class="wikitable" !Mwaka !Mshindi !Pointi |- ! colspan="4"|Dubai Desert Classic |- | 2009 | {{Flag icon|NIR}} [[Rory McIlroy]] &nbsp; | 269 (-19) |- | 2008 | {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Tiger Woods]]&nbsp; | 274 (-14) |- | 2007 | {{Flag icon|SWE}} [[Henrik Stenson]]&nbsp; | 269 (-19) |- | 2006 | {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Tiger Woods]]&nbsp; | 269 (-19) ^PO |- | 2005 | {{Flag icon|RSA}} [[Ernie Els]]&nbsp; | 269 (-19) |- | 2004 | {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Marko O'Meara]]&nbsp; | 271 (-17) |- | 2003 | {{Flag icon|NED}} [[Robert-Jan Derksen]]&nbsp; | 271 (-17) |- | 2002 | {{Flag icon|RSA}} [[Ernie Els]]&nbsp; | 272 (-16) |- | 2001 | {{Flag icon|DEN}} [[Thomas Bjørn]]&nbsp; | 266 (-22) |- | 2000 | {{Flag icon|ARG}} [[José Cóceres]]&nbsp; | 274 (-14) |- | 1999 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[David Howell]]&nbsp; | 275 (-13) |- | 1998 | {{Flag icon|ESP}} [[José María Olazábal]]&nbsp; | 269 (-19) |- | 1997 | {{Flag icon|AUS}} [[Richard Green]]&nbsp; | 272 (-16) ^PO |- | 1996 | {{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Colin Montgomerie]]&nbsp; | 270 (-18) |- | 1995 | {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Fred Couples]]&nbsp; | 268 (-20) |- | 1994 | {{Flag icon|RSA}} [[Ernie Els]]&nbsp; | 268 (-20) |- | 1993 | {{Flag icon|RSA|1928}} [[Wayne Westner]]&nbsp; | 274 (-14) |- | 1992 | {{Flag icon|ESP}} [[Seve Ballesteros]]&nbsp; | 272 (-16) ^PO |- ! colspan="4"|Emirates Airlines Desert Classic |- | 1990 | {{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Eamonn Darcy]]&nbsp; | 276 (-12) |- ! colspan="4"|Karl Litten Desert Classic |- | 1989 | {{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Mark James]]&nbsp; | 277 (-11) ^PO |- |} == Angalia pia == Matukio mengine mawili ambayo ni sehemu ya Gulf Swing: * [[Abu Dhabi Golf Championship]] * [[Qatar Masters]] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.dubaidesertclassic.com Tovuti rasmi ya Dubai] * [http://www.europeantour.com/default.sps?pageid=127&amp;pagegid=%7BAEFB93B0%2DEFF5%2D4C05%2DAB0F%2DFD08D947D944%7D&amp;eventid=2008006&amp;infosid=3&amp;pageno=1 Habari katika tovuti rasmi ya European Tour] {{Wayback|url=http://www.europeantour.com/default.sps?pageid=127&pagegid=%7BAEFB93B0%2DEFF5%2D4C05%2DAB0F%2DFD08D947D944%7D&eventid=2008006&infosid=3&pageno=1 |date=20081224211801 }} * [http://dubaigolf.info/dubaigolfhistory.html Historia ya Dubai Golf] {{Wayback|url=http://dubaigolf.info/dubaigolfhistory.html |date=20100510185945 }} {{European Tour}} [[Jamii:Michezo nchini Falme za Kiarabu]] [[Jamii:Dubai]] rfdyd0nylk0uqz16fb4t129c0kq4cm9 10 35040 1244500 914452 2022-08-25T09:15:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="font-size:90%; width: 65%; padding: 3px; margin: 0 auto;" class=toccolours |- | [[Picha:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|30px| ]] |Makala hii kuhusu Mwanariadha wa [[Kenya]] bado ni '''mbegu'''. <br> Je, unajua kitu kuhusu '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' kama wasifu wake, habari za maisha au kazi yake? <br />Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? <br />Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa [{{SERVER}}/w/index.php?stub&title={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&action=edit kuihariri na kuongeza habari]''. |}<includeonly>[[Jamii:Mbegu za waandishi]]</includeonly><noinclude> [[Jamii:Mbegu za Kenya| ]] </noinclude> lgbhu1ycyopz87jxt4ldcfufthkrp33 0 35052 1244490 1086669 2022-08-25T09:00:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Panel Almaqah Louvre DAO18.jpg|thumb|Maandishi ya Jamii ya Washeba yakiandikwa kwa ajili ya mungu wa mwezi [[Almaqah]]]] [[Picha:BronzeManNashqum.jpg|thumb|"Mtu wa Shaba" alipatikana katika [[Al Bayda']] (Nashqum ya kale, ufalme wa [[Sheba]]), karne ya 6 hadi 5 KK katika makumbusho ya [[Louvre]].]] [[Picha:Sabaean-drachm.jpg|thumb|]] '''Washeba''' au '''Sabæans''' ({{lang-ar|السبأيين}}) walikuwa watu waliokuwa wakizungumza lugha ya Kiarabu cha Kale cha Kusini, waliokuwa wanaishi katika nchi ya sasa [[Yemen]], upande wa Kusini-Magharibi mwa mkono nchi Uarabuni. <!--; kuanzia miaka 2000KK hadi katika karne ya 8KK - walichangia kwa kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo.-->. Baadhi ya watu wa kabila la Washeba waliwahi kuishi katika eneo la [[D'mt]], lililopo kaskazini mwa [[Ethiopia]] na [[Eritrea]], hii ni kutokana na mapenzi yao juu ya [[Bahari ya Shamu]]<ref>Stuart Munro-Hay, ''Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity'', 1991.</ref>. ==Historia== Watu wa kale wa Ufalme wa ''Sheba''' walianza kupotea kufikia katika milenia ya pili hadi kufikia katika karne ya 1 KK. Katika wakati huu, eneo lao lilivamiwa na kukaliwa na watu wa jamii ya [[Himyar]], lakini baada ya kuanguka kwa ufalme wa [[Himyar]] uliokuwa ukiongozwa na mfalme [[Saba]] na [[Dhu-Raydan]] watu wa kabila la Washeba wa kipindi cha kati walitokezea tena. Hii ikiwa ni katika karne ya pili. Lakini hatimaye eneo hili lilivamiwa na kutawaliwa na [[Himyarite]] mwishoni mwa karne ya tatu. Mji mkuu wa eneo hili ni [[Ma'rib]]. Ufalme huu uliahimia katika pembezoni mwa Jangwa eneo lililoitwa [[Sayhad]] na [[medieval]] Wanajiografia wa Kiarabu na ndio inayoitwa sasa [[Ramlat al-Sab`atayn]]. Watu wa kabila la Washeba walikuwa ni Waarabu wa Kusini. Na kila kabila katika eneo hili walikuwa na eneo la ufalme wake katika eneo la Yemen ya kale. Jamii ya watu wa '''Minaeans''' wakikaa katika eneo la Kaskazini mwa bahari Ya Shamu, na wakati watu wa kabila la '''Sabeans''' wakikaa katika upande wa kusini, huku wakiendelea kutanuka kuelekea katika nyanda za juu za bahari.Watu wa jamii ya '''Qatabanians''' wakikaa katika upande wa mashariki yao, na jamii ya '''Hadramites''' wakikaa upande wao wa Mashariki. Jamii ya Washeba, kama jamii nyingine yoyote ya Kiarabu na wakazi wa falme za Yemen wa kipindi hicho hicho walikuwa wakijihususha na shughuli za biashara zenye kuleta faida ya hali ya juu. Mara kadhaa walikuwa wakijihusisha na shughuli za Kuuza ubani au uvumba na manemane <ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108153.html Yemen]</ref> Baadhi ya wanahistoria wanaamini kuwa, watu wa jamii zote hizi walikuwa ni watu wa taifa moja wa Ufalme wa [[Sheba]]. Waliacha kumbukumbu nyingi katika majengo ya [[Musnad]] kama herufi za zamani za Kiarabu, nyaraka kadhaa zilizoandikwa kwa lugha ya Kiarabu. Nyaraka hizi zilihusu imani ya kuabudu Mungu, na zisijechanganywa na zile za jamii ya [[Washeba]] Zilizotajwa katika kitabu kitakatifu cha [[Quran]], ambapo majina yake yameandikwa katika maandishi ya kiarabu pia. Kutokana na mamalaka yao juu ya [[Bahari ya Shamu]] Baadhi ya watu wa kabila la Washeba, walibaki katika eneo la Kaskazini mwa [[Ethiopia]]na [[Eritrea]] katika kipindi cha Washeba kutaka ufalme wa [[D`mt]]. Wanahistoria wengi wanaamini ustaarabu huu kuwa ndio wa asili katika eneo hili,<ref>Stuart Munro-Hay, ''Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity''. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, pp.57. </ref> . Lakini wengine bado wanauona kuwa D'mt ni mchanganyiko wa tamaduni kadhaa za makabila mbalimbali yaliyoishi pamoja.;<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270-1527'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp.5-13.</ref> Watu wachache bado wanaendelea kuona Ufalme kuwa wote ni ufalmwe wa Sheba au wa wa[[Eritrea]] na wa[[Ethiopia]] lakini pia wengine husema kuwa, ni wahamiaji wa mwisho wa Sabean lakini ushahidi wao huo wote hua hauna mashiko. Katika ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'', [[Augustus]] anadai kuwa: <blockquote> Kwa mamlaka ya utabiri wangu, vikosi viwili vya manajeshi waliongozwa kwa karibu wakati sawa na kuingia katika nchi za Ethiopia na Uarabuni.Nchini Ethipia wavamizi hawa walifika hadi katika mji wa Nabata ulio karibu na mji wa [[Meroe]]. Nchini [[Arabia]] wanajeshi hawa waliweza kujipenyeza na kufika hadi katika eneo la [[Mariba]]<ref>[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]], paragraph 26.5, [[s:Res Gestae Divi Augusti|translation]] from [[Wikisource]]</ref></blockquote> Lakni hata hivyo, maneno haya ya Res Gestae Divi Augusti ni maneno ya propaganda na hakuna sehemu nyingine inayoonesha au kuwa na ushahidi wake. ==Tazama pia== *[[Yemen]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *Bafaqīh, M. ‛A., ''L'unification du Yémen antique. La lutte entre Saba’, Himyar et le Hadramawt de Ier au IIIème siècle de l'ère chrétienne''. Paris, 1990 (Bibliothèque de Raydan, 1). *[[Andrey Korotayev]]. ''Ancient Yemen''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-922237-1[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0199222371]. *[[Andrey Korotayev]]. ''Pre-Islamic Yemen''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1996. ISBN 3-447-03679-6. *Ryckmans, J., Müller, W. W., and ‛Abdallah, Yu., ''Textes du Yémen Antique inscrits sur bois''. Louvain-la-Neuve, 1994 (Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 43). *[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108153.html Info Please] *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45966 Article] at [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.mnh.si.edu/epigraphy/e_pre-islamic/fig04_sabaean.htm S. Arabian "Inscription of Abraha" in the Sabaic language] at Smithsonian/NMNH website [[Jamii:Waarabu]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Yemen]] f2ouqs1aek78drszmmnhz7ufcodlrq3 0 35953 1244461 1177827 2022-08-25T08:40:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gazo | jina = The Joplin Globe | jina la gazeti = The Joplin Globe | picha = | aina = Gazeti la kila siku | lilianzishwa = [[1896]] | eneo = | mwanzilishi = Thomas G. Barbee | nchi = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Marekani]] | mhariri = | mmiliki = Kampuni ya Magazeti ya Community (CNC) | makaomakuu = * 117 East Fourth Street<br>* Joplin<br>* Missouri 64801 | mchapishaji = Dan Chiodo | usambazaji = 30,558 kila siku | lilikwisha = | machapisho = | tovuti = http://www.joplinglobe.com }} [[Picha:Fourth_Street_Joplin.jpg|thumb|muonekano wa ofisi]] '''The Joplin Globe''' ni gazeti la kuchapishwa kila siku kwa wiki katika eneo la [[Joplin]], [[Missouri]],[[Marekani]]. Linasambazwa katika makata 14 katika kusinimashariki mwa Missouri. Tangu mwaka wa 2002, imemilikiwa na shirika la Community Newspaper Holdings. Gazeti hili linaajiri wanahabari 45 katika chumba chake cha habari. Kaulimbiu yake ya masoko ni "Ni dunia yako. Sisi tunawasilisha tu." [1] ==Habari ya Bonnie na Clyde== Katika mwaka wa 1933, ''The Joplin Globe'' ilipata habari muhimu sana ya kitaifa baada ya kupata kamera iliyoachwa nyuma na [[Bonnie na Clyde]]. Baada ya mapambano na polisi wa mtaa, walichapisha picha zilizotolewa kutoka filamu ya kamera hiyo. Picha hizi ni kama zile maarufu za Bonnie akimshika Clyde na kuigiza kuwa amemshikia Clyde bastola na za Bonnie akiwa akiwa ameshika bastola mkononi mmoja na sigara mdomoni mwake. ==Mwanzilishi== Thomas G. Barbee alizaliwa katika mwezi wa Oktoba 1870 katika [[Ritchey]], katika kata la Newton, Missouri. Thomas alimwoa Laura (jina lake la pili halijulikani) aliyekuwa amezaliwa Januari 1874 katika Missouri. Barbee alimiliki ''Joplin Globe'' na akaanzisha kuchapisha gazeti la ''Joplin Tribune.'' Barbee alifariki tarehe 18 Oktoba 1924 katika Joplin, kata la Jasper, Missouri. ==Marejeo== # [http://www.cnhi-can.com/circulation CNHI-CAN Circulation, figures for an undetermined date] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnhi-can.com/circulation |date=20070212191101 }},. # [http://www.joplinglobeonline.com/zope/faq.php Joplin Globe FAQ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.joplinglobeonline.com/zope/faq.php |date=20081006085245 }}, . # [http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/outlaws/bonnie/8.html Court TV, CrimeLab website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/outlaws/bonnie/8.html |date=20081222134253 }}, ukurasa wa Bonnie na Clyde. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.joplinglobe.com/ Tovuti Rasmi ya ''Joplin Globe''] * [http://www.cnhi.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya CNHI] {{CNHI|Joplin Globe}} [[Jamii:Missouri]] [[Jamii:Magazeti ya Marekani]] cuye31l0tf9spnlqjs2qdc5wb2de6ft 0 36138 1244495 1145963 2022-08-25T09:08:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:20em;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:95%;clear:right" |+ <td><font size="+1">'''Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta''' </font></td> |- | style = align = "center" colspan = "2" | [[File:Logo-nddc.jpg|80px]] |- | '''Kuanzishwa:''' | 5 Juni 2000 |- | '''Mwenyekiti:''' | [[Hewa Makamu Antioch Larry Koinyan]] |- | '''{{nowrap|Managing Director:}}''' | Mr Chibuzor Ugwoha |- | '''Makao makuu''' | [[Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria]] |- | '''Tovuti''' | http://www.nddc.gov.ng [http://www.nddc.gov.ng ] |} '''Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta''' ni [[shirika la Serikali ya Shirikisho]] lililoanzishwa na rais [[wa Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo]] mwaka wa 2000 pamoja na mamlaka ya kuendeleza kanda la [[Niger Delta]] lenye wingi wa mafuta kusini mwa [[Nigeria.]] Mnamo Septemba 2008, Rais [[Umaru Yar'Adua]] alitangaza uundaji wa wizara ya Niger Delta Wizara, pamoja na Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta kuwa shirika la umma chini ya wizara hiyo. ==Historia== Uanzilishi wa Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta ilikuwa jibu kwa kilio cha wakazi wa Niger Delta, eneo lenye wakazi kutoka makabila madogo tofauti. Katika miaka ya 1990 makabila haya, hasa [[Ijaw]] na [[Ogoni]] yalianzisha mashirika ya kukabiliana na serikali ya Nigeria na makampuni ya mafuta ya kimataifa kama [[Shell.]] Wakazi wa Niger Delta wanaendelea kudai udhibiti wa raslimali ya mafuta ya petroli katika eneo hili. Madai yao yanaonyeshwa wazi na uharibifu wa mazingira na uchafuzi kutoka shughuli za mafuta ambazo zinaendeshwa katika kanda tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950. Hata hivyo, wakazi katika maeneo haya ya mafuta hupokea fedha kidogo au wakati mwingine hakuna kutoka sekta hii ya dola bilioni nyingi katika kila ambapo makampuni ya kigeni na maafisa wa serikali wenye ufisadi hufaidika ni na rushwa ya viongozi wa serikali; remediation mazingira hatua ni chache na kidogo. Kanda hili huwa na maendeleo duni sana na ni maskini kulingana na kiwango cha chini cha maisha bora katika Nigeria. Matokeo haya yalisababisha mgongano kati ya serikali na makampuni ya mafuta, pamoja na jumuiya nyingine. Kama matokeo, uchimbaji wa mafuta umeadhiriwa kutokana na fujo na vijana au mashirikakatika shughuli za majaribio ya mabadiliko. Usumbufu huu umekuwea ghali mno kwa sekta ya mafuta nchini Nigeria, na makampuni ya kimataifa na serikali wamekuja na mbinu ya kuzuia usumbufu huu; Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta ni matokeo ya wasiwasi na wajibu wake ni kujaribu kukamilisha ya wakazi wa eneo hili . ==Mamlaka na utendaji== [[File:Obasanjo-odili-ugochukwu.JPG|200px|thumb|Rais, Olusegun Obasanjo (kushoto), Gavana wa jimbo la Mto ,Petro Odili (katikati), na Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta, Onyema Ugochukwu (kulia) wakati wa ufunguzi wa makao makuu ya Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta mjini Port Harcourt.]] Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta hufanya kazi ili kuboresha mazingira ya kijamii na katika mkoa wa Kusini ambao unatisha kulingana na ripoti tume hii. Hata hivyo, shirika hili linashutumiwa kutokana na vitendo vya ufisadi . Ili kufanikiwa katika mwelekeo wake,bodi imeweza kutambua maeneo yafuatayo. Maendeleo ya kijamii na miundombinu Teknolojia Uamsho na mafanikio ya kiuchumi Utulivu wa ikolojia / mazingira Maendeleo ya binadamu ==Mwenyekiti Mkuu== Nafasi ya Mwenyekiti Mkuu katika Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta imekuwa suala la kujadiliwa. Suluhisho lilipatiana ambapo nafasi hii ilizunguka katika maeneo tisa yaliyokuwa na mafuta kwa kufuata herufi: Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, IMO, Ondo na Mito. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} * [http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/viewpoints/vp211012007.html NDDC: matarajio hutiririka kama mto] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/viewpoints/vp211012007.html |date=20071013231802 }} * [http://allafrica.com/stories/200701070182.html Alaibe, Mkubwa mpya wa Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta, aweka Malengo] * [http://thetidenews.com/article.aspx?qrDate=07/05/2006&amp;qrTitle=Senator%20Ararume%20lauds%20NDDC&amp;qrColumn=NIGER%20DELTA ] {{Wayback|url=http://thetidenews.com/article.aspx?qrDate=07%2F05%2F2006&qrTitle=Senator%20Ararume%20lauds%20NDDC&qrColumn=NIGER%20DELTA |date=20160303192819 }} * [http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/sep/30/0038.html Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta inarekebisha uharibifu wa miaka 50 ] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1704398.stm Usaidizi katika Delta ya Nigeria] ==Viungo vya nje== * Tovuti ya NDDC amabapo unaweza kupata mpango [http://www.nddc.gov.ng www.nddc.gov.ng.] * [http://www.my-nigeria.com/?tag=niger-delta-development-commission Habari juu ya Tume ya Maendeleo katika Niger Delta ] {{Federal Ministries of Nigeria}} *[http://geography.berkeley.edu/programcourses/CoursePagesFA2006/GeogC32/EmpireofOil_MWatts.pdf ] {{Wayback|url=http://geography.berkeley.edu/programcourses/CoursePagesFA2006/GeogC32/EmpireofOil_MWatts.pdf |date=20060912071430 }} {{Nigeria-gov-stub}} [[Jamii:Uchumi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Nigeria]] ao4a55jfbbnlbqbt6fmodj9zoqv6fzj 0 37499 1244435 895162 2022-08-25T08:13:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | jina = Walter Murch | picha = WalterMurchWorking.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Walter Murch in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2008 | jina la kuzaliwa = Walter Scott Murch | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1943|07|12}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[New York City, New York]] | kazi yake = [[Mhariri wa filamu]], [[usanifu wa sauti|Msanifu sauti]] | miaka ya kazi = 1969 - mpaka sasa | ndoa = Aggie Murch (1965-) }} '''Walter Scott Murch''' (amezaliwa [[12 Julai]] [[1943]]) ni [[mhariri wa filamu]] na [[usanifu sauti|msanifu sauti]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Huyu ni [[mtoto]] wa [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] [[Walter Tandy Murch]] (1907-1967). ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{IMDb name|id=0004555|name=Walter Murch}} * [http://www.filmsound.org/murch/murch.htm Walter Murch Articles] at [http://www.filmsound.org Filmsound.org] * [http://www.transom.org/guests/review/200504.review.murch.html Transom Review] * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4994411 Behind the Scenes with Film Editor Walter Murch] interview at NPR All Things Considered, 8 Novemba 2005 * [http://www.archive.org/details/dicksonfilmtwo Edison-Dickson Kinetophone Project 1894] * [http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/2007/04/heliocentric-pantheon-interview-with.html Heliocentric Pantheon: an interview with Walter Murch] * [http://www.waltdisneysreturntooz.com Return to Oz - Ultimate Movie Site], Photos, videos, memorabilia, just about everything you have ever wanted to know about Walter's movie Return to Oz. {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murch, Walter}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] smqgshthf9x58pjm5jmyf7jstt7rrjd 0 39969 1244477 1122498 2022-08-25T08:52:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Ikulu ya Bunge Chandigarh]] [[Picha:Chandigarh in India (disputed hatched).svg|thumb|right|300px|Mahali pa Chandigarh katika Uhindi]] '''Chandigarh''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Uhindi]] [[kaskazini]]. Eneo lake lahesabiwa kama eneo maalumu la kitaifa, si sehemu ya [[Majimbo ya Uhindi|jimbo]] lolote, lakini wakati huohuo ni [[mji mkuu]] wa majimbo mawili jirani, yaani [[Punjab (Uhindi)|Punjab]] na [[Haryana]]. Eneo lina kilomita za mraba 114 na [[idadi]] ya wakazi inafikia [[milioni]] 1.1. [[Lugha]] kuu ni [[Kipunjabi]], [[Kihindi]] na [[Kiingereza]]. Hadi mwaka 1947 Chandighar ilikuwa kijiji cha kawaida. Baada ya ugawaji wa Punjab kati ya Uhindi na [[Pakistan]] iliteuliwa kama mahali opa mji mkuu mpya upande wa Kihindi. Kundi la [[Msanifu|wasanifu]] wa kimataifa lilipanga mji mpya na mashuhuri kati yao alikuwa Mswisi [[Le Corbusier]]. {{mbegu-jio-Uhindi}} {{India}} [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Uhindi]] elxpqdl4lvxkg03gaiqw5p6ju7c7jbg 0 43655 1244419 1197017 2022-08-24T20:35:47Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Eagleridge_in_Thane_Thane_by_Hiranandani_Dwello.jpg|Eagleridge_in_Thane_Thane_by_Hiranandani_Dwello.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: https://dwello.in/view wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Thane |picha_ya_satelite = Mumbai Bombay Night.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Hirandani Meadows katika Thane |pushpin_map = Uhindi |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Thane katika Uhindi |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Thane.svg |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_seal = Seal of Thane.svg |seal_size = |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Uhindi]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Uhindi|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]] |subdivision_type2 = [[:en:Regions and divisions of Maharashtra|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[:en:Thane Division|Thane]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1261517 |latd=19 |latm=10 |lats=00 |latNS=N |longd=72 |longm=57 |longs=00 |longEW=E |website = http://www.thane.nic.in/ }} '''Thane''' ni mji wa [[Uhindi]] katika jimbo la [[Maharashtra]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2004, mji una wakazi wapatao milioni 1.4 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 15 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. Eneo lake ni 147 [[Kilomita ya mraba|km²]]. == Viungo vya nje == * {{en}} [http://www.thane.nic.in/ Tovuti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thane.nic.in/ |date=20190528104254 }} {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-Uhindi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Maharashtra]] [[Jamii:Mumbai]] mu5mu4do4lkumq3na5hja8klmvwtqlu 0 64528 1244389 1199615 2022-08-24T14:42:57Z ChriKo 35 Spishi katika sanduku wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Panya-miti | picha = Graphiurus ocularis00.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Panya-miti kinyago (''Graphiurus ocularis'') | himaya = [[Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mammalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Rodentia]] <small>(Wagugunaji)</small> | nusuoda = [[Sciuromorpha]] <small>(Wanyama kama [[kindi (mnyama)|kindi]])</small> | familia = [[Gliridae]] | bingwa_wa_familia = [[Jeanette Muirhead|Muirhead]], 1819 | subdivision = '''Jenasi 9, spishi 29:''' * ''[[Chaetocauda]]'' <small>[[Yu-Hsi Moltze Wang|Wang]], 1985</small> ** ''[[Chaetocauda sichuanensis|C. sichuanensis]]'' <small>Wang, 1985</small> * ''[[Dryomys]]'' <small>[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1906</small> ** ''[[Dryomys laniger|D. laniger]]'' <small>[[Heinz Felten|Felten]] & [[David Storch|Storch]], 1968</small> ** ''[[Dryomys niethammeri|D. niethammeri]]'' <small>[[Mary Ellen Holden|Holden]], 1996</small> ** ''[[Dryomys nitedula|D. nitedula]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1778)</small> * ''[[Eliomys]]'' <small>[[Johann Andreas Wagner|Wagner]], 1840</small> ** ''[[Eliomys melanurus|E. melanurus]]'' <small>(Wagner, 1840)</small> ** ''[[Eliomys munbyanus|E. munbyanus]]'' <small>([[Auguste Nicolas Pomel|Pomel]], 1856)</small> ** ''[[Eliomys quercinus|E. quercinus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)</small> * ''[[Glirulus]]'' <small>Thomas, 1906</small> ** ''[[Glirulus japonicus|G. japonicus]]'' <small>([[Heinrich Rudolf Schinz|Schinz]], 1845</small> * ''[[Glis]]'' <small>[[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762</small> ** ''[[Glis glis|G. glis]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small> * ''[[Graphiurus]]'' <small>[[Johannes Smuts|Smuts]], 1832</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus angolensis|G. angolensis]]'' <small>[[William Edward de Winton|De Winton]], 1897</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus christyi|G. christyi]]'' <small>[[John Guy Dollman|Dollman]], 1914</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus crassicaudatus|G. crassicaudatus]]'' <small>([[Fredericus Anna Jentink|Jentink]], 1888)</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus johnstoni|G. johnstoni]]'' <small>[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1898</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus kelleni|G. kelleni]]'' <small>([[Caspar Louis Reuvens|Reuvens]], 1890)</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus lorraineus|G. lorraineus]]'' <small>Dollman, 1910</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus microtis|G. microtis]]'' <small>([[Theophil Noack|Noack]], 1887)</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus monardi|G. monardi]]'' <small>([[Jane St. Leger|St. Leger]])< 1936</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus murinus|G. murinus]]'' <small>([[Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest|Desmarest]], 1822)</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus nagtglasii|G. nagtglasii]]'' <small>Jentink, 1888</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus ocularis|G. ocularis]]'' <small>([[Andrew Smith|Smith]], 1829)</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus platyops|G. platyops]]'' <small>Thomas, 1897</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus rupicola|G. rupicola]]'' <small>(Thomas & [[Martin Hinton|Hinton]], 1925)</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus surdus|G. surdus]]'' <small>Dollman, 1912</small> ** ''[[Graphiurus walterverheyeni|G. walterverheyeni]], <small>Holden & Levine, 2009</small> * ''[[Muscardinus]]'' <small>[[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1829</small> ** ''[[Muscardinus avellanarius|M. avellanarius]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)</small> * ''[[Myomimus]]'' <small>[[Sergej Ivanovich Ognew|Ognev]], 1924</small> ** ''[[Myomimus personatus|M. personatus]]'' <small>[[Sergey Ivanovich Ognev|Ognev]], 1924</small> ** ''[[Myomimus roachi|M. roachi]]'' <small>([[Dorothea Minola Alice Bate|Bate]], 1937) ** ''[[Myomimus setzeri|M. setzeri]]'' <small>Rossolimo, 1876</small> * ''[[Selevinia]]'' <small>[[Belosludov]] & [[Bazhanov]], 1939</small> ** ''[[Selevinia betpakdalaensis|S. betpakdalaensis]]'' <small>[[B.A. Belosludov|Belosludov]] & [[Valeryan Semenovich Bazhanov|Bazhanov]], 1939</small> }} '''Panya-miti''' ni [[mnyama|wanyama]] wadogo wa [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Gliridae]]. Spishi nyingi hupanda miti na huishi katika matundu ya mti au matago ya ndege. Wanyama hawa wanafanana na [[kindi]] wadogo. Urefu wa mwili wao ni kutoka mnamo sm 8 hadi sm 20 na wana mkia wenye urefu karibu na mwili. Rangi yao ni kahawia, kijivu au nyeusi na chini nyeupe kwa kawaida. Spishi nyingine zina mabaka. Hula [[beri]], [[tunda|matunda]] na [[kokwa|makokwa]] hasa lakini [[ua|maua]], [[jani|majani]], [[gamba]] la mti, [[dudu|wadudu]] na [[yai|mayai]] pia. Jike huzaa hadi zaidi ya watoto 10. [[Panya-miti wa Kulika|Panya-miti wa kulika]] alikuwa huliwa sana na [[Warumi]] wa kale. Siku hizi bado huliwa huko [[Slovenia]] ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Graphiurus angolensis'', [[Panya-miti wa Angola]] ([[w:Angolan African Dormouse|Angolan African Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus christyi'', [[Panya-miti wa Christy]] ([[w:Christy's Dormouse|Christy's Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus crassicaudatus'', [[Panya-miti wa Jentink]] ([[w:Jentink's Dormouse|Jentink's Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus johnstoni'', [[Panya-miti wa Johnston]] ([[w:Johnston's African Dormouse|Johnston's African Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus kelleni'', [[Panya-miti wa Kellen]] ([[w:Kellen's Dormouse|Kellen's Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus lorraineus'', [[Panya-miti wa Lorrain]] ([[w:Lorrain Dormouse|Lorrain Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus microtis'', [[Panya-miti Masikio-madogo]] ([[w:Small-eared Dormouse|Small-eared Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus monardi'', [[Panya-miti wa Monard]] ([[w:Monard's Dormouse|Monard's Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus murinus'', [[Panya-miti Mdogo]] ([[w:Woodland Dormouse|Woodland Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus nagtglasii'', [[Panya-miti wa Nagtglas]] ([[w:Nagtglas's African Dormouse|Nagtglas's African Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus ocularis'', [[Panya-miti Kinyago]] ([[w:Spectacled Dormouse|Spectacled Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus platyops'', [[Panya-miti Miwamba]] ([[w:Rock Dormouse|Rock Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus rupicola'', [[Panya-miti Mawe]] ([[w:Stone Dormouse|Stone Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus surdus'', [[Panya-miti Mkimya]] ([[w:Silent Dormouse|Silent Dormouse]]) * ''Graphiurus walterverheyeni'', [[Panya-miti wa Verheyen]] ([[w:Walter Verheyen's African Dormouse|Walter Verheyen's African Dormouse]]) ==Spishi za Ulaya na Asia== * ''Chaetocauda sichuanensis'' ([[w:Chinese Dormouse|Chinese Dormouse]]) * ''Dryomys laniger'' ([[w:Woolly Dormouse|Woolly Dormouse]]) * ''Dryomys niethammeri'' ([[w:Balochistan Forest Dormouse|Balochistan Forest Dormouse]]) * ''Dryomys nitedula'' ([[w:Forest Dormouse|Forest Dormouse]]) * ''Eliomys melanurus'' ([[w:Asian Garden Dormouse|Asian Garden Dormouse]]) * ''Eliomys munbyanus'' ([[w:Maghreb Garden Dormouse|Maghreb Garden Dormouse]]) * ''Eliomys quercinus'' ([[w:Garden Dormouse|Garden Dormouse]]) * ''Glirulus japonicus'' ([[w:Japanese Dormouse|Japanese Dormouse]]) * ''Glis glis'' ([[w:Edible Dormouse|Edible Dormouse]]) * ''Muscardinus avellanarius'' ([[w:Hazel Dormouse|Hazel Dormouse]]) * ''Myomimus personatus'' ([[w:Masked Mouse-tailed Dormouse|Masked Mouse-tailed Dormouse]]) * ''Myomimus roachi'' ([[w:Roach's Mouse-tailed Dormouse|Roach's Mouse-tailed Dormouse]]) * ''Myomimus setzeri'' ([[w:Setzer's Mouse-tailed Dormouse|Setzer's Mouse-tailed Dormouse]]) * ''Selevinia betpakdalaensis'' ([[w:Desert Dormouse|Desert Dormouse]]) ==Spishi za kabla ya historia== * ''Hypnomys morphaeus'' ([[w:Hypnomys|Majorcan Giant Dormouse]], Pleistocene na mwanzo wa Holocene ya [[Majorca]]) * ''Hypnomys mahonensis'' ([[w: Hypnomys mahonensis|Minorca Giant Dormouse]], Pleistocene na mwanzo wa Holocene ya [[Minorca]]) * ''Oligodyromys'' * ''Bransatoglis adroveri'' (Mwanzo wa Oligocene ya Majorca) * ''Bransatoglis planus'' (Mwanzo wa Oligocene ya [[Eurasia]]) ==Picha== <gallery> Dormouse on hand.jpg|Panya-miti mdogo </gallery> <gallery> File:Dryomys nitedula.jpg|Forest dormouse File:Gartenschlaefer in Natur.jpg|Garden dormouse File:Siebenschlaefer.jpg|Edible dormouse File:Haselmaus.jpg|Hazel dormouse </gallery> [[Jamii:Kindi na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa Afrika]] 3sfvbskb0e5bhyog5iepvf5yyv3y488 0 68511 1244475 1204832 2022-08-25T08:48:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madhara yasiyolengwa''', '''Uharibifu wa nyongeza''', au '''Uharibifu wa Ziada''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: '''Collateral damage''') ni istilahi ya kutaja tukio lisilokusudiwa. Istilahi hiyo hasa hutumika kijeshi katika hali ya kutaja uharibifu wa mali za raia au watu majeruhi ambao si wapiganaji, yaani, raia ya wa kawaida tu.<ref name=Merriam-Webster>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/collateral%20damage |title=collateral damage |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> Mfano ni wakati wa matumizi ya [[silaha]] kama [[mzinga]], [[bomu]] au [[kombora]] dhidi ya wanajeshi adui nyumba za kiraia au watu raia wanaweza kupigwa ama kwa kosa au kutokana na ukali wa mlipuko. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-BeyondPrecisionIssuesofMoralityandDecisionMakinginMinimizingCollateralCasualties.html ''Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties''] {{Wayback|url=http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-BeyondPrecisionIssuesofMoralityandDecisionMakinginMinimizingCollateralCasualties.html |date=20100705085027 }}, ACDIS Occasional Paper by Lt. Col. Dwight A. Roblyer * [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/afpam14-210/part20.htm USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide - Attachment 7 : Collateral Damage] * [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J134v10n04_06#preview The Culture of Collateral Damage: A Genealogy by Glen Perice, The Journal of Poverty, Volume 10, No. 4, 2007] * [http://www.army-technology.com/glossary/collateral-damage.html Army Technology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.army-technology.com/glossary/collateral-damage.html |date=20070225125147 }} * [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m6007/is_56/ai_n14700122/pg_16 Air Force Law Review, Wntr, 2005 by Jefferson D. Reynolds] * [http://www.friendsjournal.org/contents/2003/04april/feature.html The Faces of “Collateral Damage” by Charlie Clements, Friends Journal, April 2003] {{Wayback|url=http://www.friendsjournal.org/contents/2003/04april/feature.html |date=20070217034358 }} * [http://www.truthinmedia.org/truthinmedia/Kosovo/War/PhotoAlbum/photos-war-7.html Collateral Damage during NATO bombing of SR Yugoslavia 1999] {{Wayback|url=http://www.truthinmedia.org/truthinmedia/Kosovo/War/PhotoAlbum/photos-war-7.html |date=20080924091531 }} Warning: explicit images * [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/1571 "Collateral Damage: A Military Euphemism for Murder"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/1571 |date=20090527142007 }} by Camillo "Mac" Bica, Znet, April 16, 2007 {{mbegu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uharibifu wa Nyongeza}} [[Jamii:vita]] [[Jamii:Siasa]] bn1q3rfs2kr99op5abu7lvtkg8kx4m5 0 68952 1244384 1199446 2022-08-24T13:27:57Z ChriKo 35 Nyongeza picha wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Kidiri | picha = South Luangwa National Park, Zambia (2509343686).jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kidiri kijivu (''Paraxerus cepapi'') | himaya = [[Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mamalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Rodentia]] <small>(Wagugunaji)</small> | nusuoda = [[Sciuromorpha]] <small>(Wanyama kama [[kindi (mnyama)|kindi]])</small> | familia = [[Sciuridae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na kindi)</small> | bingwa_wa_familia = [[Jeanette Muirhead|Muirhead]], 1819 | nusufamilia = [[Xerinae]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana na kindi)</small> | bingwa_wa_nusufamilia = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1910 | kabila = [[Protoxerini]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana sana na kindi)</small> | jenasi = ''[[Paraxerus]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major|Forsyth Major]], 1893 | subdivision = '''Spishi 11:''' * ''[[Paraxerus alexandri|P. alexandri]]'' <small>([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]] & [[Robert Charles Wroughton|Wroughton]], 1907)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus boehmi|P. boehmi]]'' <small>([[Anton Reichenow|Reichenow]], 1886)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus cepapi|P. cepapi]]'' <small>([[Andrew Smith|A. Smith]], 1836)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus cooperi|P. cooperi]]'' <small>[[Robert William Hayman|Hayman]], 1950</small> * ''[[Paraxerus flavovittis|P. flavovittis]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1852)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus lucifer|P. lucifer]]'' <small>(Thomas, 1897)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus ochraceus|P. ochraceus]]'' <small>([[Joseph Huet|Huet]], 1880)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus palliatus|P. palliatus]]'' <small>(Peters, 1852)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus poensis|P. poensis]]'' <small>(A. Smith, 1830)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus vexillarius|P. vexillarius]]'' <small>([[James Andrew Kershaw|Kershaw]], 1923)</small> * ''[[Paraxerus vincenti|P. vincenti]]'' <small>Hayman, 1950</small> }} '''Kidiri''' ni [[mnyama|wanyama]] wadogo wa [[jenasi]] ''[[Paraxerus]]'' katika [[kabila (biolojia)|kabila]] [[Protoxerini]] la [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Sciuridae]] ambao wanafanana sana na [[kindi (mnyama)|kindi]]. Tofauti na hawa, ambao hukaa mitini takriban saa zote, kidiri hupitisha muda mrefu ardhini lakini hulala katika tundu mtini. Wanatokea [[msitu|misitu]] mikavu na minyevu ya [[Afrika]]. Hula [[mbegu]], [[kokwa|makokwa]], [[tunda|matunda]], [[tumba|matumba]], [[chipukizi|machipukizi]] na [[mdudu|wadudu]]. ==Spishi== * ''Paraxerus alexandri'', [[Kidiri wa Alexander]] ([[w:Alexander's Bush Squirrel|Alexander's Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus boehmi'', [[Kidiri wa Böhm]] ([[w:Boehm's Bush Squirrel|Böhm's Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus cepapi'', [[Kidiri Kijivu]] ([[w:Smith's Bush Squirrel|Smith's Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus cooperi'', [[Kidiri-milima]] ([[w:Cooper's Mountain Squirrel|Cooper's Mountain Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus flavovittis'', [[Kidiri Miraba]] ([[w:Striped Bush Squirrel|Striped Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus lucifer'', [[Kidiri Mweusi na Mwekundu]] ([[w:Black and Red Bush Squirrel|Black and Red Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus ochraceus'', [[Kidiri Ukaria]] ([[w:Ochre Bush Squirrel|Ochre Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus palliatus'', [[Kidiri Mwekundu]] ([[w:Red Bush Squirrel|Red Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus poensis'', [[Kidiri Kijani]] ([[w:Green Bush Squirrel|Green Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus vexillarius'', [[Kidiri Njano]] ([[w:Swynnerton's Bush Squirrel|Swynnerton's Bush Squirrel]]) * ''Paraxerus vincenti'', [[Kidiri wa Vincent]] ([[w:Vincent's Bush Squirrel|Vincent's Bush Squirrel]]) ==Picha== <gallery> Paraxerus ochraceus.jpg|Kidiri ukaria Hörnchen 2.jpg|Kidiri mwekundu Paraxerus poensis 29258968 (cropped).jpg|Kidiri kijani </gallery> [[Jamii:Kindi na jamaa]] kfeefo0lpbl5ybqlrz4xk4dekfnrghw 0 68966 1244386 1199529 2022-08-24T13:35:44Z ChriKo 35 Nyongeza picha wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Kindi-miraba | picha = Funisciurus congicus at Opuwo 02.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kindi-miraba wa Kongo (''Funisciurus congicus'') | himaya = [[Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mamalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Rodentia]] <small>(Wagugunaji)</small> | nusuoda = [[Sciuromorpha]] <small>(Wanyama kama [[kindi (mnyama)|kindi]])</small> | familia = [[Sciuridae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na kindi)</small> | bingwa_wa_familia = [[Jeanette Muirhead|Muirhead]], 1819 | nusufamilia = [[Xerinae]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana na kindi)</small> | bingwa_wa_nusufamilia = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1910 | kabila = [[Protoxerini]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana sana na kindi)</small> | jenasi = ''[[Funisciurus]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1880 | subdivision = '''Spishi 9:''' * ''[[Funisciurus anerythrus|F. anerythrus]]'' <small>([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1890)</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus bayonii|F. bayonii]]'' <small>([[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Bocage]], 1890)</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus carruthersi|F. carruthersi]]'' <small>Thomas, 1906</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus congicus|F. congicus]]'' <small>([[Heinrich Kuhl|Kuhl]], 1820)</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus isabella|F. isabella]]'' <small>(Gray, 1862)</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus lemniscatus|F. lemniscatus]]'' <small>([[John Eatton Le Conte|Le Conte]], 1857)</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus leucogenys|F. leucogenys]]'' <small>([[George Robert Waterhouse|Waterhouse]], 1842)</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus pyrropus|F. pyrropus]]'' <small>([[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]], 1833)</small><br> * ''[[Funisciurus substriatus|F. substriatus]]'' <small>[[William Edward de Winton|De Winton]], 1899</small> }} '''Kindi-miraba''' ni [[mnyama|wanyama]] wadogo wa [[jenasi]] ''[[Funisciurus]]'' katika [[kabila (biolojia)|kabila]] [[Protoxerini]] la [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Sciuridae]]. Kama [[kindi (mnyama)|kindi]] wote [[spishi]] hizi hupitisha muda mitini hasa lakini huteremka ardhini mara kwa mara. Wanatokea [[msitu|misitu]] ya [[Afrika ya Kati]] mpaka [[Senegali]] ya Kusini magharibi na mpaka [[Namibia]] ya Kaskazini kusini. Hula [[mbegu]], [[kokwa|makokwa]], [[tunda|matunda]], [[tumba|matumba]], [[chipukizi|machipukizi]] na [[mdudu|wadudu]]. ==Spishi== * ''Funisciurus anerythrus'', [[Kindi-miraba wa Thomas]] ([[w:Thomas's Rope Squirrel|Thomas's Rope Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus bayonii'', [[Kindi-miraba wa Lunda]] ([[w:Lunda Rope Squirrel|Lunda Rope Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus carruthersi'', [[Kindi-miraba Milima]] ([[w:Carruther's Mountain Squirrel|Carruther's Mountain Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus congicus'', [[Kindi-miraba wa Kongo]] ([[w:Congo Rope Squirrel|Congo Rope Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus isabella'', [[Kindi-miraba wa Gray]] ([[w:Lady Burton's Rope Squirrel|Lady Burton's Rope Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus lemniscatus'', [[Kindi-miraba Utepe]] ([[w:Ribboned Rope Squirrel|Ribboned Rope Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus leucogenys'', [[Kindi-miraba Kichwa-machungwa]] ([[w:Red-cheeked Rope Squirrel|Red-cheeked Rope Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus pyrrhopus'', [[Kindi-miraba Miguu-myekundu]] ([[w:Fire-footed Rope Squirrel|Fire-footed Rope Squirrel]]) * ''Funisciurus substriatus'', [[Kindi-miraba wa Kintampo]] ([[w:Kintampo Rope Squirrel|Kintampo Rope Squirrel]]) ==Picha== <gallery> Funisciurus pyrropus.png|Kindi-miraba miguu-myekundu </gallery> [[Jamii:Kindi na jamaa]] tsd9qn49e3y26ya3aw27s0knvifnlcw 0 68974 1244385 1199528 2022-08-24T13:33:32Z ChriKo 35 Nyongeza picha wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Kindi-jua | picha = Heliosciurus gambianus in Gambia 0001.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kindi-jua kijivu (''Heliosciurus gambianus'') | himaya = [[Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mammalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Rodentia]] <small>(Wagugunaji)</small> | nusuoda = [[Sciuromorpha]] <small>(Wanyama kama [[kindi (mnyama)|kindi]])</small> | familia = [[Sciuridae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na kindi)</small> | bingwa_wa_familia = [[Jeanette Muirhead|Muirhead]], 1819 | nusufamilia = [[Xerinae]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana na kindi)</small> | bingwa_wa_nusufamilia = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1910 | kabila = [[Protoxerini]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana sana na kindi)</small> | jenasi = ''[[Heliosciurus]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1880 | subdivision = '''Spishi 6:''' * ''[[Heliosciurus gambianus|H. gambianus]]'' <small>([[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1835)</small><br> * ''[[Heliosciurus mutabilis|H. mutabilis]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1852)</small><br> * ''[[Heliosciurus punctatus|H. punctatus]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1853)</small><br> * ''[[Heliosciurus rufobrachium|H. rufobrachium]]'' <small>([[George Robert Waterhouse|Waterhouse]], 1842)</small><br> * ''[[Heliosciurus ruwenzorii|H. ruwenzorii]]'' <small>([[Harold Schwann|Schwann]], 1904)</small><br> * ''[[Heliosciurus undulatus|H. undulatus]]'' <small>([[Frederick W. True|True]], 1892)</small> }} '''Kindi-jua''' ni [[mnyama|wanyama]] wadogo wa [[jenasi]] ''[[Heliosciurus]]'' katika [[kabila (biolojia)|kabila]] [[Protoxerini]] la [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Sciuridae]]. Mkia yao una miviringo myeusi na kahawia au kijivu. Kama [[kindi (mnyama)|kindi]] wote [[spishi]] hizi hupitisha takribani saa zote mitini na huteremka kwa nadra ardhini. Hupatikana mara nyingi wakipumzika juani, sababu ya jina lao. Wanatokea [[msitu|misitu]] ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] na [[Afrika ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]] kutoka [[Senegali]] mpaka [[Eritrea]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. Hula [[mbegu]], [[kokwa|makokwa]], [[tunda|matunda]], [[tumba|matumba]], [[chipukizi|machipukizi]], [[mdudu|wadudu]], [[yai|mayai]] na [[mjusi|mijusi]], [[ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] na [[mnyama|wanyama]] wadogo. ==Spishi== * ''Heliosciurus gambianus'', [[Kindi-jua Kijivu]] ([[w:Gambian Sun Squirrel|Gambian Sun Squirrel]]) * ''Heliosciurus mutabilis'', [[Kindi-jua Kusi]] ([[w:Mutable Sun Squirrel|Mutable Sun Squirrel]]) * ''Heliosciurus punctatus'', [[Kindi-jua Mdogo]] ([[w:Small Sun Squirrel|Small Sun Squirrel]]) * ''Heliosciurus rufobrachium'', [[Kindi-jua Miguu-myekundu]] ([[w:Red-legged Sun Squirrel|Red-legged Sun Squirrel]]) * ''Heliosciurus ruwenzorii'', [[Kindi-jua wa Ruwenzori]] ([[w:Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel|Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel]]) * ''Heliosciurus undulatus'', [[Kindi-jua Mashariki]] ([[w:Zanj Sun Squirrel|Zanj Sun Squirrel]]) ==Picha== <gallery> Small sun squirrel (Heliosciurus punctatus).jpg|Kindi-jua mdogo Red-legged sun squirrel (Heliosciurus rufobrachium) 2.jpg|Kindi-jua miguu-myekundu Heliosciurus ruwenzorii 24181289 (cropped).jpg|Kindi-jua wa Ruwenzori </gallery> [[Jamii:Kindi na jamaa]] auxh391dfzinqmhv1gxckcn1mvtccfu 0 87349 1244387 1242397 2022-08-24T13:36:04Z Seemsrathytaway 55639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Harti map areas eligible for Puntland citizenship.png|300px|thumb|Mahali pa Puntland katika Somalia na kwenye Pembe la Afrika]] '''Puntland''' (kwa [[Kisomali]]: Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, ''Dola la Puntland katika Somalia'') ni jimbo la kujitegema la [[Somalia]]. Jimbo hili liko kwenye Somalia [[kaskazini]]-[[mashariki]] liko kamili kwenye ncha ya [[Pembe la Afrika]]. [[Jina]] linatokana na nchi ya [[Punt]] ya Kale inayotajwa katika [[maandiko]] ya [[Misri ya Kale]]. Hadi leo haijulikani jina hili linataja kweli sehemu gani, lakini [[wataalamu]] wengi huamini ilikuwa mahali fulani kwenye [[pwani]] ya Somalia.<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt], mlango 8 katika Pharaohs Fellahs and Explorers. by Amelia Edwards. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1891. (First edition.) pp. 261-300. Ilitazamiwa tar. 10 Januari 2017 kwenye tovuti ya http://digital.library.upenn.edu</ref> Baada ya kuporomoka kwa Somalia katika [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] kuanzia mwaka [[1991]] viongozi wa eneo hili walijitangaza kuwa jimbo la kujitawala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia/ |title=Puntland State of Somalia |accessdate=2017-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221121642/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia/ |archivedate=2014-12-21 }}</ref> Tofauti na jirani yake [[Somaliland]] iliyotangaza [[uhuru]] wake, Puntland ilijipa [[katiba]] kama jimbo ndani ya Somalia ingawa hali halisi inajitawala tu. Kwa jumla Puntand ilifaulu kutunza [[amani]] na kuepuka kushirikishwa katika [[vita]] ndani ya Somalia upande wa [[kusini]]. Sehemu ya [[magharibi]] inayoitwa [[Sanaag]] inadaiwa pia na Somaliland kwa sababu sehemu hii iliwahi kuwa ndani ya [[Somalia ya Kiingereza]] wakati wa [[ukoloni]], lakini wakazi waliamua kujiunga na Puntland. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Garoowe]] lakini [[kitovu]] cha [[uchumi]] ni [[Boosaaso]]. ==Watu== [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ni 4,284,633 kufuatana na kadirio la mwaka [[2015]]. <ref>[http://goobjoog.com/english/puntland-issues-report-of-population-estimation-of-its-residents/ Puntland Issues Report of population Estimation of Its Residents]</ref> [[Lugha rasmi]] za [[serikali]] ni Kisomalia, [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kiingereza]]. Wakazi wote ni [[Waislamu]] [[Wasunni]]. [[Uislamu]] ulitangazwa katika katiba kuwa [[dini rasmi]] na [[dini]] pekee linalokubaliwa. <ref>[web.archive.org/web/20071110124027/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/PuntlandConstitution.doc {{Wayback|url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/PuntlandConstitution.doc |date=20071110124027 }} Katiba la Puntland, fungu 6]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> [[Category:Somalia]] 0wrgjntak9zymqugd6a31zpcuw3h84b 1244391 1244387 2022-08-24T16:12:26Z Kipala 107 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Seemsrathytaway|Seemsrathytaway]] ([[User talk:Seemsrathytaway|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:LocationPuntland3.png|300px|thumb|Mahali pa Puntland katika Somalia na kwenye Pembe la Afrika; ''buluu nyeupe inaonyesha sehemu zake zisizokubaliwa na majirani'']] '''Puntland''' (kwa [[Kisomali]]: Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, ''Dola la Puntland katika Somalia'') ni jimbo la kujitegema la [[Somalia]]. Jimbo hili liko kwenye Somalia [[kaskazini]]-[[mashariki]] liko kamili kwenye ncha ya [[Pembe la Afrika]]. [[File:Pembe la fedheha.png|300px|thumb|Mahali pa Puntland katika Somalia na kwenye Pembe la Afrika]] [[Jina]] linatokana na nchi ya [[Punt]] ya Kale inayotajwa katika [[maandiko]] ya [[Misri ya Kale]]. Hadi leo haijulikani jina hili linataja kweli sehemu gani, lakini [[wataalamu]] wengi huamini ilikuwa mahali fulani kwenye [[pwani]] ya Somalia.<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt], mlango 8 katika Pharaohs Fellahs and Explorers. by Amelia Edwards. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1891. (First edition.) pp. 261-300. Ilitazamiwa tar. 10 Januari 2017 kwenye tovuti ya http://digital.library.upenn.edu</ref> Baada ya kuporomoka kwa Somalia katika [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] kuanzia mwaka [[1991]] viongozi wa eneo hili walijitangaza kuwa jimbo la kujitawala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia/ |title=Puntland State of Somalia |accessdate=2017-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221121642/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia/ |archivedate=2014-12-21 }}</ref> Tofauti na jirani yake [[Somaliland]] iliyotangaza [[uhuru]] wake, Puntland ilijipa [[katiba]] kama jimbo ndani ya Somalia ingawa hali halisi inajitawala tu. Kwa jumla Puntand ilifaulu kutunza [[amani]] na kuepuka kushirikishwa katika [[vita]] ndani ya Somalia upande wa [[kusini]]. Sehemu ya [[magharibi]] inayoitwa [[Sanaag]] inadaiwa pia na Somaliland kwa sababu sehemu hii iliwahi kuwa ndani ya [[Somalia ya Kiingereza]] wakati wa [[ukoloni]], lakini wakazi waliamua kujiunga na Puntland. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Garoowe]] lakini [[kitovu]] cha [[uchumi]] ni [[Boosaaso]]. ==Watu== [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ni 4,284,633 kufuatana na kadirio la mwaka [[2015]]. <ref>[http://goobjoog.com/english/puntland-issues-report-of-population-estimation-of-its-residents/ Puntland Issues Report of population Estimation of Its Residents]</ref> [[Lugha rasmi]] za [[serikali]] ni Kisomalia, [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kiingereza]]. Wakazi wote ni [[Waislamu]] [[Wasunni]]. [[Uislamu]] ulitangazwa katika katiba kuwa [[dini rasmi]] na [[dini]] pekee linalokubaliwa. <ref>[web.archive.org/web/20071110124027/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/PuntlandConstitution.doc {{Wayback|url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/PuntlandConstitution.doc |date=20071110124027 }} Katiba la Puntland, fungu 6]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> [[Category:Somalia]] ltrw5yc4ggqgwgtssutxxr2ydwt0boy 0 89383 1244482 1146411 2022-08-25T08:56:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Catalan Atlas BNF Sheet 6 Mansa Musa.jpg|thumb|Safari ya Sultani [[Musa I of Mali|Mansa Musa]] ya kutembelea [[Mecca]] mnamo [[1324]] akiwa na [[dhahabu]] ilivutia sana [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na Waislamu wa [[Afrika Magharibi]] kwa Wamandinka.]] '''Wamandinka''' (pia wanajulikana kama '''Mandenka''', '''Mandinko''', '''Mandingo''', '''Manding''' au '''Malinke''')<ref name="Mwakikagile2010p43">{{cite book|author=Godfrey Mwakikagile|title=The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL7wIvRlXSwC |year=2010|publisher=New Africa Press|isbn=978-9987-16-023-5|pages=43–44}}</ref> ni [[jina]] la [[kabila]] kubwa huko [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Wanakadiriwa kufikia [[milioni]] [[kumi na moja]] (makundi mengine makubwa ya kikabila katika eneo hilo ambao hawahusiani ni pamoja na [[Wafula]], [[Wahausa]] na [[Wasonghai]]). Wamandinka ni kizazi cha [[Dola la Mali]], ambao walitamba sana wakati wa [[utawala]] wa [[mfalme]] wa [[Kimandinka]] [[Sundiata Keita]]. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Jisomee== *{{Cite book| title = Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa | last = Charry | first = Eric S. | year = 2000 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | isbn = 0-226-10161-4}} * Lucie Gallistel Colvin. ''Historical Dictionary of Senegal''. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1981) pp.&nbsp;216–217 * Pascal James Imperato. ''Historical Dictionary of Mali''. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1986) pp.&nbsp;190–191 * Robert J. Mundt. ''Historical Dictionary of the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)''. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1987) pp.&nbsp;98–99 * Robert W. Nicholls. "The Mocko Jumbie of the U.S. Virgin Islands; History and Antecedents". ''African Arts'', Vol. 32, No. 3 (Autumn, 1999), pp.&nbsp;48–61+94-96 * Matt Schaffer (Editor). "Djinns, Stars and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal" (''African Sources for African History'', 5) Brill Academic Publishers (2003) ISBN 978-90-04-13124-8 * Matt Schaffer. [http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/history_in_africa/v032/32.1schaffer.html "Bound to Africa: The Mandinka Legacy in The New World"]. ''History in Africa'' 32 (2005) 321-369 * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mnk ETHNOLOGUE Languages of the World- Thirteenth Edition (1996)]. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/mandinka.html Mandinka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/mandinka.html |date=20051228053720 }} * [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/malinke.html Malinke] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/malinke.html |date=20100531210522 }} <!-- * [http://www.rootsyrecords.com/ A website devoted to Mandinka djembe drumming] --> * [http://www.beatrootbeat.org.uk A UK based website devoted to playing Malinke djembe rhythms] * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlq The Ethnologue page for this people group] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wamandinka}} [[Category:Makabila ya Burkina Faso]] [[Category:Makabila ya Guinea]] [[Category:Makabila ya Guinea Bisau]] [[Category:Makabila ya Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Category:Makabila ya Mali]] [[Category:Makabila ya Mauritania]] [[Category:Makabila ya Senegal]] [[Category:Makabila ya Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Makabila ya Gambia]] [[Category:Uislamu barani Afrika]] d2ahg2vk8n95wh0uyy4qpla0cglbvx8 0 95257 1244409 1020074 2022-08-24T19:36:14Z 102.23.98.17 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mlima]] wa [[Kanada]], wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 3,356 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya milima]] {{mbegu-jio-Kanada}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Kanada]] 85zmvcmdvv6g5moo3af2kuua3rrntx9 0 100712 1244383 1179870 2022-08-24T11:59:29Z 41.222.179.25 9 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:PPSSPP_1.0.1-2635-g62b3484_main_interface.png|thumb|PPSSPP]] {{Infobox software | name = PPSSPP | logo = [[File:PPSSPP logo.svg|64px|PPSSPP icon]] | logo caption = <!-- Caption for above logo --> | screenshot = PPSSPP 1.0.1-2635-g62b3484 main interface.png | screenshot size = 300px | caption = PPSSPP v1.0.1-2635 running on [[Fedora 22]] | author = Henrik Rydgård (a.k.a. hrydgard) | developer = PPSSPP Team | released = {{Start date and age|2012|11|01}} | latest release version = 1.8.0 | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2019|03|14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ppsspp.org/#news|title=PPSSPP homepage|at=News section|accessdate=30 October 2018}}</ref> | status = Active | programming language = [[C++]], [[C (programming language)|C]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/hrydgard/ppsspp|title=PPSSPP on Github.com}}</ref> | operating system = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[BlackBerry 10]], [[Symbian]] | platform = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[ARM architecture|ARM64]] | size = 16.1 MB: [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] [[IA-32|32-bit]]<br>17.8 MB: [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] [[x86-64|64-bit]]<br>19.7 MB: [[macOS]] [[x86-64|64-bit]]<br>28.2 MB: [[Android (operating system)|Android]]<br>10.0 MB: [[BlackBerry 10]]<br>9.2 MB: [[Symbian]]<br>13.4 MB: [[Source code]] | language = {{collapsible list|title=38 languages|[[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Brazilian Portuguese]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional]]), [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew (invert)]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]}} | genre = [[Video game console emulator]] | license = [[GNU GPLv2]]+ }} '''PPSSPP''' ni [[mchezo]] wa [[kompyuta]] uliotolewa mnamo [[Novemba 1]], [[2012]] kwa [[leseni]] chini ya GNU GPLv2 au baadapye. Mradi wa PPSSPP uliundwa na [[Henrik Rydgård|H]]0[[Henrik Rydgård|enrik Rydgård]], mmoja wa washiriki wa emulator wa Dolphin. Kuanzia mwezi wa [[Machi]] [[2017]], michezo 984 umeweza kuchezeka katika PPSSPP. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo ya kompyuta]] ockrdqasajszbxvkm02pki39buac8nj 1244424 1244383 2022-08-25T07:35:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/41.222.179.25|41.222.179.25]] ([[User talk:41.222.179.25|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Kelvin kevoo|Kelvin kevoo]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:PPSSPP_1.0.1-2635-g62b3484_main_interface.png|thumb|PPSSPP]] {{Infobox software | name = PPSSPP | logo = [[File:PPSSPP logo.svg|64px|PPSSPP icon]] | logo caption = <!-- Caption for above logo --> | screenshot = PPSSPP 1.0.1-2635-g62b3484 main interface.png | screenshot size = 300px | caption = PPSSPP v1.0.1-2635 running on [[Fedora 22]] | author = Henrik Rydgård (a.k.a. hrydgard) | developer = PPSSPP Team | released = {{Start date and age|2012|11|01}} | latest release version = 1.8.0 | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2019|03|14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ppsspp.org/#news|title=PPSSPP homepage|at=News section|accessdate=30 October 2018}}</ref> | status = Active | programming language = [[C++]], [[C (programming language)|C]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/hrydgard/ppsspp|title=PPSSPP on Github.com}}</ref> | operating system = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[BlackBerry 10]], [[Symbian]] | platform = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[ARM architecture|ARM64]] | size = 16.1 MB: [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] [[IA-32|32-bit]]<br>17.8 MB: [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] [[x86-64|64-bit]]<br>19.7 MB: [[macOS]] [[x86-64|64-bit]]<br>28.2 MB: [[Android (operating system)|Android]]<br>10.0 MB: [[BlackBerry 10]]<br>9.2 MB: [[Symbian]]<br>13.4 MB: [[Source code]] | language = {{collapsible list|title=38 languages|[[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Brazilian Portuguese]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional]]), [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew (invert)]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]}} | genre = [[Video game console emulator]] | license = [[GNU GPLv2]]+ }} '''PPSSPP''' ni [[mchezo]] wa [[kompyuta]] uliotolewa mnamo [[Novemba 1]], [[2012]] kwa [[leseni]] chini ya GNU GPLv2 au baadaye. Mradi wa PPSSPP uliundwa na [[Henrik Rydgård]], mmoja wa washiriki wa emulator wa Dolphin. Kuanzia mwezi wa [[Machi]] [[2017]], michezo 984 umeweza kuchezeka katika PPSSPP. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo ya kompyuta]] bv23zcndqvu4s6q8re3k9rg9p9taoud 0 101015 1244404 1125475 2022-08-24T19:16:41Z Justinangelina 55641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Algorithm''' au ('''algorithimu''' kwa [[kiswahili]]) ni [[njia]] ya kutatua kwa hatua chache magumu katika [[hisabati]]. Njia hiyo inaweza kufanya [[hesabu]] na [[usindikaji]] wa [[data]]. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[mwanahisabati]] wa [[Uajemi]] [[al-Khwarizmi]] aliyetoa maelekezo ya kwanza ya namna hiyo katika [[karne ya 9]] [[BK]]. https://alparslanduygu.com/seo {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Hisabati]] jpw73gn0xg7gkk8atv9wqjh6uu9bzci 1244405 1244404 2022-08-24T19:17:28Z WikiBayer 34745 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/Justinangelina|Justinangelina]] ([[User talk:Justinangelina|talk]]) to last version by UmojaWetu: reverting vandalism wikitext text/x-wiki '''Algorithm''' au ('''algorithimu''' kwa [[kiswahili]]) ni [[njia]] ya kutatua kwa hatua chache magumu katika [[hisabati]]. Njia hiyo inaweza kufanya [[hesabu]] na [[usindikaji]] wa [[data]]. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[mwanahisabati]] wa [[Uajemi]] [[al-Khwarizmi]] aliyetoa maelekezo ya kwanza ya namna hiyo katika [[karne ya 9]] [[BK]]. {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Hisabati]] 3rp8t73l2pq2sc58c32cb5fi8aazepd 0 113644 1244478 1076550 2022-08-25T08:53:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Jimbo la Gôh-Djiboua |picha_ya_satelite = |maelezo_ya_picha = |picha_ya_bendera = |ukubwa_ya_bendera = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire |pushpin_map = Côte d'Ivoire |pushpin_map_caption = Eneo katika Côte d'Ivoire |pushpin_mapsize =300 |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo za Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = Gôh-Djiboua |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 1,605,286<ref name=statoids>{{cite web|title=Districts of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)|url=http://www.statoids.com/uci.html|website=Statoids.com|accessdate=12 Juni 2019}}</ref> |website = |latd= 5|latm=57 |lats= 13|latNS=N |longd= 5|longm= 36|longs= 25|longEW=W }} '''Jimbo la Gôh-Djiboua''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''District du Gôh-Djiboua'') ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Majimbo za Cote d'Ivoire|majimbo 14 za nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Iko [[kusini]] mwa nchi<ref name=statoids/>. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]], (Sensa ya Cote d'Ivoire ya 2014) [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 1,605,286<ref name=statoids/>. [[Makao makuu]] yako [[Gagnoa]]. ==Mikoa == * '''[[Mkoa wa Gôh]]''' ([[Gagnoa]]) ** [[Wilaya ya Gagnoa]] ** [[Wilaya ya Oumé]] * '''[[Mkoa wa Lôh-Djiboua]]''' ([[Divo]]) ** [[Wilaya ya Divo]] ** [[Wilaya ya Guitry]] ** [[Wilaya ya Lakota]] ==Marejeo== <references/> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] c3ul6xneq86605ecd3665fa7wn15ays 0 113646 1244392 1244382 2022-08-24T16:13:52Z Kipala 107 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Sametovkaya|Sametovkaya]] ([[User talk:Sametovkaya|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''SEO''' ([[kifupi]] cha [[Neno|maneno]] ya [[Kiingereza]]: ''Search engine optimization'') ni utaratibu wa kuongeza [[ubora]] na wingi wa watembeleaji wa [[tovuti]] kwa kuongeza upatikanaji wa tovuti au [[ukurasa]] mmojawapo wa tovuti kwa watumiaji wa tovuti za kutafuta kurasa na habari [[Mtandao|mtandaoni]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SEO.html|title=SEO - search engine optimization|last=|first=|date=|website=Webopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref><br> Utaratibu huo unajumuisha tu uboreshaji usiotumia malipo ya matangazo. [https://ozguraltun.com.tr/ SEO] inaweza kulenga tovuti za kutafuta za aina mbalimbali kama vile utafutaji wa [[picha]], utafutaji wa [[video]], [[Jarida|majarida]] ya kitaaluma, <ref name="aseo">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-ASEO--preprint.pdf|title=Academic Search Engine Optimization (ASEO): Optimizing Scholarly Literature for Google Scholar and Co.|author=Beel, Jöran and Gipp, Bela and Wilde, Erik|first=|date=|year=2010|website=|publisher=Journal of Scholarly Publishing|pages=176–190|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118043054/http://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-ASEO--preprint.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref> utafutaji wa habari na utafutaji wa kisekta. Uboreshaji wa tovuti unaweza kujumuisha kuhariri habari zilizomo kwenye tovuti hiyo, kuboresha [[HTML]] na mbinu nyingine nyingi. Baadhi ya mbinu zinakubalika na tovuti za kutafuta ile mbinu nyingine huonekana kuwa ni za ulaghai.<ref>[https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/Black_Hat_SEO.html "What is Blackhat SEO?" June 14, 2019.]</ref> Kufikia [[Mei]] [[2015]], utafutaji kwa kutumia [[simu za mkononi]] ulipiku ule wa kutumia [[kompyuta]].<ref>[https://adwords.blogspot.com/2015/05/building-for-next-moment.html "Inside AdWords: Building for the next moment" ''Google Inside Adwords'' May 15, 2015.]</ref> Kama mbinu ya kujitangaza mtandaoni, [http://SEO https://ozguraltun.com.tr/] inatazama jinsi tovuti za kutafuta zinavyofanya kazi, [[algorithm]] zinazoonyesha [[tabia]] za tovuti za kutafuta, maneno yanatotumiwa na watafutaji, n.k. == Historia == Waangalizi wa tovuti na watoa habari walianza kuboresha tovuti kwa njia hiyo toka katikati ya [[1990]]. Mwanzoni, waangalizi wa tovuti walitakiwa kutuma [[anwani]] za tovuti zao kwa tovuti za kutafuta.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thinkpink.com/bp/Thesis/Thesis.pdf| format =PDF | title=Finding What People Want: Experiences with the WebCrawler|accessdate=May 7, 2007| publisher=The Second International WWW Conference Chicago, USA, October 17–20, 1994|author=Brian Pinkerton}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{DMOZ|Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/Promotion/|Web Development Promotion}} *[https://alparslanduygu.com/seo SEO - Arama Motoru Optimizasyonu] *[https://ankara-seouzmani.blogspot.com/ SEO Uzmanı] * [https://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=35769 Google Webmaster Guidelines] * [https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//insidesearch/howsearchworks/assets/searchqualityevaluatorguidelines.pdf Google Search Quality Evaluators Guidelines, July 20, 2018 (PDF)] * [https://help.yahoo.com/kb/search/SLN2245.html Yahoo! Webmaster Guidelines] * [http://www.bing.com/webmaster/help/webmaster-guidelines-30fba23a Bing Webmaster Guidelines] * "[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/business/13search.html The Dirty Little Secrets of Search]", article in [[The New York Times]] (February 12, 2011) * {{Youtube|id=7Hk5uVv8JpM|title=Google I/O 2010&nbsp;– SEO site advice from the experts}}&nbsp;– Technical tutorial on search engine optimization, given at [[Google I/O]] 2010. {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Kifupi]] [[Jamii:Intaneti]] as538m4obheywnqixakc9kfx21kc2rf 1244396 1244392 2022-08-24T16:39:24Z Kipala 107 kuondoa matangazo ya kibiashara wikitext text/x-wiki '''SEO''' ([[kifupi]] cha [[Neno|maneno]] ya [[Kiingereza]]: ''Search engine optimization'') ni utaratibu wa kuongeza [[ubora]] na wingi wa watembeleaji wa [[tovuti]] kwa kuongeza upatikanaji wa tovuti au [[ukurasa]] mmojawapo wa tovuti kwa watumiaji wa tovuti za kutafuta kurasa na habari [[Mtandao|mtandaoni]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SEO.html|title=SEO - search engine optimization|last=|first=|date=|website=Webopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref><br> Utaratibu huo unajumuisha tu uboreshaji usiotumia malipo ya matangazo. [https://ozguraltun.com.tr/ SEO] inaweza kulenga tovuti za kutafuta za aina mbalimbali kama vile utafutaji wa [[picha]], utafutaji wa [[video]], [[Jarida|majarida]] ya kitaaluma, <ref name="aseo">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-ASEO--preprint.pdf|title=Academic Search Engine Optimization (ASEO): Optimizing Scholarly Literature for Google Scholar and Co.|author=Beel, Jöran and Gipp, Bela and Wilde, Erik|first=|date=|year=2010|website=|publisher=Journal of Scholarly Publishing|pages=176–190|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118043054/http://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-ASEO--preprint.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref> utafutaji wa habari na utafutaji wa kisekta. Uboreshaji wa tovuti unaweza kujumuisha kuhariri habari zilizomo kwenye tovuti hiyo, kuboresha [[HTML]] na mbinu nyingine nyingi. Baadhi ya mbinu zinakubalika na tovuti za kutafuta ile mbinu nyingine huonekana kuwa ni za ulaghai.<ref>[https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/Black_Hat_SEO.html "What is Blackhat SEO?" June 14, 2019.]</ref> Kufikia [[Mei]] [[2015]], utafutaji kwa kutumia [[simu za mkononi]] ulipiku ule wa kutumia [[kompyuta]].<ref>[https://adwords.blogspot.com/2015/05/building-for-next-moment.html "Inside AdWords: Building for the next moment" ''Google Inside Adwords'' May 15, 2015.]</ref> Kama mbinu ya kujitangaza mtandaoni, [http://SEO https://ozguraltun.com.tr/] inatazama jinsi tovuti za kutafuta zinavyofanya kazi, [[algorithm]] zinazoonyesha [[tabia]] za tovuti za kutafuta, maneno yanatotumiwa na watafutaji, n.k. == Historia == Waangalizi wa tovuti na watoa habari walianza kuboresha tovuti kwa njia hiyo toka katikati ya [[1990]]. Mwanzoni, waangalizi wa tovuti walitakiwa kutuma [[anwani]] za tovuti zao kwa tovuti za kutafuta.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thinkpink.com/bp/Thesis/Thesis.pdf| format =PDF | title=Finding What People Want: Experiences with the WebCrawler|accessdate=May 7, 2007| publisher=The Second International WWW Conference Chicago, USA, October 17–20, 1994|author=Brian Pinkerton}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{DMOZ|Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/Promotion/|Web Development Promotion}} * [https://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=35769 Google Webmaster Guidelines] * [https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//insidesearch/howsearchworks/assets/searchqualityevaluatorguidelines.pdf Google Search Quality Evaluators Guidelines, July 20, 2018 (PDF)] * [https://help.yahoo.com/kb/search/SLN2245.html Yahoo! Webmaster Guidelines] * [http://www.bing.com/webmaster/help/webmaster-guidelines-30fba23a Bing Webmaster Guidelines] * "[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/business/13search.html The Dirty Little Secrets of Search]", article in [[The New York Times]] (February 12, 2011) {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Kifupi]] [[Jamii:Intaneti]] m52tpplxvs82qcdavg68d4f6039m0ur 1244397 1244396 2022-08-24T16:39:34Z Kipala 107 Protected "[[SEO]]" ([Kuhariri=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (bila mwisho) [Kuhamisha=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (bila mwisho)) wikitext text/x-wiki '''SEO''' ([[kifupi]] cha [[Neno|maneno]] ya [[Kiingereza]]: ''Search engine optimization'') ni utaratibu wa kuongeza [[ubora]] na wingi wa watembeleaji wa [[tovuti]] kwa kuongeza upatikanaji wa tovuti au [[ukurasa]] mmojawapo wa tovuti kwa watumiaji wa tovuti za kutafuta kurasa na habari [[Mtandao|mtandaoni]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SEO.html|title=SEO - search engine optimization|last=|first=|date=|website=Webopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref><br> Utaratibu huo unajumuisha tu uboreshaji usiotumia malipo ya matangazo. [https://ozguraltun.com.tr/ SEO] inaweza kulenga tovuti za kutafuta za aina mbalimbali kama vile utafutaji wa [[picha]], utafutaji wa [[video]], [[Jarida|majarida]] ya kitaaluma, <ref name="aseo">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-ASEO--preprint.pdf|title=Academic Search Engine Optimization (ASEO): Optimizing Scholarly Literature for Google Scholar and Co.|author=Beel, Jöran and Gipp, Bela and Wilde, Erik|first=|date=|year=2010|website=|publisher=Journal of Scholarly Publishing|pages=176–190|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118043054/http://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-ASEO--preprint.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref> utafutaji wa habari na utafutaji wa kisekta. Uboreshaji wa tovuti unaweza kujumuisha kuhariri habari zilizomo kwenye tovuti hiyo, kuboresha [[HTML]] na mbinu nyingine nyingi. Baadhi ya mbinu zinakubalika na tovuti za kutafuta ile mbinu nyingine huonekana kuwa ni za ulaghai.<ref>[https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/Black_Hat_SEO.html "What is Blackhat SEO?" June 14, 2019.]</ref> Kufikia [[Mei]] [[2015]], utafutaji kwa kutumia [[simu za mkononi]] ulipiku ule wa kutumia [[kompyuta]].<ref>[https://adwords.blogspot.com/2015/05/building-for-next-moment.html "Inside AdWords: Building for the next moment" ''Google Inside Adwords'' May 15, 2015.]</ref> Kama mbinu ya kujitangaza mtandaoni, [http://SEO https://ozguraltun.com.tr/] inatazama jinsi tovuti za kutafuta zinavyofanya kazi, [[algorithm]] zinazoonyesha [[tabia]] za tovuti za kutafuta, maneno yanatotumiwa na watafutaji, n.k. == Historia == Waangalizi wa tovuti na watoa habari walianza kuboresha tovuti kwa njia hiyo toka katikati ya [[1990]]. Mwanzoni, waangalizi wa tovuti walitakiwa kutuma [[anwani]] za tovuti zao kwa tovuti za kutafuta.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thinkpink.com/bp/Thesis/Thesis.pdf| format =PDF | title=Finding What People Want: Experiences with the WebCrawler|accessdate=May 7, 2007| publisher=The Second International WWW Conference Chicago, USA, October 17–20, 1994|author=Brian Pinkerton}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{DMOZ|Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/Promotion/|Web Development Promotion}} * [https://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=35769 Google Webmaster Guidelines] * [https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//insidesearch/howsearchworks/assets/searchqualityevaluatorguidelines.pdf Google Search Quality Evaluators Guidelines, July 20, 2018 (PDF)] * [https://help.yahoo.com/kb/search/SLN2245.html Yahoo! Webmaster Guidelines] * [http://www.bing.com/webmaster/help/webmaster-guidelines-30fba23a Bing Webmaster Guidelines] * "[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/business/13search.html The Dirty Little Secrets of Search]", article in [[The New York Times]] (February 12, 2011) {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Kifupi]] [[Jamii:Intaneti]] m52tpplxvs82qcdavg68d4f6039m0ur 0 135244 1244388 1179087 2022-08-24T14:17:52Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Cologno_monzese_mediaset.png|Cologno_monzese_mediaset.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: per [[:c:COM:SPEEDY|]]. wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Map of comune of Cologno Monzese (province of Milan, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|thumb|Ramani ya Cologno Monzese]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Lombardia]], [[Italia Kaskazini]] wenye wakazi 45,786 ([[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2011]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Italia]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Italia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Italia]] [[Jamii:Lombardia]] rzmy52329o00mradqxkw8mq1nr34v9s 0 144437 1244394 1244141 2022-08-24T16:31:15Z CommonsDelinker 234 Replacing 20220813_ECM22_Rowing_7840.jpg with [[File:20220813_ECM22_Rowing_7840_Ștefan_Berariu.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]:). wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:20220813 ECM22 Rowing 7840 Ștefan Berariu.jpg|thumb|Berariu 2022]] '''Ștefan Constantin Berariu''' (alizaliwa [[14 Januari]] [[1999]]) ni mpiga makasia wa [[Romania]]. Katika mashindano ya kupiga makasia kwa watu wanne pamoja alishinda [[medali]] za fedha katika [[michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya majira ya joto 2020, michuano ya [[Ulaya]] 2021 na michuano ya kupiga makasia duniani, medali ya dhahabu katika michuano ya kupiga makasia Ulaya kwa wenye umri wa chini ya miaka 23 (2019), michuano ya kupiga makasia Ulaya kwa wenye umri wa chini ya miaka 23 (2020) na michuano ya kupiga makasia Ulaya kwa wenye umri wa chini ya miaka 23 (2021).<ref>https://wyniki.wioslarstwo.poznan.pl/results_pdf/226___05-09-2021___2021%20European%20Rowing%20U23%20Championships/Results/race-81___event-66___name-BM4-___eta-FA.pdf</ref> {{BD|1999|}} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Romania]] [[Jamii:USLWO]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] 1ayfbl3dsww14rgfgzvcy47nz6an59g 0 147982 1244438 1217176 2022-08-25T08:19:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clement Ashiteye,''' anayejulikana kama '''Clemento Suarez''', ni [[mchekeshaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Ghana]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaweekend.com/2019/05/28/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-comic-actor-clemento-suarez/|title=5 things you didn't know about comic actor Clemento Suarez|date=2019-05-28|work=Ghana Weekend|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Clemento Suarez alizaliwa [[Tema]] ; baba yake ni Victor Tetteh wa [[Teshie]]. Alisoma elimu ya msingi kwenye Shule ya Wazazi ya Vichrist, [[Shule ya Upili]] ya ''Bethel Junior'', na kuendelea hadi Shule ya Sekondari ya Tema . Elimu yake ya juu ya Sanaa ya Maonyesho aliipata katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana huko Legon ambako alihitimu mwaka wa [[2010]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/clemento-suarez-comedy-makes-me-feel-like-superman.html|title=Clemento Suarez: Comedy makes me feel like superman|date=2018-05-04|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Ameoa Sylvia Bioh. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Comedian Clemento Suarez marries long time love|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/comedian-clemento-suarez-marries-long-time-love.html|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fans react to Clemento Suarez wedding photos - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/fans-react-to-clemento-suarez-wedding-photos/|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bonney|first=Abigail|date=2020-10-26|title=Clemento Suarez ties knot? [Photos]|url=https://www.adomonline.com/clemento-suarez-ties-knot-photos/|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] gqk4g5pakqqqbyggp6c4w3fxq1d1xcg 0 148663 1244443 1219771 2022-08-25T08:24:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mauaji ya Ramarley Graham]] hadi [[Uuaji wa Ramarley Graham]]: usahihi wa jina wikitext text/x-wiki Kupigwa [[Risasi (metali)|risasi]] kwa Ramarley Graham kulifanyika katika mtaa wa Bronx katika jiji la New York mnamo Februari 2, 2012. Richard Haste, afisa wa Idara ya polisi ya New York, alimpiga risasi Graham katika bafu la nyumba ya marehemu. Graham mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 18 alikuwa na bangi wakati afisa Haste alipojaribu kumzuia barabarani. Graham alikimbilia kwenye nyumba ya mama yake mkubwa, na akaingia bafuni kutupa bangi. Afisa Haste alijilazimisha kuingia ndani ya jengo hilo, akaupiga teke mlango wa mbele kisha akavunja bafu, ambapo alimpiga risasi Ramarley Graham hadi kufa. Haste aliweza kuonekana kwenye kamera za uchunguzi akitabasamu na kucheka pamoja na maofisa na wapelelezi—[[Mwanaume|wanaume]] walewale ambao wangetoa ushahidi baadaye walikuwa wamemwambia Haste kwamba Graham alikuwa na bunduki. Haste alidai kuamini kwamba Graham amekuwa akitafuta bunduki kwenye kiuno chake, lakini hakuna silaha iliyopatikana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cops cheer NYPD Officer Richard Haste, charged in death of teen Ramarley Graham|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/nypd-officer-richard-haste-surrenders-face-charges-on-duty-killing-ramarley-graham-article-1.1094739|work=nydailynews.com|accessdate=2022-04-16|author=MATTHEW LYSIAK, Daniel Beekman, Larry McShane}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanaume]] [[Jamii:USLW]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] a1u1csuv8o47i4ldegtmsmjlzz89cwn 1244445 1244443 2022-08-25T08:25:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki Uuaji wa Ramarley Graham ulifanyika katika mtaa wa Bronx, jiji la New York mnamo Februari 2, 2012. Richard Haste, afisa wa Idara ya polisi ya New York, alimpiga risasi Graham katika bafu la nyumba ya marehemu. Graham mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 18 alikuwa na bangi wakati afisa Haste alipojaribu kumzuia barabarani. Graham alikimbilia kwenye nyumba ya mama yake mkubwa, na akaingia bafuni kutupa bangi. Afisa Haste alijilazimisha kuingia ndani ya jengo hilo, akaupiga teke mlango wa mbele kisha akavunja bafu, ambapo alimpiga risasi Ramarley Graham hadi kufa. Haste aliweza kuonekana kwenye kamera za uchunguzi akitabasamu na kucheka pamoja na maofisa na wapelelezi—[[Mwanaume|wanaume]] walewale ambao wangetoa ushahidi baadaye walikuwa wamemwambia Haste kwamba Graham alikuwa na bunduki. Haste alidai kuamini kwamba Graham amekuwa akitafuta bunduki kwenye kiuno chake, lakini hakuna silaha iliyopatikana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cops cheer NYPD Officer Richard Haste, charged in death of teen Ramarley Graham|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/nypd-officer-richard-haste-surrenders-face-charges-on-duty-killing-ramarley-graham-article-1.1094739|work=nydailynews.com|accessdate=2022-04-16|author=MATTHEW LYSIAK, Daniel Beekman, Larry McShane}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] jb7yh2wzxmz2noyha22ddd8207voc5g 0 156952 1244449 1242847 2022-08-25T08:32:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecca Chalker''' (amezaliwa 1943) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]] ambaye ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[Kitabu|vitabu]] kadhaa vya [[afya za wanawake]]. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRouCAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA79&hl=en|title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-1975|last=Love|first=Barbara J.|date=2006-09-22|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09747-8|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1943|}} [[Jamii:USW CHSS]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]] 7ja3ceyva0n6fgsxb50uuq96qbgarbp 0 156953 1244476 1242848 2022-08-25T08:50:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Morgan Ford''' (pia anajulikana kama '''Michael Masterson''') ni [[mwandishi]], mjasiriamali, mchapishaji, mwekezaji, mtengeneza filamu, [[mkusanyaji wa sanaa]], na mshauri wa masoko ya moja kwa moja na kutangaza viwanda wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spickard|first=Paul|date=2012|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking by Michael Keevak|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2012.0023|journal=China Review International|volume=19|issue=1|pages=103–105|doi=10.1353/cri.2012.0023|issn=1527-9367}}</ref> Ford ni mwandishi wa Zaidi ya dazeni 2 za vitabu na mamia ya insha za [[ujasiriamali]],kujenga utajiri, uchumi, na [[uandishi]]. Pia ameandika vitabu 4 vya mashairi, ukusanyaji wa hadithi fupi (ndoto ya chui), na kitabu kilicho tumia kichwa cha habari maneno yanayo tenda.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-09-01|title=Mechanisms that Influence the Performance of Beach Nourishment: A Case Study in Delray Beach, Florida, U.S.A.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/06-0749.1|journal=Journal of Coastal Research|volume=2008|issue=245|pages=1304|doi=10.2112/06-0749.1|issn=0749-0208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bruter|first=Michael|last2=Harrison|first2=Sarah|date=2020-05-26|title=Inside the Mind of a Voter|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182896.001.0001|doi=10.23943/princeton/9780691182896.001.0001}}</ref><ref>https://www.amazon.com/Dreaming-Tigers-Mark-Morgan-Ford/dp/1733876707</ref> Mara nyingi biashara za kuandika za Ford’s zinachapishwa na Michael Masterson. Vitabu vyake, Automatic Wealth and Ready, Moto, lengo, walitambulika kwenye ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' na ''[[New York Times]]'' orodha ya muuzaji bora.<ref>{{Citation|last=Löfflmann|first=Georg|title=Competing Visions for America – Popular Discourses of Grand Strategy on the New York Times Best-Sellers List|date=2017-01-08|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419765.003.0004|work=American Grand Strategy under Obama|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Stephens|first=William|title=November 19. Thursday|date=1958-01-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00251358|work=Wormsloe Foundation Publications, Vol. 2: The Journal of William Stephens, Vol. 1: 1741–1743|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Mérat|first=Alix|title=19. Un best-seller à la bibliothèque !|date=2021-01-13|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/arco.bessa.2021.01.0343|work=Best-sellers|pages=343–353|publisher=Armand Colin|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> Ford anafanya kazi kwenye [[maendeleo ya uwekezaji]] kote ndani ya Marekani na nje ya nchi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203958520|title=Saracens and the Making of English Identity|last=Bly Calkin|first=Siobhain|date=2013-11-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-47164-4}}</ref> Tangu 1993, amekuwa kiongozi katika ukuaji wa kimkakati kwaajili ya [[Agora, Inc]]., mchapishaji wa majarida na vitabu. Mwaka 2014, Ford ameshirikiana kuandika tamthiliya kuchekesha ya miaka ijayo  filamu  baada ya usiku wa manane na Steven Cabrera.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palmer|first=Landon|date=2020-08-20|title=Rock Star/Movie Star|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888404.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190888404.001.0001}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:USW CHSS]] nj81c5trm1ya8gefu0zfe06rea3sjoa 0 156978 1244436 1242906 2022-08-25T08:16:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Churchill Show''''' ''(zamani Churchill Live)''<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13696815.2022.2072819</ref> ni kipindi cha vichekesho nchini [[Kenya]] kinachoongozwa na mchekeshaji Daniel "Churchill" Ndambuki, kilichoonyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2007 kwenye mtandao wa NTV. Kipindi hicho kinarushwa moja kwa moja kutoka viwanja vya Carnivore jijini [[Nairobi]]. == Wachekeshaji == * Eric Omondi (mcheshi) * Felix Omondi * MC Jessie * Chipukeezy * Fred Omondi * Karis (mcheshi) * YY (Oliver Otieno) * Janyando Mig Mig * Owago Onyiro * Poet Teardrops * Teacher Wanjiku * Eddie Butita * Alex Mungahi * Mammito Eunice * Steven Oduor == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Kenya]] cllvje0u1psm7ztf3n4zvqhr27o6ffy 0 156992 1244440 1243644 2022-08-25T08:23:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mihaela Cardei''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[kompyuta]] nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Romania]] anayejulikana sana kwa utafiti wake kuhusu mtandao wa matangazo ya pasiwaya. Ni profesa katika idara ya kompyuta na uhandisi wa Umeme na Sayansi ya Kompyuta katika chuo kikuu cha [[Florida Atlantic.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mihaela Cardei|url=https://www.fau.edu/engineering/directory/faculty/cardei-m/index.php|work=Florida Atlantic University|accessdate=2022-08-16|language=en}}</ref> == Elimu na Taaluma == Cardei alipata shahada ya kwanza katika sayansi ya Kompyuta mwaka 1995 na uzamili katika sayansi ya Kompyuta mwaka 1996, Katika Chuo Kikuu cha Politehnica cha Bucharest. Alimaliza Ph.D mwaka 2003 katika Chuo Kikuu cha Minnesota akiwa chini ya usimamizi wa Ding-Zhu Du.<ref>http://www.cse.fau.edu/~mihaela/HTML/MihaelaCardeiCV.pdf</ref><ref>https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=171936</ref> Alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Florida Atlantic kama Profesa msaidizi mnamo mwaka 2003, alipandishwa cheo na kuwa Profesa Mwaka 2014.<ref>http://www.cse.fau.edu/~mihaela/HTML/MihaelaCardeiCV.pdf</ref> == Utambuzi == Alitajwa na Chuo kikuu cha Florida Atlantic kuwa mtafiti bora wa mwaka katika ngazi ya profesa msaidizi kwa mwaka 2006-2007 == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 6o4olrmleb8awng6m3yr8se1f3ttkro 1244441 1244440 2022-08-25T08:24:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mihael Cardei]] hadi [[Michael Cardei]]: usahihi wa jina wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mihaela Cardei''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[kompyuta]] nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Romania]] anayejulikana sana kwa utafiti wake kuhusu mtandao wa matangazo ya pasiwaya. Ni profesa katika idara ya kompyuta na uhandisi wa Umeme na Sayansi ya Kompyuta katika chuo kikuu cha [[Florida Atlantic.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mihaela Cardei|url=https://www.fau.edu/engineering/directory/faculty/cardei-m/index.php|work=Florida Atlantic University|accessdate=2022-08-16|language=en}}</ref> == Elimu na Taaluma == Cardei alipata shahada ya kwanza katika sayansi ya Kompyuta mwaka 1995 na uzamili katika sayansi ya Kompyuta mwaka 1996, Katika Chuo Kikuu cha Politehnica cha Bucharest. Alimaliza Ph.D mwaka 2003 katika Chuo Kikuu cha Minnesota akiwa chini ya usimamizi wa Ding-Zhu Du.<ref>http://www.cse.fau.edu/~mihaela/HTML/MihaelaCardeiCV.pdf</ref><ref>https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=171936</ref> Alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Florida Atlantic kama Profesa msaidizi mnamo mwaka 2003, alipandishwa cheo na kuwa Profesa Mwaka 2014.<ref>http://www.cse.fau.edu/~mihaela/HTML/MihaelaCardeiCV.pdf</ref> == Utambuzi == Alitajwa na Chuo kikuu cha Florida Atlantic kuwa mtafiti bora wa mwaka katika ngazi ya profesa msaidizi kwa mwaka 2006-2007 == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 6o4olrmleb8awng6m3yr8se1f3ttkro 1 157182 1244398 1243773 2022-08-24T17:24:27Z 92.31.142.14 /* Angelique Rockas */ wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 157463 1244390 2022-08-24T16:12:01Z Kipala 107 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{karibu}}<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> ~~~~' wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 16:12, 24 Agosti 2022 (UTC) 2gtcp45q5c0vc3e7lppk0twh1di15e8 2 157464 1244393 2022-08-24T16:16:12Z Kipala 107 This user is blocked for inserting commercial spam into our pages and hiding it. wikitext text/x-wiki <big><big>'''This user is blocked for inserting commercial spam into our pages and hiding it.'''</big></big> 6sttwijsdt28p84zuweqpokdobl3gsm 2 157465 1244395 2022-08-24T16:37:06Z Kipala 107 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '<big><big>'''This user is blocked for inserting commercial spam into our pages and hiding it.'''</big></big>' wikitext text/x-wiki <big><big>'''This user is blocked for inserting commercial spam into our pages and hiding it.'''</big></big> 6sttwijsdt28p84zuweqpokdobl3gsm 14 157466 1244399 2022-08-24T19:09:41Z CaliBen 33319 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] opwabvuxtpwprdy7285e4hgz0jr64es 0 157467 1244400 2022-08-24T19:11:20Z Kipala 107 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1102946839|Croesus]]" wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}, Kilat. Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> == Marejeo == == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" * 8yr3vx92z0rld4ld25ok8ziyhoy503h 1244401 1244400 2022-08-24T19:11:40Z Kipala 107 Kipala alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Croesus]] hadi [[Kroisos]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}, Kilat. Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> == Marejeo == == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" * 8yr3vx92z0rld4ld25ok8ziyhoy503h 1244403 1244401 2022-08-24T19:14:21Z Kipala 107 /* Viungo vya nje */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}, Kilat. Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> == Marejeo == ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. mv9a80trztnqpc40t1oqu7f54k8z2ci 1244406 1244403 2022-08-24T19:21:54Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}, Kilat. Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Hatima ya Croesus baada ya ushindi wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu kujiua mwenyewe, au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa gavana wa wa emeo huko Umedi. <ref name="Leloux-2">{{cite thesis|last=Leloux|first=Kevin|date=2018|title=La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure|type=PhD|volume=2|publisher=[[University of Liège]]|docket=|oclc=|url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> == Marejeo == ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ij3r5jun0pbfif9w3rns5zkso7jqndy 1244407 1244406 2022-08-24T19:25:22Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|Picha kwenye chungu cha kale inamwonesha Kroisos kwenye kuni atakapoendelea kuchiomwa kufuatana na mapokeo ya Herodoti. ]] '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}, Kilat. Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Hatima ya Croesus baada ya ushindi wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu kujiua mwenyewe, au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa gavana wa wa emeo huko Umedi. <ref name="Leloux-2">{{cite thesis|last=Leloux|first=Kevin|date=2018|title=La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure|type=PhD|volume=2|publisher=[[University of Liège]]|docket=|oclc=|url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> == Marejeo == ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. du3s1x47aztyj7kvfk3dmlfdyw1idw3 1244408 1244407 2022-08-24T19:26:23Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|Picha kwenye chungu cha kale inamwonesha Kroisos kwenye kuni atakapoendelea kuchomwa kufuatana na mapokeo ya Herodoti. ]] '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] <small>{{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}</small>, [[Kilat.]] Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Hatima ya Croesus baada ya ushindi wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu kujiua mwenyewe, au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa gavana wa wa emeo huko Umedi. <ref name="Leloux-2">{{cite thesis|last=Leloux|first=Kevin|date=2018|title=La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure|type=PhD|volume=2|publisher=[[University of Liège]]|docket=|oclc=|url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> == Marejeo == ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. gmhuv7jlw3r8opdldxomekwotbt6rle 1244417 1244408 2022-08-24T19:56:50Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|Picha kwenye chungu cha kale inamwonesha Kroisos kwenye kuni atakapoendelea kuchomwa kufuatana na mapokeo ya Herodoti. ]] '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] <small>{{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}</small>, [[Kilat.]] Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Hatima ya Croesus baada ya ushindi wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu kujiua mwenyewe, au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa gavana wa wa emeo huko Umedi. <ref name="Leloux-2">{{cite thesis|last=Leloux|first=Kevin|date=2018|title=La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure|type=PhD|volume=2|publisher=[[University of Liège]]|docket=|oclc=|url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. cs0k0qm39j5wcdnzmbvacc14p1ils4d 1244418 1244417 2022-08-24T19:57:49Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|Picha kwenye chungu cha kale inamwonesha Kroisos kwenye kuni atakapoendelea kuchomwa kufuatana na mapokeo ya [[Herodoti]]. ]] '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] <small>{{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}</small>, [[Kilat.]] Croesus) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka [[585 KK]] hivi hadi kushindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa utajiri wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika milki yake pamoja kodi wa miji ya biashara na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kivita. Waandishi [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba zawadi zake zilitunzwa kwenye hekalu ya [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Sarafu ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo 550 KK.]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa sarafu za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na uzito maalumu kama pesa rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika tamaduni za Kigiriki na Kiajemi jina la Kroisos likawa kisawe cha mtu tajiri. Kwa lugha za Ulaya kama Kiingereza, semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa hadi leo. Hatima ya Croesus baada ya ushindi wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu kujiua mwenyewe, au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa gavana wa wa emeo huko Umedi. <ref name="Leloux-2">{{cite thesis|last=Leloux|first=Kevin|date=2018|title=La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure|type=PhD|volume=2|publisher=[[University of Liège]]|docket=|oclc=|url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi alinakili matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 7taactw8yhwk7q7k0zebofbkrl7n886 1244425 1244418 2022-08-25T07:43:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|Picha kwenye chungu cha kale inamwonesha Kroisos kwenye kuni atakapoendelea kuchomwa kufuatana na mapokeo ya [[Herodoti]]. ]] '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] <small>{{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}</small>, [[Kilat.]] Croesus) alikuwa [[mfalme]] wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[585 KK]] hivi hadi aliposhindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya [[magharibi]] ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa [[utajiri]] wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika [[Dola|milki]] yake pamoja na [[kodi]] ya [[Mji|miji]] ya [[biashara]] na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kwa [[vita]]. [[Mwandishi|Waandishi]] [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba [[zawadi]] zake zilitunzwa kwenye [[hekalu]] la [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| [[Sarafu]] ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo [[550 KK]].]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa [[sarafu]] za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na [[uzito]] maalumu kama [[pesa]] rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] za Kigiriki na Kiajemi [[jina]] la Kroisos likawa [[kisawe]] cha mtu tajiri. Kwa [[lugha]] za [[Ulaya]] kama [[Kiingereza]], semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa hadi leo kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa. Hatima ya Croesus baada ya [[ushindi]] wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu [[kujiua]], au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa [[gavana]] wa eneo huko [[Umedi]]. <ref name="Leloux-2">{{cite thesis|last=Leloux|first=Kevin|date=2018|title=La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure|type=PhD|volume=2|publisher=[[University of Liège]]|docket=|oclc=|url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi aliiga matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 6]] [[Jamii:Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uturuki]] 2og6ns8yl4qbxuqpyqfe7cutovkv1dm 1244426 1244425 2022-08-25T07:45:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|Picha kwenye chungu cha kale inamwonesha Kroisos kwenye kuni atakapoendelea kuchomwa kufuatana na mapokeo ya [[Herodoti]]. ]] '''Kroisos''' ([[Kigir.]] <small>{{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}</small>, [[Kilat.]] Croesus) alikuwa [[mfalme]] wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[585 KK]] hivi hadi aliposhindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya [[magharibi]] ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa [[utajiri]] wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika [[Dola|milki]] yake pamoja na [[kodi]] ya [[Mji|miji]] ya [[biashara]] na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kwa [[vita]]. [[Mwandishi|Waandishi]] [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba [[zawadi]] zake zilitunzwa kwenye [[hekalu]] la [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| [[Sarafu]] ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo [[550 KK]].]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa [[sarafu]] za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na [[uzito]] maalumu kama [[pesa]] rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] za Kigiriki na Kiajemi [[jina]] la Kroisos likawa [[kisawe]] cha mtu tajiri. Kwa [[lugha]] za [[Ulaya]] kama [[Kiingereza]], semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa hadi leo kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa. Hatima ya Croesus baada ya [[ushindi]] wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu [[kujiua]], au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa [[gavana]] wa eneo huko [[Umedi]]. <ref name="Leloux-2">Kevin Leloux, La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure, [[University of Liège]]: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi aliiga matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Cite book|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://archive.today/20120629033228/homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_History_Encyclopedia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Ancient History Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="419">Ancient History Encyclopedia</a> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" *  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 6]] [[Jamii:Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uturuki]] tpzshqlxbcpa0ynfjysq1bdabissdjs 0 157468 1244402 2022-08-24T19:11:40Z Kipala 107 Kipala alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Croesus]] hadi [[Kroisos]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kroisos]] p1hvj57jgj5m8jg88zbkiytynxvumow 0 157469 1244410 2022-08-24T19:40:25Z Kipala 107 Created by translating the page "[[:simple:Special:Redirect/revision/8071515|Xenophon]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Xenophon.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/200px-Xenophon.jpg|right|thumb|309x309px| Xenophon, mwanahistoria [[Ugiriki ya Kale|wa Ugiriki]]]] '''Xenofoni''' (c. 430 – 354 KK) alikuwa mwanahistoria wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]], [[askari]] na [[Falsafa|mwanafalsafa]] aliyeishi wakati moja na [[Sokrates]] . Anajulikana kwa maandishi yake juu ya historia ya nyakati zake mwenyewe yaani [[karne ya 4 KK]]. Alihifadhi maneno ya Sokrates, na maelezo ya maisha katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na [[Uajemi ya Kale|Milki ya Uajemi]]. Maandiko yake mashuhuri ni pamoja na * ''Anabasis'', anaposimulia historia ya [[mamluki]] Wagiriki 10,000 wakirudi kwao baada ya kuajiriwa kwa mapigano kati ya viongozi wa Kiajemi; Xenofoni mwenyewe aliwahi kushiriki katika safari hii. * ''Hellenika'', ambayo ni historia ya Ugiriki kati ya [[411 KK]] hadi [[362 KK]] {{Ancient Greece: Arts and Culture}}{{Authority control}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805114940/http://www.liv.ac.uk/~gjoliver/xenophon.html Graham Oliver's Xenophon Homepage] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603082017/http://isidore-of-seville.com/small/10.html Xenophon's Education of Cyrus (Cyropaedia) Web directory] * [http://quotationpark.com/authors/XENOPHON.html Famous Quotes by Xenophon] * [[iarchive:cynegeticus00sandrich|Sanders (1903) Ph D Thesis on The Cynegeticus]] * [http://roderic.uv.es/browse?value=Xenofont,%20430-354%20aC&type=author Xenophon] at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni] ; '''Marejeo katika mtandao''' * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Xenophon&redirect=true Works by Xenophon at Perseus Digital Library] * {{cite LotEP|chapter=Xenophon}} * [http://www.attalus.org/info/xenophon.html Links to English translations of Xenophon's works] * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Strauss%20Seminar%20Xenophon Leo Strauss' Seminar Transcripts] on Xenophon (1962, 1966); and an audio recording of the entire course on [[iarchive:LeoStraussOnXenophonsOeconomicus|Xenophon's Oeconomicus]] (1969) are available for reading, listening or download. * {{Gutenberg author|id=543}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] pxkglkniny567v2zcysiibkxnzn67tt 1244411 1244410 2022-08-24T19:40:42Z Kipala 107 Kipala alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Xenophon]] hadi [[Xenofoni]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Xenophon.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/200px-Xenophon.jpg|right|thumb|309x309px| Xenophon, mwanahistoria [[Ugiriki ya Kale|wa Ugiriki]]]] '''Xenofoni''' (c. 430 – 354 KK) alikuwa mwanahistoria wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]], [[askari]] na [[Falsafa|mwanafalsafa]] aliyeishi wakati moja na [[Sokrates]] . Anajulikana kwa maandishi yake juu ya historia ya nyakati zake mwenyewe yaani [[karne ya 4 KK]]. Alihifadhi maneno ya Sokrates, na maelezo ya maisha katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na [[Uajemi ya Kale|Milki ya Uajemi]]. Maandiko yake mashuhuri ni pamoja na * ''Anabasis'', anaposimulia historia ya [[mamluki]] Wagiriki 10,000 wakirudi kwao baada ya kuajiriwa kwa mapigano kati ya viongozi wa Kiajemi; Xenofoni mwenyewe aliwahi kushiriki katika safari hii. * ''Hellenika'', ambayo ni historia ya Ugiriki kati ya [[411 KK]] hadi [[362 KK]] {{Ancient Greece: Arts and Culture}}{{Authority control}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805114940/http://www.liv.ac.uk/~gjoliver/xenophon.html Graham Oliver's Xenophon Homepage] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603082017/http://isidore-of-seville.com/small/10.html Xenophon's Education of Cyrus (Cyropaedia) Web directory] * [http://quotationpark.com/authors/XENOPHON.html Famous Quotes by Xenophon] * [[iarchive:cynegeticus00sandrich|Sanders (1903) Ph D Thesis on The Cynegeticus]] * [http://roderic.uv.es/browse?value=Xenofont,%20430-354%20aC&type=author Xenophon] at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni] ; '''Marejeo katika mtandao''' * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Xenophon&redirect=true Works by Xenophon at Perseus Digital Library] * {{cite LotEP|chapter=Xenophon}} * [http://www.attalus.org/info/xenophon.html Links to English translations of Xenophon's works] * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Strauss%20Seminar%20Xenophon Leo Strauss' Seminar Transcripts] on Xenophon (1962, 1966); and an audio recording of the entire course on [[iarchive:LeoStraussOnXenophonsOeconomicus|Xenophon's Oeconomicus]] (1969) are available for reading, listening or download. * {{Gutenberg author|id=543}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] pxkglkniny567v2zcysiibkxnzn67tt 1244413 1244411 2022-08-24T19:49:32Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Xenophon.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/200px-Xenophon.jpg|right|thumb|309x309px| Xenofoni, mwanahistoria [[Ugiriki ya Kale|wa Ugiriki]]]] '''Xenofoni''' (c. 430 – 354 KK) alikuwa mwanahistoria wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]], [[askari]] na [[Falsafa|mwanafalsafa]] aliyeishi wakati moja na [[Sokrates]] . Anajulikana kwa maandishi yake juu ya historia ya nyakati zake mwenyewe yaani [[karne ya 4 KK]]. Alihifadhi maneno ya Sokrates<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to the Work of Xenohon|url=https://thegreatthinkers.org/xenophon/introduction/|work=Xenophon|accessdate=2022-08-24|language=en-US}}</ref>, na maelezo ya maisha katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na [[Uajemi ya Kale|Milki ya Uajemi]]. Alikuwa kiongozi wa jeshi la Wagiriki walioajiriwa na mdogo wa mfalme wa Uajemi aliyejaribu kumpindua kaka yake; Xenofoni aliwaongoza Wagiriki hadi [[Babeli]] na baada ya kifo cha mwajiri wao waliwaongoza pia kwenye safari ya kurudi.<ref>Ambler, Wayne (2011). The Anabasis of Cyrus. Translator's preface: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-6236-8</nowiki>.</ref> Maandiko yake mashuhuri ni pamoja na * ''Anabasis'', anaposimulia historia ya [[mamluki]] Wagiriki 10,000 wakirudi kwao baada ya kuajiriwa kwa mapigano kati ya viongozi wa Kiajemi; Xenofoni mwenyewe aliwahi kuongoza safari hii. * ''Hellenika'', ambayo ni historia ya Ugiriki kati ya [[411 KK]] hadi [[362 KK]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805114940/http://www.liv.ac.uk/~gjoliver/xenophon.html Graham Oliver's Xenophon Homepage] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603082017/http://isidore-of-seville.com/small/10.html Xenophon's Education of Cyrus (Cyropaedia) Web directory] * [http://quotationpark.com/authors/XENOPHON.html Famous Quotes by Xenophon] * [[iarchive:cynegeticus00sandrich|Sanders (1903) Ph D Thesis on The Cynegeticus]] * [http://roderic.uv.es/browse?value=Xenofont,%20430-354%20aC&type=author Xenophon] at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni] ; '''Marejeo katika mtandao''' * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Xenophon&redirect=true Works by Xenophon at Perseus Digital Library] * [http://www.attalus.org/info/xenophon.html Links to English translations of Xenophon's works] * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Strauss%20Seminar%20Xenophon Leo Strauss' Seminar Transcripts] on Xenophon (1962, 1966); and an audio recording of the entire course on [[iarchive:LeoStraussOnXenophonsOeconomicus|Xenophon's Oeconomicus]] (1969) are available for reading, listening or download. * {{Gutenberg author|id=543}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] a6mclfnz99re2z5hjm6d15renffunkk 1244414 1244413 2022-08-24T19:51:10Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Xenophon.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/200px-Xenophon.jpg|right|thumb|309x309px| Xenofoni, mwanahistoria [[Ugiriki ya Kale|wa Ugiriki]]]] '''Xenofoni''' (pia '''Xenophon'''; mamo [[430 KK]] – [[354 KK]]) alikuwa mwanahistoria wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]], [[askari]] na [[Falsafa|mwanafalsafa]] aliyeishi wakati moja na [[Sokrates]] . Anajulikana kwa maandishi yake juu ya historia ya nyakati zake mwenyewe yaani [[karne ya 4 KK]]. Alihifadhi maneno ya Sokrates<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to the Work of Xenohon|url=https://thegreatthinkers.org/xenophon/introduction/|work=Xenophon|accessdate=2022-08-24|language=en-US}}</ref>, na maelezo ya maisha katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na [[Uajemi ya Kale|Milki ya Uajemi]]. Alikuwa kiongozi wa jeshi la Wagiriki walioajiriwa na mdogo wa mfalme wa Uajemi aliyejaribu kumpindua kaka yake; Xenofoni aliwaongoza Wagiriki hadi [[Babeli]] na baada ya kifo cha mwajiri wao waliwaongoza pia kwenye safari ya kurudi.<ref>Ambler, Wayne (2011). The Anabasis of Cyrus. Translator's preface: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-6236-8</nowiki>.</ref> Maandiko yake mashuhuri ni pamoja na * ''Anabasis'', anaposimulia historia ya [[mamluki]] Wagiriki 10,000 wakirudi kwao baada ya kuajiriwa kwa mapigano kati ya viongozi wa Kiajemi; Xenofoni mwenyewe aliwahi kuongoza safari hii. * ''Hellenika'', ambayo ni historia ya Ugiriki kati ya [[411 KK]] hadi [[362 KK]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805114940/http://www.liv.ac.uk/~gjoliver/xenophon.html Graham Oliver's Xenophon Homepage] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603082017/http://isidore-of-seville.com/small/10.html Xenophon's Education of Cyrus (Cyropaedia) Web directory] * [http://quotationpark.com/authors/XENOPHON.html Famous Quotes by Xenophon] * [[iarchive:cynegeticus00sandrich|Sanders (1903) Ph D Thesis on The Cynegeticus]] * [http://roderic.uv.es/browse?value=Xenofont,%20430-354%20aC&type=author Xenophon] at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni] ; '''Marejeo katika mtandao''' * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Xenophon&redirect=true Works by Xenophon at Perseus Digital Library] * [http://www.attalus.org/info/xenophon.html Links to English translations of Xenophon's works] * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Strauss%20Seminar%20Xenophon Leo Strauss' Seminar Transcripts] on Xenophon (1962, 1966); and an audio recording of the entire course on [[iarchive:LeoStraussOnXenophonsOeconomicus|Xenophon's Oeconomicus]] (1969) are available for reading, listening or download. * {{Gutenberg author|id=543}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] gos3i9015mbv4bergffc2xwjtu1b13u 1244427 1244414 2022-08-25T07:50:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Xenophon.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/200px-Xenophon.jpg|right|thumb|309x309px| Xenofoni, mwanahistoria [[Ugiriki ya Kale|wa Ugiriki]]]] '''Xenofoni''' (pia '''Xenophon'''; mnamo [[430 KK]] – [[354 KK]]) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]], [[askari]] na [[Falsafa|mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] aliyeishi wakati mmoja na [[Sokrates]]. Anajulikana kwa [[maandishi]] yake juu ya [[historia]] ya nyakati zake mwenyewe yaani [[karne ya 4 KK]]. Alihifadhi pia maneno ya Sokrates<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to the Work of Xenohon|url=https://thegreatthinkers.org/xenophon/introduction/|work=Xenophon|accessdate=2022-08-24|language=en-US}}</ref>, na maelezo ya [[maisha]] katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na [[Uajemi ya Kale|Milki ya Uajemi]]. Alikuwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[jeshi]] la [[Ugiriki|Wagiriki]] walioajiriwa na mdogo wa [[mfalme]] wa Uajemi aliyejaribu kumpindua [[kaka]] yake; Xenofoni aliwaongoza Wagiriki hadi [[Babeli]] na baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha [[mwajiri]] wao aliwaongoza pia kwenye [[safari]] ya kurudi.<ref>Ambler, Wayne (2011). The Anabasis of Cyrus. Translator's preface: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-6236-8</nowiki>.</ref> Maandiko yake mashuhuri ni pamoja na * ''Anabasis'', anaposimulia historia ya [[mamluki]] Wagiriki 10,000 wakirudi kwao baada ya kuajiriwa kwa mapigano kati ya viongozi wa Kiajemi; Xenofoni mwenyewe aliwahi kuongoza safari hii. * ''Hellenika'', ambayo ni historia ya Ugiriki kati ya mwaka [[411 KK]] hadi [[362 KK]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805114940/http://www.liv.ac.uk/~gjoliver/xenophon.html Graham Oliver's Xenophon Homepage] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603082017/http://isidore-of-seville.com/small/10.html Xenophon's Education of Cyrus (Cyropaedia) Web directory] * [http://quotationpark.com/authors/XENOPHON.html Famous Quotes by Xenophon] * [[iarchive:cynegeticus00sandrich|Sanders (1903) Ph D Thesis on The Cynegeticus]] * [http://roderic.uv.es/browse?value=Xenofont,%20430-354%20aC&type=author Xenophon] at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni] ; '''Marejeo katika mtandao''' * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Xenophon&redirect=true Works by Xenophon at Perseus Digital Library] * [http://www.attalus.org/info/xenophon.html Links to English translations of Xenophon's works] * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Strauss%20Seminar%20Xenophon Leo Strauss' Seminar Transcripts] on Xenophon (1962, 1966); and an audio recording of the entire course on [[iarchive:LeoStraussOnXenophonsOeconomicus|Xenophon's Oeconomicus]] (1969) are available for reading, listening or download. * {{Gutenberg author|id=543}} {{BD|430 KK|354 KK}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ugiriki]] he3vq6xilmb3gja7lkc0ylppc1i5xce 0 157470 1244412 2022-08-24T19:40:42Z Kipala 107 Kipala alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Xenophon]] hadi [[Xenofoni]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Xenofoni]] 5x5gu98vde1n74mhg346t6om1fye0xp 0 157471 1244415 2022-08-24T19:53:04Z Kipala 107 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '<nowiki>#</nowiki>REDIRECT [[Pyrrhus]]' wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>#</nowiki>REDIRECT [[Pyrrhus]] 4pocj2h9gphl6ee1fzzh5prrbpn6tuo 1244416 1244415 2022-08-24T19:53:23Z Kipala 107 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Pyrrhus]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Pyrrhus]] qlctwx8at9uaw5teeltlqo8th7ntblv 0 157472 1244420 2022-08-24T21:50:46Z Awadhi Awampo 48284 chapisho jipya wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olympique Batna''' ni clabu ya [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutokea katika mji mkuu wa [[Batna, Algeria|Batana]] nchini [[Algeria]]. Ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1972 pia ilishiriki katika michuano ya kitaifa ya mpira wa kikapu ya Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Soir d'Alg�rie|url=https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2007/08/20/print-5-57587.php|work=www.lesoirdalgerie.com|accessdate=2022-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympi Batna basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|work=Eurobasket LLC|accessdate=2022-08-24|author=Eurobasket}}</ref> == Historia == Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1972]] timu ilianzishwa na Brahim Yezza, Khomri Miloud na Kaouli Chérif. == Wachezaji == Kumbuka: Bendera huonyesha uhalali wa timu ya taifa katika matukio yaliyoidhinishwa na [[FIBA]]. Wachezaji wanaweza kushikilia bendera za nchi nyingine zisizo idhinishwa na FIBA == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] 6imrvftyn0r6cam9rf460cpip3i27o9 1244421 1244420 2022-08-24T22:02:44Z Awadhi Awampo 48284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olympique Batna''' ni clabu ya [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutokea katika mji mkuu wa [[Batna, Algeria|Batana]] nchini [[Algeria]]. Ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1972 pia ilishiriki katika michuano ya kitaifa ya mpira wa kikapu ya Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Soir d'Alg�rie|url=https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2007/08/20/print-5-57587.php|work=www.lesoirdalgerie.com|accessdate=2022-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympi Batna basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|work=Eurobasket LLC|accessdate=2022-08-24|author=Eurobasket}}</ref> == Historia == Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1972]] timu ilianzishwa na Brahim Yezza, Khomri Miloud na Kaouli Chérif. == Wachezaji == Kumbuka: Bendera huonyesha uhalali wa timu ya taifa katika matukio yaliyoidhinishwa na [[FIBA]]. Wachezaji wanaweza kushikilia bendera za nchi nyingine zisizo idhinishwa na FIBA [[Mamadou Faye]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamadou Faye dans les rangs de l’AS Douane !|url=https://www.basket221.com/mamadou-faye-dans-les-rangs-de-las-douane/|work=Basket 221|date=2020-10-06|accessdate=2022-08-24|language=fr-FR|author=Basket221}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] 51uud3gopml7ez6606hwzbt7shm487f 1244422 1244421 2022-08-25T05:50:58Z Kipala 107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olympique Batna''' ni klabu ya [[mpira wa kikapu]] katika mji wa [[Batna, Algeria|Batna]] nchini [[Algeria]]. Ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1972 pia ilishiriki katika michuano ya kitaifa ya mpira wa kikapu ya Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Soir d'Alg�rie|url=https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2007/08/20/print-5-57587.php|work=www.lesoirdalgerie.com|accessdate=2022-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympi Batna basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|work=Eurobasket LLC|accessdate=2022-08-24|author=Eurobasket}}</ref> == Historia == Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1972]] timu ilianzishwa na Brahim Yezza, Khomri Miloud na Kaouli Chérif. == Wachezaji == Kumbuka: Bendera huonyesha uhalali wa timu ya taifa katika matukio yaliyoidhinishwa na [[FIBA]]. Wachezaji wanaweza kushikilia bendera za nchi nyingine zisizo idhinishwa na FIBA [[Mamadou Faye]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamadou Faye dans les rangs de l’AS Douane !|url=https://www.basket221.com/mamadou-faye-dans-les-rangs-de-las-douane/|work=Basket 221|date=2020-10-06|accessdate=2022-08-24|language=fr-FR|author=Basket221}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] 49p0z1cgjp3ylz7qk4r52m5rdwkpd2z 1244423 1244422 2022-08-25T05:52:33Z Kipala 107 /* Wachezaji */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olympique Batna''' ni klabu ya [[mpira wa kikapu]] katika mji wa [[Batna, Algeria|Batna]] nchini [[Algeria]]. Ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1972 pia ilishiriki katika michuano ya kitaifa ya mpira wa kikapu ya Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Soir d'Alg�rie|url=https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2007/08/20/print-5-57587.php|work=www.lesoirdalgerie.com|accessdate=2022-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympi Batna basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|work=Eurobasket LLC|accessdate=2022-08-24|author=Eurobasket}}</ref> == Historia == Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1972]] timu ilianzishwa na Brahim Yezza, Khomri Miloud na Kaouli Chérif. == Wachezaji == [[Mamadou Faye]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamadou Faye dans les rangs de l’AS Douane !|url=https://www.basket221.com/mamadou-faye-dans-les-rangs-de-las-douane/|work=Basket 221|date=2020-10-06|accessdate=2022-08-24|language=fr-FR|author=Basket221}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] r2waxp66cdrrxhvexupwrqlulodq2o2 14 157473 1244428 2022-08-25T07:50:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 5 KK]] [[Jamii:430 KK]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 5 KK]] [[Jamii:430 KK]] kk4mqemj721v0nlqf8q9po2t5rcyheg 14 157474 1244429 2022-08-25T07:51:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 4 KK]] [[Jamii:354 KK]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 4 KK]] [[Jamii:354 KK]] 3adx9eu20yobtrjes3rcxje5820ziua 14 157475 1244430 2022-08-25T07:54:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 13 KK]] [[Jamii:1279 KK]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 13 KK]] [[Jamii:1279 KK]] mpid5qg8kd5htrszr0nqjm9u0ntluho 14 157476 1244439 2022-08-25T08:21:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{commons cat|Tourism in Mali}} [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika|M]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi|M]] [[Jamii:Mali]]' wikitext text/x-wiki {{commons cat|Tourism in Mali}} [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika|M]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi|M]] [[Jamii:Mali]] a773ntdxv1avr2k6s64xh3mc32gnh85 0 157477 1244442 2022-08-25T08:24:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mihael Cardei]] hadi [[Michael Cardei]]: usahihi wa jina wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Michael Cardei]] kfc24oh3lxn7cvg4ls9b3mwwusnl6g3 0 157478 1244444 2022-08-25T08:24:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mauaji ya Ramarley Graham]] hadi [[Uuaji wa Ramarley Graham]]: usahihi wa jina wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Uuaji wa Ramarley Graham]] bbk9d2nnrn9ukbj1ejz021wsmielupu 14 157479 1244451 2022-08-25T08:34:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:miji ya Ujerumani]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:miji ya Ujerumani]] hxnm4dkeynsarldrl7m7osftuumtl5u 14 157480 1244452 2022-08-25T08:35:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] 9vzqjyl0omkn8d02cbm6j6oupkwfi2p 14 157481 1244453 2022-08-25T08:36:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Argentina]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Argentina]] s90zux0cou9g0ud1gr8kx1vdn6rdokq 14 157482 1244454 2022-08-25T08:36:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|I]] [[Jamii:Iceland]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|I]] [[Jamii:Iceland]] j570ap7nyi3ci4ffmr1jk0yobntrn50 14 157483 1244455 2022-08-25T08:37:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] o44yxrmphyp2964c42abrs0e3wg3d4s 14 157484 1244456 2022-08-25T08:37:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|N]] [[Jamii:New Zealand]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|N]] [[Jamii:New Zealand]] kpix2loava1g18rucg6xj33qpbhxdey 14 157485 1244457 2022-08-25T08:37:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|U] [[Jamii:Ubelgiji]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|U] [[Jamii:Ubelgiji]] a0z061der5m1y7fxps1o15jga03a3i6 1244458 1244457 2022-08-25T08:38:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|U]] [[Jamii:Ubelgiji]] 836cyrsv4vhay4co1qvb0y7onbx68vg 14 157486 1244459 2022-08-25T08:38:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|U] [[Jamii:Urusi]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|U] [[Jamii:Urusi]] nynavpdrvkslv8epsrisbn5lu2t49lm 14 157487 1244462 2022-08-25T08:40:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|W] [[Jamii:Welisi]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|W] [[Jamii:Welisi]] kfke3mpxod03f2d5d96rctmj8705fzo 1244463 1244462 2022-08-25T08:41:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Magazeti nchi kwa nchi|W]] [[Jamii:Welisi]] edbt67rsy50rvc5mqduh080sd365vvf 14 157488 1244464 2022-08-25T08:42:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|B]] [[Jamii:Brazil]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|B]] [[Jamii:Brazil]] axvh1691t9ol0yssntolljhf0xt0uog 14 157489 1244465 2022-08-25T08:43:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|G]] [[Jamii:Gambia]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|G]] [[Jamii:Gambia]] mlhvc6clv32731dkng3ek84tcqe891t 14 157490 1244466 2022-08-25T08:43:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|G]] [[Jamii:Guinea]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|G]] [[Jamii:Guinea]] gnmnhyxa0a5iku5ve4r3p98cb818ii3 14 157491 1244467 2022-08-25T08:43:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:Kolombia]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:Kolombia]] stk24idombgfqke1pxeg1yqym7bg92d 14 157492 1244468 2022-08-25T08:44:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:Korea Kaskazini]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:Korea Kaskazini]] q7fkwj0ahfuwbxkkmtrxskhal3tcloh 14 157493 1244469 2022-08-25T08:44:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|L]] [[Jamii:Lebanoni]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|L]] [[Jamii:Lebanoni]] 9tc0peb55o6hxibb3zqjwi65y734q9b 14 157494 1244470 2022-08-25T08:45:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|M]] [[Jamii:Msumbiji]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|M]] [[Jamii:Msumbiji]] oz02903zf8smuhpl3yv9g1e61h69dky 14 157495 1244471 2022-08-25T08:45:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|U]] [[Jamii:Uajemi]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|U]] [[Jamii:Uajemi]] cjncvt7tgfbji3wkpliu5v9d1kuk4jz 14 157496 1244472 2022-08-25T08:45:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|C]] [[Jamii:Cabo Verde]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|C]] [[Jamii:Cabo Verde]] 6pzav29zzcx3d5cy2uko7pngaygmtca 14 157497 1244473 2022-08-25T08:46:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Falme za Kiarabu]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|A]] [[Jamii:Falme za Kiarabu]] ts2f0fzse7qyl1tc627bww08i2aj3he 14 157498 1244474 2022-08-25T08:47:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|D]] [[Jamii:Dubai]] [[Jamii:Falme za Kiarabu]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Majengo nchi kwa nchi|D]] [[Jamii:Dubai]] [[Jamii:Falme za Kiarabu]] ru2oxssorq65qwjru0kw7kdfvjlpqx2 14 157499 1244479 2022-08-25T08:54:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|B]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|B]] qowtw0vbq7n8cmdamqlufxzc71e3icj 14 157500 1244480 2022-08-25T08:55:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Gambia]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|G]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Gambia]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|G]] jf90frfv1o795wzl3yv56my55rtuulc 14 157501 1244481 2022-08-25T08:55:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Guinea]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|G]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Guinea]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|G]] 54cewl18u3npeqhaeeupaut0nh9xaxt 14 157502 1244483 2022-08-25T08:56:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Guinea Bisau]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|G]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Guinea Bisau]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|G]] c01fjf0sncsdus4j1wl6oi8igjguu50 14 157503 1244484 2022-08-25T08:57:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Komori]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|K]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Komori]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|K]] or05yh33w9lx7wu5h2xn6sn4t940o0q 14 157504 1244485 2022-08-25T08:57:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Mali]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|M]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Mali]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|M]] c2vcg3aza7pj6cd2wm0zawpj8mtzey0 14 157505 1244486 2022-08-25T08:58:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Mauritania]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|M]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Mauritania]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|M]] gk0clr864cfe92xwycwzzu1hu2f0cgd 14 157506 1244487 2022-08-25T08:58:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Niger]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|N]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Niger]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|N]] gqqjfwtxl3o019dqk86lvsggigkl6ys 14 157507 1244488 2022-08-25T08:58:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Senegal]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|S]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Senegal]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|S]] e9faphrnqxmsmzdqq7iw0cf04373tvp 14 157508 1244489 2022-08-25T08:59:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|S]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Afrika|S]] 9472frsosdat3752ucu7rj7anm83msl 14 157509 1244492 2022-08-25T09:04:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Miji ya Eswatini]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Miji ya Eswatini]] 4gvqjycwtshuipt75r5gdwdyfcjpprw 14 157510 1244494 2022-08-25T09:06:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:miji ya Ufaransa]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:miji ya Ufaransa]] 84jom7u2zlnslu703aslzu78jqjttcl 14 157511 1244497 2022-08-25T09:11:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Kazi]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Kazi]] lbeszqp7ylen7e6kqppopg02eg2tlb5 14 157512 1244498 2022-08-25T09:11:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:matabibu]] [[Jamii:watu wa Tanzania]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:matabibu]] [[Jamii:watu wa Tanzania]] 7na3w6lawnvz3gv96tyg0k996zyz7jt 0 157513 1244501 2022-08-25T10:09:16Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 ukurasawa majaribio wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexandra Lilian Amelia Abrahams''' (amezaliwa [[Julai]] 13, [[1986]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anaetumikia [[Bunge]] la [[Taifa]] tangu [[Mei]] [[2019]]. == Wasifu == Abrahams alipata shahada ya heshima ya sayansi ya siasa kutoka chuo kikuu cha Stellenbosch.<ref name=":0">https://www.pa.org.za/blog/alexandra-lilian-amelia-abrahams</ref>hfgdjhgkfjgjlghk.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika Kusini]] 408t3rry9yf5jac95giogughrgd133q 0 157514 1244502 2022-08-25T10:09:55Z Witchymitch 55652 Ukurasa wa majaribio wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexandra Lilian Amelia Abrahams''' (amezaliwa [[Julai]] 13 [[1986]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini|Africa Kusini]] == Wasifu == == Abrahams alipata shahada ya heshima ya sayansi ya siasa kutoka chuo cha Stellenbosch <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexandra Lilian Amelia Abrahams|url=http://www.pa.org.za/blog/alexandra-lilian-amelia-abrahams|work=People's Assembly|date=2021-11-15|accessdate=2022-08-25|language=en}}</ref> == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika Kusini]] mqwyn1530oe8svlwyam9y4056cap1p7 0 157515 1244503 2022-08-25T10:42:00Z Thea Alfred Sindato 55651 Ukurasa wa majaribio wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mmatlala Grace Boroto''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye amewahi kuwa mjumbe ([[Mbunge]]) wa [[Bunge]] la Kongamano la taifa la [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/19</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] r85ivjfu3qp1amwhdy0jttb8n7dtmhf 0 157516 1244504 2022-08-25T10:54:29Z Witchymitch 55652 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Crezane Bosch (amezaliwa [[Mei]] 7 [[1982]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambae ni mwanachama wa kidemokrasia wa muungano wa bunge la mkoa wa Gauteng kwa bunge la sita. == Elimu == Kwa sasa anasomea LLB katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini.<ref>https://dagauteng.org.za/our-people</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]]' wikitext text/x-wiki Crezane Bosch (amezaliwa [[Mei]] 7 [[1982]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambae ni mwanachama wa kidemokrasia wa muungano wa bunge la mkoa wa Gauteng kwa bunge la sita. == Elimu == Kwa sasa anasomea LLB katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini.<ref>https://dagauteng.org.za/our-people</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] axk6i2xsm611qsca1fewrbw18850sid 3 157517 1244505 2022-08-25T11:00:31Z CaliBen 33319 /* Karibu */ mjadala mpya wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 11:00, 25 Agosti 2022 (UTC) djazvj6uxa1vzgslce4jz98s0jky76n 3 157518 1244506 2022-08-25T11:05:40Z CaliBen 33319 /* Karibu */ mjadala mpya wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 25 Agosti 2022 (UTC) ozu7qo1h6hcag428z7j7znsnxpeuxf5 3 157519 1244507 2022-08-25T11:05:51Z CaliBen 33319 /* Karibu */ mjadala mpya wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 25 Agosti 2022 (UTC) ozu7qo1h6hcag428z7j7znsnxpeuxf5 14 157520 1244508 2022-08-25T11:06:47Z CaliBen 33319 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Arusha Edit-a-thons]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Arusha Edit-a-thons]] jhtjih0v102a7w7vfrksegchl5uj3ni 3 157521 1244509 2022-08-25T11:07:44Z CaliBen 33319 /* Karibu */ mjadala mpya wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 11:07, 25 Agosti 2022 (UTC) lfcvn1l3b207rs8d237rzuays1xxlj3 0 157522 1244510 2022-08-25T11:12:29Z Enigmatic pixie 55665 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' Nosimo Zisiwe Beauty Balindlela (alizaliwa 28 [[Novemba]] [[1949]] huko Hermanus, mkoa wa Cape) <ref>^[1] </ref> ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri mkuu wa Rasi ya mashariki kuanzia tarehe 26 [[Aprili]] [[2004]] hadi 1 [[Agosti]] 2008.<ref>http://www.info.gov.za/gol/gcis_profile.jsp?id=1072</ref> [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusisni]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]]' wikitext text/x-wiki Nosimo Zisiwe Beauty Balindlela (alizaliwa 28 [[Novemba]] [[1949]] huko Hermanus, mkoa wa Cape) <ref>^[1] </ref> ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri mkuu wa Rasi ya mashariki kuanzia tarehe 26 [[Aprili]] [[2004]] hadi 1 [[Agosti]] 2008.<ref>http://www.info.gov.za/gol/gcis_profile.jsp?id=1072</ref> [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusisni]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] 2po9wjn7v0kqz8z7r99ntjqnbqp8gyt 1244512 1244510 2022-08-25T11:16:13Z CaliBen 33319 wikitext text/x-wiki Nosimo Zisiwe Beauty Balindlela (alizaliwa 28 [[Novemba]] [[1949]] huko Hermanus, mkoa wa Cape) <ref>^[1] </ref> ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri mkuu wa Rasi ya mashariki kuanzia tarehe 26 [[Aprili]] [[2004]] hadi 1 [[Agosti]] 2008.<ref>http://www.info.gov.za/gol/gcis_profile.jsp?id=1072</ref> [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] 3e0gzz06sey3era6d8ebdrv27u6rjj3 3 157523 1244511 2022-08-25T11:14:33Z CaliBen 33319 /* Karibu */ mjadala mpya wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 11:14, 25 Agosti 2022 (UTC) j7qqflvglb7z2p1e9q62bpcn2mqg505 0 157524 1244515 2022-08-25T11:33:15Z Witchymitch 55652 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' Celia-Sandra Botha (amezaliwa 25 Februari 1945) ni mwanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi wa Afrika Kusini katika Jamhuri ya Czech. == Kiongozi wa Kambi ya Upinzani Bungeni == Botha alipata kura nyingi zaidi ya waziri wa zamani wa baraza la mawaziri la NP, Tertius Delport.<ref><nowiki>https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zille-led-da-gets-a-shake-up-358045</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] Jamii:Women i...' wikitext text/x-wiki Celia-Sandra Botha (amezaliwa 25 Februari 1945) ni mwanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi wa Afrika Kusini katika Jamhuri ya Czech. == Kiongozi wa Kambi ya Upinzani Bungeni == Botha alipata kura nyingi zaidi ya waziri wa zamani wa baraza la mawaziri la NP, Tertius Delport.<ref><nowiki>https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zille-led-da-gets-a-shake-up-358045</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] r13c5xzc37cr3fr0sppxdvp6d2jdkpk 1244519 1244515 2022-08-25T11:54:53Z 41.59.211.226 Kuchapisha makala wikitext text/x-wiki Celia-Sandra Botha (amezaliwa 25 Februari [[1945]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi wa Afrika Kusini katika Jamhuri ya Czech. == Kiongozi wa Kambi ya Upinzani Bungeni == Botha alipata kura nyingi zaidi ya waziri wa zamani wa baraza la mawaziri la NP, Tertius Delport.<ref><nowiki>https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zille-led-da-gets-a-shake-up-358045</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] iech8bx3871g5u1bw7y5q8a0yvcal9r 1244520 1244519 2022-08-25T11:56:31Z 41.59.211.226 Kuchapisha makala wikitext text/x-wiki Celia-Sandra Botha (amezaliwa 25 Februari [[1945]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi wa [[Afrika Kusini]] katika Jamhuri ya [[Czech]]. == Kiongozi wa Kambi ya Upinzani Bungeni == Botha alipata kura nyingi zaidi ya waziri wa zamani wa baraza la mawaziri la NP, Tertius Delport.<ref><nowiki>https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zille-led-da-gets-a-shake-up-358045</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] aamtt8r1mmdd5zwlgzowgfmri15eq1m 0 157525 1244516 2022-08-25T11:42:28Z Zoey Virginia 55656 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Beverley Felicity Badenhorst''' ni mwanasiasa wa Africa Kusini akihudumu kama mjumbe wa bunge la Mkoa la Gauteng tangu May 2019. Badenhorst ni mjumbe wa Economic freedom fighters. == Taaluma ya Kisiasa == Badenhorst ni mjumbe wa Economic Freedom Fighters. Baada ya uchaguzi wa Mkoa wa mwaka 2019, aliteuliwa kwenye bunge la Mkoa la Gauteng. Alichukua ofisi May 22 2019. Badenhorst alipewa majukumu yake ya kamati June 13 2019. Alihudumu kama mjumbe m...' wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beverley Felicity Badenhorst''' ni mwanasiasa wa Africa Kusini akihudumu kama mjumbe wa bunge la Mkoa la Gauteng tangu May 2019. Badenhorst ni mjumbe wa Economic freedom fighters. == Taaluma ya Kisiasa == Badenhorst ni mjumbe wa Economic Freedom Fighters. Baada ya uchaguzi wa Mkoa wa mwaka 2019, aliteuliwa kwenye bunge la Mkoa la Gauteng. Alichukua ofisi May 22 2019. Badenhorst alipewa majukumu yake ya kamati June 13 2019. Alihudumu kama mjumbe mbadala wa kamati ya kudumu kwenye hesabu za taifa na pia kama mjumbe wa kamati kwingineko ya maendeleo ya jamii. [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] sgmev08fp5mt07l92z8zrpnf0a411ve 0 157526 1244517 2022-08-25T11:47:00Z Mangale23 55664 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '== '''Ayanda Ayanda Precious Bans''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika kusini]] anaehudumu kama mbunge wa bunge la mkoa wa cape Magharibi tangu Mei [[2019]].Yeye ni mwanachama wa [[ANC|African National Congress]] na anawakilisha eneo bunge la Karoo ya kati. == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika kusini]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Women in wiki moshi]]' wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Ayanda Ayanda Precious Bans''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika kusini]] anaehudumu kama mbunge wa bunge la mkoa wa cape Magharibi tangu Mei [[2019]].Yeye ni mwanachama wa [[ANC|African National Congress]] na anawakilisha eneo bunge la Karoo ya kati. == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika kusini]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Women in wiki moshi]] 03xs6iyfhkoyf55frsrcwgkfh4qqxb2 0 157527 1244518 2022-08-25T11:54:40Z Silvia Teddy 55654 Kuanzisha makala wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laetitia Heloise Arries''' ni mwanasiasa wa Afrika kusini ambaye amehudumu bunge tangu mei 2019. Kabla ya kuchaguliwa katika bunge alihudumu Kama Diwani wa manispaa ya ndani George. Arries ni mwanachama wa Economis freedom fighte. == Taaluma == Arries ni mwanachama wa Economic freedom fighter. Alichaguliwa kua Diwani muwakilishi wa manispaa ya ndani ya George Agosti 216.<ref name=":0">Pienaar, Michelle (23 May 2019). "Georgians off to parliament!". ''George Herald''. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</ref> Arries alichaguliwa bungeni kwenye uchaguzi wa mkuu uliofanyika mai 8 2019. Tarehe 22 Mei 2019 aliapishwa kuwa mbunge. Arries ni mmoja was wanting wawili was EEF kutoka George. Mbunge mwingine EEF kutoka George ni Natasha Ntlangwini.<ref name=":0" /> Arries alihudumu kama mjumbe mbadala wa kamati ya wizara ya makazi ya binadamu, maji na usafi was mazingira Kati ya 27 Juni 2019 na Mei 6 2020 .<ref name=":1">CITATION ^[2] </ref> Mei 6 2020, alikuachia mjumbe mbadala wa kamati ya wizara ya maendeleo ya jamii<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Women in Wiki Moshi]] t6yjcrqp1ph8n2cd9r6yydzi6znaysb 3 157528 1244521 2022-08-25T11:58:56Z CaliBen 33319 /* Karibu */ mjadala mpya wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 11:58, 25 Agosti 2022 (UTC) ivrg7j25ewz2z8qhhxt2r0y5fu3pui0