Wiktionary zhwiktionary https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5 MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.22 case-sensitive Media Special Talk User User talk Wiktionary Wiktionary talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Appendix Appendix talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Rhymes Rhymes talk Thesaurus Thesaurus talk Citations Citations talk Reconstruction Reconstruction talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Appendix:汉语拼音索引/h 100 756 7271583 5360333 2022-07-28T09:24:38Z 122.118.15.177 /* hai */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mandarin TOC}} {{tocright}} ==ha== hā: [[哈]], [[蛤]], [[鉼]], [[铤]] há: [[虻]], [[蛤]], [[蝦]] hǎ: [[哈]], [[奛]], [[獫]] hà: [[哈]] ==hai== hāi: [[咍]], [[咲]], [[𠄩]] hái: [[㜾]], [[㨟]], [[䂤]], [[䠹]], [[䠽]], [[䯐]], [[䱺]], [[咲]], [[孩]], [[迗]], [[遾]], [[頦]], [[颏]], [[骸]] hǎi: [[嗨]], [[海]], [[烸]], [[胰]], [[酼]], [[醢]] hài: [[㕢]], [[㤥]], [[㦟]], [[㧡]], [[㱚]], [[㺔]], [[䇋]], [[䍖]], [[亥]], [[嗐]], [[害]], [[氦]], [[閝]], [[餀]], [[饚]], [[駭]], [[骇]] ==han== hān: [[唅]], [[嫨]], [[憨]], [[炶]], [[犳]], [[甝]], [[蚶]], [[谽]], [[酣]], [[頇]], [[顸]], [[馠]], [[魽]], [[鼾]] hán: [[㖤]], [[㙈]], [[㙔]], [[㟏]], [[㟔]], [[㮀]], [[㶰]], [[㼨]], [[䈄]], [[䎏]], [[䗙]], [[䤴]], [[䥁]], [[䨡]], [[䮧]], [[䶃]], [[佄]], [[函]], [[凾]], [[含]], [[唅]], [[圅]], [[娢]], [[寒]], [[崡]], [[幭]], [[幸]], [[晗]], [[梒]], [[椶]], [[汖]], [[浛]], [[涵]], [[焓]], [[琀]], [[甛]], [[筨]], [[肣]], [[虶]], [[邗]], [[邯]], [[酐]], [[鈊]], [[鋡]], [[韓]], [[韩]], [[領]], [[馯]] hǎn: [[㘎]], [[㘕]], [[㘚]], [[㙳]], [[㵎]], [[㸁]], [[㺖]], [[㽉]], [[䍐]], [[䍑]], [[䓍]], [[䓿]], [[䛞]], [[䦈]], [[厈]], [[喊]], [[噸]], [[壏]], [[浫]], [[罕]], [[蔊]], [[豃]], [[軒]], [[關]], [[鬫]] hàn: [[㑵]], [[㒈]], [[㘎]], [[㜦]], [[㢨]], [[㨔]], [[㪋]], [[㲦]], [[㵄]], [[㸁]], [[㽳]], [[䁔]], [[䌍]], [[䍐]], [[䎯]], [[䏎]], [[䏷]], [[䐄]], [[䓿]], [[䕿]], [[䖔]], [[䗣]], [[䘶]], [[䛞]], [[䧲]], [[䫲]], [[䮧]], [[傼]], [[厂]], [[哻]], [[唅]], [[垾]], [[娨]], [[屽]], [[悍]], [[憾]], [[扞]], [[捍]], [[撖]], [[撼]], 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[[恆]], [[恒]], [[揘]], [[栾]], [[楻]], [[横]], [[橫]], [[珩]], [[胻]], [[蘅]], [[衉]], [[衡]], [[誙]], [[鐄]], [[鑅]], [[韹]], [[鴴]], [[鸻]], [[黉]], [[黌]] hèng: [[啈]], [[撔]], [[樤]], [[橧]], [[澋]], [[絎]], [[绗]] ==hm== hm: [[噷]] ==hong== hōng: [[叿]], [[呍]], [[哄]], [[揈]], [[渹]], [[烘]], [[焢]], [[硡]], [[红]], [[薨]], [[訇]], [[謆]], [[谾]], [[軣]], [[輷]], [[轟]], [[轰]], [[鍧]], [[顭]], [[鬨]] hóng: [[㖓]], [[㢬]], [[㷎]], [[䂫]], [[䃔]], [[䆖]], [[䉺]], [[䍔]], [[䜫]], [[䞑]], [[䡌]], [[䡏]], [[䧆]], [[䨎]], [[䩑]], [[䪦]], [[䫹]], [[䫺]], [[䲨]], [[仜]], [[吰]], [[垬]], [[妅]], [[娂]], [[宏]], [[宖]], [[峵]], [[嵤]], [[弘]], [[彋]], [[汪]], [[汯]], [[泓]], [[洘]], [[洪]], [[浤]], [[渱]], [[潂]], [[灴]], [[玒]], [[瓨]], [[硔]], [[硡]], [[竑]], [[竤]], [[篊]], [[粠]], [[紅]], [[紘]], [[紭]], [[綋]], [[红]], [[纮]], [[缷]], [[翃]], [[翝]], [[耾]], [[舼]], [[苰]], [[荭]], [[葒]], [[葓]], [[蕻]], [[虹]], [[触]], [[訌]], [[讧]], [[谹]], [[谼]], [[鈜]], [[鉷]], [[鋐]], [[閎]], [[闳]], [[霟]], [[鞃]], [[魚]], [[鴻]], [[鸿]], [[黂]], [[黌]] hǒng: [[㬴]], [[䀧]], [[咾]], [[唝]], [[嗊]], [[晎]], [[澒]], [[閥]], [[鬡]] hòng: [[㶹]], [[䬝]], [[咾]], [[測]], [[澒]], [[蕻]], [[虸]], [[計]], [[讝]], [[鍙]], [[閧]], [[鬡]], [[鴵]] ==hou== hōu: [[呲]], [[鼸]] hóu: [[㗋]], [[㤧]], [[㬋]], [[㮢]], [[㺅]], [[䂉]], [[䗔]], [[䙈]], [[䫛]], [[䳧]], [[侯]], [[喉]], [[帿]], [[猴]], [[瘊]], [[睺]], [[矦]], [[篌]], [[糇]], [[翭]], [[腄]], [[葔]], [[銗]], [[鍭]], [[餱]], [[骺]], [[鯸]], [[齁]] hǒu: [[㖃]], [[㸸]], [[吺]], [[吼]], [[呲]], [[犼]] hòu: [[㕈]], [[㤧]], [[㫗]], [[䞀]], [[䞧]], [[䡩]], [[䪷]], [[䫺]], [[侨]], [[候]], [[厚]], [[后]], [[垓]], [[垕]], [[堠]], [[後]], [[洉]], [[缿]], [[茨]], [[詬]], [[豞]], [[逅]], [[郈]], [[鄇]], [[銖]], [[鮜]], [[鱟]], [[鲎]], [[鲘]] ==hu== hū: [[乎]], [[匢]], [[匫]], [[呼]], [[唿]], [[啒]], [[嘑]], [[垀]], [[寣]], [[峘]], [[幠]], [[忽]], [[戈]], [[戮]], [[戰]], [[抚]], [[撪]], [[昒]], [[曶]], [[欻]], [[歑]], [[泘]], [[淴]], [[滹]], [[烀]], [[烼]], [[糆]], [[膲]], [[芋]], [[芰]], [[苸]], [[虍]], [[虖]], [[謼]], [[軚]], [[軤]], [[轷]], [[雐]] hú: [[㗅]], [[㧽]], [[㪶]], [[㯛]], [[㹱]], [[㽇]], [[㾰]], [[㿥]], [[䁫]], [[䈸]], [[䉉]], [[䉿]], [[䊀]], [[䎁]], [[䔯]], [[䚛]], [[䞱]], [[䠒]], [[䧼]], [[䩴]], [[䭅]], [[䭌]], [[䭍]], [[䮸]], [[䵻]], [[乎]], [[喖]], [[嘝]], [[囫]], [[壶]], [[壷]], [[壺]], [[媩]], [[弧]], [[抇]], [[搰]], [[斛]], [[核]], [[楜]], [[槲]], [[汩]], [[湖]], [[瀫]], [[焀]], [[煳]], [[狐]], [[猢]], [[瑚]], [[瓠]], [[瓳]], [[箶]], [[糊]], [[絗]], [[縠]], [[胡]], [[葫]], [[蔛]], [[虖]], [[蝴]], [[螜]], [[衚]], [[觳]], [[醐]], [[鈴]], [[鍸]], [[頶]], [[餬]], [[鬍]], [[魱]], [[鰗]], [[鴠]], [[鵠]], [[鶘]], [[鶦]], [[鶲]], [[鹄]], [[鹕]], [[鹗]] hǔ: [[䗂]], [[乕]], [[唬]], [[浒]], [[滸]], [[滹]], [[琥]], [[萀]], [[虎]], [[虝]], [[設]], [[许]] hù: [[㕆]], [[㦿]], [[㨭]], [[㷤]], [[㸦]], [[㺉]], [[䇘]], [[䊺]], [[䍓]], [[䕶]], [[䛎]], [[䨥]], [[䨼]], [[䪝]], [[䲵]], [[互]], [[冱]], [[冴]], [[嘑]], [[嚛]], [[婟]], [[嫭]], [[嫮]], [[岵]], [[帍]], [[弖]], [[怙]], [[戶]], [[户]], [[戸]], [[戽]], [[扈]], [[护]], [[摢]], [[擭]], [[昈]], [[枑]], [[楛]], [[槴]], [[沍]], [[沪]], [[滬]], [[濧]], [[熩]], [[瓠]], [[祜]], [[笏]], [[簄]], [[糆]], [[綔]], [[羺]], [[胍]], [[芐]], [[蔰]], [[蘺]], [[虖]], [[謼]], [[護]], [[豬]], [[鄠]], [[酋]], [[韄]], [[頀]], [[鱤]], [[鳠]], [[鳸]], [[鸋]], [[鹣]] ==hua== huā: [[匕]], [[十]], [[哗]], [[嘩]], [[矾]], [[花]], [[芲]], [[菬]], [[蘣]], [[錵]], [[鷨]] huá: [[㕲]], [[㟆]], [[㠏]], [[㦊]], [[㭉]], [[㮯]], [[䅿]], [[䊐]], [[䏦]], [[䔢]], [[䱻]], [[䴳]], [[䶤]], [[刌]], [[划]], [[劀]], [[华]], [[咴]], [[哗]], [[嘩]], [[嬅]], [[崋]], [[搱]], [[滑]], [[澪]], [[狯]], [[猾]], [[獢]], [[磆]], [[華]], [[蕐]], [[螖]], [[譁]], [[豁]], [[釫]], [[鋘]], [[鏵]], [[铧]], [[驊]], [[骅]] huǎ: [[蘳]] huà: [[㓰]], [[㕦]], [[㕷]], [[㚌]], [[㠢]], [[㦎]], [[㩇]], [[䇈]], [[䔢]], [[䔯]], [[䛡]], [[䠉]], [[刌]], [[劃]], [[化]], [[十]], [[婳]], [[嫿]], [[摦]], [[杹]], [[桦]], [[槬]], [[樺]], [[澅]], [[画]], [[畫]], [[畵]], [[稝]], [[繣]], [[罨]], [[舙]], [[菬]], [[觟]], [[話]], [[諣]], [[譮]], [[话]], [[踙]], [[輝]], [[鮭]] ==huai== huāi: [[竵]] huái: [[㜳]], [[㠢]], [[䃶]], [[䈭]], [[䴜]], [[佪]], [[徊]], [[怀]], [[懐]], [[懷]], [[槐]], [[櫰]], [[淮]], [[瀤]], [[耲]], [[蘨]], [[褢]], [[褱]], [[踝]] huài: [[咶]], [[坋]], [[壊]], [[壞]], [[孬]], [[蘹]], [[蘾]], [[諙]] ==huan== huān: [[嚾]], [[懽]], [[欢]], [[歓]], [[歡]], [[犿]], [[獾]], [[讙]], [[豼]], [[貛]], [[酄]], [[驩]], [[鴅]], [[鵍]], [[鸓]] huán: [[㔳]], [[㡲]], [[㢰]], [[㦥]], [[㵹]], [[㶎]], [[㿪]], [[䍺]], [[䝠]], [[䥧]], [[䦡]], [[䭴]], [[䮝]], [[䴟]], [[圍]], [[嬛]], [[寏]], [[寰]], [[峓]], [[懁]], [[捖]], [[桓]], [[梡]], [[洹]], [[澴]], [[狟]], [[獂]], [[环]], [[瑓]], [[環]], [[瓛]], [[糫]], [[繯]], [[缳]], [[羦]], [[肒]], [[芿]], [[荁]], [[莡]], [[萈]], [[萑]], [[豲]], [[貆]], [[轕]], [[还]], [[還]], [[郆]], [[鍰]], [[鐶]], [[锾]], [[镮]], [[闤]], [[阛]], [[雈]], [[鬟]] huǎn: [[㣪]], [[㬊]], [[䁔]], [[䈠]], [[䮝]], [[唍]], [[嵈]], [[攊]], [[睆]], [[綄]], [[緩]], [[缓]], [[藧]], [[輐]] huàn: [[㓉]], [[㕕]], [[㠢]], [[㪱]], [[㬇]], [[㹖]], [[㼫]], [[䀓]], [[䀨]], [[䆠]], [[䊐]], [[䒛]], [[䠉]], [[䯘]], [[䴟]], [[唤]], [[喚]], [[喛]], [[垸]], [[奂]], [[奐]], [[宦]], [[幻]], [[患]], [[愌]], [[换]], [[換]], [[擐]], [[梙]], [[槵]], [[浠]], [[涣]], [[渙]], [[漶]], [[潅]], [[澢]], [[灅]], [[烉]], [[焕]], [[煥]], [[瑍]], [[璢]], [[痪]], [[瘓]], [[皔]], [[眡]], [[繬]], [[缳]], [[脖]], [[豢]], [[轘]], [[逭]], [[鯇]], [[鯩]], [[鰀]], [[鲝]] ==huang== huāng: [[嚝]], [[塃]], [[巟]], [[慌]], [[朚]], [[肓]], [[芑]], [[荒]], [[衁]] huáng: [[㞷]], [[㾠]], [[㾮]], [[䄓]], [[䅣]], [[䊗]], [[䊣]], [[䍿]], [[䐵]], [[䑟]], [[䞹]], [[䪄]], [[䮲]], [[䳨]], [[偟]], [[兤]], [[凰]], [[喤]], [[堭]], [[墴]], [[媓]], [[崲]], [[徨]], [[惶]], [[撗]], [[樤]], [[洶]], [[湟]], [[潢]], [[煌]], [[熿]], [[獚]], [[瑝]], [[璜]], [[癀]], [[皇]], [[磺]], [[穔]], [[篁]], [[簧]], [[艎]], [[葟]], [[蝗]], [[蟥]], [[趪]], [[遑]], [[鍠]], [[锽]], [[隍]], [[餭]], [[騜]], [[鰉]], [[鱑]], [[鳇]], [[鷬]], [[黃]], [[黄]] huǎng: [[㤺]], [[㬻]], [[䁜]], [[䊗]], [[䌙]], [[䐠]], [[宺]], [[幌]], [[怳]], [[恍]], [[愰]], [[態]], [[晃]], [[晄]], [[榥]], [[櫃]], [[滉]], [[潡]], [[炾]], [[熀]], [[皝]], [[芑]], [[茪]], [[荒]], [[詤]], [[謊]], [[谎]], [[鎤]] huàng: [[㨪]], [[䁜]], [[昸]], [[晃]], [[曂]], [[榝]], [[樤]], [[滈]], [[潡]], [[爌]], [[皩]], [[軦]] ==hui== hūi: [[咴]], [[噅]], [[噕]], [[堌]], [[墭]], [[墯]], [[婎]], [[幑]], [[徽]], [[恢]], [[悘]], [[戈]], [[戮]], [[戰]], [[拻]], [[挥]], [[揮]], [[撝]], [[晖]], [[暉]], [[楃]], [[洃]], [[瀈]], [[灰]], [[灳]], [[烣]], [[煇]], [[煏]], [[珤]], [[琣]], [[皌]], [[眪]], [[禈]], [[翚]], [[翬]], [[虺]], [[袆]], [[褘]], [[詼]], [[诙]], [[豗]], [[輝]], [[辉]], [[鑳]], [[隓]], [[隳]], [[顪]], [[鰴]], [[麾]] húi: [[㽇]], [[囘]], [[回]], [[囬]], [[廻]], [[廽]], [[很]], [[恛]], [[洄]], [[痐]], [[繟]], [[茴]], [[藫]], [[蚘]], [[蛔]], [[蛕]], [[蜖]], [[迴]], [[逥]], [[違]], [[韅]], [[鮰]] hǔi: [[㩓]], [[㷐]], [[䃣]], [[䏨]], [[䛼]], [[䠉]], [[䫖]], [[䰎]], [[悔]], [[檓]], [[毀]], [[毁]], [[毇]], [[烚]], [[烠]], [[燬]], [[芔]], [[虫]], [[虺]], [[蝰]], [[譭]] hùi: [[㑰]], [[㑹]], [[㒑]], [[㜇]], [[㞧]], [[㤬]], [[㥣]], [[㨤]], [[㨹]], [[㩨]], [[㬩]], [[㰥]], [[㱱]], [[㷄]], [[㻅]], [[䂕]], [[䅏]], [[䇻]], [[䌇]], [[䍷]], [[䎚]], [[䕇]], [[䙌]], [[䙡]], [[䛛]], [[䜋]], [[䤧]], [[䧥]], [[䩈]], [[䫭]], [[䵻]], [[会]], [[僡]], [[儶]], [[匯]], [[卉]], [[叀]], [[哒]], [[喙]], [[嘒]], [[噤]], [[噧]], [[嚖]], [[圚]], [[嬇]], [[寭]], [[廆]], [[彗]], [[彙]], [[彚]], [[恚]], [[恵]], [[惠]], [[慧]], [[憓]], [[晦]], [[暳]], [[會]], [[桤]], [[槥]], [[橞]], [[檘]], [[櫘]], [[殨]], [[殾]], [[汇]], [[沩]], [[泋]], [[洂]], [[渘]], [[湏]], [[滙]], [[潓]], [[澪]], [[濊]], [[烩]], [[燴]], [[獩]], [[璯]], [[瞺]], [[禬]], [[秽]], [[穢]], [[篲]], [[絵]], [[繐]], [[繢]], [[繪]], [[绘]], [[缋]], [[翙]], [[翽]], [[芔]], [[荟]], [[蔧]], [[蕙]], [[薈]], [[藱]], [[螝]], [[蟪]], [[詯]], [[誨]], [[諱]], [[譓]], [[譿]], [[讳]], [[诲]], [[賄]], [[贿]], [[輝]], [[鉜]], [[鏸]], [[鐬]], [[钺]], [[闠]], [[阓]], [[靧]], [[韢]], [[頮]], [[顪]], [[颒]], [[餯]], [[饖]] ==hun== hūn: [[婚]], [[惛]], [[惽]], [[敯]], [[昏]], [[昬]], [[棔]], [[殙]], [[涽]], [[湠]], [[烼]], [[睧]], [[睯]], [[荤]], [[葷]], [[閽]], [[阍]] hún: [[㑮]], [[㕵]], [[㨡]], [[㮯]], [[䊐]], [[䐊]], [[䛰]], [[䫟]], [[䮝]], [[䰟]], [[䴷]], [[堚]], [[忶]], [[棞]], [[楎]], [[浑]], [[淵]], [[渾]], [[溳]], [[珲]], [[琿]], [[祳]], [[緃]], [[緞]], [[繉]], [[轋]], [[顐]], [[餛]], [[餫]], [[馄]], [[魂]], [[鼲]] hǔn: [[掋]], [[混]], [[焛]], [[睔]], [[鯶]] hùn: [[㥵]], [[㨰]], [[㯻]], [[䅙]], [[䅱]], [[䐊]], [[䚠]], [[䛰]], [[䧰]], [[䫟]], [[俒]], [[倱]], [[圂]], [[慁]], [[旿]], [[棌]], [[浏]], [[淵]], [[渼]], [[溷]], [[焝]], [[緃]], [[觨]], [[諢]], [[诨]], [[顐]] ==huo== huō: [[劐]], [[嚃]], [[攃]], [[灩]], [[耚]], [[豁]], [[鍃]], [[锪]], [[騏]] huó: [[㓉]], [[䄆]], [[䄑]], [[䣶]], [[䯏]], [[佸]], [[咁]], [[和]], [[活]], [[秮]], [[秳]], [[萿]], [[趆]], [[鈥]], [[钬]] huǒ: [[㚌]], [[㶡]], [[伙]], [[夥]], [[火]], [[邩]], [[鈛]], [[钩]] huò: [[㓉]], [[㕡]], [[㗲]], [[㘞]], [[㦜]], [[㦯]], [[㨯]], [[㨰]], [[㩇]], [[㯉]], [[㯛]], [[㸌]], [[䁨]], [[䂄]], [[䄀]], [[䉟]], [[䋭]], [[䐸]], [[䦚]], [[䨥]], [[䰥]], [[剨]], [[咁]], [[和]], [[咟]], [[嗀]], [[嚄]], [[嚯]], [[嚿]], [[壐]], [[奯]], [[彟]], [[彠]], [[惑]], [[或]], [[捇]], [[掝]], [[擪]], [[攉]], [[旤]], [[曤]], [[楇]], [[檴]], [[沎]], [[湱]], [[濇]], [[濩]], [[瀖]], [[獲]], [[瓁]], [[瓠]], [[癨]], [[眓]], [[矆]], [[矐]], [[矱]], [[砉]], [[硅]], [[礊]], [[祸]], [[禍]], [[穫]], [[耯]], [[臒]], [[臛]], [[艧]], [[获]], [[蓂]], [[藿]], [[蠖]], [[謋]], [[讗]], [[豁]], [[豬]], [[貨]], [[货]], [[遊]], [[錾]], [[鑊]], [[锢]], [[镬]], [[閄]], [[雘]], [[霍]], [[霩]], [[靃]], [[韄]], [[韾]], [[騞]], [[鱯]], [[鳠]], [[鸌]], [[鹱]], [[龠]] huo: [[伕]] nftn7q6emsxjoovkuzrwygdus83ekmt Appendix:成语索引 100 1445 7271551 7262326 2022-07-28T08:41:36Z 106.1.221.116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{see|Category:汉语成语}} '排列。 *哀感顽艳 *哀兵必败 *哀兵必胜 *哀鸿遍野 *爱不释手 *爱民如子 *爱莫能助 *爱屋及乌 *安步当车 *安分守己 *安分守拙 *有神經病 ==b== *[[八仙過海]] *[[八斗之才]] *[[八兩半斤]] *[[八門五花]] *[[八拜之交]] *[[八拜至交]] *[[八拜定交]] *[[八面玲瓏]] *[[八窗玲瓏]] *[[八達四通]] *[[巴人下里]] *[[巴三覽四]] *[[巴巴結結]] *[[巴巴劫劫]] *[[巴高枝兒]] *[[巴高望上]] *[[巴蛇吞象]] *[[白頭偕老]] *[[白手空拳]] *[[白衣蒼狗]] *[[白雪陽春]] *[[白雲蒼狗]] *[[白駒過隙]] *[[白頭到老]] *[[百折不回]] *[[百世流芳]] *[[百出不窮]] *[[百世流芳]] *[[百發百中]] *[[百戰百勝]] *[[百尺竿頭]] *[[百折不撓]] *[[百折不磨]] *[[百步穿楊]] *[[波平風靜]] *[[波光粼粼]] *[[波瀾壯闊]] *[[剝剝啄啄]] *[[播惡遺臭]] *[[播糠眯目]] *[[撥亂反正]] *[[撥亂反治]] *[[撥雨撩雲]] *[[撥草尋蛇]] *[[撥雲見日]] *[[撥雲睹日]] *[[撥雲撩雨]] *[[撥亂之才]] *[[撥亂誅暴]] *[[撥亂興治]] *[[撥亂濟危]] *[[撥亂濟時]] *[[撥煩理劇]] *[[駁雜不純]] *[[擺尾搖頭]] *[[擺龍門陣]] *[[不可思議]] *[[不可一世]] ==c== *[[臣一主二]] *[[臣心如水]] *[[臣門如市]] *[[成竹在胸]] *[[成一家言]] *[[成人之美]] *[[成三破二]] *[[成千上萬]] *[[成千成萬]] *[[成千累萬]] *[[成千論萬]] *[[成仁取義]] *[[沉魚落雁]] *[[沉魚落鴈]] *[[沉李浮瓜]] *[[沉灶產蛙]] *[[沉厚寡言]] *[[沉重少言]] *[[沉重寡言]] *[[沉冤莫白]] *[[沉得住氣]] *[[沉船破釜]] *[[沉博絕麗]] *[[沉湎淫逸]] *[[沉著痛快]] *[[沉雄古逸]] *[[沉漸剛克]] *[[沉潛剛克]] *[[沉靜少言]] *[[沉默寡言]] *[[沉鬱頓挫]] *[[趁火打劫]] *[[成何體統]] *[[成年累月]] *[[成事不說]] *[[成妖作怪]] *[[成事在天]] *[[成家立計]] *[[成家立業]] *[[成敗利鈍]] *[[成敗得失]] *[[成敗論人]] *[[成敗興廢]] *[[成群打夥]] *[[成群作隊]] *[[成群結隊]] *[[成群結黨]] *[[成精作怪]] *[[成雙作對]] *[[承上啟下]] *[[承先啟後]] *[[承前啟後]] *[[承風希旨]] *[[承顏候色]] *[[承顏接辭]] *[[承顏順旨]] *[[承歡膝下]] *[[承歡獻媚]] *[[城門失火]] *[[城下之盟]] *[[武城弦歌]] *[[城北徐公]] *[[城市山林]] *[[城府深密]] *[[城狐社鼠]] *[[乘危下石]] *[[乘其不意]] *[[乘風破浪]] *[[乘人不備]] *[[乘人之厄]] *[[乘人之危]] *[[乘車戴笠]] *[[乘肥衣輕]] *[[乘偽行詐]] *[[乘堅策肥]] *[[乘堅驅良]] *[[乘勝追擊]] *[[乘勝逐北]] *[[乘虛而入]] *[[乘輕驅肥]] *[[乘隙而入]] *[[乘機坐大]] *[[乘機應變]] *[[乘興而來]] *[[乘輿播越]] *[[乘龍快婿]] *[[逞己失眾]] *[[逞強稱能]] *[[陳倉暗度]] *[[陳陳相因]] *[[陳平分肉]] *[[陳力就列]] *[[陳腔濫調]] *[[陳雷膠漆]] *[[陳蔡之厄]] *[[陳蕃下榻]] *[[晨鐘暮鼓]] *[[晨鐘暮磬]] *[[晨昏定省]] *[[晨炊星飯]] *[[晨星落落]] *[[晨星寥落]] *[[晨參暮省]] *[[晨參暮禮]] *[[晨興夜寐]] *[[程門立雪]] *[[誠心正意]] *[[誠心敬意]] *[[誠心誠意]] *[[誠可格天]] *[[誠恐誠惶]] *[[誠惶誠恐]] *[[誠惶誠懼]] *[[塵埃落定]] *[[塵飯塗羹]] *[[塵垢秕糠]] *[[塵榻空留]] *[[澄源正本]] *[[澄思寂慮]] *[[澄清天下]] *[[懲前毖後]] *[[懲噎廢食]] *[[懲一戒百]] *[[懲一警百]] *[[懲一儆眾]] *[[懲忿窒欲]] *[[懲惡勸善]] *[[懲羹吹齏]] *[[騁強背理]] ==e== *[[恶贯满盈]] *[[恶言相向]] ==f== *[[覆水难收]] *[[福无双至]] *[[福如东海]] *[[防不胜防]] *[[翻天覆地]] *[[飞檐走壁]] *[[飞檐走壁]] *[[风和日丽]] *[[废寝忘食]] *[[风餐露宿]] ==g== *[[高山流水]] *[[高枕無憂]] *[[隔岸观火]] *[[管中窥豹]] ==h== *[[好好先生]] *[[豪情壮志]] *[[花言巧语]] *[[后会有期]] *[[横空出世]] *[[欢天喜地]] *[[沆瀣一气]] *[[厚此薄彼]] *[[花团锦簇]] ==j== *[[见异思迁]] *[[骄兵必败]] *[[借刀杀人]] *[[借尸还魂]] *[[举案齐眉]] *[[举手投足]] *[[举一反三]] *[[驕兵必敗]] ==k== *[[苦尽甘来]] *[[开门见山]] *[[开诚布公]] *[[空前绝后]] *[[开天辟地]] ==l== *[[李代桃僵]] *[[邻女詈人]] *[[龙飞凤舞]] *[[洛阳纸贵]] ==m== *[[馬馬虎虎]] *[[瞒天过海]] *[[門可羅雀]] *[[莫衷一是]] *[[莫名其妙]] *[[妙不可言]] *[[妙手回春]] *[[扪心自问]] ==n== *[[脑满肠肥]] *[[恼羞成怒]] *[[难能可贵]] *[[年中盛夏]] ==o== *[[呕心沥血]] *[[藕断丝连]] ==p== *[[旁若无人]] *[[抛砖引玉]] *[[蓬荜生辉]] *[[皮开肉绽]] *[[破釜沉舟]] ==q== *[[黔驴技穷]] *[[千丝万缕]] *[[強詞奪理]] *[[擒贼擒王]] *[[全心全意]] *[[奇货可居]] *[[卿本佳人]] *[[七月流火]] *[[奇形怪状]] ==r== *[[人定胜天]] *[[人言可畏]] *[[人人自危]] *[[人云亦云]] *[[人各有志]] *[[人面獸心]] *[[人命關天]] *[[人浮於事]] *[[人地生疏]] *[[人頭落地]] *[[人同此心]] *[[人來人往]] *[[人老珠黃]] *[[人離鄉賤]] *[[人高馬大]] *[[人鬼殊途]] *[[人傑地靈]] *[[人間地獄]] *[[人間冷暖]] *[[人見人愛]] *[[人盡可夫]] *[[人盡皆知]] *[[人盡其才]] *[[人棄我取]] *[[人強馬壯]] *[[人前人後]] *[[人情冷暖]] *[[人情世故]] *[[人去樓空]] *[[人窮志短]] *[[人心不古]] *[[人心叵測]] *[[人心大快]] *[[人心難測]] *[[人心惶惶]] *[[人心所向]] *[[人之常情]] *[[人山人海]] *[[人神共憤]] *[[人生如夢]] *[[人聲鼎沸]] *[[人人稱快]] *[[人如其名]] *[[人贓並獲]] *[[人才輩出]] *[[人才濟濟]] *[[人才出眾]] *[[人才外流]] *[[人財兩空]] *[[人煙稀少]] *[[人煙稠密]] *[[人仰馬翻]] *[[人微言輕]] *[[忍辱负重]] *[[日本鬼子]] ==s== *[[三人成虎]] *[[三顾茅庐]] *[[三朝元老]] *[[三教九流]] *[[三缄其口]] *[[四面楚歌]] *[[四通八达]] *[[上行下效]] *[[声东击西]] *[[十全十美]] *[[顺手牵羊]] *[[丝丝入扣]] *[[铩羽而归]] *[[势如破竹]] *[[失之东隅,收之桑榆]] ==t== *[[曇花一現]] *[[螳臂擋車]] *[[螳螂捕蟬]] *[[鐵面無私]] *[[鐵證如山]] *[[偷梁换柱]] *[[投閒置散]] *[[囤積居奇]] ==w== *[[望塵莫及]] *[[为虎作伥]] *[[围魏救赵]] *[[卧薪尝胆]] *[[无为而治]] *[[无中生有]] *[[五谷丰登]] *[[五光十色]] *[[五体投地]] *[[物是人非]] *[[威风凛凛]] ==x== *[[下马威]] *[[行云流水]] *[[胸有成竹]] *[[虚无飘渺]] *[[学无止境]] *[[谢天谢地]] *[[惺惺相惜]] *[[星罗棋布]] *[[星罗棋布]] *[[仙姿玉色]] *[[仙山琼阁]] *[[仙露明珠]] *[[仙风道骨]] *[[笑里藏刀]] *[[歇斯底里]] ==y== *[[以逸待劳]] *[[一波三折]] *[[一敗塗地]] *[[一飽眼福]] *[[一般見識]] *[[一板一眼]] *[[一本正經]] *[[一本萬利]] *[[一鼻子灰]] *[[一筆抹殺]] *[[一筆抹煞]] *[[一筆勾銷]] *[[一筆一畫]] *[[一碧萬頃]] *[[一臂之力]] *[[一表人才]] *[[一兵一卒]] *[[一病不起]] *[[一不小心]] *[[一步登天]] *[[一步一趨]] *[[一帆風順]] *[[一拍即合]] *[[一氣呵成]] *[[一派胡言]] *[[一炮而紅]] *[[一盤散沙]] *[[一票難求]] *[[一偏之見]] *[[一片冰心]] *[[一片婆心]] *[[一片丹心]] *[[一片宮商]] *[[一片苦心]] *[[一片至誠]] *[[一片真心]] *[[一片痴心]] *[[一片赤心]] *[[一片散沙]] *[[一片汪洋]] *[[一貧如洗]] *[[一顰一笑]] *[[一曝十寒]] *[[一馬平川]] *[[一馬當先]] *[[一馬一鞍]] *[[一脈相通]] *[[一脈相連]] *[[一脈相承]] *[[一脈相傳]] *[[一毛不拔]] *[[一貌堂堂]] *[[一門忠烈]] *[[一面之交]] *[[一面之識]] *[[一面之詞]] *[[一面之雅]] *[[一面之緣]] *[[一面如舊]] *[[一鳴驚人]] *[[一瞑不視]] *[[一命嗚呼]] *[[一模一樣]] *[[一畝之宮]] *[[一木難支]] *[[一目了然]] *[[一目瞭然]] *[[一目十行]] *[[一髮千鈞]] *[[一飛沖天]] *[[一番口舌]] *[[一帆風順]] *[[一反常態]] *[[一飯千金]] *[[一飯之恩]] *[[一得之見]] *[[一得之愚]] *[[一德一心]] *[[一代風流]] *[[一代鼎臣]] *[[一代楷模]] *[[一代巨擘]] *[[一代宗匠]] *[[一代宗臣]] *[[一刀兩段]] *[[一刀兩斷]] *[[一簞一瓢]] *[[一登龍門]] *[[一迭連聲]] *[[一點靈犀]] *[[一點一滴]] *[[一丁不識]] *[[一塌糊塗]] *[[一頭霧水]] *[[一潭死水]] *[[一天到晚]] *[[一團和氣]] *[[一團漆黑]] *[[一統天下]] *[[一念之差]] *[[一諾千金]] *[[一來一往]] *[[一勞久逸]] *[[一勞永逸]] *[[一覽無遺]] *[[一覽無餘]] *[[一了百當]] *[[一了百了]] *[[一鱗半甲]] *[[一鱗半爪]] *[[一鱗片甲]] *[[一鱗一爪]] *[[一路平安]] *[[一路福星]] *[[一路領先]] *[[一路順風]] *[[一落千丈]] *[[一概而論]] *[[一概而言]] *[[一鼓作氣]] *[[一鼓而下]] *[[一鼓一板]] *[[一國兩制]] *[[一過眼兒]] *[[一拐一拐]] *[[一官半職]] *[[一刻千金]] *[[一口咬定]] *[[一口咬死]] *[[一孔之見]] *[[一孔出氣]] *[[一呼百諾]] *[[一呼百應]] *[[一呼再諾]] *[[一揮而就]] *[[一揮而成]] *[[一麾出守]] *[[一還一報]] *[[一哄而集]] *[[一哄而起]] *[[一哄而上]] *[[一哄而散]] *[[一鬨而散]] *[[一己之見]] *[[一己之私]] *[[一技之長]] *[[一家大小]] *[[一家老小]] *[[一家眷屬]] *[[一家之論]] *[[一家之學]] *[[一家之主]] *[[一家之說]] *[[一家之言]] *[[一介不取]] *[[一較長短]] *[[一見傾心]] *[[一見鍾情]] *[[一見如故]] *[[一見如舊]] *[[一箭之地]] *[[一箭之仇]] *[[一箭上垛]] *[[一箭雙鵰]] *[[一舉兩便]] *[[一舉兩得]] *[[一舉兩用]] *[[一舉千里]] *[[一舉成名]] *[[一舉成擒]] *[[一舉數得]] *[[一舉一動]] *[[一舉揚名]] *[[一聚枯骨]] *[[一決高下]] *[[一決勝負]] *[[一決雌雄]] *[[一蹶不振]] *[[一氣呵成]] *[[一切從簡]] *[[一竅不通]] *[[一丘之貉]] *[[一丘一壑]] *[[一錢不值]] *[[一錢太守]] *[[一錢如命]] *[[一親芳澤]] *[[一腔熱血]] *[[一清二楚]] *[[一曲千金]] *[[一曲陽關]] *[[一去不返]] *[[一瘸一簸]] *[[一瘸一拐]] *[[一窮二白]] *[[一席之地]] *[[一息尚存]] *[[一瀉千里]] *[[一笑千金]] *[[一笑置之]] *[[一線希望]] *[[一線生機]] *[[一心二用]] *[[一心一德]] *[[一心一計]] *[[一心一意]] *[[一心無二]] *[[一新耳目]] *[[一相情願]] *[[一廂情願]] *[[一枝獨秀]] *[[一知半解]] *[[一擲千金]] *[[一紙空文]] *[[一至於此]] *[[一朝一夕]] *[[一展身手]] *[[一盞茶時]] *[[一戰而霸]] *[[一針見血]] *[[一枕黃粱]] *[[一張一弛]] *[[一爭長短]] *[[一柱擎天]] *[[一籌莫展]] *[[一塵不染]] *[[一長兩短]] *[[一長二短]] *[[一長一短]] *[[一場春夢]] *[[一倡百和]] *[[一倡三歎]] *[[一唱百和]] *[[一唱三歎]] *[[一唱一和]] *[[一成不變]] *[[一成不易]] *[[一成一旅]] *[[一觸即發]] *[[一觸即潰]] *[[一石二鳥]] *[[一食萬錢]] *[[一時半刻]] *[[一時糊塗]] *[[一時之急]] *[[一時之間]] *[[一時之秀]] *[[一時之選]] *[[一時一刻]] *[[一矢之地]] *[[一弛一張]] *[[一世之雄]] *[[一世英名]] *[[一事無成]] *[[一視同仁]] *[[一手包辦]] *[[一手包攬]] *[[一手提拔]] *[[一手遮天]] *[[一身是膽]] *[[一生一世]] *[[一聲不響]] *[[一聲令下]] *[[一日千里]] *[[一日之長]] *[[一日之長]] *[[一日之雅]] *[[一日三秋]] *[[一日萬機]] *[[一字褒貶]] *[[一字半句]] *[[一字不提]] *[[一字不苟]] *[[一字不差]] *[[一字不識]] *[[一字不忘]] *[[一字千金]] *[[一字一板]] *[[一字一淚]] *[[一字一珠]] *[[一走了之]] *[[一草一木]] *[[一蹴可幾]] *[[一蹴而得]] *[[一蹴而就]] *[[一錯再錯]] *[[一寸丹心]] *[[一寸秋波]] *[[一寸赤心]] *[[一絲半氣]] *[[一絲半絲]] *[[一絲半粟]] *[[一絲不苟]] *[[一絲不掛]] *[[一絲兩縷]] *[[一絲兩氣]] *[[一絲一毫]] *[[一死一生]] *[[一色一樣]] *[[一掃而光]] *[[一掃而空]] *[[一索得男]] *[[一索成男]] *[[一歲九遷]] *[[一鞍一馬]] *[[一以貫之]] *[[一意孤行]] *[[一夜無夢]] *[[一夜無眠]] *[[一葉知秋]] *[[一搖三擺]] *[[一搖三晃]] *[[一搖一擺]] *[[一言半句]] *[[一言半字]] *[[一言半辭]] *[[一言半語]] *[[一言蔽之]] *[[一言不發]] *[[一言不合]] *[[一言難盡]] *[[一言難罄]] *[[一言兩語]] *[[一言既出]] *[[一言九鼎]] *[[一言千金]] *[[一言興邦]] *[[一言中的]] *[[一言喪邦]] *[[一言而定]] *[[一言一動]] *[[一言一行]] *[[一言為定]] *[[一眼看破]] *[[一飲而盡]] *[[一飲一啄]] *[[一氧化碳]] *[[一應俱全]] *[[一無可取]] *[[一無下落]] *[[一無長物]] *[[一無是處]] *[[一無所得]] *[[一無所好]] *[[一無所獲]] *[[一無所求]] *[[一無所知]] *[[一無所長]] *[[一無所成]] *[[一無所有]] *[[一五一十]] *[[一物不知]] *[[一物一制]] *[[一物一主]] *[[一誤再誤]] *[[一窩一拖]] *[[一窩一塊]] *[[一葦渡江]] *[[一文不名]] *[[一文不值]] *[[一文如命]] *[[一往情深]] *[[一往直前]] *[[一往無前]] *[[一網打盡]] *[[一網成擒]] *[[一望而知]] *[[一望無邊]] *[[一望無際]] *[[一望無垠]] *[[一魚兩吃]] *[[一隅之地]] *[[一隅之見]] *[[一隅三反]] *[[一雨成秋]] *[[一語不發]] *[[一語破的]] *[[一語道破]] *[[一語中人]] *[[一元復始]] *[[一勇之夫]] *[[一詠一觴]] *[[一擁而進]] *[[一擁而上]] *[[一般而言]] *[[一本初衷]] *[[一曝十寒]] *[[一飛衝天]] *[[一分一毫]] *[[一探究竟]] *[[一體兩面]] *[[一念之間]] *[[一了心願]] *[[一窺堂奧]] *[[一技在身]] *[[一較高下]] *[[一氣之下]] *[[一線曙光]] *[[一展長才]] *[[一償宿願]] *[[一石兩鳥]] *[[一如既往]] *[[一語中的]] *[[一語成讖]] *[[一躍而起]] *[[阳春白雪]] *[[掩耳盗铃]] *[[养虎为患]] *[[庸人自扰]] *[[言听计从]] *[[欲擒故纵]] *[[越俎代庖]] *[[欲言又止]] *[[一心不乱]] ==z== *[[斬草除根]] *[[斩钉截铁]] *[[只字不提]] *[[自相矛盾]] *[[自食其果]] *[[自食其力]] *[[自作自受]] *[[自力更生]] *[[作奸犯科]] *[[坐怀不乱]] *[[作壁上观]] *[[走马观花]] *[[尊师重道]] *[[左思右想]] *[[左右逢源]] *[[做贼心虚]] *[[作奸犯科]] == 来自 == *[http://idiom.rekday.com/ 成語字典] 2002年4月第1版 [[Category:附錄]] cljtthozf8nz2uaxvh9kn7d7gbmk8y7 Wiktionary:统计 4 1718 7271315 7270277 2022-07-28T03:27:28Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 與相鄰語言版本的比較 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑,以每一万个词条为单位计数。 * 近期統計圖表(區分機器人與一般用戶,選擇zhwiktionary_p,每日自動更新):[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量] * 目前的詞條數:'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''({{重新整理|更新}})。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''',在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{StatIW2 |langa=fr|langaname=法語|langb=mg|langbname=馬拉加斯語|langd=ru|langdname=俄語|lange=de|langename=德語 |d0=2022-06-28|wa0=4447136 |wb0=1741936 |wc0=1234486 |wd0=1195648 |we0=1049239 |d1=2022-06-29|wa1=4447731 |wb1=1741962 |wc1=1234550 |wd1=1195728 |we1=1049285 |d2=2022-06-30|wa2=4448310 |wb2=1741984 |wc2=1234653 |wd2=1196002 |we2=1049431 |d3=2022-07-01|wa3=4448894 |wb3=1742007 |wc3=1234843 |wd3=1196158 |we3=1049558 |d4=2022-07-02|wa4=4449403 |wb4=1742033 |wc4=1234867 |wd4=1196315 |we4=1049671 |d5=2022-07-03|wa5=4449863 |wb5=1693894 |wc5=1235187 |wd5=1196520 |we5=1049796 |d6=2022-07-04|wa6=4450241 |wb6=1687153 |wc6=1235240 |wd6=1196612 |we6=1049830 |d7=2022-07-05|wa7=4450687 |wb7=1687162 |wc7=1235273 |wd7=1196768 |we7=1049899 |d8=2022-07-06|wa8=4450942 |wb8=1687165 |wc8=1235322 |wd8=1197103 |we8=1049976 |d9=2022-07-07|wa9=4451284 |wb9=1687204 |wc9=1235379 |wd9=1197258 |we9=1050084 |d10=2022-07-08|wa10=4451656 |wb10=1687234 |wc10=1235388 |wd10=1197701 |we10=1050143 |d11=2022-07-09|wa11=4452202 |wb11=1687265 |wc11=1235432 |wd11=1198040 |we11=1050269 |d12=2022-07-10|wa12=4453792 |wb12=1687274 |wc12=1235502 |wd12=1198325 |we12=1050380 |d13=2022-07-11|wa13=4453942 |wb13=1687274 |wc13=1235632 |wd13=1198643 |we13=1050433 |d14=2022-07-12|wa14=4454010 |wb14=1687274 |wc14=1235917 |wd14=1198777 |we14=1050572 |d15=2022-07-13|wa15=4455873 |wb15=1687313 |wc15=1235196 |wd15=1199128 |we15=1050636 |d16=2022-07-14|wa16=4456036 |wb16=1687338 |wc16=1220882 |wd16=1199195 |we16=1050685 |d17=2022-07-15|wa17=4457535 |wb17=1687424 |wc17=1216321 |wd17=1199546 |we17=1050759 |d18=2022-07-16|wa18=4457881 |wb18=1691706 |wc18=1212004 |wd18=1199716 |we18=1050889 |d19=2022-07-17|wa19=4458163 |wb19=1692150 |wc19=1200306 |wd19=1199856 |we19=1050957 |d20=2022-07-18|wa20=4459109 |wb20=1697332 |wc20=1200418 |wd20=1200053 |we20=1050990 |hidebottom=1 }} {{StatIW2|hidetop=1 |langa=fr|langaname=法語|langb=mg|langbname=馬拉加斯語|langd=ru|langdname=俄語|lange=de|langename=德語 |d0=2022-07-18|wa0=4459109 |wb0=1697332 |wc0=1200418 |wd0=1200053 |we0=1050990 |d1=2022-07-19|wa1=4459529 |wb1=1710489 |wc1=1201503 |wd1=1200164 |we1=1051020 |d2=2022-07-20|wa2=4460128 |wb2=1724982 |wc2=1201937 |wd2=1200349 |we2=1051062 |d3=2022-07-21|wa3=4460608 |wb3=1751123 |wc3=1203051 |wd3=1200527 |we3=1051143 |d4=2022-07-22|wa4=4462020 |wb4=1753360 |wc4=1203995 |wd4=1200642 |we4=1051189 |d5=2022-07-23|wa5=4462495 |wb5=1753397 |wc5=1204071 |wd5=1200748 |we5=1051247 |d6=2022-07-24|wa6=4462933 |wb6=1753415 |wc6=1204218 |wd6=1200815 |we6=1051280 |d7=2022-07-25|wa7=4463769 |wb7=1753468 |wc7=1204369 |wd7=1200882 |we7=1051330 |d8=2022-07-26|wa8=4464209 |wb8=1753804 |wc8=1204445 |wd8=1201014 |we8=1051372 |d9=2022-07-27|wa9=4465025 |wb9=1753851 |wc9=1204526 |wd9=1201101 |we9=1051408 |d10=2022-07-28|wa10=4465203 |wb10=1753926 |wc10=1204825 |wd10=1201335 |we10=1051427<!-- |d11=2022-07-29|wa11=|wb11=|wc11=|wd11=|we11= |d12=2022-08-30|wa12=|wb12=|wc12=|wd12=|we12= |d13=2022-08-01|wa13=|wb13=|wc13=|wd13=|we13= |d14=2022-08-02|wa14=|wb14=|wc14=|wd14=|we14= |d15=2022-08-03|wa15=|wb15=|wc15=|wd15=|we15= |d16=2022-08-04|wa16=|wb16=|wc16=|wd16=|we16= |d17=2022-08-05|wa17=|wb17=|wc17=|wd17=|we17= |d18=2022-08-06|wa18=|wb18=|wc18=|wd18=|we18= |d19=2022-08-07|wa19=|wb19=|wc19=|wd19=|we19= |d20=2022-08-08|wa20=|wb20=|wc20=|wd20=|we20=--> | }} * 来源:[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats]<!-- 统计的具体时间为当日2时(UTC)左右,近似表示前一天的数据 --> * 关于里程碑,参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见:[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Side box |metadata=No | above = '''最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量''' | abovestyle = text-align:center | text = {{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} | below = }} {{Side box |metadata=No<!--This makes the box display on the mobile site--> | above = '''自2016年起中文維基詞典總頁面瀏覽量(時間單位:月)''' | abovestyle = text-align:center | text = {{Graph:Chart | width = 800 | height = 300 | xAxisTitle = 時間 | yAxisTitle = 瀏覽量(次) | x = 2016/01/01,2016/02/01,2016/03/01,2016/04/01,2016/05/01,2016/06/01,2016/07/01,2016/08/01,2016/09/01,2016/10/01,2016/11/01,2016/12/01,2017/01/01,2017/02/01,2017/03/01,2017/04/01,2017/05/01,2017/06/01,2017/07/01,2017/08/01,2017/09/01,2017/10/01,2017/11/01,2017/12/01,2018/01/01,2018/02/01,2018/03/01,2018/04/01,2018/05/01,2018/06/01,2018/07/01,2018/08/01,2018/09/01,2018/10/01,2018/11/01,2018/12/01,2019/01/01,2019/02/01,2019/03/01,2019/04/01,2019/05/01,2019/06/01,2019/07/01,2019/08/01,2019/09/01,2019/10/01,2019/11/01,2019/12/01,2020/01/01,2020/02/01,2020/03/01,2020/04/01,2020/05/01,2020/06/01,2020/07/01,2020/08/01,2020/09/01,2020/10/01,2020/11/01,2020/12/01,2021/01/01,2021/02/01,2021/03/01,2021/04/01,2021/05/01,2021/06/01,2021/07/01,2021/08/01,2021/09/01,2021/10/01,2021/11/01,2021/12/01,2022/01/01,2022/02/01,2022/03/01,2022/04/01 | xType = date | yAxisFormat = | showSymbols = | y1 = 10097003,10370374,8792159,8941196,7730585,8096248,6653053,7707543,10114598,7503416,6761878,8479478,6306309,7029498,7793566,8952099,7201718,7403015,9094546,8753927,8887701,8836025,7012428,8297104,9776325,7383846,6846537,6478883,7844796,6800241,7032236,8907342,8070578,8878639,7374038,10399016,8843049,11735279,15986235,6536323,7794540,6340229,6963086,7077486,7262235,8135613,7350657,5924829,5389757,6706817,5468323,6028296,7420864,8089314,9463391,8952807,8032717,7976343,8839864,8511738,9062568,9099531,9196338,11036657,13507384,12075399,13497219,15603301,16689908,15728651,14140022,16914100,13589392,14818070,19016624,15144543 }} | below = }} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! 日期 !! 浏览量 |- | 2022-04-01 || 15,144,543 |- | 2022-03-01 || 19,016,624 |- | 2022-02-01 || 14,818,070 |- | 2022-01-01 || 13,589,392 |- | 2021-12-01 || 16,914,100 |- | 2021-11-01 || 14,140,022 |- | 2021-10-01 || 15,728,651 |- | 2021-09-01 || 16,689,908 |- | 2021-08-01 || 15,603,301 |- | 2021-07-01 || 13,497,219 |- | 2021-06-01 || 12,075399 |- | 2021-05-01 || 13,507,384 |- | 2021-04-01 || 11,036,657 |- | 2021-03-01 || 9,196,338 |- | 2021-02-01 || 9,099,531 |- | 2021-01-01 || 9,062,568 |- | 2020-12-01 || 8,511,738 |- | 2020-11-01 || 8,839,864 |- | 2020-10-01 || 7,976,343 |- | 2020-09-01 || 8,032,717 |- | 2020-08-01 || 8,952,807 |- | 2020-07-01 || 9,463,391 |- | 2020-06-01 || 8,089,314 |- | 2020-05-01 || 7,420,864 |- | 2020-04-01 || 6,028,296 |- | 2020-03-01 || 5,468,323 |- | 2020-02-01 || 6,706,817 |- | 2020-01-01 || 5,389,757 |- | 2019-12-01 || 5,924,829 |- | 2019-11-01 || 7,350,657 |- | 2019-10-01 || 8,135,613 |- | 2019-09-01 || 7,262,235 |- | 2019-08-01 || 7,077,486 |- | 2019-07-01 || 6,963,086 |- | 2019-06-01 || 6,340,229 |- | 2019-05-01 || 7,794,540 |- | 2019-04-01 || 6,536,323 |- | 2019-03-01 || 15,986,235 |- | 2019-02-01 || 11,735,279 |- | 2019-01-01 || 8,843,049 |- | 2018-12-01 || 10,399,016 |- | 2018-11-01 || 7,374,038 |- | 2018-10-01 || 8,878,639 |- | 2018-09-01 || 8,070,578 |- | 2018-08-01 || 8,907,342 |- | 2018-07-01 || 7,032,236 |- | 2018-06-01 || 6,800,241 |- | 2018-05-01 || 7,844,796 |- | 2018-04-01 || 6,478,883 |- | 2018-03-01 || 6,846,537 |- | 2018-02-01 || 7,383,846 |- | 2018-01-01 || 9,776,325 |- | 2017-12-01 || 8,297,104 |- | 2017-11-01 || 7,012,428 |- | 2017-10-01 || 8,836,025 |- | 2017-09-01 || 8,887,701 |- | 2017-08-01 || 8,753,927 |- | 2017-07-01 || 9,094,546 |- | 2017-06-01 || 7,403,015 |- | 2017-05-01 || 7,201,718 |- | 2017-04-01 || 8,952,099 |- | 2017-03-01 || 7,793,566 |- | 2017-02-01 || 7,029,498 |- | 2017-01-01 || 6,306,309 |- | 2016-12-01 || 8,479,478 |- | 2016-11-01 || 6,761,878 |- | 2016-10-01 || 7,503,416 |- | 2016-09-01 || 10,114,598 |- | 2016-08-01 || 7,707,543 |- | 2016-07-01 || 6,653,053 |- | 2016-06-01 || 8,096,248 |- | 2016-05-01 || 7,730,585 |- | 2016-04-01 || 8,941,196 |- | 2016-03-01 || 8,792,159 |- | 2016-02-01 || 10,370,374 |- | 2016-01-01 || 10,097,003 |} 数据来源:[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条: {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2021 |month=9 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=4,796 |m1=98.5 |t2=咲 |cat2=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]](異體字) |v2=3,246 |m2=84.5 |alt2=-{咲}- |t3=雫 |cat3=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v3=2,581 |m3=87.9 |t4=峠 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v4=2,110 |m4=87.2 |t5=喰 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5=2,104 |m5=57.2 |t6=貓膩 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v6=2,050 |m6=90.2 |t7=雞巴 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v7=2,049 |m7=80.0 |t8=。 |cat8=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v8=2,011 |m8=97.1 |t9=味醂 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,002 |m9=80.0 |t10=明日黃花 |cat10=[[:Category:漢語成語|漢語成語]] |v10=1,889 |m10=98.9 }} 数据来源:[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date=2021-09&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{See|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:维基词典]] 3ze8viby49scery3h3ikyvkc1c4kuup Wiktionary:啤酒馆 4 2340 7271534 7270203 2022-07-28T08:18:13Z Justice305 35272 /* 漢字條目格式 */ 新章节 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Auto-archive | archive_after_last_comment = 60 | archive_to_subpage = %Y档案 }} {{/header}} {{Easy Archive|to=Wiktionary:啤酒馆/{{CURRENTYEAR}}档案}} <!-- 请于此线以下讨论,请不要移除上面的模板。谢谢。 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|<sup><span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span></sup>]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- 信息由 User:ZI Jony@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == 提议新增名字空间 == 提议在本维基新增对应英文词典'''Thesaurus'''、'''Citations'''的名字空间,'''Thesaurus'''的中文译名可以为“詞庫”或“同類詞”等(不可叫做“同义词词典”或类似的,因为它还包含有反义词、同类词等);'''Citations'''的译名可为“引文”。如果有必要也可以添加'''Rhymes'''命名空间,但是由于一般使用Category收集韵脚相同的词我认为不是很有必要。大家认为怎么样,或者有什么更好的译名,又或者有什么要在Phabricator一起提出的?--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 07:51 (UTC) : Thesaurus{{傾向支持}},Citations{{傾向中立}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]([[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 14:27 (UTC) : {{支持}}。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年4月24日 (日) 05:35 (UTC) :可以举一个例子说明所提议的命名空间内容大概长什么样子吗?以及本地可否整理一份形如[[w:WP:NS|这个]]的帮助页面。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年4月28日 (四) 17:14 (UTC) :: {{ping|Stang}}不好意思,刚刚看到。'''Thesaurus'''名字空间的话是用来存一个词语的近义词反义词等的页面,比如英语中的“[[:en:執著|執著]]”词条,里面的近义词是存在“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”内的,然后所有引用的页面只要通过模块就能直接将这个Thesaurus页面内的词嵌入到这些页面中,有个中心化的页面也便于管理近义词列表,让这些列表里面的词条都显示相同的近义词或反义词列表(点进“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”中的词条可以发现每个词条的“近义词”一节均一致),即使不使用模块将近义词列表嵌入页面中也可以引导读者访问Thesaurus页面获取近义词反义词,比如[[recluse]]页面就使用了[[Thesaurus:recluse]],对应英语中的[[:en:Thesaurus:recluse]],这样可以避免把大批的近义词反义词添加到页面内,让页面过于臃肿。至于'''Citations'''则是用来放引文的,大致的思想也和'''Thesaurus'''差不多,如[[:en:Citations:=]]。有和英文维基词典对应的名字空间以后我们搬运词条的时候也会方便些。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年5月3日 (二) 03:13 (UTC) :::多谢说明。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月4日 (三) 22:49 (UTC) ::: 感覺是個挺有用的命名空間。—— '''[[User:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[User talk:Ericliu1912|留言]]''')</sub> 2022年5月6日 (五) 13:06 (UTC) :{{支持}}。<small><s>你站怎么没有Citations命名空间的</s></small> --[[User:沈澄心|沈澄心]]([[User talk:沈澄心|留言]]) 2022年5月19日 (四) 15:04 (UTC) :訂閲這個章節很久了,加一個{{支持}}。 --<span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年5月20日 (五) 09:32 (UTC) :(+)支持, [[User:AndyPKU|AndyPKU]]([[User talk:AndyPKU|留言]]) 2022年6月3日 (五) 06:23 (UTC) [[phab:T309564|已提交]]。顺便一提,Rhymes这个命名空间[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Allpages?from=&to=&namespace=106 早就有了]。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月30日 (一) 19:30 (UTC) :插一句,根据GB/T 15238-2000 (术语工作 辞书编纂基本术语),Citations称作“书证”或“例证”(严格来说Citation是引用出版物上的用法,叫书证),Thesaurus似乎应该叫做“叙词表”,或语言学上的“类义词” [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年5月31日 (二) 02:14 (UTC) ::目前设置的alias是“词库”和“引文”(提交的时候没看到留言),如果感觉有不合适的可以进行后续修改。另外请本地管理员创建[[MediaWiki:Nstab-thesaurus]]和[[MediaWiki:Nstab-citations]]这两个页面(分别控制显示命名空间的显示名称)。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月31日 (二) 13:19 (UTC) :::看了一下[[:en:Wiktionary:Thesaurus]]的说明,Thesaurus的目的就是建立[[w:叙词表]],但是作为名字空间,似乎用叙词表不太合适,因为单独的一个Thesaurus页面,称不上是表,所以我觉得用“类义词”更为合适。 [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年6月1日 (三) 03:38 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範投票的選民反饋報告以及執行規範的修訂討論 == 通用行為準則項目團隊已經對通用行為準則[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|執行規範]]批准投票的選民反饋完成分析。2022年3月,通用行為準則執行規範草案進行了社群投票。儘管[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results/zh|投票結果]]顯示,最終總票數中有1338票為贊成票,但考量也有945票為反對票的情形下,維基媒體基金會理事會的[[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/zh|社群事務委員會]]決定要求基金會協助進行新一輪的社群諮詢、重新召集起草委員會根據投票評論欄所提出的意見完善執行規範,而後再次進行社群投票,以確保執行規範能有社群強力支持後再進行理事會的正式批准。 今年的投票一共有137個社群的選民參與投票,最多人參與的九個社群為:英語、德語、法語、俄語、波蘭語、西班牙語、中文、日語、義大利語維基百科,還有元維基。選民在投票時有機會就草案的內容做評論。一共有658名選民留下了評論。77%的評論以英語書寫。有來自24種語言的評論,數量最多的為英語(508),其次為德語(34)、日語(28)、法語(25)和俄語(12)。通用行為準則項目團隊將此報告提交給修訂起草委員會,委員會將根據這些社群反饋來完善執行規範。您可以在[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Report/zh|元維基上]]閱讀此報告。 為協助修訂委員會識別通用行為準則執行規範應改進的部分,團隊正在徵求社群對幾個問題的意見,以提供委員會審查。您覺得通用行為準則執行規範要涵蓋哪些層面、如何實際運作,才能對中文社群有最大效益?要如何實施才能解決中文社群面臨的問題?邀請您閱讀元維基上的頁面([[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh|執行規範修訂討論]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions/zh|政策文本修訂討論]])並參與新一輪的社群討論,我們會將您的想法提交給委員會。通用行為準則項目團隊也正與理事會一同制定接下來工作的時間表,並會在下個月公布。 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年5月30日 (一) 16:55 (UTC) ==[[:Category:漢語方言地圖]]出錯== 如題所有分類頁面都Lua錯誤--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 01:32 (UTC) :{{ping|Fglffer}} 我在编辑摘要写错了,要先更新[[Module:zh/data/dial]]才能更新[[Module:Zh-dial-map‎]]。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:25 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 閣下這樣修改就把之前的連結全部換成英文的了,group也變成英文的了。還有[[Module:Zh-dial-map]]有什麼修改的必要嗎,原來應該也沒有什麼問題吧。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:46 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 這個需要引進英語那邊的JS腳本,我要幾天測試一下,通過了再更新。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 03:09 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範:修訂討論進行中 == [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|通用行為準則執行規範草案]]的修訂期仍在進行中,邀請各位參與[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/topic/97 運動策略論壇上的討論],發表您對[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#培訓|培訓]]、對通用行為準則表達[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#肯定|肯定]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#平衡隱私及正當程序|平衡隱私及正當程序]]這幾個部分的看法。當然您若對其他部分有任何看法,也歡迎您提出,以供修訂委員會修改草案。謝謝各位! 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年6月16日 (四) 13:29 (UTC) == 關於片假名名字 == *因為滿難解釋清楚,理由詳見[https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97 片假名名字] :據我所知,除了虛構角色的人名之外,另一種常見的用途是表示匿名,將原本的日文名字的發音轉換成片假名表示,而沒寫漢字。所以,片假名並不是只能用在外來語。 :還是社群有方針或共識,見不得片假名的非外來語人名條目?不然我也不太想看到編輯戰。 :明明日文維基百科那邊{{w|ノア|lang=ja}}條目裡有【漢字表記】的段落,說明敘述是【のあ (Noa)と読む日本人女性。】 :請各位參與討論,表示一下您的看法。 :-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月18日 (六) 11:13 (UTC) ::目前社群並沒有關於此的方針或共識,但英語詞典通常把日語人名放在平假名詞目中。或可在[[ノア]]的詞源2放置一個軟重定向,指向對應的平假名頁面[[のあ]]。另@[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年6月18日 (六) 12:39 (UTC) ::*用{{T1|softredirect}}嗎? 還是有更適合的模板?[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:03 (UTC) ::*先用{{T1|also}}把平假名與片假名條目互接。之後再看怎麼用消歧異模板表示?至於以前寫過得的片假名人名條目,我之後再慢慢再改名搬。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:27 (UTC) ::*多加一個新模板 {{T1|ja-name-to}},如果還有不妥的地方,請協助修改敘述。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 09:24 (UTC) ::::我會傾向保留日本傳統名字讀法,刪除[[:キラキラネーム]]讀法。如果覺得我判斷不妥,望告知。--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 12:52 (UTC) ::* 有人還在跟我玩編輯戰,已經在合併片假名人名到平假名了,結果又被蓋掉。如果還不肯保留這種片假名的軟重定向,請問該如何解釋【キリト】這類的名字被翻譯成【桐人】的原因?還是要我把{{T1|ja-name-to}}改成放在條目頂端的消歧異?還是維基詞典有辦法在沒有片假名條目時,自動重定向到同音的平假名條目?還是需要我用附錄的方式,去建立一份片假名到平假名的轉換表?-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 13:39 (UTC) *題外話,[[:キラキラネーム]]裡的範例解釋,怪怪的?日文人名,【王子】與【肇】都是,但是【王子様】不是。如果名字不是三個字,而是【王子】+敬稱(様),那麼範例的解釋就會很奇怪。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 15:37 (UTC) ::這裡的王子様是キラキラネーム,後面的方框是翻譯這個詞的字面意思。我是這樣理解的?--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 02:42 (UTC) ::::*抱歉我解釋不夠清楚,條目裡寫【由於一名男子將自己的名字從王子様[王子]改為肇的新聞】,可是反了,應該是【由於一名男子將自己的名字從肇改為王子様的新聞】。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]])2022年6月21日 (二) 05:26 (UTC) :::::*用「王子様 + 肇」找到以下新聞,[https://news.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/world/breakingnews/2721144 1]、[https://www.ettoday.net/amp/amp_news.php7?news_id=1395789 2],看起來意思沒有錯?先按照中文新聞改為「王子殿下」好了--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 05:58 (UTC) *殘念,[[Appendix:日本人名辞書]]光是放姓,就爆檔了,沒辦法寫在一起,網站無法正常顯示。原本的詞典檔就是第一欄位通常寫漢字,最後的欄位寫片假名。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 18:32 (UTC) == 关闭本站上传功能 == 灵感来自[[Wikisource:写字间/存档/2021#稍微重提一下本地上传功能问题吧|隔壁文库]]。现阶段本地仅允许管理员上传文件到本地;由于本地没有合理使用相关方针,且并不存在[[Special:MediaStatistics|上传到本地的必要]](本地仅存的几个文件已被全部提删),在此提议彻底禁用本地上传的功能。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年6月20日 (一) 20:07 (UTC) :{{支持}} <span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年7月13日 (三) 11:48 (UTC) == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|留言]]) 2022年7月4日 (一) 16:13 (UTC) </div> <!-- 信息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == 提出能用於2022年選舉指南針的聲明 == 邀請有意願參加[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]]的各位[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明]]。 選舉指南針是幫助投票者選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票者將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/不同意/中立)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: 7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。 7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。 7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 在八月初,選舉委員會將選出排名前15名的聲明。選舉委員會將負責監督此流程,並由運動策略與治理團隊支援。運動策略與治理團隊將檢查問題是否清晰、重複,是否有錯別字等。 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月8日 (五) 17:17 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 关于跨维基导入者(transwiki)的建议 == 中文系列的小维基项目可以将中文维基百科等站点的页面跨维基导入到Transwiki空间。似乎是历史遗留的原因,跨维基导入者这一用户组在一些历史比较悠久的项目上只能由监管员授予,而某些较新的项目就允许管理员授予;因此在本站提议允许管理员授予跨维基导入者这一权限,以减少不便。受影响的项目包括维基词典(本站)、维基教科书、维基语录、维基文库。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:36 (UTC) :{{中立}}:个人认为这个权限还是较少授予的,实在特殊情况特殊处理即可。 -- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:56 (UTC) == 公布進入社群投票階段的六名理事會候選人 == 各位好, '''自治體代表已經完成投票。'''自治體代表透過閱讀候選人聲明、候選人對提問的回答以及考慮分析委員會的評級來了解候選人。被選出進行下階段投票的2022年理事會候選人為: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[m:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) 您可以閱讀更多有關這次理事會選舉的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|結果]]與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|統計數據]]。 再次感謝自治體代表以及分析委員會成員參與此流程,並協助增強理事會的能力與多元性。 '''接下來則為社群投票期。'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|相關時間表在此]]。準備社群投票期的參與,社群成員可以透過下列方式: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|閱讀候選人聲明]]以及[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|候選人對自治體代表提問的回答]]。 * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|提出並選擇六個問題供候選人在影片問答中回答]].</span> * 查看[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|分析委員會對各候選人聲明的評級]]。 * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|為選舉指南針提議聲明]](提醒大家今天是最後一天),投票人能用此工具找到最符合他們原則的候選人。 * 鼓勵您社群其他成員參與投票。 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月20日 (三) 11:12 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 投票選出用於選舉指南針的聲明 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| 您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好, 邀請您參與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]][[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|使用於選舉指南針聲明的投票]]。您可以在元維基上投票給您想在選舉指南針裡看到的聲明。 選舉指南針是幫助投票人選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票人將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/中立/不同意)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: *<s>7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。</s> *<s>7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。</s> *7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 *8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 *8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 *8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 選舉委員會將在8月初選出前15名的聲明 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊敬上 ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 2022年7月26日 (二) 17:38 (UTC) <!-- 信息由 User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/zh&oldid=22008825 --> == 漢字條目格式 == 在[[Wiktionary:啤酒馆/2022档案#批量修改单字条目]],已提出問題未獲管理員回復,而目前IP仍堅持用英文維基格式修改,未經社群討論。我的看法依然是[[Wiktionary:维基百科版首页]]有說'''中文維基詞典不是英文維基詞典的翻譯版本。中文維基詞典的詞條不一定都要與英文版相同。你可以參考英文版的內容,但不必完全照譯。'''例如「跨語言」是基於英文維基角度,對漢字圈國家來說是多餘格式,日韓維基也沒這樣做。這裡是中文維基,好的要引用學習而不是照抄,人家的母語是英文,我們是使用漢字的中文。還有"usage note"可以翻「用法辨析」,解釋彈性比「使用說明」大,可是他們也不接受,社群是不是該建立屬於中文維基的漢字格式,建議照前述小修即可。 也麻煩編輯的IP維基人能否來對話,而不是一股腦兒照搬英文維基的內容。 [[User:Justice305|Justice305]]([[User talk:Justice305|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:18 (UTC) cftt79znefjvyd5z3mkr6tw1mhh03dq 7271549 7271534 2022-07-28T08:41:18Z Hzy980512 19278 /* 漢字條目格式 */ 回复 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Auto-archive | archive_after_last_comment = 60 | archive_to_subpage = %Y档案 }} {{/header}} {{Easy Archive|to=Wiktionary:啤酒馆/{{CURRENTYEAR}}档案}} <!-- 请于此线以下讨论,请不要移除上面的模板。谢谢。 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|<sup><span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span></sup>]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- 信息由 User:ZI Jony@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == 提议新增名字空间 == 提议在本维基新增对应英文词典'''Thesaurus'''、'''Citations'''的名字空间,'''Thesaurus'''的中文译名可以为“詞庫”或“同類詞”等(不可叫做“同义词词典”或类似的,因为它还包含有反义词、同类词等);'''Citations'''的译名可为“引文”。如果有必要也可以添加'''Rhymes'''命名空间,但是由于一般使用Category收集韵脚相同的词我认为不是很有必要。大家认为怎么样,或者有什么更好的译名,又或者有什么要在Phabricator一起提出的?--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 07:51 (UTC) : Thesaurus{{傾向支持}},Citations{{傾向中立}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]([[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 14:27 (UTC) : {{支持}}。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年4月24日 (日) 05:35 (UTC) :可以举一个例子说明所提议的命名空间内容大概长什么样子吗?以及本地可否整理一份形如[[w:WP:NS|这个]]的帮助页面。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年4月28日 (四) 17:14 (UTC) :: {{ping|Stang}}不好意思,刚刚看到。'''Thesaurus'''名字空间的话是用来存一个词语的近义词反义词等的页面,比如英语中的“[[:en:執著|執著]]”词条,里面的近义词是存在“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”内的,然后所有引用的页面只要通过模块就能直接将这个Thesaurus页面内的词嵌入到这些页面中,有个中心化的页面也便于管理近义词列表,让这些列表里面的词条都显示相同的近义词或反义词列表(点进“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”中的词条可以发现每个词条的“近义词”一节均一致),即使不使用模块将近义词列表嵌入页面中也可以引导读者访问Thesaurus页面获取近义词反义词,比如[[recluse]]页面就使用了[[Thesaurus:recluse]],对应英语中的[[:en:Thesaurus:recluse]],这样可以避免把大批的近义词反义词添加到页面内,让页面过于臃肿。至于'''Citations'''则是用来放引文的,大致的思想也和'''Thesaurus'''差不多,如[[:en:Citations:=]]。有和英文维基词典对应的名字空间以后我们搬运词条的时候也会方便些。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年5月3日 (二) 03:13 (UTC) :::多谢说明。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月4日 (三) 22:49 (UTC) ::: 感覺是個挺有用的命名空間。—— '''[[User:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[User talk:Ericliu1912|留言]]''')</sub> 2022年5月6日 (五) 13:06 (UTC) :{{支持}}。<small><s>你站怎么没有Citations命名空间的</s></small> --[[User:沈澄心|沈澄心]]([[User talk:沈澄心|留言]]) 2022年5月19日 (四) 15:04 (UTC) :訂閲這個章節很久了,加一個{{支持}}。 --<span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年5月20日 (五) 09:32 (UTC) :(+)支持, [[User:AndyPKU|AndyPKU]]([[User talk:AndyPKU|留言]]) 2022年6月3日 (五) 06:23 (UTC) [[phab:T309564|已提交]]。顺便一提,Rhymes这个命名空间[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Allpages?from=&to=&namespace=106 早就有了]。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月30日 (一) 19:30 (UTC) :插一句,根据GB/T 15238-2000 (术语工作 辞书编纂基本术语),Citations称作“书证”或“例证”(严格来说Citation是引用出版物上的用法,叫书证),Thesaurus似乎应该叫做“叙词表”,或语言学上的“类义词” [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年5月31日 (二) 02:14 (UTC) ::目前设置的alias是“词库”和“引文”(提交的时候没看到留言),如果感觉有不合适的可以进行后续修改。另外请本地管理员创建[[MediaWiki:Nstab-thesaurus]]和[[MediaWiki:Nstab-citations]]这两个页面(分别控制显示命名空间的显示名称)。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月31日 (二) 13:19 (UTC) :::看了一下[[:en:Wiktionary:Thesaurus]]的说明,Thesaurus的目的就是建立[[w:叙词表]],但是作为名字空间,似乎用叙词表不太合适,因为单独的一个Thesaurus页面,称不上是表,所以我觉得用“类义词”更为合适。 [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年6月1日 (三) 03:38 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範投票的選民反饋報告以及執行規範的修訂討論 == 通用行為準則項目團隊已經對通用行為準則[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|執行規範]]批准投票的選民反饋完成分析。2022年3月,通用行為準則執行規範草案進行了社群投票。儘管[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results/zh|投票結果]]顯示,最終總票數中有1338票為贊成票,但考量也有945票為反對票的情形下,維基媒體基金會理事會的[[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/zh|社群事務委員會]]決定要求基金會協助進行新一輪的社群諮詢、重新召集起草委員會根據投票評論欄所提出的意見完善執行規範,而後再次進行社群投票,以確保執行規範能有社群強力支持後再進行理事會的正式批准。 今年的投票一共有137個社群的選民參與投票,最多人參與的九個社群為:英語、德語、法語、俄語、波蘭語、西班牙語、中文、日語、義大利語維基百科,還有元維基。選民在投票時有機會就草案的內容做評論。一共有658名選民留下了評論。77%的評論以英語書寫。有來自24種語言的評論,數量最多的為英語(508),其次為德語(34)、日語(28)、法語(25)和俄語(12)。通用行為準則項目團隊將此報告提交給修訂起草委員會,委員會將根據這些社群反饋來完善執行規範。您可以在[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Report/zh|元維基上]]閱讀此報告。 為協助修訂委員會識別通用行為準則執行規範應改進的部分,團隊正在徵求社群對幾個問題的意見,以提供委員會審查。您覺得通用行為準則執行規範要涵蓋哪些層面、如何實際運作,才能對中文社群有最大效益?要如何實施才能解決中文社群面臨的問題?邀請您閱讀元維基上的頁面([[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh|執行規範修訂討論]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions/zh|政策文本修訂討論]])並參與新一輪的社群討論,我們會將您的想法提交給委員會。通用行為準則項目團隊也正與理事會一同制定接下來工作的時間表,並會在下個月公布。 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年5月30日 (一) 16:55 (UTC) ==[[:Category:漢語方言地圖]]出錯== 如題所有分類頁面都Lua錯誤--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 01:32 (UTC) :{{ping|Fglffer}} 我在编辑摘要写错了,要先更新[[Module:zh/data/dial]]才能更新[[Module:Zh-dial-map‎]]。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:25 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 閣下這樣修改就把之前的連結全部換成英文的了,group也變成英文的了。還有[[Module:Zh-dial-map]]有什麼修改的必要嗎,原來應該也沒有什麼問題吧。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:46 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 這個需要引進英語那邊的JS腳本,我要幾天測試一下,通過了再更新。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 03:09 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範:修訂討論進行中 == [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|通用行為準則執行規範草案]]的修訂期仍在進行中,邀請各位參與[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/topic/97 運動策略論壇上的討論],發表您對[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#培訓|培訓]]、對通用行為準則表達[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#肯定|肯定]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#平衡隱私及正當程序|平衡隱私及正當程序]]這幾個部分的看法。當然您若對其他部分有任何看法,也歡迎您提出,以供修訂委員會修改草案。謝謝各位! 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年6月16日 (四) 13:29 (UTC) == 關於片假名名字 == *因為滿難解釋清楚,理由詳見[https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97 片假名名字] :據我所知,除了虛構角色的人名之外,另一種常見的用途是表示匿名,將原本的日文名字的發音轉換成片假名表示,而沒寫漢字。所以,片假名並不是只能用在外來語。 :還是社群有方針或共識,見不得片假名的非外來語人名條目?不然我也不太想看到編輯戰。 :明明日文維基百科那邊{{w|ノア|lang=ja}}條目裡有【漢字表記】的段落,說明敘述是【のあ (Noa)と読む日本人女性。】 :請各位參與討論,表示一下您的看法。 :-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月18日 (六) 11:13 (UTC) ::目前社群並沒有關於此的方針或共識,但英語詞典通常把日語人名放在平假名詞目中。或可在[[ノア]]的詞源2放置一個軟重定向,指向對應的平假名頁面[[のあ]]。另@[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年6月18日 (六) 12:39 (UTC) ::*用{{T1|softredirect}}嗎? 還是有更適合的模板?[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:03 (UTC) ::*先用{{T1|also}}把平假名與片假名條目互接。之後再看怎麼用消歧異模板表示?至於以前寫過得的片假名人名條目,我之後再慢慢再改名搬。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:27 (UTC) ::*多加一個新模板 {{T1|ja-name-to}},如果還有不妥的地方,請協助修改敘述。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 09:24 (UTC) ::::我會傾向保留日本傳統名字讀法,刪除[[:キラキラネーム]]讀法。如果覺得我判斷不妥,望告知。--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 12:52 (UTC) ::* 有人還在跟我玩編輯戰,已經在合併片假名人名到平假名了,結果又被蓋掉。如果還不肯保留這種片假名的軟重定向,請問該如何解釋【キリト】這類的名字被翻譯成【桐人】的原因?還是要我把{{T1|ja-name-to}}改成放在條目頂端的消歧異?還是維基詞典有辦法在沒有片假名條目時,自動重定向到同音的平假名條目?還是需要我用附錄的方式,去建立一份片假名到平假名的轉換表?-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 13:39 (UTC) *題外話,[[:キラキラネーム]]裡的範例解釋,怪怪的?日文人名,【王子】與【肇】都是,但是【王子様】不是。如果名字不是三個字,而是【王子】+敬稱(様),那麼範例的解釋就會很奇怪。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 15:37 (UTC) ::這裡的王子様是キラキラネーム,後面的方框是翻譯這個詞的字面意思。我是這樣理解的?--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 02:42 (UTC) ::::*抱歉我解釋不夠清楚,條目裡寫【由於一名男子將自己的名字從王子様[王子]改為肇的新聞】,可是反了,應該是【由於一名男子將自己的名字從肇改為王子様的新聞】。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]])2022年6月21日 (二) 05:26 (UTC) :::::*用「王子様 + 肇」找到以下新聞,[https://news.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/world/breakingnews/2721144 1]、[https://www.ettoday.net/amp/amp_news.php7?news_id=1395789 2],看起來意思沒有錯?先按照中文新聞改為「王子殿下」好了--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 05:58 (UTC) *殘念,[[Appendix:日本人名辞書]]光是放姓,就爆檔了,沒辦法寫在一起,網站無法正常顯示。原本的詞典檔就是第一欄位通常寫漢字,最後的欄位寫片假名。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 18:32 (UTC) == 关闭本站上传功能 == 灵感来自[[Wikisource:写字间/存档/2021#稍微重提一下本地上传功能问题吧|隔壁文库]]。现阶段本地仅允许管理员上传文件到本地;由于本地没有合理使用相关方针,且并不存在[[Special:MediaStatistics|上传到本地的必要]](本地仅存的几个文件已被全部提删),在此提议彻底禁用本地上传的功能。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年6月20日 (一) 20:07 (UTC) :{{支持}} <span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年7月13日 (三) 11:48 (UTC) == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|留言]]) 2022年7月4日 (一) 16:13 (UTC) </div> <!-- 信息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == 提出能用於2022年選舉指南針的聲明 == 邀請有意願參加[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]]的各位[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明]]。 選舉指南針是幫助投票者選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票者將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/不同意/中立)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: 7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。 7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。 7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 在八月初,選舉委員會將選出排名前15名的聲明。選舉委員會將負責監督此流程,並由運動策略與治理團隊支援。運動策略與治理團隊將檢查問題是否清晰、重複,是否有錯別字等。 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月8日 (五) 17:17 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 关于跨维基导入者(transwiki)的建议 == 中文系列的小维基项目可以将中文维基百科等站点的页面跨维基导入到Transwiki空间。似乎是历史遗留的原因,跨维基导入者这一用户组在一些历史比较悠久的项目上只能由监管员授予,而某些较新的项目就允许管理员授予;因此在本站提议允许管理员授予跨维基导入者这一权限,以减少不便。受影响的项目包括维基词典(本站)、维基教科书、维基语录、维基文库。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:36 (UTC) :{{中立}}:个人认为这个权限还是较少授予的,实在特殊情况特殊处理即可。 -- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:56 (UTC) == 公布進入社群投票階段的六名理事會候選人 == 各位好, '''自治體代表已經完成投票。'''自治體代表透過閱讀候選人聲明、候選人對提問的回答以及考慮分析委員會的評級來了解候選人。被選出進行下階段投票的2022年理事會候選人為: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[m:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) 您可以閱讀更多有關這次理事會選舉的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|結果]]與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|統計數據]]。 再次感謝自治體代表以及分析委員會成員參與此流程,並協助增強理事會的能力與多元性。 '''接下來則為社群投票期。'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|相關時間表在此]]。準備社群投票期的參與,社群成員可以透過下列方式: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|閱讀候選人聲明]]以及[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|候選人對自治體代表提問的回答]]。 * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|提出並選擇六個問題供候選人在影片問答中回答]].</span> * 查看[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|分析委員會對各候選人聲明的評級]]。 * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|為選舉指南針提議聲明]](提醒大家今天是最後一天),投票人能用此工具找到最符合他們原則的候選人。 * 鼓勵您社群其他成員參與投票。 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月20日 (三) 11:12 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 投票選出用於選舉指南針的聲明 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| 您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好, 邀請您參與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]][[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|使用於選舉指南針聲明的投票]]。您可以在元維基上投票給您想在選舉指南針裡看到的聲明。 選舉指南針是幫助投票人選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票人將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/中立/不同意)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: *<s>7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。</s> *<s>7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。</s> *7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 *8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 *8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 *8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 選舉委員會將在8月初選出前15名的聲明 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊敬上 ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 2022年7月26日 (二) 17:38 (UTC) <!-- 信息由 User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/zh&oldid=22008825 --> == 漢字條目格式 == 在[[Wiktionary:啤酒馆/2022档案#批量修改单字条目]],已提出問題未獲管理員回復,而目前IP仍堅持用英文維基格式修改,未經社群討論。我的看法依然是[[Wiktionary:维基百科版首页]]有說'''中文維基詞典不是英文維基詞典的翻譯版本。中文維基詞典的詞條不一定都要與英文版相同。你可以參考英文版的內容,但不必完全照譯。'''例如「跨語言」是基於英文維基角度,對漢字圈國家來說是多餘格式,日韓維基也沒這樣做。這裡是中文維基,好的要引用學習而不是照抄,人家的母語是英文,我們是使用漢字的中文。還有"usage note"可以翻「用法辨析」,解釋彈性比「使用說明」大,可是他們也不接受,社群是不是該建立屬於中文維基的漢字格式,建議照前述小修即可。 也麻煩編輯的IP維基人能否來對話,而不是一股腦兒照搬英文維基的內容。 [[User:Justice305|Justice305]]([[User talk:Justice305|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:18 (UTC) :其他部分有待商榷,但是“跨語言”是廣泛使用的模塊[[Module:Languages]]規定的,所有漢字沒有單獨的語言,必須都歸在跨語言一節下面,這樣才能方便{{temp|l}}等模板定位以及自動生成分類。--- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:41 (UTC) 4eyxih0vfv9w0emj6scdhd5n6451kfq 7271554 7271549 2022-07-28T08:43:23Z Hzy980512 19278 /* 漢字條目格式 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Auto-archive | archive_after_last_comment = 60 | archive_to_subpage = %Y档案 }} {{/header}} {{Easy Archive|to=Wiktionary:啤酒馆/{{CURRENTYEAR}}档案}} <!-- 请于此线以下讨论,请不要移除上面的模板。谢谢。 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|<sup><span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span></sup>]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- 信息由 User:ZI Jony@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == 提议新增名字空间 == 提议在本维基新增对应英文词典'''Thesaurus'''、'''Citations'''的名字空间,'''Thesaurus'''的中文译名可以为“詞庫”或“同類詞”等(不可叫做“同义词词典”或类似的,因为它还包含有反义词、同类词等);'''Citations'''的译名可为“引文”。如果有必要也可以添加'''Rhymes'''命名空间,但是由于一般使用Category收集韵脚相同的词我认为不是很有必要。大家认为怎么样,或者有什么更好的译名,又或者有什么要在Phabricator一起提出的?--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 07:51 (UTC) : Thesaurus{{傾向支持}},Citations{{傾向中立}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]([[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 14:27 (UTC) : {{支持}}。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年4月24日 (日) 05:35 (UTC) :可以举一个例子说明所提议的命名空间内容大概长什么样子吗?以及本地可否整理一份形如[[w:WP:NS|这个]]的帮助页面。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年4月28日 (四) 17:14 (UTC) :: {{ping|Stang}}不好意思,刚刚看到。'''Thesaurus'''名字空间的话是用来存一个词语的近义词反义词等的页面,比如英语中的“[[:en:執著|執著]]”词条,里面的近义词是存在“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”内的,然后所有引用的页面只要通过模块就能直接将这个Thesaurus页面内的词嵌入到这些页面中,有个中心化的页面也便于管理近义词列表,让这些列表里面的词条都显示相同的近义词或反义词列表(点进“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”中的词条可以发现每个词条的“近义词”一节均一致),即使不使用模块将近义词列表嵌入页面中也可以引导读者访问Thesaurus页面获取近义词反义词,比如[[recluse]]页面就使用了[[Thesaurus:recluse]],对应英语中的[[:en:Thesaurus:recluse]],这样可以避免把大批的近义词反义词添加到页面内,让页面过于臃肿。至于'''Citations'''则是用来放引文的,大致的思想也和'''Thesaurus'''差不多,如[[:en:Citations:=]]。有和英文维基词典对应的名字空间以后我们搬运词条的时候也会方便些。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年5月3日 (二) 03:13 (UTC) :::多谢说明。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月4日 (三) 22:49 (UTC) ::: 感覺是個挺有用的命名空間。—— '''[[User:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[User talk:Ericliu1912|留言]]''')</sub> 2022年5月6日 (五) 13:06 (UTC) :{{支持}}。<small><s>你站怎么没有Citations命名空间的</s></small> --[[User:沈澄心|沈澄心]]([[User talk:沈澄心|留言]]) 2022年5月19日 (四) 15:04 (UTC) :訂閲這個章節很久了,加一個{{支持}}。 --<span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年5月20日 (五) 09:32 (UTC) :(+)支持, [[User:AndyPKU|AndyPKU]]([[User talk:AndyPKU|留言]]) 2022年6月3日 (五) 06:23 (UTC) [[phab:T309564|已提交]]。顺便一提,Rhymes这个命名空间[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Allpages?from=&to=&namespace=106 早就有了]。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月30日 (一) 19:30 (UTC) :插一句,根据GB/T 15238-2000 (术语工作 辞书编纂基本术语),Citations称作“书证”或“例证”(严格来说Citation是引用出版物上的用法,叫书证),Thesaurus似乎应该叫做“叙词表”,或语言学上的“类义词” [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年5月31日 (二) 02:14 (UTC) ::目前设置的alias是“词库”和“引文”(提交的时候没看到留言),如果感觉有不合适的可以进行后续修改。另外请本地管理员创建[[MediaWiki:Nstab-thesaurus]]和[[MediaWiki:Nstab-citations]]这两个页面(分别控制显示命名空间的显示名称)。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月31日 (二) 13:19 (UTC) :::看了一下[[:en:Wiktionary:Thesaurus]]的说明,Thesaurus的目的就是建立[[w:叙词表]],但是作为名字空间,似乎用叙词表不太合适,因为单独的一个Thesaurus页面,称不上是表,所以我觉得用“类义词”更为合适。 [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年6月1日 (三) 03:38 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範投票的選民反饋報告以及執行規範的修訂討論 == 通用行為準則項目團隊已經對通用行為準則[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|執行規範]]批准投票的選民反饋完成分析。2022年3月,通用行為準則執行規範草案進行了社群投票。儘管[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results/zh|投票結果]]顯示,最終總票數中有1338票為贊成票,但考量也有945票為反對票的情形下,維基媒體基金會理事會的[[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/zh|社群事務委員會]]決定要求基金會協助進行新一輪的社群諮詢、重新召集起草委員會根據投票評論欄所提出的意見完善執行規範,而後再次進行社群投票,以確保執行規範能有社群強力支持後再進行理事會的正式批准。 今年的投票一共有137個社群的選民參與投票,最多人參與的九個社群為:英語、德語、法語、俄語、波蘭語、西班牙語、中文、日語、義大利語維基百科,還有元維基。選民在投票時有機會就草案的內容做評論。一共有658名選民留下了評論。77%的評論以英語書寫。有來自24種語言的評論,數量最多的為英語(508),其次為德語(34)、日語(28)、法語(25)和俄語(12)。通用行為準則項目團隊將此報告提交給修訂起草委員會,委員會將根據這些社群反饋來完善執行規範。您可以在[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Report/zh|元維基上]]閱讀此報告。 為協助修訂委員會識別通用行為準則執行規範應改進的部分,團隊正在徵求社群對幾個問題的意見,以提供委員會審查。您覺得通用行為準則執行規範要涵蓋哪些層面、如何實際運作,才能對中文社群有最大效益?要如何實施才能解決中文社群面臨的問題?邀請您閱讀元維基上的頁面([[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh|執行規範修訂討論]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions/zh|政策文本修訂討論]])並參與新一輪的社群討論,我們會將您的想法提交給委員會。通用行為準則項目團隊也正與理事會一同制定接下來工作的時間表,並會在下個月公布。 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年5月30日 (一) 16:55 (UTC) ==[[:Category:漢語方言地圖]]出錯== 如題所有分類頁面都Lua錯誤--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 01:32 (UTC) :{{ping|Fglffer}} 我在编辑摘要写错了,要先更新[[Module:zh/data/dial]]才能更新[[Module:Zh-dial-map‎]]。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:25 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 閣下這樣修改就把之前的連結全部換成英文的了,group也變成英文的了。還有[[Module:Zh-dial-map]]有什麼修改的必要嗎,原來應該也沒有什麼問題吧。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:46 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 這個需要引進英語那邊的JS腳本,我要幾天測試一下,通過了再更新。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 03:09 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範:修訂討論進行中 == [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|通用行為準則執行規範草案]]的修訂期仍在進行中,邀請各位參與[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/topic/97 運動策略論壇上的討論],發表您對[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#培訓|培訓]]、對通用行為準則表達[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#肯定|肯定]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#平衡隱私及正當程序|平衡隱私及正當程序]]這幾個部分的看法。當然您若對其他部分有任何看法,也歡迎您提出,以供修訂委員會修改草案。謝謝各位! 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年6月16日 (四) 13:29 (UTC) == 關於片假名名字 == *因為滿難解釋清楚,理由詳見[https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97 片假名名字] :據我所知,除了虛構角色的人名之外,另一種常見的用途是表示匿名,將原本的日文名字的發音轉換成片假名表示,而沒寫漢字。所以,片假名並不是只能用在外來語。 :還是社群有方針或共識,見不得片假名的非外來語人名條目?不然我也不太想看到編輯戰。 :明明日文維基百科那邊{{w|ノア|lang=ja}}條目裡有【漢字表記】的段落,說明敘述是【のあ (Noa)と読む日本人女性。】 :請各位參與討論,表示一下您的看法。 :-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月18日 (六) 11:13 (UTC) ::目前社群並沒有關於此的方針或共識,但英語詞典通常把日語人名放在平假名詞目中。或可在[[ノア]]的詞源2放置一個軟重定向,指向對應的平假名頁面[[のあ]]。另@[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年6月18日 (六) 12:39 (UTC) ::*用{{T1|softredirect}}嗎? 還是有更適合的模板?[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:03 (UTC) ::*先用{{T1|also}}把平假名與片假名條目互接。之後再看怎麼用消歧異模板表示?至於以前寫過得的片假名人名條目,我之後再慢慢再改名搬。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:27 (UTC) ::*多加一個新模板 {{T1|ja-name-to}},如果還有不妥的地方,請協助修改敘述。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 09:24 (UTC) ::::我會傾向保留日本傳統名字讀法,刪除[[:キラキラネーム]]讀法。如果覺得我判斷不妥,望告知。--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 12:52 (UTC) ::* 有人還在跟我玩編輯戰,已經在合併片假名人名到平假名了,結果又被蓋掉。如果還不肯保留這種片假名的軟重定向,請問該如何解釋【キリト】這類的名字被翻譯成【桐人】的原因?還是要我把{{T1|ja-name-to}}改成放在條目頂端的消歧異?還是維基詞典有辦法在沒有片假名條目時,自動重定向到同音的平假名條目?還是需要我用附錄的方式,去建立一份片假名到平假名的轉換表?-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 13:39 (UTC) *題外話,[[:キラキラネーム]]裡的範例解釋,怪怪的?日文人名,【王子】與【肇】都是,但是【王子様】不是。如果名字不是三個字,而是【王子】+敬稱(様),那麼範例的解釋就會很奇怪。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 15:37 (UTC) ::這裡的王子様是キラキラネーム,後面的方框是翻譯這個詞的字面意思。我是這樣理解的?--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 02:42 (UTC) ::::*抱歉我解釋不夠清楚,條目裡寫【由於一名男子將自己的名字從王子様[王子]改為肇的新聞】,可是反了,應該是【由於一名男子將自己的名字從肇改為王子様的新聞】。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]])2022年6月21日 (二) 05:26 (UTC) :::::*用「王子様 + 肇」找到以下新聞,[https://news.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/world/breakingnews/2721144 1]、[https://www.ettoday.net/amp/amp_news.php7?news_id=1395789 2],看起來意思沒有錯?先按照中文新聞改為「王子殿下」好了--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 05:58 (UTC) *殘念,[[Appendix:日本人名辞書]]光是放姓,就爆檔了,沒辦法寫在一起,網站無法正常顯示。原本的詞典檔就是第一欄位通常寫漢字,最後的欄位寫片假名。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 18:32 (UTC) == 关闭本站上传功能 == 灵感来自[[Wikisource:写字间/存档/2021#稍微重提一下本地上传功能问题吧|隔壁文库]]。现阶段本地仅允许管理员上传文件到本地;由于本地没有合理使用相关方针,且并不存在[[Special:MediaStatistics|上传到本地的必要]](本地仅存的几个文件已被全部提删),在此提议彻底禁用本地上传的功能。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年6月20日 (一) 20:07 (UTC) :{{支持}} <span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年7月13日 (三) 11:48 (UTC) == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|留言]]) 2022年7月4日 (一) 16:13 (UTC) </div> <!-- 信息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == 提出能用於2022年選舉指南針的聲明 == 邀請有意願參加[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]]的各位[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明]]。 選舉指南針是幫助投票者選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票者將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/不同意/中立)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: 7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。 7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。 7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 在八月初,選舉委員會將選出排名前15名的聲明。選舉委員會將負責監督此流程,並由運動策略與治理團隊支援。運動策略與治理團隊將檢查問題是否清晰、重複,是否有錯別字等。 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月8日 (五) 17:17 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 关于跨维基导入者(transwiki)的建议 == 中文系列的小维基项目可以将中文维基百科等站点的页面跨维基导入到Transwiki空间。似乎是历史遗留的原因,跨维基导入者这一用户组在一些历史比较悠久的项目上只能由监管员授予,而某些较新的项目就允许管理员授予;因此在本站提议允许管理员授予跨维基导入者这一权限,以减少不便。受影响的项目包括维基词典(本站)、维基教科书、维基语录、维基文库。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:36 (UTC) :{{中立}}:个人认为这个权限还是较少授予的,实在特殊情况特殊处理即可。 -- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:56 (UTC) == 公布進入社群投票階段的六名理事會候選人 == 各位好, '''自治體代表已經完成投票。'''自治體代表透過閱讀候選人聲明、候選人對提問的回答以及考慮分析委員會的評級來了解候選人。被選出進行下階段投票的2022年理事會候選人為: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[m:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) 您可以閱讀更多有關這次理事會選舉的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|結果]]與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|統計數據]]。 再次感謝自治體代表以及分析委員會成員參與此流程,並協助增強理事會的能力與多元性。 '''接下來則為社群投票期。'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|相關時間表在此]]。準備社群投票期的參與,社群成員可以透過下列方式: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|閱讀候選人聲明]]以及[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|候選人對自治體代表提問的回答]]。 * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|提出並選擇六個問題供候選人在影片問答中回答]].</span> * 查看[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|分析委員會對各候選人聲明的評級]]。 * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|為選舉指南針提議聲明]](提醒大家今天是最後一天),投票人能用此工具找到最符合他們原則的候選人。 * 鼓勵您社群其他成員參與投票。 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月20日 (三) 11:12 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 投票選出用於選舉指南針的聲明 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| 您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好, 邀請您參與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]][[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|使用於選舉指南針聲明的投票]]。您可以在元維基上投票給您想在選舉指南針裡看到的聲明。 選舉指南針是幫助投票人選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票人將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/中立/不同意)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: *<s>7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。</s> *<s>7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。</s> *7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 *8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 *8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 *8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 選舉委員會將在8月初選出前15名的聲明 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊敬上 ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 2022年7月26日 (二) 17:38 (UTC) <!-- 信息由 User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/zh&oldid=22008825 --> == 漢字條目格式 == 在[[Wiktionary:啤酒馆/2022档案#批量修改单字条目]],已提出問題未獲管理員回復,而目前IP仍堅持用英文維基格式修改,未經社群討論。我的看法依然是[[Wiktionary:维基百科版首页]]有說'''中文維基詞典不是英文維基詞典的翻譯版本。中文維基詞典的詞條不一定都要與英文版相同。你可以參考英文版的內容,但不必完全照譯。'''例如「跨語言」是基於英文維基角度,對漢字圈國家來說是多餘格式,日韓維基也沒這樣做。這裡是中文維基,好的要引用學習而不是照抄,人家的母語是英文,我們是使用漢字的中文。還有"usage note"可以翻「用法辨析」,解釋彈性比「使用說明」大,可是他們也不接受,社群是不是該建立屬於中文維基的漢字格式,建議照前述小修即可。 也麻煩編輯的IP維基人能否來對話,而不是一股腦兒照搬英文維基的內容。 [[User:Justice305|Justice305]]([[User talk:Justice305|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:18 (UTC) :{{ping|Justice305}}其他部分有待商榷,但是如我之前回應您的,“跨語言”是廣泛使用的模塊[[Module:Languages]]規定的,所有漢字沒有單獨的語言,必須都歸在跨語言一節下面,這樣才能方便{{temp|l}}等模板定位以及自動生成分類,這也是大部分活躍編者(包括管理員)的共識。--- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:41 (UTC) lxqezwjf855n24mp9i1bfd0by2a1bwg 7271561 7271554 2022-07-28T08:58:43Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 漢字條目格式 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{Auto-archive | archive_after_last_comment = 60 | archive_to_subpage = %Y档案 }} {{/header}} {{Easy Archive|to=Wiktionary:啤酒馆/{{CURRENTYEAR}}档案}} <!-- 请于此线以下讨论,请不要移除上面的模板。谢谢。 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|<sup><span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span></sup>]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- 信息由 User:ZI Jony@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == 提议新增名字空间 == 提议在本维基新增对应英文词典'''Thesaurus'''、'''Citations'''的名字空间,'''Thesaurus'''的中文译名可以为“詞庫”或“同類詞”等(不可叫做“同义词词典”或类似的,因为它还包含有反义词、同类词等);'''Citations'''的译名可为“引文”。如果有必要也可以添加'''Rhymes'''命名空间,但是由于一般使用Category收集韵脚相同的词我认为不是很有必要。大家认为怎么样,或者有什么更好的译名,又或者有什么要在Phabricator一起提出的?--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 07:51 (UTC) : Thesaurus{{傾向支持}},Citations{{傾向中立}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]([[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 14:27 (UTC) : {{支持}}。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年4月24日 (日) 05:35 (UTC) :可以举一个例子说明所提议的命名空间内容大概长什么样子吗?以及本地可否整理一份形如[[w:WP:NS|这个]]的帮助页面。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年4月28日 (四) 17:14 (UTC) :: {{ping|Stang}}不好意思,刚刚看到。'''Thesaurus'''名字空间的话是用来存一个词语的近义词反义词等的页面,比如英语中的“[[:en:執著|執著]]”词条,里面的近义词是存在“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”内的,然后所有引用的页面只要通过模块就能直接将这个Thesaurus页面内的词嵌入到这些页面中,有个中心化的页面也便于管理近义词列表,让这些列表里面的词条都显示相同的近义词或反义词列表(点进“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”中的词条可以发现每个词条的“近义词”一节均一致),即使不使用模块将近义词列表嵌入页面中也可以引导读者访问Thesaurus页面获取近义词反义词,比如[[recluse]]页面就使用了[[Thesaurus:recluse]],对应英语中的[[:en:Thesaurus:recluse]],这样可以避免把大批的近义词反义词添加到页面内,让页面过于臃肿。至于'''Citations'''则是用来放引文的,大致的思想也和'''Thesaurus'''差不多,如[[:en:Citations:=]]。有和英文维基词典对应的名字空间以后我们搬运词条的时候也会方便些。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年5月3日 (二) 03:13 (UTC) :::多谢说明。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月4日 (三) 22:49 (UTC) ::: 感覺是個挺有用的命名空間。—— '''[[User:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[User talk:Ericliu1912|留言]]''')</sub> 2022年5月6日 (五) 13:06 (UTC) :{{支持}}。<small><s>你站怎么没有Citations命名空间的</s></small> --[[User:沈澄心|沈澄心]]([[User talk:沈澄心|留言]]) 2022年5月19日 (四) 15:04 (UTC) :訂閲這個章節很久了,加一個{{支持}}。 --<span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年5月20日 (五) 09:32 (UTC) :(+)支持, [[User:AndyPKU|AndyPKU]]([[User talk:AndyPKU|留言]]) 2022年6月3日 (五) 06:23 (UTC) [[phab:T309564|已提交]]。顺便一提,Rhymes这个命名空间[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Allpages?from=&to=&namespace=106 早就有了]。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月30日 (一) 19:30 (UTC) :插一句,根据GB/T 15238-2000 (术语工作 辞书编纂基本术语),Citations称作“书证”或“例证”(严格来说Citation是引用出版物上的用法,叫书证),Thesaurus似乎应该叫做“叙词表”,或语言学上的“类义词” [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年5月31日 (二) 02:14 (UTC) ::目前设置的alias是“词库”和“引文”(提交的时候没看到留言),如果感觉有不合适的可以进行后续修改。另外请本地管理员创建[[MediaWiki:Nstab-thesaurus]]和[[MediaWiki:Nstab-citations]]这两个页面(分别控制显示命名空间的显示名称)。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月31日 (二) 13:19 (UTC) :::看了一下[[:en:Wiktionary:Thesaurus]]的说明,Thesaurus的目的就是建立[[w:叙词表]],但是作为名字空间,似乎用叙词表不太合适,因为单独的一个Thesaurus页面,称不上是表,所以我觉得用“类义词”更为合适。 [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年6月1日 (三) 03:38 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範投票的選民反饋報告以及執行規範的修訂討論 == 通用行為準則項目團隊已經對通用行為準則[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|執行規範]]批准投票的選民反饋完成分析。2022年3月,通用行為準則執行規範草案進行了社群投票。儘管[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results/zh|投票結果]]顯示,最終總票數中有1338票為贊成票,但考量也有945票為反對票的情形下,維基媒體基金會理事會的[[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/zh|社群事務委員會]]決定要求基金會協助進行新一輪的社群諮詢、重新召集起草委員會根據投票評論欄所提出的意見完善執行規範,而後再次進行社群投票,以確保執行規範能有社群強力支持後再進行理事會的正式批准。 今年的投票一共有137個社群的選民參與投票,最多人參與的九個社群為:英語、德語、法語、俄語、波蘭語、西班牙語、中文、日語、義大利語維基百科,還有元維基。選民在投票時有機會就草案的內容做評論。一共有658名選民留下了評論。77%的評論以英語書寫。有來自24種語言的評論,數量最多的為英語(508),其次為德語(34)、日語(28)、法語(25)和俄語(12)。通用行為準則項目團隊將此報告提交給修訂起草委員會,委員會將根據這些社群反饋來完善執行規範。您可以在[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Report/zh|元維基上]]閱讀此報告。 為協助修訂委員會識別通用行為準則執行規範應改進的部分,團隊正在徵求社群對幾個問題的意見,以提供委員會審查。您覺得通用行為準則執行規範要涵蓋哪些層面、如何實際運作,才能對中文社群有最大效益?要如何實施才能解決中文社群面臨的問題?邀請您閱讀元維基上的頁面([[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh|執行規範修訂討論]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions/zh|政策文本修訂討論]])並參與新一輪的社群討論,我們會將您的想法提交給委員會。通用行為準則項目團隊也正與理事會一同制定接下來工作的時間表,並會在下個月公布。 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年5月30日 (一) 16:55 (UTC) ==[[:Category:漢語方言地圖]]出錯== 如題所有分類頁面都Lua錯誤--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 01:32 (UTC) :{{ping|Fglffer}} 我在编辑摘要写错了,要先更新[[Module:zh/data/dial]]才能更新[[Module:Zh-dial-map‎]]。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:25 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 閣下這樣修改就把之前的連結全部換成英文的了,group也變成英文的了。還有[[Module:Zh-dial-map]]有什麼修改的必要嗎,原來應該也沒有什麼問題吧。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:46 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 這個需要引進英語那邊的JS腳本,我要幾天測試一下,通過了再更新。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 03:09 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範:修訂討論進行中 == [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|通用行為準則執行規範草案]]的修訂期仍在進行中,邀請各位參與[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/topic/97 運動策略論壇上的討論],發表您對[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#培訓|培訓]]、對通用行為準則表達[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#肯定|肯定]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#平衡隱私及正當程序|平衡隱私及正當程序]]這幾個部分的看法。當然您若對其他部分有任何看法,也歡迎您提出,以供修訂委員會修改草案。謝謝各位! 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年6月16日 (四) 13:29 (UTC) == 關於片假名名字 == *因為滿難解釋清楚,理由詳見[https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97 片假名名字] :據我所知,除了虛構角色的人名之外,另一種常見的用途是表示匿名,將原本的日文名字的發音轉換成片假名表示,而沒寫漢字。所以,片假名並不是只能用在外來語。 :還是社群有方針或共識,見不得片假名的非外來語人名條目?不然我也不太想看到編輯戰。 :明明日文維基百科那邊{{w|ノア|lang=ja}}條目裡有【漢字表記】的段落,說明敘述是【のあ (Noa)と読む日本人女性。】 :請各位參與討論,表示一下您的看法。 :-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月18日 (六) 11:13 (UTC) ::目前社群並沒有關於此的方針或共識,但英語詞典通常把日語人名放在平假名詞目中。或可在[[ノア]]的詞源2放置一個軟重定向,指向對應的平假名頁面[[のあ]]。另@[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年6月18日 (六) 12:39 (UTC) ::*用{{T1|softredirect}}嗎? 還是有更適合的模板?[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:03 (UTC) ::*先用{{T1|also}}把平假名與片假名條目互接。之後再看怎麼用消歧異模板表示?至於以前寫過得的片假名人名條目,我之後再慢慢再改名搬。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:27 (UTC) ::*多加一個新模板 {{T1|ja-name-to}},如果還有不妥的地方,請協助修改敘述。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 09:24 (UTC) ::::我會傾向保留日本傳統名字讀法,刪除[[:キラキラネーム]]讀法。如果覺得我判斷不妥,望告知。--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 12:52 (UTC) ::* 有人還在跟我玩編輯戰,已經在合併片假名人名到平假名了,結果又被蓋掉。如果還不肯保留這種片假名的軟重定向,請問該如何解釋【キリト】這類的名字被翻譯成【桐人】的原因?還是要我把{{T1|ja-name-to}}改成放在條目頂端的消歧異?還是維基詞典有辦法在沒有片假名條目時,自動重定向到同音的平假名條目?還是需要我用附錄的方式,去建立一份片假名到平假名的轉換表?-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 13:39 (UTC) *題外話,[[:キラキラネーム]]裡的範例解釋,怪怪的?日文人名,【王子】與【肇】都是,但是【王子様】不是。如果名字不是三個字,而是【王子】+敬稱(様),那麼範例的解釋就會很奇怪。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 15:37 (UTC) ::這裡的王子様是キラキラネーム,後面的方框是翻譯這個詞的字面意思。我是這樣理解的?--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 02:42 (UTC) ::::*抱歉我解釋不夠清楚,條目裡寫【由於一名男子將自己的名字從王子様[王子]改為肇的新聞】,可是反了,應該是【由於一名男子將自己的名字從肇改為王子様的新聞】。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]])2022年6月21日 (二) 05:26 (UTC) :::::*用「王子様 + 肇」找到以下新聞,[https://news.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/world/breakingnews/2721144 1]、[https://www.ettoday.net/amp/amp_news.php7?news_id=1395789 2],看起來意思沒有錯?先按照中文新聞改為「王子殿下」好了--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 05:58 (UTC) *殘念,[[Appendix:日本人名辞書]]光是放姓,就爆檔了,沒辦法寫在一起,網站無法正常顯示。原本的詞典檔就是第一欄位通常寫漢字,最後的欄位寫片假名。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 18:32 (UTC) == 关闭本站上传功能 == 灵感来自[[Wikisource:写字间/存档/2021#稍微重提一下本地上传功能问题吧|隔壁文库]]。现阶段本地仅允许管理员上传文件到本地;由于本地没有合理使用相关方针,且并不存在[[Special:MediaStatistics|上传到本地的必要]](本地仅存的几个文件已被全部提删),在此提议彻底禁用本地上传的功能。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年6月20日 (一) 20:07 (UTC) :{{支持}} <span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年7月13日 (三) 11:48 (UTC) == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|留言]]) 2022年7月4日 (一) 16:13 (UTC) </div> <!-- 信息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == 提出能用於2022年選舉指南針的聲明 == 邀請有意願參加[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]]的各位[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明]]。 選舉指南針是幫助投票者選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票者將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/不同意/中立)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: 7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。 7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。 7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 在八月初,選舉委員會將選出排名前15名的聲明。選舉委員會將負責監督此流程,並由運動策略與治理團隊支援。運動策略與治理團隊將檢查問題是否清晰、重複,是否有錯別字等。 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月8日 (五) 17:17 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 关于跨维基导入者(transwiki)的建议 == 中文系列的小维基项目可以将中文维基百科等站点的页面跨维基导入到Transwiki空间。似乎是历史遗留的原因,跨维基导入者这一用户组在一些历史比较悠久的项目上只能由监管员授予,而某些较新的项目就允许管理员授予;因此在本站提议允许管理员授予跨维基导入者这一权限,以减少不便。受影响的项目包括维基词典(本站)、维基教科书、维基语录、维基文库。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:36 (UTC) :{{中立}}:个人认为这个权限还是较少授予的,实在特殊情况特殊处理即可。 -- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:56 (UTC) == 公布進入社群投票階段的六名理事會候選人 == 各位好, '''自治體代表已經完成投票。'''自治體代表透過閱讀候選人聲明、候選人對提問的回答以及考慮分析委員會的評級來了解候選人。被選出進行下階段投票的2022年理事會候選人為: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[m:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) 您可以閱讀更多有關這次理事會選舉的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|結果]]與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|統計數據]]。 再次感謝自治體代表以及分析委員會成員參與此流程,並協助增強理事會的能力與多元性。 '''接下來則為社群投票期。'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|相關時間表在此]]。準備社群投票期的參與,社群成員可以透過下列方式: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|閱讀候選人聲明]]以及[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|候選人對自治體代表提問的回答]]。 * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|提出並選擇六個問題供候選人在影片問答中回答]].</span> * 查看[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|分析委員會對各候選人聲明的評級]]。 * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|為選舉指南針提議聲明]](提醒大家今天是最後一天),投票人能用此工具找到最符合他們原則的候選人。 * 鼓勵您社群其他成員參與投票。 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月20日 (三) 11:12 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 投票選出用於選舉指南針的聲明 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| 您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好, 邀請您參與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]][[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|使用於選舉指南針聲明的投票]]。您可以在元維基上投票給您想在選舉指南針裡看到的聲明。 選舉指南針是幫助投票人選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票人將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/中立/不同意)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: *<s>7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。</s> *<s>7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。</s> *7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 *8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 *8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 *8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 選舉委員會將在8月初選出前15名的聲明 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊敬上 ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 2022年7月26日 (二) 17:38 (UTC) <!-- 信息由 User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/zh&oldid=22008825 --> == 漢字條目格式 == 在[[Wiktionary:啤酒馆/2022档案#批量修改单字条目]],已提出問題未獲管理員回復,而目前IP仍堅持用英文維基格式修改,未經社群討論。我的看法依然是[[Wiktionary:维基百科版首页]]有說'''中文維基詞典不是英文維基詞典的翻譯版本。中文維基詞典的詞條不一定都要與英文版相同。你可以參考英文版的內容,但不必完全照譯。'''例如「跨語言」是基於英文維基角度,對漢字圈國家來說是多餘格式,日韓維基也沒這樣做。這裡是中文維基,好的要引用學習而不是照抄,人家的母語是英文,我們是使用漢字的中文。還有"usage note"可以翻「用法辨析」,解釋彈性比「使用說明」大,可是他們也不接受,社群是不是該建立屬於中文維基的漢字格式,建議照前述小修即可。 也麻煩編輯的IP維基人能否來對話,而不是一股腦兒照搬英文維基的內容。 [[User:Justice305|Justice305]]([[User talk:Justice305|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:18 (UTC) :{{ping|Justice305}}其他部分有待商榷,但是如我之前回應您的,“跨語言”是廣泛使用的模塊[[Module:Languages]]規定的,所有漢字沒有單獨的語言,必須都歸在跨語言一節下面,這樣才能方便{{temp|l}}等模板定位以及自動生成分類,這也是大部分活躍編者(包括管理員)的共識。--- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:41 (UTC) : 關於為何要使用英語維基詞典格式,我認為前次[[User:Hzy980512]]已經說明得十分清楚。閣下若平時會創建、更新各式條目,大概就能理解了。我也支持以英語維基詞典的格式為主架構,但這並不代表搬過來的內容除了翻譯以外都不能動。使用「跨語言」是因為這類型的符號在許多語言中具有相同的定義、用法,而維基詞典是以語言分章節的。據此,我覺得漢字完全符合以上所述,也不認為「漢字」有什麼特殊的地方而非得做為 h2 標題處理不可。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:58 (UTC) 335hczxkz26jll96zdrfd2e1xf9zabo 7271564 7271561 2022-07-28T09:00:32Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 漢字條目格式 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{Auto-archive | archive_after_last_comment = 60 | archive_to_subpage = %Y档案 }} {{/header}} {{Easy Archive|to=Wiktionary:啤酒馆/{{CURRENTYEAR}}档案}} <!-- 请于此线以下讨论,请不要移除上面的模板。谢谢。 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|<sup><span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span></sup>]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- 信息由 User:ZI Jony@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == 提议新增名字空间 == 提议在本维基新增对应英文词典'''Thesaurus'''、'''Citations'''的名字空间,'''Thesaurus'''的中文译名可以为“詞庫”或“同類詞”等(不可叫做“同义词词典”或类似的,因为它还包含有反义词、同类词等);'''Citations'''的译名可为“引文”。如果有必要也可以添加'''Rhymes'''命名空间,但是由于一般使用Category收集韵脚相同的词我认为不是很有必要。大家认为怎么样,或者有什么更好的译名,又或者有什么要在Phabricator一起提出的?--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 07:51 (UTC) : Thesaurus{{傾向支持}},Citations{{傾向中立}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]([[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]) 2022年3月29日 (二) 14:27 (UTC) : {{支持}}。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年4月24日 (日) 05:35 (UTC) :可以举一个例子说明所提议的命名空间内容大概长什么样子吗?以及本地可否整理一份形如[[w:WP:NS|这个]]的帮助页面。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年4月28日 (四) 17:14 (UTC) :: {{ping|Stang}}不好意思,刚刚看到。'''Thesaurus'''名字空间的话是用来存一个词语的近义词反义词等的页面,比如英语中的“[[:en:執著|執著]]”词条,里面的近义词是存在“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”内的,然后所有引用的页面只要通过模块就能直接将这个Thesaurus页面内的词嵌入到这些页面中,有个中心化的页面也便于管理近义词列表,让这些列表里面的词条都显示相同的近义词或反义词列表(点进“[[:en:Thesaurus:執拗|Thesaurus:執拗]]”中的词条可以发现每个词条的“近义词”一节均一致),即使不使用模块将近义词列表嵌入页面中也可以引导读者访问Thesaurus页面获取近义词反义词,比如[[recluse]]页面就使用了[[Thesaurus:recluse]],对应英语中的[[:en:Thesaurus:recluse]],这样可以避免把大批的近义词反义词添加到页面内,让页面过于臃肿。至于'''Citations'''则是用来放引文的,大致的思想也和'''Thesaurus'''差不多,如[[:en:Citations:=]]。有和英文维基词典对应的名字空间以后我们搬运词条的时候也会方便些。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年5月3日 (二) 03:13 (UTC) :::多谢说明。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月4日 (三) 22:49 (UTC) ::: 感覺是個挺有用的命名空間。—— '''[[User:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[User talk:Ericliu1912|留言]]''')</sub> 2022年5月6日 (五) 13:06 (UTC) :{{支持}}。<small><s>你站怎么没有Citations命名空间的</s></small> --[[User:沈澄心|沈澄心]]([[User talk:沈澄心|留言]]) 2022年5月19日 (四) 15:04 (UTC) :訂閲這個章節很久了,加一個{{支持}}。 --<span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年5月20日 (五) 09:32 (UTC) :(+)支持, [[User:AndyPKU|AndyPKU]]([[User talk:AndyPKU|留言]]) 2022年6月3日 (五) 06:23 (UTC) [[phab:T309564|已提交]]。顺便一提,Rhymes这个命名空间[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Allpages?from=&to=&namespace=106 早就有了]。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月30日 (一) 19:30 (UTC) :插一句,根据GB/T 15238-2000 (术语工作 辞书编纂基本术语),Citations称作“书证”或“例证”(严格来说Citation是引用出版物上的用法,叫书证),Thesaurus似乎应该叫做“叙词表”,或语言学上的“类义词” [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年5月31日 (二) 02:14 (UTC) ::目前设置的alias是“词库”和“引文”(提交的时候没看到留言),如果感觉有不合适的可以进行后续修改。另外请本地管理员创建[[MediaWiki:Nstab-thesaurus]]和[[MediaWiki:Nstab-citations]]这两个页面(分别控制显示命名空间的显示名称)。[[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年5月31日 (二) 13:19 (UTC) :::看了一下[[:en:Wiktionary:Thesaurus]]的说明,Thesaurus的目的就是建立[[w:叙词表]],但是作为名字空间,似乎用叙词表不太合适,因为单独的一个Thesaurus页面,称不上是表,所以我觉得用“类义词”更为合适。 [[User:Shizhao|Shizhao]]([[User talk:Shizhao|留言]]) 2022年6月1日 (三) 03:38 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範投票的選民反饋報告以及執行規範的修訂討論 == 通用行為準則項目團隊已經對通用行為準則[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|執行規範]]批准投票的選民反饋完成分析。2022年3月,通用行為準則執行規範草案進行了社群投票。儘管[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results/zh|投票結果]]顯示,最終總票數中有1338票為贊成票,但考量也有945票為反對票的情形下,維基媒體基金會理事會的[[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/zh|社群事務委員會]]決定要求基金會協助進行新一輪的社群諮詢、重新召集起草委員會根據投票評論欄所提出的意見完善執行規範,而後再次進行社群投票,以確保執行規範能有社群強力支持後再進行理事會的正式批准。 今年的投票一共有137個社群的選民參與投票,最多人參與的九個社群為:英語、德語、法語、俄語、波蘭語、西班牙語、中文、日語、義大利語維基百科,還有元維基。選民在投票時有機會就草案的內容做評論。一共有658名選民留下了評論。77%的評論以英語書寫。有來自24種語言的評論,數量最多的為英語(508),其次為德語(34)、日語(28)、法語(25)和俄語(12)。通用行為準則項目團隊將此報告提交給修訂起草委員會,委員會將根據這些社群反饋來完善執行規範。您可以在[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Report/zh|元維基上]]閱讀此報告。 為協助修訂委員會識別通用行為準則執行規範應改進的部分,團隊正在徵求社群對幾個問題的意見,以提供委員會審查。您覺得通用行為準則執行規範要涵蓋哪些層面、如何實際運作,才能對中文社群有最大效益?要如何實施才能解決中文社群面臨的問題?邀請您閱讀元維基上的頁面([[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh|執行規範修訂討論]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions/zh|政策文本修訂討論]])並參與新一輪的社群討論,我們會將您的想法提交給委員會。通用行為準則項目團隊也正與理事會一同制定接下來工作的時間表,並會在下個月公布。 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年5月30日 (一) 16:55 (UTC) ==[[:Category:漢語方言地圖]]出錯== 如題所有分類頁面都Lua錯誤--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 01:32 (UTC) :{{ping|Fglffer}} 我在编辑摘要写错了,要先更新[[Module:zh/data/dial]]才能更新[[Module:Zh-dial-map‎]]。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:25 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 閣下這樣修改就把之前的連結全部換成英文的了,group也變成英文的了。還有[[Module:Zh-dial-map]]有什麼修改的必要嗎,原來應該也沒有什麼問題吧。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 02:46 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fglffer}} 這個需要引進英語那邊的JS腳本,我要幾天測試一下,通過了再更新。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年6月15日 (三) 03:09 (UTC) == 通用行為準則執行規範:修訂討論進行中 == [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/zh|通用行為準則執行規範草案]]的修訂期仍在進行中,邀請各位參與[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/topic/97 運動策略論壇上的討論],發表您對[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#培訓|培訓]]、對通用行為準則表達[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#肯定|肯定]]、[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions/zh#平衡隱私及正當程序|平衡隱私及正當程序]]這幾個部分的看法。當然您若對其他部分有任何看法,也歡迎您提出,以供修訂委員會修改草案。謝謝各位! 運動策略與治理[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年6月16日 (四) 13:29 (UTC) == 關於片假名名字 == *因為滿難解釋清楚,理由詳見[https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97 片假名名字] :據我所知,除了虛構角色的人名之外,另一種常見的用途是表示匿名,將原本的日文名字的發音轉換成片假名表示,而沒寫漢字。所以,片假名並不是只能用在外來語。 :還是社群有方針或共識,見不得片假名的非外來語人名條目?不然我也不太想看到編輯戰。 :明明日文維基百科那邊{{w|ノア|lang=ja}}條目裡有【漢字表記】的段落,說明敘述是【のあ (Noa)と読む日本人女性。】 :請各位參與討論,表示一下您的看法。 :-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月18日 (六) 11:13 (UTC) ::目前社群並沒有關於此的方針或共識,但英語詞典通常把日語人名放在平假名詞目中。或可在[[ノア]]的詞源2放置一個軟重定向,指向對應的平假名頁面[[のあ]]。另@[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年6月18日 (六) 12:39 (UTC) ::*用{{T1|softredirect}}嗎? 還是有更適合的模板?[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:03 (UTC) ::*先用{{T1|also}}把平假名與片假名條目互接。之後再看怎麼用消歧異模板表示?至於以前寫過得的片假名人名條目,我之後再慢慢再改名搬。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 08:27 (UTC) ::*多加一個新模板 {{T1|ja-name-to}},如果還有不妥的地方,請協助修改敘述。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 09:24 (UTC) ::::我會傾向保留日本傳統名字讀法,刪除[[:キラキラネーム]]讀法。如果覺得我判斷不妥,望告知。--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 12:52 (UTC) ::* 有人還在跟我玩編輯戰,已經在合併片假名人名到平假名了,結果又被蓋掉。如果還不肯保留這種片假名的軟重定向,請問該如何解釋【キリト】這類的名字被翻譯成【桐人】的原因?還是要我把{{T1|ja-name-to}}改成放在條目頂端的消歧異?還是維基詞典有辦法在沒有片假名條目時,自動重定向到同音的平假名條目?還是需要我用附錄的方式,去建立一份片假名到平假名的轉換表?-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 13:39 (UTC) *題外話,[[:キラキラネーム]]裡的範例解釋,怪怪的?日文人名,【王子】與【肇】都是,但是【王子様】不是。如果名字不是三個字,而是【王子】+敬稱(様),那麼範例的解釋就會很奇怪。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 15:37 (UTC) ::這裡的王子様是キラキラネーム,後面的方框是翻譯這個詞的字面意思。我是這樣理解的?--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 02:42 (UTC) ::::*抱歉我解釋不夠清楚,條目裡寫【由於一名男子將自己的名字從王子様[王子]改為肇的新聞】,可是反了,應該是【由於一名男子將自己的名字從肇改為王子様的新聞】。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]])2022年6月21日 (二) 05:26 (UTC) :::::*用「王子様 + 肇」找到以下新聞,[https://news.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/world/breakingnews/2721144 1]、[https://www.ettoday.net/amp/amp_news.php7?news_id=1395789 2],看起來意思沒有錯?先按照中文新聞改為「王子殿下」好了--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]([[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]) 2022年6月21日 (二) 05:58 (UTC) *殘念,[[Appendix:日本人名辞書]]光是放姓,就爆檔了,沒辦法寫在一起,網站無法正常顯示。原本的詞典檔就是第一欄位通常寫漢字,最後的欄位寫片假名。-[[User:P1ayer|P1ayer]]([[User talk:P1ayer|留言]]) 2022年6月19日 (日) 18:32 (UTC) == 关闭本站上传功能 == 灵感来自[[Wikisource:写字间/存档/2021#稍微重提一下本地上传功能问题吧|隔壁文库]]。现阶段本地仅允许管理员上传文件到本地;由于本地没有合理使用相关方针,且并不存在[[Special:MediaStatistics|上传到本地的必要]](本地仅存的几个文件已被全部提删),在此提议彻底禁用本地上传的功能。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年6月20日 (一) 20:07 (UTC) :{{支持}} <span style="background:#ccf;font-family: Lucida Handwriting;text-shadow:#296970 3px 4px 4px;"><sup>[[User_talk:DinoWP|Talk]] ·</sup> [[User:DinoWP|'''DinoWP''']] <sup>· [[zh:w:User:DinoWP/訪客簽名區|Sign]]</sup></span> 2022年7月13日 (三) 11:48 (UTC) == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|留言]]) 2022年7月4日 (一) 16:13 (UTC) </div> <!-- 信息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == 提出能用於2022年選舉指南針的聲明 == 邀請有意願參加[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]]的各位[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明]]。 選舉指南針是幫助投票者選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票者將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/不同意/中立)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: 7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。 7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。 7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 在八月初,選舉委員會將選出排名前15名的聲明。選舉委員會將負責監督此流程,並由運動策略與治理團隊支援。運動策略與治理團隊將檢查問題是否清晰、重複,是否有錯別字等。 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月8日 (五) 17:17 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 关于跨维基导入者(transwiki)的建议 == 中文系列的小维基项目可以将中文维基百科等站点的页面跨维基导入到Transwiki空间。似乎是历史遗留的原因,跨维基导入者这一用户组在一些历史比较悠久的项目上只能由监管员授予,而某些较新的项目就允许管理员授予;因此在本站提议允许管理员授予跨维基导入者这一权限,以减少不便。受影响的项目包括维基词典(本站)、维基教科书、维基语录、维基文库。 [[User_talk:Stang|'''<span style="font-family:Cursive; color:#F50" lang="en">Stang</span>''']] 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:36 (UTC) :{{中立}}:个人认为这个权限还是较少授予的,实在特殊情况特殊处理即可。 -- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月16日 (六) 14:56 (UTC) == 公布進入社群投票階段的六名理事會候選人 == 各位好, '''自治體代表已經完成投票。'''自治體代表透過閱讀候選人聲明、候選人對提問的回答以及考慮分析委員會的評級來了解候選人。被選出進行下階段投票的2022年理事會候選人為: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[m:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) 您可以閱讀更多有關這次理事會選舉的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|結果]]與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|統計數據]]。 再次感謝自治體代表以及分析委員會成員參與此流程,並協助增強理事會的能力與多元性。 '''接下來則為社群投票期。'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|相關時間表在此]]。準備社群投票期的參與,社群成員可以透過下列方式: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|閱讀候選人聲明]]以及[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|候選人對自治體代表提問的回答]]。 * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|提出並選擇六個問題供候選人在影片問答中回答]].</span> * 查看[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|分析委員會對各候選人聲明的評級]]。 * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|為選舉指南針提議聲明]](提醒大家今天是最後一天),投票人能用此工具找到最符合他們原則的候選人。 * 鼓勵您社群其他成員參與投票。 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊[[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]]([[User talk:VChang (WMF)|留言]]) 2022年7月20日 (三) 11:12 (UTC) ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' == 投票選出用於選舉指南針的聲明 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| 您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好, 邀請您參與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022年理事會選舉]][[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|使用於選舉指南針聲明的投票]]。您可以在元維基上投票給您想在選舉指南針裡看到的聲明。 選舉指南針是幫助投票人選擇最符合他們信念與觀點的候選人的工具。社群成員將提出供候選人使用李克特量表(同意/中立/不同意)回答的聲明。候選人對聲明的回答將被加載到選舉指南針工具中。投票人將通過輸入他們對聲明的答案(同意/中立/不同意)來使用該工具。結果將顯示最符合投票者信念和觀點的候選人們。 以下是關於選舉指南針的時間表: *<s>7月8至20日:志願者提議能用於選舉指南針的聲明。</s> *<s>7月21至22日:選舉委員會審閱這些聲明來確保明確性,並刪除偏離主題的聲明。</s> *7月23日至8月1日:志願者對提出的聲明進行投票。 *8月2日至4日:選舉委員會選出排名前15名的聲明。 *8月5日至12日:候選人就這些聲明表達其立場。 *8月15日:選舉指南針開放提供投票者使用,以協助他們做出投票決定。 選舉委員會將在8月初選出前15名的聲明 祝好, 運動策略與治理團隊敬上 ''此訊息代表理事會遴選工作小組和選舉委員會發送'' <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 2022年7月26日 (二) 17:38 (UTC) <!-- 信息由 User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki 发送,使用的列表为 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/zh&oldid=22008825 --> == 漢字條目格式 == 在[[Wiktionary:啤酒馆/2022档案#批量修改单字条目]],已提出問題未獲管理員回復,而目前IP仍堅持用英文維基格式修改,未經社群討論。我的看法依然是[[Wiktionary:维基百科版首页]]有說'''中文維基詞典不是英文維基詞典的翻譯版本。中文維基詞典的詞條不一定都要與英文版相同。你可以參考英文版的內容,但不必完全照譯。'''例如「跨語言」是基於英文維基角度,對漢字圈國家來說是多餘格式,日韓維基也沒這樣做。這裡是中文維基,好的要引用學習而不是照抄,人家的母語是英文,我們是使用漢字的中文。還有"usage note"可以翻「用法辨析」,解釋彈性比「使用說明」大,可是他們也不接受,社群是不是該建立屬於中文維基的漢字格式,建議照前述小修即可。 也麻煩編輯的IP維基人能否來對話,而不是一股腦兒照搬英文維基的內容。 [[User:Justice305|Justice305]]([[User talk:Justice305|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:18 (UTC) :{{ping|Justice305}}其他部分有待商榷,但是如我之前回應您的,“跨語言”是廣泛使用的模塊[[Module:Languages]]規定的,所有漢字沒有單獨的語言,必須都歸在跨語言一節下面,這樣才能方便{{temp|l}}等模板定位以及自動生成分類,這也是大部分活躍編者(包括管理員)的共識。--- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]([[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]) 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:41 (UTC) : 關於為何要使用英語維基詞典格式,我認為前次[[User:Hzy980512]]已經說明得十分清楚。閣下若平時會創建、更新各式條目,大概就能理解了。我也支持以英語維基詞典的格式為主架構,但這並不代表搬過來的內容除了翻譯以外都不能動。使用「跨語言」是因為這類型的符號在許多語言中具有相同的定義、用法,而維基詞典是以語言分章節的。據此,我覺得漢字完全符合以上所述,也不認為「漢字」有什麼特殊的地方而非得做為 h2 標題處理不可。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年7月28日 (四) 08:58 (UTC) :: 「用法辨析」我覺得完全沒問題,而目前 h3、h4 標題並沒有統一的規範名稱,各編者也都使用自己習慣的翻譯。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年7月28日 (四) 09:00 (UTC) 01dwn7st3l3vwfado3atluq70uste3k Category:俄語陰性名詞 14 30808 7270971 5800010 2022-07-27T16:06:20Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语阴性名词]]至[[Category:俄語陰性名詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語名詞 14 30809 7270965 5800024 2022-07-27T16:04:31Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语名词]]至[[Category:俄語名詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語形容詞 14 30817 7270987 5800021 2022-07-27T16:14:22Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语形容词]]至[[Category:俄語形容詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語副詞 14 30819 7270953 5800028 2022-07-27T15:52:15Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语副词]]至[[Category:俄語副詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語代詞 14 30821 7270992 5800033 2022-07-27T16:18:40Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语代词]]至[[Category:俄語代詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語中性名詞 14 30826 7270966 5800036 2022-07-27T16:04:51Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语中性名词]]至[[Category:俄語中性名詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語陽性名詞 14 30835 7270972 5800011 2022-07-27T16:06:38Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语阳性名词]]至[[Category:俄語陽性名詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語專有名詞 14 31130 7270975 5800037 2022-07-27T16:09:01Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语专有名词]]至[[Category:俄語專有名詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語數詞 14 31141 7270985 5800018 2022-07-27T16:12:54Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语数词]]至[[Category:俄語數詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語動詞 14 32568 7270989 5800026 2022-07-27T16:15:56Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语动词]]至[[Category:俄語動詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:俄語連詞 14 60972 7270986 5800012 2022-07-27T16:13:42Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语连词]]至[[Category:俄語連詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:波斯語代詞 14 61011 7270692 5799526 2022-07-27T14:09:12Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:波斯语代词]]至[[Category:波斯語代詞]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:奧塞梯語 14 62712 7271013 5998922 2022-07-27T16:30:14Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:奥塞梯语]]至[[Category:奧塞梯語]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat|俄羅斯|南奧塞梯|格魯吉亞|土耳其|高加索}} al0g1w6z27pnmpd4d3omj0syk95p77r کسی 0 143801 7270693 5133802 2022-07-27T14:10:37Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波斯語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|fa|کس|tr1=kas|t1=人|ـی|tr2=-i|pos2=不定形後綴}}。 ===發音=== {{fa-IPA|k|a|s|ē|teh=1}} ===代詞=== {{fa-regional|کسی |کسی |касе}} {{fa-pronoun|tr=kasi|head=کَسی}} # [[某人]],[[有人]] # [[任何人]] #* {{RQ:Masnavi|III|3184|‏این کسی دیدست کز یک راویه / سرد گردد سوز چندان هاویه‎|in '''kasi''' did[e]-ast k-az yek râviye / sard gardad suz-e čandân hâviye|Has '''any one''' seen [such a wonder as] this, that the burning glow of so many Hells should be cooled by a single water-skin?}} jlv0i124mzl08ct3b3uxip6tjdfill5 7270699 7270693 2022-07-27T14:16:38Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波斯語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|fa|کس|tr1=kas|t1=人|ـی|tr2=-i|pos2=不定形後綴}}。 ===發音=== {{fa-IPA|k|a|s|ē|teh=1}} ===代詞=== {{fa-regional|کسی |کسی |касе}} {{fa-pronoun|tr=kasi|head=کَسی}} # [[某人]],[[有人]] # [[任何人]] #* {{RQ:Masnavi|III|3184|‏این کسی دیدست کز یک راویه / سرد گردد سوز چندان هاویه‎|in '''kasi''' did[e]-ast k-az yek râviye / sard gardad suz-e čandân hâviye|曾有'''任何人'''見過這樣[如此神奇]的事情,這麼多地獄的火光竟然被一張水皮冷卻了?}} d2b9yjgj1lpa4p73z7lns6nwnruuhpr 0 302673 7270997 6762561 2022-07-27T16:22:54Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=66|rad=攴|as=9|sn=13|four=|canj=UBYE|ids=⿰耑攴<small>(GK)</small>,⿰耑攵<small>(T)</small>}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0473.220|dkj=|dj=|hdz=21469.170|uh=3A9C}} ---- ==漢語== ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|揣|v}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|捶|v}} d0lamy4dx7a4g4fy6vpv5wnovn42zmt 0 304137 7270696 6763982 2022-07-27T14:14:33Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=169|rad=門|as=07|sn=15|ids=⿵[[門]][[坐]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1336.111|hdz=74300.190|uh=499F}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=䦷}} ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|穩|v}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=chuài |cat=v }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[掙扎]];[[奮鬥]] d25nr26xvvsasdrtxit7u6bn0fjyvra 0 305734 7271590 7261586 2022-07-28T09:56:09Z Fglffer 55252 /* 释义 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{character info|0x2F842}} ==跨语言== ===汉字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=07|sn=10|four=00267|canj=ILR|ids=⿸广⿱肀口}} ====派生字==== * {{l|mul|[[傏]] [[塘]] [[㜍]] [[搪]] [[嵣]] [[溏]] [[䧜]] [[瑭]] [[榶]] [[膅]] [[煻]] [[禟]] [[磄]] [[䅯]] [[瞊]] [[螗]] [[糖]] [[䌅]] [[赯]] [[醣]] [[鎕]] [[餹]]}} * {{l|mul|[[鄌]] [[㲥]] [[㼺]] [[鶶]] [[蓎]] [[篖]]}} ====参考资料==== {{Han ref|kx=0192.120|dkj=03709|dj=0411.200|hdz=10633.050|ch=00002730003.010|sbgy=0178.120|uh=5510|ud=21776|bh=ADF0|bd=44528}} {{Han ref|uh=2F842}} {{shuowen}} ---- ==汉语== {{zh-forms|alt=𡃯,𣉺,𥏬}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|lzh|gan|hak:Thòng-chhèu|cdo:Dòng-dièu|nan:Tông|wuu}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|庚|口|c1=p|c2=s|ls=psc}} – 夸大,吹嘘。古汉语中,{{lang|zh|唐}}与{{zh-l|*庚}}发音相近。 ===词源=== 与{{och-l|途}}({{zh-ref|Wang, 1982}})有关,或源自{{der|zh|aav}},对比{{cog|mkh-pro|*glɔɔŋ}},其派生出{{cog|mnw|ဂၠံၚ်}}、{{cog|kns|gəlɔŋ}}、{{cog|kdt|khlù:aŋ}}({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}})。 ===发音=== {{zh-pron |m=táng |ma=y |m-s= |c=tong4 |c-t=hong3 |g= |h=pfs=thòng;gd=tong2 |j= |mb=dǒ̤ng |md=dòng |mn=ml,jj,tw:tn̂g/ml,jj,ct,tw:tông/ly:thâng |mn_note=厦门、泉州、晋江、漳州、台湾:tn̂g - 白读(包括姓氏);tông - 文读 |mn-t=deng5/tang5 |mn-t_note=deng5 - 白读(包括姓氏);tang5 - 文读 |w=3daan |x= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,a,n,adv,pn }} ===释义=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} [[夸张]],[[夸大]],[[吹嘘]]。 # {{†}} [[广阔]],[[宽阔]],[[辽阔]]。 # {{†}} [[寺庙]]内的[[路]]。 #* {{zh-x|中唐 有 甓,邛 有 旨 鷊。|'''寺庙内的中间的路'''有地砖,在上面有美丽的绶草。|ref=Shijing}} # {{†}} [[徒劳]],[[无益]],[[白费]]。 # [[太玄經]]中第50個[[爻象]],表示[[白费]],[[虚空]],[[无意义]]([[𝌷]]) # {{zh-div|朝}} [[中国]]古时的一个[[朝代]](618年6月18日-907年5月12日)。 #: {{zh-x|唐詩|}} # {{lb|zh|比喻义}} [[中国人]]。 #: {{zh-x|唐人|}} # {{†}} {{zh-alt form|蓎}}(''[[Cuscuta chinensis]]'') # {{surname|zh}} #: {{zh-x|^唐 ^君-毅|{{w|唐君毅|维基百科链接}}}} ====参见==== {{zh-Chinese dynasties}} ===组词=== {{zh-der|唐晡囝|半唐番:半个中国人|唐人街|唐努山|唐會要|唐突西施|劉唐下書|唐山|唐堯|唐高祖|唐詩|唐突|唐朝|唐古喇山|唐韻|四唐|南唐|唐花|初唐四傑|唐裝|後唐|唐樂|全唐詩|二返投唐|唐猊鎧甲|唐明皇|唐人|唐太宗|唐玄宗|唐氏症|唐三彩|大唐之歌|全唐文|唐塞|唐話|唐虞|唐菖蒲|唐臨晉帖|唐老鴨|唐猊|唐巾|唐寧街|唐哉皇哉|唐三藏|初唐|唐三絕|唐夷|中唐|放肆荒唐|李唐|撲唐唐|盛唐|新唐書|求馬唐肆|晚唐|陶唐|荒唐無稽|頹唐|陶唐氏|荒唐不經|苟且唐塞|舊唐書|荒唐|行唐|馮唐易老|荒唐之言|雲雨高唐|遣唐使|唐縣|唐村|唐巷|唐沖|唐店|唐莊|唐家墩|高唐|唐古拉|唐捐|唐餐}} ===派生語彙=== * {{desc|bor=1|en|Tang}}、{{l|en|T'ang}}、{{l|en|Tong}}、{{l|en|Tng}} * {{desc|bor=1|tai-swe-pro|*daːŋᴬ²}}(路) ** {{desc|nod|ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ}} ** {{desc|kkh|ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ}} ** {{desc|lo|ທາງ}} ** {{desc|khb|ᦑᦱᧂ}} ** {{desc|blt|ꪕꪱꪉ}} ** {{desc|shn|တၢင်း}} ** {{desc|tdd|ᥖᥣᥒᥰ}} ** {{desc|aho|𑜄𑜂𑜫}} ** {{desc|th|ทาง}}(路) * {{desc|bor=1|th|ถัง}}(唐朝) ===参考资料=== * {{R:twedu|A00583}} ---- ==日语== ===汉字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口07}} # [[唐朝]] # [[中国]],[[中]] # [[外国]],[[外来]] # [[仿冒]] # [[唐突]] ====读法==== {{rfv-pron|ja}} {{ja-readings |goon=どう<だう |kanon=とう<たう |toon=たん |soon=たん |kun=から-, もろこし- |nanori=かろ}} ====复合词==== {{der-top|复合词}} * {{ja-r|唐%朝|^とう%ちょう}} * {{ja-r|唐%突|とう%とつ}} * {{ja-r|荒%唐|こう%とう}} * {{ja-r|唐棣花|ハネズ}} * {{ja-r|唐土|^もろこし}} * {{ja-r|唐黍|モロコシ}} {{der-bottom}} ===词源 1=== <div style="float:right;"> {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} {{wikipedia|Tang dynasty}} </div> {{ja-kanjitab|とう|yomi=o}} {{IPAchar|/tau/}} → {{IPAchar|/tɔː/}} → {{IPAchar|/toː/}} 源自{{der|ja|ltc|sort=とう|-}} {{ltc-l|唐}}。 ====发音==== {{ja-pron|y=ko|とう|acc=1|acc_ref=NHK}} ====名词==== {{ja-noun|とう|hhira=たう}} # [[外国]] =====衍生词汇===== {{der-top}} * {{ja-r|唐%辛%子|トウ%-ガラ%シ|辣椒}} * {{ja-r|唐人|とうじん|中国人;外国人;野蛮人}} * {{ja-r|唐%縮緬|とう%-ちりめん|[[穆斯林]]}} * {{ja-r|唐紅|とうべに|[[品红]],[[洋红]]}} * {{ja-r|玉蜀黍|トウモロコシ|[[玉米]]}} * {{ja-r|毛%唐|け%とう|[[西方人]]}} {{der-bottom}} =====俗语===== * {{ja-r|唐へ投げ銀|とう へ なげ-がね}} ====专有名词==== {{ja-pos|proper|とう|hhira=たう}} # {{lb|ja|历史|sort=とう}} 多个中国朝代的名称: ## 唐朝(公元618年6月18日-907年5月12日) ## {{m|ja|後唐|tr=Kōtō||{{w|后唐}}}}(公元923-937年) ## {{m|ja|南唐|tr=Nantō||{{w|南唐}}}}(公元937-976年) # {{lb|ja|过时||sort=とう}} [[中国]] =====衍生词汇===== {{der-top}} * {{ja-r|唐%音|^とう%-おん|}} * {{ja-r|唐%詩|^とう%-し|}} * {{ja-r|唐%人|^とう%-じん|中国人}} * {{ja-r|入唐|にっとう|去唐朝时期的中国}} {{der-bottom}} ===词源 2=== {{ja-kanjitab|から|yomi=k}} 源自{{m|ja|伽羅}},来自朝鲜半岛古代时的一个专有名词。 在唐朝时期原指代“中国”和“从中国入口的物品”,后引申到“外国”、“从外国入口的物品”。 ====发音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|から|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====前缀==== {{ja-pos|prefix|から}} # {{n-g|用于复合词,指代从中国或其他国家输入的物品。}} #: {{ja-usex|[[漢詩]]、[[唐歌|'''唐'''歌]]、[[唐揚げ|'''唐'''揚げ]]、[[漢音]]|からうた、'''から'''うた、'''から'''あげ、からごえ|汉诗(与日式的和歌相对)、唐诗、炸肉块(17世纪从欧洲引入的一种做法)、汉音或从汉语派生来的汉字读法}} =====衍生词汇===== {{der-top}} * {{ja-r|唐%揚げ|から%あげ|炸肉块}} * {{ja-r|唐歌|からうた}} * {{ja-r|唐%木|から%き|外国的木材}} * {{ja-r|唐%紅|から%-くれない}} * {{ja-r|唐%獅子|から%-じし|rom=-}}、{{ja-r|唐%獅子|から%-じし}} * {{ja-r|唐%手|から%て|[[空手道]]}} * {{ja-r|唐梨|カラナシ}} * {{ja-r|唐様|からよう|中式设计}} {{der-bottom}} ====名词==== {{ja-noun|から}} # [[外国]] # {{short for|ja|唐織り|tr=karaori|nodot=1|sort=から}}:中国进口的纺织品 ====专有名词==== {{ja-pos|proper|から}} # {{lb|ja|正式|过时|sort=から}} {{w|唐朝}}时期的[[中国]] =====衍生词汇===== * {{ja-r|唐 人|^から ひと}}、{{ja-r|唐%人|^から%-びと|中国人、朝鲜人或韩国人}} =====参见===== * {{ja-r|漢|^から|pos=常指汉朝时期的中国}} * {{ja-r|韓|^から|pos=常指韩国或朝鲜}} * {{ja-r|加羅|^から|rom=-}}、{{ja-r|伽羅|^から|rom=-}}、{{ja-r|迦羅|^から|{{w|伽倻}}|pos=最初派生词}} * {{ja-r|呉|^くれ|东吴时期的中国}} ===词源 3=== {{ja-kanjitab|もろこし|yomi=k}} {{IPAfont|⟨mo<sub>2</sub>ro<sub>2</sub> ko<sub>1</sub>si⟩}} → {{IPAfont|⟨moro<sub>2</sub>ko<sub>1</sub>si⟩}} → *{{IPAchar|/morəkosi/}} → {{IPAchar|/morokoɕi/}} 源自{{inh|ja|ojp|sort=もろこし|-}},首次可考于《{{w|万叶集}}》(约753年)。 原为{{m|ja|諸|tr=moro-|t=很多,大量}} + {{m|ja|越|tr=koshi|pos={{m|ja|越す|tr=kosu||越过}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}}}构成的复合词,<ref name="DJR"/>将{{m|ja|越|tr=Etsu|t={{w|越国}}}}的{{m|ja|音読み|tr=on'yomi}}改为{{m|ja|訓読み|tr=kun'yomi}}的{{m|ja||越|tr=koshi}}而得来。<ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref> ====发音==== * {{ja-pron|y=k|もろこし|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====其他形式==== * {{ja-l|唐土}} ====名词==== {{ja-noun|もろこし}} # {{lb|ja|古旧|sort=もろこし}} 从[[中国]][[入口]]的物品 =====衍生词汇===== * {{ja-r|唐 黍|もろこし きび}}、{{ja-r|唐黍|モロコシ}} ====专有名词==== {{ja-pos|proper|もろこし}} # {{lb|ja|古旧|sort=もろこし}} 中国 {{gloss|古代日本人对中国的称呼}} #: {{synonyms|ja|唐土|tr=Tōdo}} ===参考资料=== <references/> {{c|ja|中國|地名}} ---- ==朝鲜语== ===汉字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=당|mr=tang}} # 唐朝 # [[中国人]] ---- ==冲绳语== ===汉字=== {{ryu-kanji|rs=口07}} ====读法==== {{ryu-readings |on=とー }} ===词源=== {{ryu-kanjitab|とー|yomi=o}} ===发音=== * {{IPA|ryu|/toː/|sort=とお}} ===专有名词=== {{ryu-pos|proper|とー|sort=とお}} # [[中国]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{ryu-r|唐%船|^とー%しん}} * {{ryu-r|唐%口|^とー%ぐち}} * {{ryu-r|唐ぬ口|^とーぬくち}} * {{ryu-r|唐ぬ人|^とーぬちゅ}} * {{ryu-r|唐ぬっ人%墓|^とーぬっちゅー%ばか}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:JLect|とー【唐】|856|too}} {{c|ryu|中國|亞洲國家|地名|sort=とお}} ---- ==白狼语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|tbq-plg|sit-pro|*mraŋ}}。对比{{cog|my| မြင် |t=看}}。 ===动词=== {{head|tbq-plg|動詞|tr=*lˤɑŋ}} # [[看]] ===参考资料=== * {{cite-journal|title=Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary|last=Hill|first=Nathan W.|year=2017|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=103|pages=386—429|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_2017_num_103_1_6257}} ---- ==越南语== ===汉字=== {{vi-readings|reading=Đường, đường, đằng, đàng, giềng|rs=口07}} # 唐朝 # [[中国人]] qyoxcj5lsgkv6rx9rj7bv86dl6l8k9n 7271591 7271590 2022-07-28T09:57:32Z Fglffer 55252 /* 释义 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{character info|0x2F842}} ==跨语言== ===汉字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=07|sn=10|four=00267|canj=ILR|ids=⿸广⿱肀口}} ====派生字==== * {{l|mul|[[傏]] [[塘]] [[㜍]] [[搪]] [[嵣]] [[溏]] [[䧜]] [[瑭]] [[榶]] [[膅]] [[煻]] [[禟]] [[磄]] [[䅯]] [[瞊]] [[螗]] [[糖]] [[䌅]] [[赯]] [[醣]] [[鎕]] [[餹]]}} * {{l|mul|[[鄌]] [[㲥]] [[㼺]] [[鶶]] [[蓎]] [[篖]]}} ====参考资料==== {{Han ref|kx=0192.120|dkj=03709|dj=0411.200|hdz=10633.050|ch=00002730003.010|sbgy=0178.120|uh=5510|ud=21776|bh=ADF0|bd=44528}} {{Han ref|uh=2F842}} {{shuowen}} ---- ==汉语== {{zh-forms|alt=𡃯,𣉺,𥏬}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|lzh|gan|hak:Thòng-chhèu|cdo:Dòng-dièu|nan:Tông|wuu}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|庚|口|c1=p|c2=s|ls=psc}} – 夸大,吹嘘。古汉语中,{{lang|zh|唐}}与{{zh-l|*庚}}发音相近。 ===词源=== 与{{och-l|途}}({{zh-ref|Wang, 1982}})有关,或源自{{der|zh|aav}},对比{{cog|mkh-pro|*glɔɔŋ}},其派生出{{cog|mnw|ဂၠံၚ်}}、{{cog|kns|gəlɔŋ}}、{{cog|kdt|khlù:aŋ}}({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}})。 ===发音=== {{zh-pron |m=táng |ma=y |m-s= |c=tong4 |c-t=hong3 |g= |h=pfs=thòng;gd=tong2 |j= |mb=dǒ̤ng |md=dòng |mn=ml,jj,tw:tn̂g/ml,jj,ct,tw:tông/ly:thâng |mn_note=厦门、泉州、晋江、漳州、台湾:tn̂g - 白读(包括姓氏);tông - 文读 |mn-t=deng5/tang5 |mn-t_note=deng5 - 白读(包括姓氏);tang5 - 文读 |w=3daan |x= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,a,n,adv,pn }} ===释义=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} [[夸张]],[[夸大]],[[吹嘘]]。 # {{†}} [[广阔]],[[宽阔]],[[辽阔]]。 # {{†}} [[寺庙]]内的[[路]]。 #* {{zh-x|中唐 有 甓,邛 有 旨 鷊。|'''寺庙内的中间的路'''有地砖,在上面有美丽的绶草。|ref=Shijing}} # {{†}} [[徒劳]],[[无益]],[[白费]]。 # {{w|太玄經}}中第50個[[爻象]],表示[[白费]],[[虚空]],[[无意义]]([[𝌷]]) # {{zh-div|朝}} [[中国]]古时的一个[[朝代]](618年6月18日-907年5月12日)。 #: {{zh-x|唐詩|}} # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[中国人]]。 #: {{zh-x|唐人|}} # {{†}} {{zh-alt form|蓎}}(''[[Cuscuta chinensis]]'') # {{surname|zh}} #: {{zh-x|^唐 ^君-毅|{{w|唐君毅|新儒家學派代表人物}}}} ====参见==== {{zh-Chinese dynasties}} ===组词=== {{zh-der|唐晡囝|半唐番:半个中国人|唐人街|唐努山|唐會要|唐突西施|劉唐下書|唐山|唐堯|唐高祖|唐詩|唐突|唐朝|唐古喇山|唐韻|四唐|南唐|唐花|初唐四傑|唐裝|後唐|唐樂|全唐詩|二返投唐|唐猊鎧甲|唐明皇|唐人|唐太宗|唐玄宗|唐氏症|唐三彩|大唐之歌|全唐文|唐塞|唐話|唐虞|唐菖蒲|唐臨晉帖|唐老鴨|唐猊|唐巾|唐寧街|唐哉皇哉|唐三藏|初唐|唐三絕|唐夷|中唐|放肆荒唐|李唐|撲唐唐|盛唐|新唐書|求馬唐肆|晚唐|陶唐|荒唐無稽|頹唐|陶唐氏|荒唐不經|苟且唐塞|舊唐書|荒唐|行唐|馮唐易老|荒唐之言|雲雨高唐|遣唐使|唐縣|唐村|唐巷|唐沖|唐店|唐莊|唐家墩|高唐|唐古拉|唐捐|唐餐}} ===派生語彙=== * {{desc|bor=1|en|Tang}}、{{l|en|T'ang}}、{{l|en|Tong}}、{{l|en|Tng}} * {{desc|bor=1|tai-swe-pro|*daːŋᴬ²}}(路) ** {{desc|nod|ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ}} ** {{desc|kkh|ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ}} ** {{desc|lo|ທາງ}} ** {{desc|khb|ᦑᦱᧂ}} ** {{desc|blt|ꪕꪱꪉ}} ** {{desc|shn|တၢင်း}} ** {{desc|tdd|ᥖᥣᥒᥰ}} ** {{desc|aho|𑜄𑜂𑜫}} ** {{desc|th|ทาง}}(路) * {{desc|bor=1|th|ถัง}}(唐朝) ===参考资料=== * {{R:twedu|A00583}} ---- ==日语== ===汉字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口07}} # [[唐朝]] # [[中国]],[[中]] # [[外国]],[[外来]] # [[仿冒]] # [[唐突]] ====读法==== {{rfv-pron|ja}} {{ja-readings |goon=どう<だう |kanon=とう<たう |toon=たん |soon=たん |kun=から-, もろこし- |nanori=かろ}} ====复合词==== {{der-top|复合词}} * {{ja-r|唐%朝|^とう%ちょう}} * {{ja-r|唐%突|とう%とつ}} * {{ja-r|荒%唐|こう%とう}} * {{ja-r|唐棣花|ハネズ}} * {{ja-r|唐土|^もろこし}} * {{ja-r|唐黍|モロコシ}} {{der-bottom}} ===词源 1=== <div style="float:right;"> {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} {{wikipedia|Tang dynasty}} </div> {{ja-kanjitab|とう|yomi=o}} {{IPAchar|/tau/}} → {{IPAchar|/tɔː/}} → {{IPAchar|/toː/}} 源自{{der|ja|ltc|sort=とう|-}} {{ltc-l|唐}}。 ====发音==== {{ja-pron|y=ko|とう|acc=1|acc_ref=NHK}} ====名词==== {{ja-noun|とう|hhira=たう}} # [[外国]] =====衍生词汇===== {{der-top}} * {{ja-r|唐%辛%子|トウ%-ガラ%シ|辣椒}} * {{ja-r|唐人|とうじん|中国人;外国人;野蛮人}} * {{ja-r|唐%縮緬|とう%-ちりめん|[[穆斯林]]}} * {{ja-r|唐紅|とうべに|[[品红]],[[洋红]]}} * {{ja-r|玉蜀黍|トウモロコシ|[[玉米]]}} * {{ja-r|毛%唐|け%とう|[[西方人]]}} {{der-bottom}} =====俗语===== * {{ja-r|唐へ投げ銀|とう へ なげ-がね}} ====专有名词==== {{ja-pos|proper|とう|hhira=たう}} # {{lb|ja|历史|sort=とう}} 多个中国朝代的名称: ## 唐朝(公元618年6月18日-907年5月12日) ## {{m|ja|後唐|tr=Kōtō||{{w|后唐}}}}(公元923-937年) ## {{m|ja|南唐|tr=Nantō||{{w|南唐}}}}(公元937-976年) # {{lb|ja|过时||sort=とう}} [[中国]] =====衍生词汇===== {{der-top}} * {{ja-r|唐%音|^とう%-おん|}} * {{ja-r|唐%詩|^とう%-し|}} * {{ja-r|唐%人|^とう%-じん|中国人}} * {{ja-r|入唐|にっとう|去唐朝时期的中国}} {{der-bottom}} ===词源 2=== {{ja-kanjitab|から|yomi=k}} 源自{{m|ja|伽羅}},来自朝鲜半岛古代时的一个专有名词。 在唐朝时期原指代“中国”和“从中国入口的物品”,后引申到“外国”、“从外国入口的物品”。 ====发音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|から|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====前缀==== {{ja-pos|prefix|から}} # {{n-g|用于复合词,指代从中国或其他国家输入的物品。}} #: {{ja-usex|[[漢詩]]、[[唐歌|'''唐'''歌]]、[[唐揚げ|'''唐'''揚げ]]、[[漢音]]|からうた、'''から'''うた、'''から'''あげ、からごえ|汉诗(与日式的和歌相对)、唐诗、炸肉块(17世纪从欧洲引入的一种做法)、汉音或从汉语派生来的汉字读法}} =====衍生词汇===== {{der-top}} * {{ja-r|唐%揚げ|から%あげ|炸肉块}} * {{ja-r|唐歌|からうた}} * {{ja-r|唐%木|から%き|外国的木材}} * {{ja-r|唐%紅|から%-くれない}} * {{ja-r|唐%獅子|から%-じし|rom=-}}、{{ja-r|唐%獅子|から%-じし}} * {{ja-r|唐%手|から%て|[[空手道]]}} * {{ja-r|唐梨|カラナシ}} * {{ja-r|唐様|からよう|中式设计}} {{der-bottom}} ====名词==== {{ja-noun|から}} # [[外国]] # {{short for|ja|唐織り|tr=karaori|nodot=1|sort=から}}:中国进口的纺织品 ====专有名词==== {{ja-pos|proper|から}} # {{lb|ja|正式|过时|sort=から}} {{w|唐朝}}时期的[[中国]] =====衍生词汇===== * {{ja-r|唐 人|^から ひと}}、{{ja-r|唐%人|^から%-びと|中国人、朝鲜人或韩国人}} =====参见===== * {{ja-r|漢|^から|pos=常指汉朝时期的中国}} * {{ja-r|韓|^から|pos=常指韩国或朝鲜}} * {{ja-r|加羅|^から|rom=-}}、{{ja-r|伽羅|^から|rom=-}}、{{ja-r|迦羅|^から|{{w|伽倻}}|pos=最初派生词}} * {{ja-r|呉|^くれ|东吴时期的中国}} ===词源 3=== {{ja-kanjitab|もろこし|yomi=k}} {{IPAfont|⟨mo<sub>2</sub>ro<sub>2</sub> ko<sub>1</sub>si⟩}} → {{IPAfont|⟨moro<sub>2</sub>ko<sub>1</sub>si⟩}} → *{{IPAchar|/morəkosi/}} → {{IPAchar|/morokoɕi/}} 源自{{inh|ja|ojp|sort=もろこし|-}},首次可考于《{{w|万叶集}}》(约753年)。 原为{{m|ja|諸|tr=moro-|t=很多,大量}} + {{m|ja|越|tr=koshi|pos={{m|ja|越す|tr=kosu||越过}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}}}构成的复合词,<ref name="DJR"/>将{{m|ja|越|tr=Etsu|t={{w|越国}}}}的{{m|ja|音読み|tr=on'yomi}}改为{{m|ja|訓読み|tr=kun'yomi}}的{{m|ja||越|tr=koshi}}而得来。<ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref> ====发音==== * {{ja-pron|y=k|もろこし|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====其他形式==== * {{ja-l|唐土}} ====名词==== {{ja-noun|もろこし}} # {{lb|ja|古旧|sort=もろこし}} 从[[中国]][[入口]]的物品 =====衍生词汇===== * {{ja-r|唐 黍|もろこし きび}}、{{ja-r|唐黍|モロコシ}} ====专有名词==== {{ja-pos|proper|もろこし}} # {{lb|ja|古旧|sort=もろこし}} 中国 {{gloss|古代日本人对中国的称呼}} #: {{synonyms|ja|唐土|tr=Tōdo}} ===参考资料=== <references/> {{c|ja|中國|地名}} ---- ==朝鲜语== ===汉字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=당|mr=tang}} # 唐朝 # [[中国人]] ---- ==冲绳语== ===汉字=== {{ryu-kanji|rs=口07}} ====读法==== {{ryu-readings |on=とー }} ===词源=== {{ryu-kanjitab|とー|yomi=o}} ===发音=== * {{IPA|ryu|/toː/|sort=とお}} ===专有名词=== {{ryu-pos|proper|とー|sort=とお}} # [[中国]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{ryu-r|唐%船|^とー%しん}} * {{ryu-r|唐%口|^とー%ぐち}} * {{ryu-r|唐ぬ口|^とーぬくち}} * {{ryu-r|唐ぬ人|^とーぬちゅ}} * {{ryu-r|唐ぬっ人%墓|^とーぬっちゅー%ばか}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:JLect|とー【唐】|856|too}} {{c|ryu|中國|亞洲國家|地名|sort=とお}} ---- ==白狼语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|tbq-plg|sit-pro|*mraŋ}}。对比{{cog|my| မြင် |t=看}}。 ===动词=== {{head|tbq-plg|動詞|tr=*lˤɑŋ}} # [[看]] ===参考资料=== * {{cite-journal|title=Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary|last=Hill|first=Nathan W.|year=2017|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=103|pages=386—429|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_2017_num_103_1_6257}} ---- ==越南语== ===汉字=== {{vi-readings|reading=Đường, đường, đằng, đàng, giềng|rs=口07}} # 唐朝 # [[中国人]] 8bxy98ahok24plqzypfqu76ajiaeoh2 0 306019 7271273 6676032 2022-07-27T16:57:07Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=7}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=31|rad=囗|as=04|sn=7|four=|canj=WMMU|ids=⿴囗元}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0217.170|dkj=04714|dj=0444.200|hdz=10714.020|ch=00003020003.010|sbgy=0124.120|uh=56ED|ud=22253}} * {{cite-book|title=Zhonghua Zihai|year=1994|page=432}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|囗|元|c1=s|c2=p|ls=psc}}。 ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|園|sv}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|圓|v}} ===詞源3=== {{zh-see|團|v}} ===詞源4=== {{zh-see|刓|v}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=囗04}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=囗04}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[がん]] (gan), [[たん]] (tan), [[だん]] (dan), [[えん]] (en)|kun=}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[완]], [[원]]|rv=wan, won|mr=wan, wŏn}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=囗04}} ltucsld24pz7v6uixkihkw8d4fvmw6o 7271274 7271273 2022-07-27T16:58:01Z Fglffer 55252 /* 跨語言 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=7}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=31|rad=囗|as=04|sn=7|four=|canj=WMMU|ids=⿴囗元}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0217.170|dkj=04714|dj=0444.200|hdz=10714.020|ch=00003020003.010|sbgy=0124.120|uh=56ED|ud=22253}} * {{cite-book|title=中華字海|year=1994|page=432}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|囗|元|c1=s|c2=p|ls=psc}}。 ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|園|sv}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|圓|v}} ===詞源3=== {{zh-see|團|v}} ===詞源4=== {{zh-see|刓|v}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=囗04}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=囗04}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[がん]] (gan), [[たん]] (tan), [[だん]] (dan), [[えん]] (en)|kun=}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[완]], [[원]]|rv=wan, won|mr=wan, wŏn}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=囗04}} 9tpx53dpa67wl6lamcp53oz5juemh9w 0 306279 7271275 6676209 2022-07-27T17:00:53Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=32|rad=土|as=11|sn=14|four=45143|canj=GJII|ids=⿰土專}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0237.080|dkj=05400|dj=0475.150|hdz=10478.060|ch=00003280001.030|uh=587C|ud=22652|bh=E157|bd=57687}} ---- ==漢語== ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|磚|v}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|摶|v}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=土11}} # [[磚頭]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |on=せん, たん, だん, ぜん |kun=かわら- }} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=전|rv=jeon|mr=chŏn}} # [[磚頭]] qj2366stismorehqvxm8olbi4mlzma3 0 307013 7271547 6676762 2022-07-28T08:40:09Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=46|rad=山|as=14|sn=17|four=22481|canj=UPKO|ids=⿱山疑}} ====衍生詞==== * {{l|mul|[[𦢾]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0321.090|dkj=08545|dj=0621.160|hdz=10803.030|ch=00004610003.080|uh=5DB7|ud=23991|bh=ECDA|bd=60634}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí,nì |c=jik6,ji4 |mc=y |oc=y |cat= }} {{zh-attn-split}} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # 湖南省的一座大山 ===組詞=== {{zh-der|岐嶷|嶷然|嶷岌|嶷嶷|嵬嶷|九嶷山}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=山14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=山14}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ぎ]] (gi), [[ぎょく]] (gyoku)|kun=[[さとい]] (satoi)}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=의|rv=ui|mr=ŭi}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=山14}} 89tmm9il1s0tbrgx7xsqxjmr2cld63t 7271548 7271547 2022-07-28T08:40:57Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=46|rad=山|as=14|sn=17|four=22481|canj=UPKO|ids=⿱山疑}} ====衍生詞==== * {{l|mul|[[𦢾]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0321.090|dkj=08545|dj=0621.160|hdz=10803.030|ch=00004610003.080|uh=5DB7|ud=23991|bh=ECDA|bd=60634}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí,nì |c=jik6,ji4 |mc=y |oc=y |cat= }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[湖南]]省的一座[[大山]] ===組詞=== {{zh-der|岐嶷|嶷然|嶷岌|嶷嶷|嵬嶷|九嶷山}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=山14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=山14}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ぎ]] (gi), [[ぎょく]] (gyoku)|kun=[[さとい]] (satoi)}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=의|rv=ui|mr=ŭi}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=山14}} 8dfbp1j27wt4z3cas8pv5mz0zbi1pre 7271553 7271548 2022-07-28T08:43:00Z Fglffer 55252 /* 跨語言 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=46|rad=山|as=14|sn=17|four=22481|canj=UPKO|ids=⿱山疑}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[𦢾]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0321.090|dkj=08545|dj=0621.160|hdz=10803.030|ch=00004610003.080|uh=5DB7|ud=23991|bh=ECDA|bd=60634}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí,nì |c=jik6,ji4 |mc=y |oc=y |cat= }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[湖南]]省的一座[[大山]] ===組詞=== {{zh-der|岐嶷|嶷然|嶷岌|嶷嶷|嵬嶷|九嶷山}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=山14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=山14}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ぎ]] (gi), [[ぎょく]] (gyoku)|kun=[[さとい]] (satoi)}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=의|rv=ui|mr=ŭi}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=山14}} ay8c8cy9gj4tesgxjxqmntixtg4p6za 0 308229 7271582 6677559 2022-07-28T09:24:19Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=64|rad=手|as=14|sn=17|four=57081|canj=QPKO|ids=⿰扌疑}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0460.170|dkj=12870|dj=0809.060|hdz=31975.040|ch=00005950005.020|sbgy=0254.100|uh=64EC}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=拟|alt=儗}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|手|alt1=扌|t1=hand|疑|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |c=ji5,ji4 |c-t=ngei4 |h=pfs=ngí;gd=ngi3 |md=ngī |mn=ml,jj,tw:gí |mn-t=ngi2 |w=3nyi |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[揣度]],[[估量]] # [[比照]],[[相比]] # [[摹仿]],[[仿效]] # [[比劃]] # [[打算]]、[[想要]] # [[起草]],[[編寫]] ====同義詞==== * {{s|揣度}} {{zh-syn-saurus|進行比較}} * {{s|模仿}} {{zh-syn-saurus|模仿}} * {{s|打算}} {{zh-syn-saurus|謀劃}} * {{s|起草}} {{zh-syn-saurus|起草}} * {{s|估計}} {{zh-syn-saurus|估計}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|fold=1|擬聲詞|仿擬|不擬|准擬|原擬|如擬|模擬考試|擬人法|擬人化|擬經|擬人|擬訂|滿擬|擬就|構擬|擬請|擬辦|擬音|擬妥|擬設|擬具|懸擬|模擬演習|摹擬|擬定|擬題|模擬|擬議|模擬器|無可比擬|研擬|準擬|擬古|比擬|擬規畫圓|模擬投票|擬稿|擬作|虛擬|草擬|虛擬空間|虛擬診所|虛擬站|虛擬樣品|虛擬主機|虛擬實境|擬合|擬核}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=手14}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=ご |kanon=ぎ |kun=まがい-, もど-く, なぞら-える, はか-る }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|擬%薬|ぎ%やく|[[安慰劑]]}} * {{ja-r|模%擬|も%ぎ}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ko|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|擬}}。 {{collapse| * {{hanja-dongguk|ᅌᅴᆼ〯|ngǔy}} * {{hanja-sinjeung|의|uy}} |Historical readings |bg=#FFFFFF}} ===發音=== {{ko-hanja-pron|의}} ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja-search}} {{ko-hanja|비기다|비길|의}} # {{hanja form of|의|[[相比]]}} # {{hanja form of|의|[[模仿]]}} ====組詞==== {{der-top3|組詞}} * {{ko-l|모의|模擬}} * {{ko-l|의성|擬聲}} * {{ko-l|의성어|擬聲語}} * {{ko-l|의태어|擬態語}} * {{ko-l|의인|擬人}} * {{ko-l|의인화|擬人化}} {{der-bottom}} ===來源=== * {{R:hanjadoc|4329}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=手14|reading=nghĩ, nghỉ}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=手14}} 22wwwviqvh2t80qlf1pdn7vynnfe4w6 7271584 7271582 2022-07-28T09:25:56Z Fglffer 55252 /* 跨語言 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=64|rad=手|as=14|sn=17|four=57081|canj=QPKO|ids=⿰扌疑}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0460.170|dkj=12870|dj=0809.060|hdz=31975.040|ch=00005950005.020|sbgy=0254.100|uh=64EC}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=拟|alt=儗}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|手|alt1=扌|t1=hand|疑|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |c=ji5,ji4 |c-t=ngei4 |h=pfs=ngí;gd=ngi3 |md=ngī |mn=ml,jj,tw:gí |mn-t=ngi2 |w=3nyi |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[揣度]],[[估量]] # [[比照]],[[相比]] # [[摹仿]],[[仿效]] # [[比劃]] # [[打算]]、[[想要]] # [[起草]],[[編寫]] ====同義詞==== * {{s|揣度}} {{zh-syn-saurus|進行比較}} * {{s|模仿}} {{zh-syn-saurus|模仿}} * {{s|打算}} {{zh-syn-saurus|謀劃}} * {{s|起草}} {{zh-syn-saurus|起草}} * {{s|估計}} {{zh-syn-saurus|估計}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|fold=1|擬聲詞|仿擬|不擬|准擬|原擬|如擬|模擬考試|擬人法|擬人化|擬經|擬人|擬訂|滿擬|擬就|構擬|擬請|擬辦|擬音|擬妥|擬設|擬具|懸擬|模擬演習|摹擬|擬定|擬題|模擬|擬議|模擬器|無可比擬|研擬|準擬|擬古|比擬|擬規畫圓|模擬投票|擬稿|擬作|虛擬|草擬|虛擬空間|虛擬診所|虛擬站|虛擬樣品|虛擬主機|虛擬實境|擬合|擬核}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=手14}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=ご |kanon=ぎ |kun=まがい-, もど-く, なぞら-える, はか-る }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|擬%薬|ぎ%やく|[[安慰劑]]}} * {{ja-r|模%擬|も%ぎ}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ko|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|擬}}。 {{collapse| * {{hanja-dongguk|ᅌᅴᆼ〯|ngǔy}} * {{hanja-sinjeung|의|uy}} |Historical readings |bg=#FFFFFF}} ===發音=== {{ko-hanja-pron|의}} ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja-search}} {{ko-hanja|비기다|비길|의}} # {{hanja form of|의|[[相比]]}} # {{hanja form of|의|[[模仿]]}} ====組詞==== {{der-top3|組詞}} * {{ko-l|모의|模擬}} * {{ko-l|의성|擬聲}} * {{ko-l|의성어|擬聲語}} * {{ko-l|의태어|擬態語}} * {{ko-l|의인|擬人}} * {{ko-l|의인화|擬人化}} {{der-bottom}} ===來源=== * {{R:hanjadoc|4329}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=手14|reading=nghĩ, nghỉ}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=手14}} 1n302ys2iuf7pmp3buniscan418uf3p 7271585 7271584 2022-07-28T09:27:13Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=64|rad=手|as=14|sn=17|four=57081|canj=QPKO|ids=⿰扌疑}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0460.170|dkj=12870|dj=0809.060|hdz=31975.040|ch=00005950005.020|sbgy=0254.100|uh=64EC}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=拟|alt=儗}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|手|alt1=扌|疑|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |c=ji5,ji4 |c-t=ngei4 |h=pfs=ngí;gd=ngi3 |md=ngī |mn=ml,jj,tw:gí |mn-t=ngi2 |w=3nyi |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[揣度]],[[估量]] # [[比照]],[[相比]] # [[摹仿]],[[仿效]] # [[比劃]] # [[打算]]、[[想要]] # [[起草]],[[編寫]] ====同義詞==== * {{s|揣度}} {{zh-syn-saurus|進行比較}} * {{s|模仿}} {{zh-syn-saurus|模仿}} * {{s|打算}} {{zh-syn-saurus|謀劃}} * {{s|起草}} {{zh-syn-saurus|起草}} * {{s|估計}} {{zh-syn-saurus|估計}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|fold=1|擬聲詞|仿擬|不擬|准擬|原擬|如擬|模擬考試|擬人法|擬人化|擬經|擬人|擬訂|滿擬|擬就|構擬|擬請|擬辦|擬音|擬妥|擬設|擬具|懸擬|模擬演習|摹擬|擬定|擬題|模擬|擬議|模擬器|無可比擬|研擬|準擬|擬古|比擬|擬規畫圓|模擬投票|擬稿|擬作|虛擬|草擬|虛擬空間|虛擬診所|虛擬站|虛擬樣品|虛擬主機|虛擬實境|擬合|擬核}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=手14}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=ご |kanon=ぎ |kun=まがい-, もど-く, なぞら-える, はか-る }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|擬%薬|ぎ%やく|[[安慰劑]]}} * {{ja-r|模%擬|も%ぎ}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ko|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|擬}}。 {{collapse| * {{hanja-dongguk|ᅌᅴᆼ〯|ngǔy}} * {{hanja-sinjeung|의|uy}} |Historical readings |bg=#FFFFFF}} ===發音=== {{ko-hanja-pron|의}} ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja-search}} {{ko-hanja|비기다|비길|의}} # {{hanja form of|의|[[相比]]}} # {{hanja form of|의|[[模仿]]}} ====組詞==== {{der-top3|組詞}} * {{ko-l|모의|模擬}} * {{ko-l|의성|擬聲}} * {{ko-l|의성어|擬聲語}} * {{ko-l|의태어|擬態語}} * {{ko-l|의인|擬人}} * {{ko-l|의인화|擬人化}} {{der-bottom}} ===來源=== * {{R:hanjadoc|4329}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=手14|reading=nghĩ, nghỉ}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=手14}} gsvhze9xe0m3px39ngus1lt2q2jgoon 0 309337 7271475 6678270 2022-07-28T07:02:12Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|毋|母|田}} {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|type=jbw|strokes=4}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=80|rad=毋|as=00|sn=4|four=77750|canj=WJ|ids=⿻⿻𠃋𠃍十(G),⿻⿻𠃋㇇十(HTJK)}} {{字形拆解|0587}} ====參考資料==== {{Han ref|kx=0588.240|dkj=16722|dj=0980.300|hdz=42380.020|uh=6BCC}} * {{辞海|745|1|2}} ====编码==== {{汉字编码|仓颉=WJ|四角号码=7775<sub>0</sub>|Unicode|十进制=27596|UTF8=E6 AF 8C |UTF16=6BCC|UTF32=00006BCC|Big5=C960|CCCII=224559|CNS1986=2-2140|CNS1992=2-2140|GB758987=5104|JISX1990=3823|KPS2000=4FD0}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=guàn |c=gun3,kwun3 |mc=y |oc=y |ma= |cat=v,adv,n }} ===字義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{zh-original|貫|tr=-}} # {{surname|zh}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=毋00}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=毋00}} ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |on=かん<くわん |kun=つらぬ-く }} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|꿰뚫다|꿰뚫을|관}} # [[貫穿]] ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=毋00|reading=vô}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=毋00}} ====參考資料==== * [http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=6bcc Nom Foundation] 3o28zpbbdw065tv4ewwe53u8ync6nq4 0 310785 7271453 6679131 2022-07-28T05:51:40Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=09|sn=14|four=27481|canj=PKNIO|ids=⿰𠤕⿱龴疋}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[儗]] [[凝]] [[㘈]] [[㠜]] [[懝]] [[擬]] [[𣝅]] [[𤾰]] [[礙]] [[譺]] [[䰯]] [[𢥷]] [[𩼨]] [[㽈]] [[觺]] [[寲]] [[嶷]] [[薿]] [[癡]] [[籎]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0768.030|dkj=22007|dj=1178.080|hdz=42751.040|ch=00009190001.020|sbgy=059.250|uh=7591|ud=30097|bh=BAC3|bd=47811}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{multiple images |width=75 |image1=疑-clerical-han.svg |image2=疑-clerical-han-2.svg |footer=來自{{w|馬王堆漢墓}}手抄本的{{m-self|zh|疑}} }} ===讀音=== * [[Wiktionary:汉语拼音索引|汉语拼音]]:yí, níng * [[w:粵拼|粵拼]]:ji4 {{上古音/白沙/表|疑}} {{古音|疑|之|三|開|止|平|語|其}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[doubt]], [[question]], [[suspect]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{組詞}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|疑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== * [[w:訓讀|訓讀]]:[[うたぐあ]] ([[疑う]], utagau), [[たがい]] ([[疑い]], utagai), [[うたがわし]] ([[疑わし]], utagawashi) * [[w:音讀|音讀]]:[[ぎ]] (gi), [[きょう]] (kyō) ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|疑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音||[[의]] (uy)||[[응]] (ung)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|疑}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== * [[ngật]], [[nghi]], [[nghĩ]], [[ngưng]], [[ngờ]], [[ngỡ]], [[ngơi]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7591/5117 儗]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|疋09]] [[分類:汉语汉字|疋09]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] ffifmg6324avf89pt1ausy2v290z3iu 7271495 7271453 2022-07-28T07:41:50Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=09|sn=14|four=27481|canj=PKNIO|ids=⿰𠤕⿱龴疋}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[儗]] [[凝]] [[㘈]] [[㠜]] [[懝]] [[擬]] [[𣝅]] [[𤾰]] [[礙]] [[譺]] [[䰯]] [[𢥷]] [[𩼨]] [[㽈]] [[觺]] [[寲]] [[嶷]] [[薿]] [[癡]] [[籎]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0768.030|dkj=22007|dj=1178.080|hdz=42751.040|ch=00009190001.020|sbgy=059.250|uh=7591|ud=30097|bh=BAC3|bd=47811}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤘,𠤕,𰅢,𦬦,𪵊,𭼃,𩉏}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{multiple images |width=75 |image1=疑-clerical-han.svg |image2=疑-clerical-han-2.svg |footer=來自{{w|馬王堆漢墓}}手抄本的{{m-self|zh|疑}} }} ===讀音=== * [[Wiktionary:汉语拼音索引|汉语拼音]]:yí, níng * [[w:粵拼|粵拼]]:ji4 {{上古音/白沙/表|疑}} {{古音|疑|之|三|開|止|平|語|其}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[doubt]], [[question]], [[suspect]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{組詞}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|疑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== * [[w:訓讀|訓讀]]:[[うたぐあ]] ([[疑う]], utagau), [[たがい]] ([[疑い]], utagai), [[うたがわし]] ([[疑わし]], utagawashi) * [[w:音讀|音讀]]:[[ぎ]] (gi), [[きょう]] (kyō) ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|疑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音||[[의]] (uy)||[[응]] (ung)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|疑}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== * [[ngật]], [[nghi]], [[nghĩ]], [[ngưng]], [[ngờ]], [[ngỡ]], [[ngơi]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7591/5117 儗]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|疋09]] [[分類:汉语汉字|疋09]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 0rd4eugzkf1g3ucc8fgrf3ku213h7m7 7271599 7271495 2022-07-28T10:43:45Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=09|sn=14|four=27481|canj=PKNIO|ids=⿰𠤕⿱龴疋}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[儗]] [[凝]] [[㘈]] [[㠜]] [[懝]] [[擬]] [[𣝅]] [[𤾰]] [[礙]] [[譺]] [[䰯]] [[𢥷]] [[𩼨]] [[㽈]] [[觺]] [[寲]] [[嶷]] [[薿]] [[癡]] [[籎]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0768.030|dkj=22007|dj=1178.080|hdz=42751.040|ch=00009190001.020|sbgy=059.250|uh=7591|ud=30097|bh=BAC3|bd=47811}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤘,𠤕,𰅢,𦬦,𪵊,𭼃,𩉏}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{multiple images |width=75 |image1=疑-clerical-han.svg |image2=疑-clerical-han-2.svg |footer=來自{{w|馬王堆漢墓}}手抄本的{{m-self|zh|疑}} }} 原為{{Han compound|[[大]] or [[文]]|夂|丨|t1=站立的人形|t2=傾斜的頭和張開的嘴|t3=cane|ls=ic|nocap=1}} – 一個人拿著拐杖,張著嘴四處張望,不知該往哪裡走 – 困惑;迷惑。對照:{{zh-l|*欠}}和{{zh-l|*既}},都有“張嘴”的要素,但是其圖形為坐姿。在甲骨文和金文中,常加入{{zh-l|*彳}}或{{zh-l|*辵}} = {{lang|zh|彳}} + {{zh-l|*止|gloss=腳}}來表示旅行或運動。 之後又添加了許多要素,如{{w|西周}}金文加了{{zh-l|*牛}},{{w|秦國|秦式}}文字的舊[[隸書]]包括了{{zh-l|*子}},和西漢早期隸書的{{zh-l|*乙}}。同時表示站立人物的圖形要素變為{{zh-l|*𠤕}}或在{{w|楚國|楚式}}文字有時會變為{{zh-l|*矣}}(如表格所式)。楚人還加了表示“心靈”的{{zh-l|*心}}要素。 ===詞源=== 可能與{{och-l|礙|to obstruct}}相關 ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}});參照{{w|原始藏緬語}}{{m|sit-pro|*ʔ/N-g(r)ak|t=阻擋}} ({{zh-ref|STEDT}},暫定)。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí |m-s=nyi2 |c=ji4 |c-t=ngei3 |g=nyi4 |h=pfs=ngì;gd=ngi2 |j=i1 |mb=ngǐ |md=ngì |mn=ml,jj,tw:gî |mn-t=ghi5 |w=3nyi |x=nyi2 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,a,n }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[懷疑]];[[疑問]] #: {{zh-ant|信}} ## [[可疑]] ## [[問題]] # [[猜想]] ## [[可疑]] # {{w|太玄經}}中第62個[[爻象]],表示懷疑([[𝍃]]) # [[彷彿]],[[好像]] #* {{zh-x|飛-流 直-下 三-千-尺,疑-是 銀河 落-九天。|瀑布水流飛奔直下三千公尺,'''好像'''銀河從九天落下來。|CL|ref=望廬山瀑布(李白)}} # {{zh-div|母}} {{lb|zh|漢語語言學}} [[中古漢語]]的一個[[聲母]]({{ltc-l|疑}}) ===組詞=== {{zh-der|傳疑|九疑山|形跡可疑|不避嫌疑|半信半疑|不疑貳|將信將疑|恫疑虛猲|可疑|作疑|怪疑|憂疑|恫疑虛喝|不疑|存疑|居之不疑|多疑|嫌疑犯|嫌疑|嫌疑分子|不疑誣金|多聞闕疑|不容置疑|兩無猜疑|疑竇|疑犯|疑問句|獻疑|疑塚|疑惑|疑慮|猶豫多疑|狐疑不決|疑問號|祛疑|疑古|疑點|犯疑|深信不疑|疑陣|疑問|滿布疑雲|無疑|析疑|狐疑|疑案|疑貳|疑團|疑心病|持疑不決|疑怪|投杼之疑|疑懼|疑忌|疑影|疑鬼疑神|疑雲|疑難雜症|疑難|疑義|疑神疑鬼|疑獄|疑滯|疑抱|疑情|疑心|疑問代詞|疑兵|疑信參半|疑似|疑人竊鈇|疑人疑鬼|疑丞|無可置疑|狼顧狐疑|生疑|猶疑|猜疑|稽疑|狐疑未決|睽疑|無庸置疑|決疑|懷疑論|疑心疑鬼|疑猜|懸疑|毫不遲疑|毫無疑義|毋庸置疑|然疑|析疑匡謬|懷疑|滿腹狐疑|經典稽疑|質疑|設疑|遲疑|致疑|置疑|遲疑不決|驚疑|考古質疑|遲疑未決|質疑問難|見疑|驚疑不定|闕疑|錯疑|起疑|賞奇析疑|釋疑|解疑釋結|蓄疑}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=6|rs=疋09}} # [[懷疑]] # [[嫌疑]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=ぎ |kanon=ぎ |on=きょう |kun=うたが-う, うたが-わし.い }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|疑%心|ぎ%しん}} * {{ja-r|被%疑%者|ひ%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|懐%疑|かい%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|疑%問|ぎ%もん}} * {{ja-r|疑%問%符|ぎ%もん%ふ}} * {{ja-r|質%疑|しつ%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑|よう%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑%者|よう%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|疑%惧|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%懼|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%念|ぎ%ねん}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[의]], [[응]]|eumhun=|rv=ui, eung|mr=ŭi, ŭng|y=uy, ung}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=疋09}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=nghi|rs=疋09}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=疋09}} 08n6xtmuyhoeg1frx7abr00x3ynuceu 7271601 7271599 2022-07-28T10:47:36Z Fglffer 55252 /* 詞源 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=09|sn=14|four=27481|canj=PKNIO|ids=⿰𠤕⿱龴疋}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[儗]] [[凝]] [[㘈]] [[㠜]] [[懝]] [[擬]] [[𣝅]] [[𤾰]] [[礙]] [[譺]] [[䰯]] [[𢥷]] [[𩼨]] [[㽈]] [[觺]] [[寲]] [[嶷]] [[薿]] [[癡]] [[籎]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0768.030|dkj=22007|dj=1178.080|hdz=42751.040|ch=00009190001.020|sbgy=059.250|uh=7591|ud=30097|bh=BAC3|bd=47811}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤘,𠤕,𰅢,𦬦,𪵊,𭼃,𩉏}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{multiple images |width=75 |image1=疑-clerical-han.svg |image2=疑-clerical-han-2.svg |footer=來自{{w|馬王堆漢墓}}手抄本的{{m-self|zh|疑}} }} 原為{{Han compound|[[大]] or [[文]]|夂|丨|t1=站立的人形|t2=傾斜的頭和張開的嘴|t3=cane|ls=ic|nocap=1}} – 一個人拿著拐杖,張著嘴四處張望,不知該往哪裡走 – 困惑;迷惑。對照:{{zh-l|*欠}}和{{zh-l|*既}},都有“張嘴”的要素,但是其圖形為坐姿。在甲骨文和金文中,常加入{{zh-l|*彳}}或{{zh-l|*辵}} = {{lang|zh|彳}} + {{zh-l|*止|gloss=腳}}來表示旅行或運動。 之後又添加了許多要素,如{{w|西周}}金文加了{{zh-l|*牛}},{{w|秦國|秦式}}文字的舊[[隸書]]包括了{{zh-l|*子}},和西漢早期隸書的{{zh-l|*乙}}。同時表示站立人物的圖形要素變為{{zh-l|*𠤕}}或在{{w|楚國|楚式}}文字有時會變為{{zh-l|*矣}}(如表格所式)。楚人還加了表示“心靈”的{{zh-l|*心}}要素。 ===詞源=== 可能與{{och-l|礙|阻撓}}相關 ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}});參照{{w|原始藏緬語}}{{m|sit-pro|*ʔ/N-g(r)ak|t=阻擋}} ({{zh-ref|STEDT}},暫定)。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí |m-s=nyi2 |c=ji4 |c-t=ngei3 |g=nyi4 |h=pfs=ngì;gd=ngi2 |j=i1 |mb=ngǐ |md=ngì |mn=ml,jj,tw:gî |mn-t=ghi5 |w=3nyi |x=nyi2 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,a,n }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[懷疑]];[[疑問]] #: {{zh-ant|信}} ## [[可疑]] ## [[問題]] # [[猜想]] ## [[可疑]] # {{w|太玄經}}中第62個[[爻象]],表示懷疑([[𝍃]]) # [[彷彿]],[[好像]] #* {{zh-x|飛-流 直-下 三-千-尺,疑-是 銀河 落-九天。|瀑布水流飛奔直下三千公尺,'''好像'''銀河從九天落下來。|CL|ref=望廬山瀑布(李白)}} # {{zh-div|母}} {{lb|zh|漢語語言學}} [[中古漢語]]的一個[[聲母]]({{ltc-l|疑}}) ===組詞=== {{zh-der|傳疑|九疑山|形跡可疑|不避嫌疑|半信半疑|不疑貳|將信將疑|恫疑虛猲|可疑|作疑|怪疑|憂疑|恫疑虛喝|不疑|存疑|居之不疑|多疑|嫌疑犯|嫌疑|嫌疑分子|不疑誣金|多聞闕疑|不容置疑|兩無猜疑|疑竇|疑犯|疑問句|獻疑|疑塚|疑惑|疑慮|猶豫多疑|狐疑不決|疑問號|祛疑|疑古|疑點|犯疑|深信不疑|疑陣|疑問|滿布疑雲|無疑|析疑|狐疑|疑案|疑貳|疑團|疑心病|持疑不決|疑怪|投杼之疑|疑懼|疑忌|疑影|疑鬼疑神|疑雲|疑難雜症|疑難|疑義|疑神疑鬼|疑獄|疑滯|疑抱|疑情|疑心|疑問代詞|疑兵|疑信參半|疑似|疑人竊鈇|疑人疑鬼|疑丞|無可置疑|狼顧狐疑|生疑|猶疑|猜疑|稽疑|狐疑未決|睽疑|無庸置疑|決疑|懷疑論|疑心疑鬼|疑猜|懸疑|毫不遲疑|毫無疑義|毋庸置疑|然疑|析疑匡謬|懷疑|滿腹狐疑|經典稽疑|質疑|設疑|遲疑|致疑|置疑|遲疑不決|驚疑|考古質疑|遲疑未決|質疑問難|見疑|驚疑不定|闕疑|錯疑|起疑|賞奇析疑|釋疑|解疑釋結|蓄疑}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=6|rs=疋09}} # [[懷疑]] # [[嫌疑]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=ぎ |kanon=ぎ |on=きょう |kun=うたが-う, うたが-わし.い }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|疑%心|ぎ%しん}} * {{ja-r|被%疑%者|ひ%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|懐%疑|かい%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|疑%問|ぎ%もん}} * {{ja-r|疑%問%符|ぎ%もん%ふ}} * {{ja-r|質%疑|しつ%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑|よう%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑%者|よう%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|疑%惧|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%懼|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%念|ぎ%ねん}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[의]], [[응]]|eumhun=|rv=ui, eung|mr=ŭi, ŭng|y=uy, ung}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=疋09}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=nghi|rs=疋09}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=疋09}} okuksgru6cfz4iz5lc1j1bgncyewfjz 7271602 7271601 2022-07-28T11:08:30Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=09|sn=14|four=27481|canj=PKNIO|ids=⿰𠤕⿱龴疋}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[儗]] [[凝]] [[㘈]] [[㠜]] [[懝]] [[擬]] [[𣝅]] [[𤾰]] [[礙]] [[譺]] [[䰯]] [[𢥷]] [[𩼨]] [[㽈]] [[觺]] [[寲]] [[嶷]] [[薿]] [[癡]] [[籎]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0768.030|dkj=22007|dj=1178.080|hdz=42751.040|ch=00009190001.020|sbgy=059.250|uh=7591|ud=30097|bh=BAC3|bd=47811}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤘,𠤕,𰅢,𦬦,𪵊,𭼃,𩉏}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{multiple images |width=75 |image1=疑-clerical-han.svg |image2=疑-clerical-han-2.svg |footer=來自{{w|馬王堆漢墓}}手抄本的{{m-self|zh|疑}} }} 原為{{Han compound|[[大]]或[[文]]|夂|丨|t1=站立的人形|t2=傾斜的頭和張開的嘴|t3=手杖|ls=ic|nocap=1}} – 一個人拿著拐杖,張著嘴四處張望,不知該往哪裡走 – 困惑;迷惑。對照:{{zh-l|*欠}}和{{zh-l|*既}},都有“張嘴”的要素,但是其圖形為坐姿。在甲骨文和金文中,常加入{{zh-l|*彳}}或{{zh-l|*辵}} = {{lang|zh|彳}} + {{zh-l|*止|gloss=腳}}來表示旅行或運動。 之後又添加了許多要素,如{{w|西周}}金文加了{{zh-l|*牛}},{{w|秦國|秦系}}文字的舊[[隸書]]包括了{{zh-l|*子}},和西漢早期隸書的{{zh-l|*乙}}。同時表示站立人物的圖形要素變為{{zh-l|*𠤕}}或在{{w|楚國|楚系}}文字有時會變為{{zh-l|*矣}}(如表格所式)。楚人還加了表示“心靈”的{{zh-l|*心}}要素。 《{{w|說文}}》中的首文字以秦系[[篆書]]書寫,解釋為“一個孩子在有障礙的道路上比較路徑”:{{Han compound|子|止|匕|矢|c1=s|c2=s|c3=s|c4=p|t1=孩子|t2=阻撓|t3=比較|nocap=1}}。{{w|段玉裁}}對說文的解釋提出另一種說法,指出{{zh-l|*矢}}不可能是其聲符:{{Han compound|子|𠤕|止|c1=s|c2=s|c3=p|t1=孩子|t2=不確定}}。然而,目前現存的聲符都不能表示其發音。{{zh-ref|Zhengzhang (2003)}}認為{{zh-l|*子}}是{{och-l|牛}}的訛變,曾作為聲符。 當前形式來自秦-漢隸書,右邊部件{{Han compound|子|止}}或{{Han compound|子|乙}}已經隸定為{{Han compound|龴|疋}}。 ===詞源=== 可能與{{och-l|礙|阻撓}}相關 ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}});參照{{w|原始藏緬語}}{{m|sit-pro|*ʔ/N-g(r)ak|t=阻擋}} ({{zh-ref|STEDT}},暫定)。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí |m-s=nyi2 |c=ji4 |c-t=ngei3 |g=nyi4 |h=pfs=ngì;gd=ngi2 |j=i1 |mb=ngǐ |md=ngì |mn=ml,jj,tw:gî |mn-t=ghi5 |w=3nyi |x=nyi2 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,a,n }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[懷疑]];[[疑問]] #: {{zh-ant|信}} ## [[可疑]] ## [[問題]] # [[猜想]] ## [[可疑]] # {{w|太玄經}}中第62個[[爻象]],表示懷疑([[𝍃]]) # [[彷彿]],[[好像]] #* {{zh-x|飛-流 直-下 三-千-尺,疑-是 銀河 落-九天。|瀑布水流飛奔直下三千公尺,'''好像'''銀河從九天落下來。|CL|ref=望廬山瀑布(李白)}} # {{zh-div|母}} {{lb|zh|漢語語言學}} [[中古漢語]]的一個[[聲母]]({{ltc-l|疑}}) ===組詞=== {{zh-der|傳疑|九疑山|形跡可疑|不避嫌疑|半信半疑|不疑貳|將信將疑|恫疑虛猲|可疑|作疑|怪疑|憂疑|恫疑虛喝|不疑|存疑|居之不疑|多疑|嫌疑犯|嫌疑|嫌疑分子|不疑誣金|多聞闕疑|不容置疑|兩無猜疑|疑竇|疑犯|疑問句|獻疑|疑塚|疑惑|疑慮|猶豫多疑|狐疑不決|疑問號|祛疑|疑古|疑點|犯疑|深信不疑|疑陣|疑問|滿布疑雲|無疑|析疑|狐疑|疑案|疑貳|疑團|疑心病|持疑不決|疑怪|投杼之疑|疑懼|疑忌|疑影|疑鬼疑神|疑雲|疑難雜症|疑難|疑義|疑神疑鬼|疑獄|疑滯|疑抱|疑情|疑心|疑問代詞|疑兵|疑信參半|疑似|疑人竊鈇|疑人疑鬼|疑丞|無可置疑|狼顧狐疑|生疑|猶疑|猜疑|稽疑|狐疑未決|睽疑|無庸置疑|決疑|懷疑論|疑心疑鬼|疑猜|懸疑|毫不遲疑|毫無疑義|毋庸置疑|然疑|析疑匡謬|懷疑|滿腹狐疑|經典稽疑|質疑|設疑|遲疑|致疑|置疑|遲疑不決|驚疑|考古質疑|遲疑未決|質疑問難|見疑|驚疑不定|闕疑|錯疑|起疑|賞奇析疑|釋疑|解疑釋結|蓄疑}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=6|rs=疋09}} # [[懷疑]] # [[嫌疑]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=ぎ |kanon=ぎ |on=きょう |kun=うたが-う, うたが-わし.い }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|疑%心|ぎ%しん}} * {{ja-r|被%疑%者|ひ%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|懐%疑|かい%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|疑%問|ぎ%もん}} * {{ja-r|疑%問%符|ぎ%もん%ふ}} * {{ja-r|質%疑|しつ%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑|よう%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑%者|よう%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|疑%惧|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%懼|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%念|ぎ%ねん}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[의]], [[응]]|eumhun=|rv=ui, eung|mr=ŭi, ŭng|y=uy, ung}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=疋09}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=nghi|rs=疋09}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=疋09}} jzn5zgg6dgrsd5i3k3ydujqq53oonmk 7271603 7271602 2022-07-28T11:08:56Z Fglffer 55252 /* 跨語言 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=09|sn=14|four=27481|canj=PKNIO|ids=⿰𠤕⿱龴疋}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[儗]] [[凝]] [[㘈]] [[㠜]] [[懝]] [[擬]] [[𣝅]] [[𤾰]] [[礙]] [[譺]] [[䰯]] [[𢥷]] [[𩼨]] [[㽈]] [[觺]] [[寲]] [[嶷]] [[薿]] [[癡]] [[籎]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0768.030|dkj=22007|dj=1178.080|hdz=42751.040|ch=00009190001.020|sbgy=059.250|uh=7591|ud=30097|bh=BAC3|bd=47811}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤘,𠤕,𰅢,𦬦,𪵊,𭼃,𩉏}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{multiple images |width=75 |image1=疑-clerical-han.svg |image2=疑-clerical-han-2.svg |footer=來自{{w|馬王堆漢墓}}手抄本的{{m-self|zh|疑}} }} 原為{{Han compound|[[大]]或[[文]]|夂|丨|t1=站立的人形|t2=傾斜的頭和張開的嘴|t3=手杖|ls=ic|nocap=1}} – 一個人拿著拐杖,張著嘴四處張望,不知該往哪裡走 – 困惑;迷惑。對照:{{zh-l|*欠}}和{{zh-l|*既}},都有“張嘴”的要素,但是其圖形為坐姿。在甲骨文和金文中,常加入{{zh-l|*彳}}或{{zh-l|*辵}} = {{lang|zh|彳}} + {{zh-l|*止|gloss=腳}}來表示旅行或運動。 之後又添加了許多要素,如{{w|西周}}金文加了{{zh-l|*牛}},{{w|秦國|秦系}}文字的舊[[隸書]]包括了{{zh-l|*子}},和西漢早期隸書的{{zh-l|*乙}}。同時表示站立人物的圖形要素變為{{zh-l|*𠤕}}或在{{w|楚國|楚系}}文字有時會變為{{zh-l|*矣}}(如表格所式)。楚人還加了表示“心靈”的{{zh-l|*心}}要素。 《{{w|說文}}》中的首文字以秦系[[篆書]]書寫,解釋為“一個孩子在有障礙的道路上比較路徑”:{{Han compound|子|止|匕|矢|c1=s|c2=s|c3=s|c4=p|t1=孩子|t2=阻撓|t3=比較|nocap=1}}。{{w|段玉裁}}對說文的解釋提出另一種說法,指出{{zh-l|*矢}}不可能是其聲符:{{Han compound|子|𠤕|止|c1=s|c2=s|c3=p|t1=孩子|t2=不確定}}。然而,目前現存的聲符都不能表示其發音。{{zh-ref|Zhengzhang (2003)}}認為{{zh-l|*子}}是{{och-l|牛}}的訛變,曾作為聲符。 當前形式來自秦-漢隸書,右邊部件{{Han compound|子|止}}或{{Han compound|子|乙}}已經隸定為{{Han compound|龴|疋}}。 ===詞源=== 可能與{{och-l|礙|阻撓}}相關 ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}});參照{{w|原始藏緬語}}{{m|sit-pro|*ʔ/N-g(r)ak|t=阻擋}} ({{zh-ref|STEDT}},暫定)。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí |m-s=nyi2 |c=ji4 |c-t=ngei3 |g=nyi4 |h=pfs=ngì;gd=ngi2 |j=i1 |mb=ngǐ |md=ngì |mn=ml,jj,tw:gî |mn-t=ghi5 |w=3nyi |x=nyi2 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,a,n }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[懷疑]];[[疑問]] #: {{zh-ant|信}} ## [[可疑]] ## [[問題]] # [[猜想]] ## [[可疑]] # {{w|太玄經}}中第62個[[爻象]],表示懷疑([[𝍃]]) # [[彷彿]],[[好像]] #* {{zh-x|飛-流 直-下 三-千-尺,疑-是 銀河 落-九天。|瀑布水流飛奔直下三千公尺,'''好像'''銀河從九天落下來。|CL|ref=望廬山瀑布(李白)}} # {{zh-div|母}} {{lb|zh|漢語語言學}} [[中古漢語]]的一個[[聲母]]({{ltc-l|疑}}) ===組詞=== {{zh-der|傳疑|九疑山|形跡可疑|不避嫌疑|半信半疑|不疑貳|將信將疑|恫疑虛猲|可疑|作疑|怪疑|憂疑|恫疑虛喝|不疑|存疑|居之不疑|多疑|嫌疑犯|嫌疑|嫌疑分子|不疑誣金|多聞闕疑|不容置疑|兩無猜疑|疑竇|疑犯|疑問句|獻疑|疑塚|疑惑|疑慮|猶豫多疑|狐疑不決|疑問號|祛疑|疑古|疑點|犯疑|深信不疑|疑陣|疑問|滿布疑雲|無疑|析疑|狐疑|疑案|疑貳|疑團|疑心病|持疑不決|疑怪|投杼之疑|疑懼|疑忌|疑影|疑鬼疑神|疑雲|疑難雜症|疑難|疑義|疑神疑鬼|疑獄|疑滯|疑抱|疑情|疑心|疑問代詞|疑兵|疑信參半|疑似|疑人竊鈇|疑人疑鬼|疑丞|無可置疑|狼顧狐疑|生疑|猶疑|猜疑|稽疑|狐疑未決|睽疑|無庸置疑|決疑|懷疑論|疑心疑鬼|疑猜|懸疑|毫不遲疑|毫無疑義|毋庸置疑|然疑|析疑匡謬|懷疑|滿腹狐疑|經典稽疑|質疑|設疑|遲疑|致疑|置疑|遲疑不決|驚疑|考古質疑|遲疑未決|質疑問難|見疑|驚疑不定|闕疑|錯疑|起疑|賞奇析疑|釋疑|解疑釋結|蓄疑}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=6|rs=疋09}} # [[懷疑]] # [[嫌疑]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=ぎ |kanon=ぎ |on=きょう |kun=うたが-う, うたが-わし.い }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|疑%心|ぎ%しん}} * {{ja-r|被%疑%者|ひ%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|懐%疑|かい%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|疑%問|ぎ%もん}} * {{ja-r|疑%問%符|ぎ%もん%ふ}} * {{ja-r|質%疑|しつ%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑|よう%ぎ}} * {{ja-r|容%疑%者|よう%ぎ%しゃ}} * {{ja-r|疑%惧|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%懼|ぎ%く}} * {{ja-r|疑%念|ぎ%ねん}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[의]], [[응]]|eumhun=|rv=ui, eung|mr=ŭi, ŭng|y=uy, ung}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=疋09}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=nghi|rs=疋09}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=疋09}} q5bm3ljqqplipjlnhyxi3cf45hcomkg 0 311601 7271296 7230685 2022-07-27T23:48:02Z Justice305 35272 哪來未整理加疑似抄襲?"麻煩舉證 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info/new}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} {{漢}} {{拆字|一=𥫗|二=夭}} * {{总笔画|10}} * {{部首|竹|4}} * {{異體|笑|𦬦|𦬫|芖|关|𠇄|咲|𥬇|𠺑|㗛}} {{字形拆解|2191}} {{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ==漢語== :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|笑}}|250%}} {{百科}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} == 出處 == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] c6po0l03fm5i2t89fwed1hhyp997sy1 7271297 7271296 2022-07-27T23:57:20Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} ==漢字== {{stroke order|strokes=10}} {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|笑}}|250%}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 3wvq2fogxs7ktexefsdsxn0v4ays42b 7271298 7271297 2022-07-27T23:59:58Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} ==漢字== {{stroke order|strokes=10}} {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|笑}}|250%}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] fe9awjahifp61z3gxx192s6dio1cqsy 7271299 7271298 2022-07-28T00:02:19Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} ==漢字== {{stroke order|strokes=10}} {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 𦬫, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|笑}}|250%}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] hr0xze2fh10kacrqicjnq6o0zxoeoev 7271300 7271299 2022-07-28T00:02:49Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 𦬫, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|笑}}|250%}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] evz9bw5drv6uhae7a8b4lryiegi1v83 7271301 7271300 2022-07-28T00:05:54Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|笑}}|250%}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] lh96uha192770tk9crky9sslyo7h8u3 7271302 7271301 2022-07-28T00:07:33Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 2uibj9pfiuyh81mpwcnsuhse1ymzic5 7271303 7271302 2022-07-28T00:08:58Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[smile]], [[laugh]], [[giggle]]; [[snicker]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|笑}}|220%}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[わらう]] (warau), [[えむ]] (emu), [[わらい]] (warai) |[[しょう]] (shō)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|笑}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[웃을]]|[[소]] (so)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|笑}}|220%}}}} ===读音=== * [[tiếu]], [[téo]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/35db 㗛] |align="center"| <FONT SIZE=5> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/7b11/54b2 咲] |} {{異體字注}} == 註釋 == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|竹04]] [[分類:汉语汉字|竹04]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 6dms39ulzmkyb14jfq5nhdlcfzkui0k 7271304 7271303 2022-07-28T00:16:53Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} tu677z0hxdp534ne5hvvnqtv54anuzj 7271305 7271304 2022-07-28T00:21:18Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}}原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}}。 後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 筆順 === {{筆順|動畫=無}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} 5if6vuutsj0ooalcvdo7f50vdbbind0 7271306 7271305 2022-07-28T00:22:52Z Justice305 35272 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} {{百科}} === 字源 === {{字源}}原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}}。 後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} susz025hpglmcfku3o9zwf67cth7b2j 7271307 7271306 2022-07-28T00:24:29Z Justice305 35272 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} {{百科}} === 字源 === :原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}}。 後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}} {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} 7r58ho6048rbr68lts04dnn7t4i34ja 7271308 7271307 2022-07-28T00:25:13Z Justice305 35272 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} === 字源 === :原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}}。 後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}} {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} mq3waqau6vn4j6bb29r2crj4cilkkoe 7271309 7271308 2022-07-28T00:25:38Z Justice305 35272 /* 字源 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} === 字源 === :原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}}。後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}} {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} gbapdt7uhwfnjwe869bx4wgig3zm99d 7271310 7271309 2022-07-28T00:31:05Z Justice305 35272 /* 釋義 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} === 字源 === :原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}}。後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}} {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} iszro4ednzx13916euo4my4q9rclygo 7271311 7271310 2022-07-28T00:32:36Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} === 字源 === :原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}}。後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}} {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} 5qbnhjsyeke4s8xepphve6e0oadsf68 7271312 7271311 2022-07-28T00:33:59Z Justice305 35272 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}}{{說文|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,此字本闕。 臣鉉等案:孫愐《唐韻》引《說文》云:喜也。从竹从犬。而不述其義。今俗皆从犬。 又案:李陽冰刊定《說文》从竹从夭義云:竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。未知其審。}}|{{lang|zh-classical|[[w:說文解字注|段注]]:徐鼎臣說孫愐《唐韵》引《說文》云𥬇,喜也,从竹从犬,而不述其義。攷孫愐《唐韵》序云,仍篆𣜩石經勒存正體。幸不譏煩,葢唐韵每字皆勒《說文》篆體,此字之从竹犬,孫親見其然,是以唐人無不从犬作者。《干祿字書》云:咲通、𥬇正,五經文字力尊說文者也,亦作𥬇,喜也,从竹下犬,《玉篇》竹部亦作𥬇,《廣韵》因《唐韵》之舊亦作𥬇,此本無可疑者。自唐玄度《九經字㨾》始先笑後𥬇,引楊承慶《字統》異說云从竹从夭,竹爲樂器,君子樂然後笑。《字統》每與《說文》乖異,見玄應書。葢楊氏求从犬之故不得,是用改夭形聲,唐氏從之,李陽冰遂云竹得風,其體夭屈如人之笑。自後徐楚金缺此篆,鼎臣竟改《說文》𥬇作笑,而《集韵》、《類篇》乃有笑無𥬇,宋以後經籍無𥬇字矣。今以顧野王、孫愐、顏元孫、張參爲據,復其正始。或問曰,从犬可得其說乎?曰从竹之義且不敢𡚶言,況从犬乎?聞疑載疑可也,假云必不宐从犬,則哭又何以从犬乎?哭之獄省聲乃亦强作解事者爲之也,詳哭下。私妙切。二部。○又按宋初《說文》本無𥬇,鉉增之,十九文之一也。孫愐但从竹从犬,其本在竹部、抑在犬部,鉉不能知,姑綴於竹末。今依之,恐有未協,凖哭从犬求之。𥬇或本在犬部。而从竹部之字之省聲。未可知也。}}}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} === 參考 === * {{大字源|1307|5}} * {{汉语大字典|5|2950|10}} * {{康熙字典|0879|879|3}} * {{辞海|1008|5|2}} * {{Unihan数据|7B11}} ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} === 字源 === :原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 {{字源}} :由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 :在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 :「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 :臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 :依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=HHK|四角号码=8843<sub>2</sub>|Unicode|十进制=31505|UTF8=E7 AC 91 |UTF16=7B11|UTF32=00007B11|Big5=AFBA|CCCII=214F71|CNS1986=1-573D|CNS1992=1-573D|EACC=214F71|GB80=4806|GB90=4806|JISX=3048|KPS97=E3B2|KS=6537|中文电码|中国大陆=4562|台湾=4562}} ===讀音=== {{上古音/白沙/表|笑}} {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} qgfxaogk8i8bn208t13ten4lkddetvu 7271313 7271312 2022-07-28T02:04:33Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} ---- ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== {{字源}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ===標點符號=== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} g0d1dvosvxwtpqr1l1zx9vyr3zmbhxh 7271314 7271313 2022-07-28T02:05:09Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} ---- ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== {{字源}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} f5jryrdv4x0gdmsbgjewylbvnfc5tff 7271338 7271314 2022-07-28T03:49:22Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=关,*咲,㗛,芖,𥬇,𦬦,𦬫,𠇄,𠺑}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|cdo:chiéu|nan:chhiò|wuu}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} a125pbxc4ukdjisl6wihg78ytownjxt 7271410 7271338 2022-07-28T04:52:30Z 1.200.168.245 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=关,*咲,㗛,芖,𥬇,𠇄,𦬦,𦬫,𠺑}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|cdo:chiéu|nan:chhiò|wuu}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} iaan2ps3gosqrj2j03rpnzblfxdjwui 7271427 7271410 2022-07-28T05:10:52Z 1.200.168.245 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=关,*咲,㗛,芖,𥬇,𠇄,𦬫,𠺑}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|cdo:chiéu|nan:chhiò|wuu}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} ae4iybu2wza0amu7k1hjf7k5qaghwn6 7271497 7271427 2022-07-28T07:42:13Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} ---- ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== {{字源}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} phgx9ees0x0o2wjgb6300bjpbnj83gv 7271550 7271497 2022-07-28T08:41:32Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} {{康熙|{{lang|zh-classical|笑,〔古文〕咲𠇄《廣韻》私妙切《集韻》《韻會》仙妙切《正韻》蘇弔切,𠀤音肖。《廣韻》欣也,喜也。《增韻》喜而解顏啓齒也。 又嗤也,哂也。《易·萃卦》一握爲笑。《詩·邶風》顧我則笑。《毛傳》侮之也。《禮·曲禮》父母有疾,笑不至矧。《註》齒本曰矧,大笑則見。《左傳·哀二十年》吳王曰:溺人必笑。《論語》夫子莞爾而笑。《註》小笑貌。 又獸名。《廣東新語》人熊,一名山笑。 又《韻補》思邀切。《詩·大雅》勿以爲笑,叶上囂、下蕘。《淮南子·汜論訓》不殺黃口,不獲二毛,于古爲義,于今爲笑。《古逸詩·趙童謠》趙爲號,秦爲笑。以爲不信,視地上生毛。 又入宥韻,音秀。《江總詩》玉臉含啼還自笑,若使琴心一曲奏。或作咲。《前漢·揚雄傳》樵夫咲之。亦省作关。《前漢·薛宣傳》一关相樂。}}}} ---- ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|alt=𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== {{字源}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} f5jryrdv4x0gdmsbgjewylbvnfc5tff 7271578 7271550 2022-07-28T09:09:12Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|21769|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=关,*咲,㗛,芖,𥬇,𠇄,𦬫,𠺑}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|cdo:chiéu|nan:chhiò|wuu}} ===字源=== {{字源}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} 4th0gsrd5xbsf957bwp8vix3vlpjydh 7271580 7271578 2022-07-28T09:12:49Z 1.200.168.245 英文維基也是照抄泰語維基的格式 都是抄看不出有什麼高尚 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=04|sn=10|four=88432|canj=HHK|ids=⿱⺮夭}} {{stroke order|strokes=10}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㗛]], [[𢞖]], [[𢲑]], [[𣉧]], [[𧏣]], [[𧜕]], [[𫹠]], [[𭡻]], [[𡮜]], [[𫂪]], [[𫛎]], [[𬕓]], [[𮆂]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0879.030|dkj=25885|dj=1307.050|hdz=52950.100|ch=00010080005.020|uh=7B11|ud=31505|bh=AFBA|bd=44986}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=关,*咲,㗛,芖,𥬇,𠇄,𦬫,𠺑}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|cdo:chiéu|nan:chhiò|wuu}} ===字源=== {{字源}} 原為{{liushu|ic}}或{{Han compound|艸|犬|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s}},後世字形為{{Han compound|竹|夭|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 由於「笑」在[[唐朝]]之後《說文》版本脫佚,[[w:徐鉉|徐鉉]]校該書時,只得引[[w:李陽冰|李陽冰]]刊定《說文》小篆版本从「竹」从「夭」,並認為从「竹」从「犬」的「𥬇」是俗字寫法。[[w:段玉裁|段玉裁]]考證則不以為然,改篆从「竹」从「犬」。儘管字書所載其古文及小篆皆歸竹部,但出土戰國至秦漢簡帛書都是從「艸」從「犬」的「[[𦬦]]」([[𦬫]])<ref>笑本字從艸從犬已是通說: *[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=笑 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:笑] *[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=笑 漢語多功能字庫:笑] *.{{Citation |url = http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |title=东亚文化圈汉字字典文献的整理与研究 |work = 第二十九屆中國文字學國際學術研討會論文集 |publisher= |author= 王平 |accessdate= |date= 2018-05 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116150631/http://www.fyu.url.tw/cp/29th/29th_P249.pdf |archivedate =2020-01-16|language = |dead-url=}}<!--https://charactercl.blogspot.com/2018/05/29.html http://www.sohu.com/a/138821269_488717--> *贾磊. [https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2015/0824/20150824082717535.pdf 說“哭”、“笑”]. 中国高校人文社会科学信息网. 2015-08-24. *蘇建洲. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2313 北大簡《老子》字詞補正與相關問題討論]. 簡帛網. 2015-09-21. *曾憲通. [http://gwz.sysu.edu.cn/showinform.php?iid=214 談談怎樣考釋古文字]. 中山大學古文字研究所. 2016-11-04. *王寧. [http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2888 北大秦簡《禹九策》的占法臆測]. 簡帛網. 2017-09-21. </ref><ref name=oc>{{Citation|title=《古文字詁林 第四冊》 |publisher= 上海教育出版社|author= ||accessdate= |date=2000-12-01}}</ref>{{NoteTag|原是「疑」的異體,《康熙字典》將[[w:漢字部件|漢字部件]]「屾」作「艸」,應為訛字卻意外合乎後世出土「笑」的字形。}}。 在「笑」的溯源探討上,尚有「[[芺]]」乃[[通假]]或本字之說(以[[妖]]的本字「[[𡝩]]」旁證<ref>[http://chinese-linguipedia.org/search_source_inner.html?word=妖 中華語文知識庫 - 漢字源流:妖]</ref>),因古來「艸」「竹」易混<ref name=oc/>;或以字書收錄古《老子》的古文「笑」形推論,原始既非從「竹」也非從「艸」,而是眉開眼笑的「︿︿」,人的象形「大」訛變成「夭」<ref>{{Citation |title=“哭”“笑”源流考 |author =张新艳 |journal=现代语文 |volume=9 |issue= | publisher=现代语文杂志社 |pages=145-146 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/xdyw/200809/9723421.html |date=2008 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>;更甚者以「{{lang|zh-tw|[[关]]}}」為本,既從「犬」大致已定,則「︿︿」篆形訛變為「八」,從「八」從「犬」可能是最早字形等等<ref>{{Citation |title=“笑”字源起辨析 |author =张虹倩、刘斐 |journal=中国文字研究 |volume=1 |issue= | publisher= |pages=165-174 |url= https://www.xueshu.com/zgwzyj/201201/18637181.html |date=2012 |via= 学术之家 |language=}}</ref>。然與目前出土文物所顯示的皆不符,何況以非秦系的古文推斷其小篆原貌,本來就有問題。 「𦬫」訛變為「笑」,蓋「艸」、「竹」相混,如「[[荅]]」訛作「[[答]]」、「[[蘺]]」訛作「[[籬]]」、「[[弟]]」訛作「[[苐]]」後又訛作「[[第]]」,且出土《[[s:戰國縱橫家書|戰國縱橫家書]]》其𦬫的[[w:漢字部件|部件]]「犬」亦似斜「夭」狀<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>;[[聲符]]「艸」被「竹」替代,憑「犬」不符、改「夭」形聲,此皆有脈絡可循。 臺灣學者杜忠誥對以上「笑」字形演變亂象提出一套看法<ref>{{Citation|author=杜忠誥 |date= 2002|title=說文篆文訛形釋例 |url= |location= |publisher=文史哲出版社 |page= |isbn= 978-957-549-417-9 |author-link= }}</ref>: #「𦬫」是「狗遇草地則喜樂戲耍,歡快無比」。 #從「艸」、「夭」聲構形之「芺」應是《說文〉原書中的「𦬫」字,或列在「犬」部,後被誤認草名而移寫到「艸」部。 #在東漢隸變過程中,普遍出現從「竹」混同訛變成「艸」的情形,經魏晉六朝後開始把原從「竹」者悉數恢復,卻還原過頭將「𦬫」作「𥬇」。 依其見解檢視,現行《說文》已非當時原書版本,段在《說文解字注》批評這些增刪改字的後人是「[[浅人]]」,而「笑」的小篆來源也有問題,大徐本用李陽冰改篆版本,小徐本則段注缺此篆、顯然後人所加;訛變混同部首不只一例,像從「-{[[鬥]]}-」者於隸變過程中類化同「-{門}-」,也在北宋悉數恢復。故杜所言可提供一思考方向。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |m-s=xiao4 |m-l=siao4 |dg=щё3 |c=siu3 |c-t=lhiau1 |g=xieu4 |h=pfs=seu;gd=xiau4 |j=xiau3 |mb=sia̿u |md=chiéu |mn=chhiò/chhiàu/siàu |mn_note=chhiò - 白; chhiàu - 白 (用于某些复合词中;也可认为是文读); siàu - 文 |mn-t=cio3/ciê3 |mn-t_note=ciê3 - 潮州 |w=2xiau |x=siau4 |mc=y |oc=y |ma=y |cat=v,a,pn }} ===釋義=== # {{lb|zh|intransitive}} 因[[喜悅]]而[[露出]][[快樂]]的[[表情]],或[[發出]]快樂的[[聲音]] #: {{zh-x|笑容|}} #: {{zh-x|唔識 笑|不會'''笑'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|transitive|ditransitive}} [[嘲笑]],[[譏諷]] #: {{zh-x|點解 你哋 成{seng4}日 笑 我 㗎?|為什麼你們總是'''嘲笑'''我?|C}} #: {{zh-x|笑 佢 唔識 講 廣東話{waa6-2}|'''嘲笑'''他不會講粵語|C}} # [[有趣]]的,[[逗樂]]的 #: {{zh-x|笑話|lit='''有趣的'''話語}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[喜愛]];[[羨慕]] # {{lb|zh|literary|honorific}} 致贈時表示[[希望]]對方[[接受]] #: {{zh-x|還 望 先生 笑納}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|figurative}} [[花朵]][[開放]]、[[綻放]] # {{lb|zh|rare}} {{surname|zh}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial}} ====參見==== * {{sense|嘲笑}} {{zh-l|嘲}}、{{zh-l|嗤}} ===組詞=== {{zh-der|含笑|呆笑|嘔笑|不好言笑|嬉笑|三笑|又說又笑|俳笑|妃子笑|呵呵大笑|失笑|微笑|一笑千金|千金買笑|大笑|嘻笑|傻笑|哂笑|帶笑|不值一笑|可笑|好笑|嫣然一笑|乾笑|倚門賣笑|偷笑|冷笑|含笑花|哈哈大笑|恥笑|怪笑|三笑姻緣|強顏歡笑|匿笑|不苟言笑|巧笑|優笑|喜眉笑眼|哈哈笑|啼笑皆非|巧笑倩兮|嬉皮笑臉|一笑置之|仰天大笑|哭笑不得|一顰一笑|堆下笑|取笑|姍笑|喜笑顏開|奸笑|慘笑|嘻嘻笑笑|嘲笑|嗤笑|嘻皮笑臉|啞然失笑|回眸一笑|哄堂大笑|含笑入地|付之一笑|媚笑雜樣|千金一笑|喜笑|嬉笑怒罵|宜顰宜笑|爆笑|憨笑|眉歡眼笑|泣笑敘闊|揮霍談笑|搞笑|獰笑|目笑|皮笑|滿面笑容|滿臉堆笑|玩笑旦|痴笑|歡笑|捧腹大笑|拈花微笑|斂笑而泣|發笑|招笑兒|打諢說笑|春山如笑|有說有笑|破顏微笑|眉開眼笑|看笑話|眉花眼笑|破涕為笑|相視而笑|抃笑|玩笑|暗笑|狂笑|滿面堆笑|淺笑|撫掌大笑|會心一笑|敞笑兒|陪笑|談笑|笑容可掬|笑耍|笑咪咪|貽笑大方|譙周獨笑|訕笑|落人笑柄|竊笑|笑語|笑納|見笑|謔浪笑敖|笑傲|笑裡藏刀|笑盈盈|笑咍咍|騰笑|貽笑千古|笑渦|貽笑千秋|非笑|談笑自若|笑哈哈|說笑話|買笑追歡|笑容|鬧笑話|賠笑|笑逐顏開|談笑風生|色笑|詼諧笑浪|笑成一團|笑嘻嘻|笑容滿面|言笑自若|諂笑|買笑|貽笑|笑臉|笑意|笑吟吟|笑掉大牙|笑呵呵|開口笑|語笑喧譁|笑迷迷|頑笑|陪笑臉|笑傲江湖|見笑於人|笑罵|笑耍頭回|聲音笑貌|笑殺|迷花眼笑|賣笑追歡|譏笑|鼻子裡笑|齲齒笑|調笑|鷽鳩笑鵬|笑談|鬨然大笑|鵲笑鳩舞|語笑喧呼|笑靨|鬨堂大笑|葷笑話|逗笑|譁笑|笑劇|笑場|笑料|談笑封侯|笑林|笑罵從汝|笑敖|笑罵由他|載笑載言|笑柄|鄙笑|笑傲風月|賠笑臉|開玩笑|音容笑貌|脅肩諂笑|笑氣|笑話|賣笑|笑面夜叉|笑臉攻勢|笑口常開|說笑|逢迎色笑|言笑晏晏|追歡買笑|貽笑萬世|言笑自如|談笑自如|說說笑笑|語笑喧闐|言笑嘻怡|言笑|笑話兒|見笑大方|笑面虎|苦笑|耍笑|笑瞇瞇|文文仔笑:bûn-bûn-á-chhiò;閩南語|瞇瞇笑:bî-bî-chhiò;閩南語|笑微微:chhiò-bi-bi;閩南語}} === 註釋 === {{NoteFoot}} ===出處=== {{reflist|2}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=竹04}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=わら-う<わら-ふ, え-む<ゑ-む |nanori=えみ<ゑみ }} ====組詞==== {{der-top|組詞}} * {{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}:一種喝了能使人心情變好的酒 * {{ja-r|笑%気|しょう%き}}:[[笑氣]] * {{ja-r|苦%笑|く%しょう}} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|わら|o1=い}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑う|tr=warau||大笑;微笑}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|わらい|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|わらい|hhira=わらひ}} # [[大笑]];[[笑聲]] # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑い}}. ''warai'' 的讀法一般和“大笑”有關,''emi'' 的讀法則更多與“微笑,笑容”有關。 ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え|o1=み}} 動詞{{m|ja|笑む|tr=emu||微笑;綻放}}的{{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|yomi=k|えみ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # [[微笑]],[[笑容]] # [[綻放]],[[盛開]] # [[堅果]]或其他[[果實]][[成熟]]時裂開 =====使用注意===== 一般帶送假名,作{{m|ja|笑み}}。 ''emi'' 的讀法一般和“微笑,笑容”有關,''warai'' 的讀法則更多與“大笑”有關。 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|えみ|hhira=ゑみ}} # {{given name|ja|sort=えみ|女性}} # {{surname|ja|sort=えみ}} ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|え}} 可能與詞源2 ''emi'' 同源。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|え|hhira=ゑ}} # {{lb|ja|用於組詞}} [[微笑]],[[笑容]];如{{ja-r|笑%顔|え%がお}}、{{ja-r|笑%酒|え%ぐし}}、{{ja-r|笑%壺|え%つぼ}}. ===詞源4=== ====標點符號==== {{head|ja|標點符號}} # {{alt form|ja|(笑)}}:表示[[有趣]]、[[好笑]]的表情符號 ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|웃다|웃을|소}} # {{hanja form of|소}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu, téo|rs=竹04}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=竹04}} 42o8e8zdl5efua3yys97uy3c6p10w1l 0 314991 7271435 7270185 2022-07-28T05:20:50Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{Han simplified forms|邊|辺|边}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=162|rad=辵|as=15|sn=19|four=36302|canj=YHUS|ids=⿺辶臱}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[籩]], [[𠑟]], [[𤄺]], [[𤓋]], [[𥤓]], [[𨇱]], [[𩽲]], [[𪢥]], [[𮉝]], [[𮕙]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1267.130|dkj=39216|dj=1765.300|hdz=63894.030|ch=00013350001.010|sbgy=0136.130|uh=908A|ud=37002|bh=C3E4|bd=50148}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=边|alt=邉,𮟣,𫟪,𨘢,辺,𨖂,𨕙,𨘢,𨘳,𨓉,𮞰,𨓙,𨑶,𦍇,𮟗,𮞾,𮟚}} 𮞰 ===字源=== {{Han etym}} 甲骨文形式由{{zh-l|*自}}和{{zh-l|*丙}}組成。須注意{{zh-l|*自}}是{{och-l|鼻}}的原型,{{zh-l|*自}}和{{och-l|丙}}可能是本字的聲符。 金文的{{och-l|邊}}由{{zh-l|*辵}}、{{zh-l|*自}}、{{zh-l|*丙}}和{{zh-l|*方}}組成。{{zh-l|*辵}}和{{zh-l|*方}}可能是本字的意符,而{{zh-l|*自}} ({{och-l|鼻}}的本字)和{{och-l|丙}}為其聲符。 小篆形式的{{zh-l|*𨘢}},右下部件為{{zh-l|*方}}的訛化。 ===詞源1=== 可能與{{och-l|偏|邊緣;斜}}、{{och-l|片|部份;片面}}、{{och-l|諞|油嘴滑舌;不真誠}}同源 ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}})。 ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=biān |m-s=bian1 |c=bin1 |c-t=ben1 |g=bien1 |h=pfs=piên;gd=biên1 |j=bie1 |mb=bíng |md=biĕng |mn=piⁿ/pian |mn_note=piⁿ - 白讀; pian - 文讀 |mn-t=biang1/biêng1/bin1 |mn-t_note=biang1/biêng1 - 文讀 (biêng1 - 潮州); bin1 - 白讀 |w=1pi |x=bienn1 |ma=y |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-邊.wav |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,adv,suf,pn }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[邊緣]] #: {{zh-x|湖邊|}} #: {{zh-x|碗 邊兒{r}|}} #: {{zh-x|街道 兩 邊|}} #: {{zh-x|在 懸崖 邊 行走 是 危險 的。|}} #: {{zh-x|孩子{zi} 們 在 海灘 邊 用 沙子{zi} 堆砌 城堡。|}} #: {{zh-x|冰涼 的 水 在 船 邊 泛 起 泡沫。|}} # [[裝飾]][[框架]] #: {{zh-x|金 邊 眼鏡|}} #: {{zh-x|她 的 手帕 有 一 條 藍 邊。|}} # [[物體]][[旁邊]] #: {{zh-x|床 邊|}} #: {{zh-x|坐 在 窗 邊|}} # [[邊界]] #: {{zh-x|邊疆|}} #: {{zh-x|戍邊|}} # {{lb|zh|geometry}} 兩個[[頂點]]連接的線 {{zh-mw|條}} #: {{zh-x|長方體 有 幾 條 邊?|}} # [[界限]];[[境界]] #: {{zh-x|無邊無際|}} # [[對方]] {{qual|家庭、談判}} #: {{zh-x|雙 邊 會談|}} #: {{zh-x|佢 老婆 嗰 邊 嘅 親戚|他妻子那邊的親戚|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 為什麼 不 站 在 我 這 邊?|}} # {{n-g|方位名詞的後綴。}} #: {{zh-x|上邊|}} #: {{zh-x|下邊|}} #: {{zh-x|裡邊|}} # {{lb|zh|用在每個同時進行動作的動詞前}} [[同時]] #: {{zh-x|我 邊 等 邊 瀏覽 幾 本 雜誌。|}} #: {{zh-x|你 喜歡 邊 聽 音樂 邊 做 作業 嗎?|}} # {{lb|zh|用於表示時間的數字或文字後}} [[接近]] # {{surname|zh}} ====同義詞==== * {{s|邊緣}} {{zh-syn-saurus|邊際}} ====組詞==== {{zh-der|一望無邊|一邊|上邊|下邊|不事邊幅|不修邊幅|不脩邊幅|不著邊際/不着边际|井口邊草|作舍道邊|修邊|修邊幅|修飾邊幅|傍邊|儘裡邊兒|兩邊|兩邊倒|兩邊廂|剃刀邊緣|前邊|北邊|半邊|半邊天|半邊家庭|半邊蓮|南邊|厝邊|右邊|周邊|周邊設備|四邊|四邊形|外邊|多邊|多邊形|多邊貿易|大花邊|大邊|大陸邊緣|天邊|安邊|客邊|對邊|岸邊|崖邊|左邊|底邊|延邊:[[Yanbian]]|後邊|徙邊|戍邊|打邊鼓|扣邊|拓邊|掃邊|撩邊兒|支邊|敲邊鼓|敲鑼邊兒|斜邊|旁邊|旁邊人|日邊|東邊|枕邊人|枕邊細語|枕邊靈|林邊鄉|查邊|正多邊形|毛邊紙|沒有邊邊|河邊|沾邊|沿邊兒|法力無邊|法術無邊|海邊|溜邊兒|滾邊|漫無邊際|無始無邊|無邊|無邊無際|無邊苦海|無邊風月|緄邊|耳邊風|肉邊菜|腳邊路|膽邊生毛|舌尖邊音|舔碗邊|花邊|花邊婚|花邊新聞|苦海無邊|裡邊|西邊|貼邊|路邊攤|蹭邊兒|身邊|身邊人|巡邊員|這邊|邊亭|邊儲|邊務|邊區|邊卡|邊土|邊地|邊坡|邊報|邊塞|邊塞詩|邊塵|邊境|邊客|邊寨|邊將|邊幅|邊幅不修|邊庭|邊廂|邊張子|邊心|邊患|邊擦音|邊政|邊方|邊旁|邊果|邊框|邊欄|邊沁主義|邊沿|邊燧|邊界|邊界談判|邊疆|邊疆民族|邊疆舞|邊皮兒|邊緣|邊罏|邊聲|邊荒|邊裔|邊角料|邊警|邊遠|邊郡|邊鄙|邊門|邊關|邊防|邊防軍|邊陲|邊隘|邊際|邊際人|邊際利益|邊際效用|邊音|邊頭|邊頭風|邊騎|邊鸞|邊鼓|酣邊|金絲邊|金邊|鉤邊|鑲邊|雙邊|雙邊貿易|靖邊|靖邊縣|靠邊|靠邊站|風月無邊|鬢邊牌|鷗邊|黃邊錢|鼎邊銼|邊獄|隹字邊|反文邊|溜邊|敲字邊|鼎邊糊|林邊|有邊讀邊|邊仔:piⁿ-á|路邊|鹽邊|邊緣化|邊緣人|邊緣科學}} ====派生詞==== {{CJKV||j=辺|へん|변|biên}} '''其他''': * {{desc|bor=1|vi|ven|t=岸邊、岸上;側邊}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |c=bin1 |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-邊.wav |dial=n |cat=pron,det,adv }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} [[哪]] #: {{zh-x|想 唱 邊 首 呀?|想唱'''哪'''一首歌?|C}} #: {{zh-x|搞邊科 㗎?|做什麼啊?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} [[哪裡]] #: {{zh-x|你 喺 邊 呀?|你在'''哪裡'''?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|反問}} [[哪]],[[哪裡]] #: {{zh-x|我 邊 記得 啫?|我怎麼可能記得住?|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 邊 有 做 份 功課 呀?|你沒有做這份作業對吧?|C}} #* {{zh-x|明天 究竟 會 如何 邊 有得 諗 咁 多|明天會是什麼樣子?怎麼可以想那麼多? [即:想那麼多是沒有用的]|C|ref='''2021''', {{lw|zh|雷同二友}}, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqP6t64qIHc {{lang|zh|碌下碌下}}]}} =====同義詞===== * {{s|哪}} {{zh-dial|哪}} * {{s|哪裡}} {{zh-dial|哪裡}} ====組詞==== {{zh-der|邊度|邊個|邊處}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanji forms|辺|邊}} ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=辵15|shin=辺}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=辵15}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings |goon=へん |kanon=へん |kun=あた-り, ほと-り, べ, なべ |nanori=}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|가|변}} # {{hanja form of|변|[[邊緣]]}} # {{hanja form of|변|[[面]]}} ====組詞==== * {{ko-l|변경|邊境}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|readings=biên,ben,bên,ven|rs=辵15}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=辵15}} 2143dnn14dot8c6mfvswwyo2lvvtncp 7271441 7271435 2022-07-28T05:22:49Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{Han simplified forms|邊|辺|边}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=162|rad=辵|as=15|sn=19|four=36302|canj=YHUS|ids=⿺辶臱}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[籩]], [[𠑟]], [[𤄺]], [[𤓋]], [[𥤓]], [[𨇱]], [[𩽲]], [[𪢥]], [[𮉝]], [[𮕙]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1267.130|dkj=39216|dj=1765.300|hdz=63894.030|ch=00013350001.010|sbgy=0136.130|uh=908A|ud=37002|bh=C3E4|bd=50148}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=边|alt=邉,𮟣,𫟪,𨘢,辺,𨖂,𨕙,𨘢,𨘳,𨓉,𮞰,𨓙,𨑶,𦍇,𮟗,𮞾,𮟚}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} 甲骨文形式由{{zh-l|*自}}和{{zh-l|*丙}}組成。須注意{{zh-l|*自}}是{{och-l|鼻}}的原型,{{zh-l|*自}}和{{och-l|丙}}可能是本字的聲符。 金文的{{och-l|邊}}由{{zh-l|*辵}}、{{zh-l|*自}}、{{zh-l|*丙}}和{{zh-l|*方}}組成。{{zh-l|*辵}}和{{zh-l|*方}}可能是本字的意符,而{{zh-l|*自}} ({{och-l|鼻}}的本字)和{{och-l|丙}}為其聲符。 小篆形式的{{zh-l|*𨘢}},右下部件為{{zh-l|*方}}的訛化。 ===詞源1=== 可能與{{och-l|偏|邊緣;斜}}、{{och-l|片|部份;片面}}、{{och-l|諞|油嘴滑舌;不真誠}}同源 ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}})。 ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=biān |m-s=bian1 |c=bin1 |c-t=ben1 |g=bien1 |h=pfs=piên;gd=biên1 |j=bie1 |mb=bíng |md=biĕng |mn=piⁿ/pian |mn_note=piⁿ - 白讀; pian - 文讀 |mn-t=biang1/biêng1/bin1 |mn-t_note=biang1/biêng1 - 文讀 (biêng1 - 潮州); bin1 - 白讀 |w=1pi |x=bienn1 |ma=y |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-邊.wav |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,adv,suf,pn }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[邊緣]] #: {{zh-x|湖邊|}} #: {{zh-x|碗 邊兒{r}|}} #: {{zh-x|街道 兩 邊|}} #: {{zh-x|在 懸崖 邊 行走 是 危險 的。|}} #: {{zh-x|孩子{zi} 們 在 海灘 邊 用 沙子{zi} 堆砌 城堡。|}} #: {{zh-x|冰涼 的 水 在 船 邊 泛 起 泡沫。|}} # [[裝飾]][[框架]] #: {{zh-x|金 邊 眼鏡|}} #: {{zh-x|她 的 手帕 有 一 條 藍 邊。|}} # [[物體]][[旁邊]] #: {{zh-x|床 邊|}} #: {{zh-x|坐 在 窗 邊|}} # [[邊界]] #: {{zh-x|邊疆|}} #: {{zh-x|戍邊|}} # {{lb|zh|geometry}} 兩個[[頂點]]連接的線 {{zh-mw|條}} #: {{zh-x|長方體 有 幾 條 邊?|}} # [[界限]];[[境界]] #: {{zh-x|無邊無際|}} # [[對方]] {{qual|家庭、談判}} #: {{zh-x|雙 邊 會談|}} #: {{zh-x|佢 老婆 嗰 邊 嘅 親戚|他妻子那邊的親戚|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 為什麼 不 站 在 我 這 邊?|}} # {{n-g|方位名詞的後綴。}} #: {{zh-x|上邊|}} #: {{zh-x|下邊|}} #: {{zh-x|裡邊|}} # {{lb|zh|用在每個同時進行動作的動詞前}} [[同時]] #: {{zh-x|我 邊 等 邊 瀏覽 幾 本 雜誌。|}} #: {{zh-x|你 喜歡 邊 聽 音樂 邊 做 作業 嗎?|}} # {{lb|zh|用於表示時間的數字或文字後}} [[接近]] # {{surname|zh}} ====同義詞==== * {{s|邊緣}} {{zh-syn-saurus|邊際}} ====組詞==== {{zh-der|一望無邊|一邊|上邊|下邊|不事邊幅|不修邊幅|不脩邊幅|不著邊際/不着边际|井口邊草|作舍道邊|修邊|修邊幅|修飾邊幅|傍邊|儘裡邊兒|兩邊|兩邊倒|兩邊廂|剃刀邊緣|前邊|北邊|半邊|半邊天|半邊家庭|半邊蓮|南邊|厝邊|右邊|周邊|周邊設備|四邊|四邊形|外邊|多邊|多邊形|多邊貿易|大花邊|大邊|大陸邊緣|天邊|安邊|客邊|對邊|岸邊|崖邊|左邊|底邊|延邊:[[Yanbian]]|後邊|徙邊|戍邊|打邊鼓|扣邊|拓邊|掃邊|撩邊兒|支邊|敲邊鼓|敲鑼邊兒|斜邊|旁邊|旁邊人|日邊|東邊|枕邊人|枕邊細語|枕邊靈|林邊鄉|查邊|正多邊形|毛邊紙|沒有邊邊|河邊|沾邊|沿邊兒|法力無邊|法術無邊|海邊|溜邊兒|滾邊|漫無邊際|無始無邊|無邊|無邊無際|無邊苦海|無邊風月|緄邊|耳邊風|肉邊菜|腳邊路|膽邊生毛|舌尖邊音|舔碗邊|花邊|花邊婚|花邊新聞|苦海無邊|裡邊|西邊|貼邊|路邊攤|蹭邊兒|身邊|身邊人|巡邊員|這邊|邊亭|邊儲|邊務|邊區|邊卡|邊土|邊地|邊坡|邊報|邊塞|邊塞詩|邊塵|邊境|邊客|邊寨|邊將|邊幅|邊幅不修|邊庭|邊廂|邊張子|邊心|邊患|邊擦音|邊政|邊方|邊旁|邊果|邊框|邊欄|邊沁主義|邊沿|邊燧|邊界|邊界談判|邊疆|邊疆民族|邊疆舞|邊皮兒|邊緣|邊罏|邊聲|邊荒|邊裔|邊角料|邊警|邊遠|邊郡|邊鄙|邊門|邊關|邊防|邊防軍|邊陲|邊隘|邊際|邊際人|邊際利益|邊際效用|邊音|邊頭|邊頭風|邊騎|邊鸞|邊鼓|酣邊|金絲邊|金邊|鉤邊|鑲邊|雙邊|雙邊貿易|靖邊|靖邊縣|靠邊|靠邊站|風月無邊|鬢邊牌|鷗邊|黃邊錢|鼎邊銼|邊獄|隹字邊|反文邊|溜邊|敲字邊|鼎邊糊|林邊|有邊讀邊|邊仔:piⁿ-á|路邊|鹽邊|邊緣化|邊緣人|邊緣科學}} ====派生詞==== {{CJKV||j=辺|へん|변|biên}} '''其他''': * {{desc|bor=1|vi|ven|t=岸邊、岸上;側邊}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |c=bin1 |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-邊.wav |dial=n |cat=pron,det,adv }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} [[哪]] #: {{zh-x|想 唱 邊 首 呀?|想唱'''哪'''一首歌?|C}} #: {{zh-x|搞邊科 㗎?|做什麼啊?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} [[哪裡]] #: {{zh-x|你 喺 邊 呀?|你在'''哪裡'''?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|反問}} [[哪]],[[哪裡]] #: {{zh-x|我 邊 記得 啫?|我怎麼可能記得住?|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 邊 有 做 份 功課 呀?|你沒有做這份作業對吧?|C}} #* {{zh-x|明天 究竟 會 如何 邊 有得 諗 咁 多|明天會是什麼樣子?怎麼可以想那麼多? [即:想那麼多是沒有用的]|C|ref='''2021''', {{lw|zh|雷同二友}}, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqP6t64qIHc {{lang|zh|碌下碌下}}]}} =====同義詞===== * {{s|哪}} {{zh-dial|哪}} * {{s|哪裡}} {{zh-dial|哪裡}} ====組詞==== {{zh-der|邊度|邊個|邊處}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanji forms|辺|邊}} ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=辵15|shin=辺}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=辵15}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings |goon=へん |kanon=へん |kun=あた-り, ほと-り, べ, なべ |nanori=}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|가|변}} # {{hanja form of|변|[[邊緣]]}} # {{hanja form of|변|[[面]]}} ====組詞==== * {{ko-l|변경|邊境}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|readings=biên,ben,bên,ven|rs=辵15}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=辵15}} r7mkxtwvsk7hcvzj9qodeb0rsswwebp 0 315239 7271579 7260806 2022-07-28T09:11:08Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=167|rad=金|as=05|sn=13|four=87192|canj=CNF|ids=⿰釒尔}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1303.050|dkj=40325|hdz=64188.040|uh=9268}} ---- ==漢語== ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|璽|v}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms|s=鿭}} {{elements|lang=zh|Nh|{{zh-l|鎶}}|Cn|{{zh-l|鈇}}|Fl}} {{zh-wp}} 2017年由中華人民共和國全國科學技術名詞審定委員會所創造。<ref>http://www.cnctst.cn/xwdt/tpxw/201702/t20170215_361375.html</ref> ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |c=nai5 |cat=n }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|化學}} 金属元素,符号為'''Nh''',原子序为113,是一种人工放射性合成元素。 ===來源=== <references /> ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=金05}} # 一种人工放射性合成元素。 ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=でい |kanon=ない |kun=いとまおのあし, いとまきのあし |nanori=}} srqmjokpdnnyrmnjgvdv807c6tqf8d0 0 316195 7271060 6766706 2022-07-27T16:44:18Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=181|rad=頁|as=08|sn=17|four=|canj=OGMBC|ids=⿰隹頁}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1405.270|dkj=43532|dj=1923.110|hdz=74378.130|ch=00014790001.030|sbgy=058.190|uh=9840|ud=38976}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-forms}} === 發音 === {{zh-pron |m=chuí |cat=n }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[頭]][[腫]] 0b5or1ipygj35ero5u8zjfmf25gf846 contenir 0 328506 7271596 6065311 2022-07-28T10:40:17Z Popolon 20728 /* 动词 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==法语== ===词源=== :拉丁语 ''[[]]''。 ===发音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-contenir.ogg|音频}} ===动词=== <!--及物动词。第组动词。变位表格见下。--> #v.t. [[包含]],[[含有]];[[装有]];[[阻止]],[[遏制]],[[阻挡]],[[克制,[[抑制]],[[忍住]]se ~ v.pr. [[忍耐]],[[克制自己]],[[自制]] ====相关词汇==== *同音词: *近义词: *反义词: *派生词: *常见搭配: ====相关词组==== * {{fr-conj-3-enir|cont|kɔ̃.t}} [[Category:法语动词]] dpb36n3b9qawe7htq69aprysrct8963 7271597 7271596 2022-07-28T10:40:30Z Popolon 20728 /* 动词 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==法语== ===词源=== :拉丁语 ''[[]]''。 ===发音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-contenir.ogg|音频}} ===动词=== <!--及物动词。第组动词。变位表格见下。--> #v.t. [[包含]],[[含有]];[[装有]];[[阻止]],[[遏制]],[[阻挡]],[[克制]],[[抑制]],[[忍住]]se ~ v.pr. [[忍耐]],[[克制自己]],[[自制]] ====相关词汇==== *同音词: *近义词: *反义词: *派生词: *常见搭配: ====相关词组==== * {{fr-conj-3-enir|cont|kɔ̃.t}} [[Category:法语动词]] k3460t9hkrm3es1p98xlb6po5cu2zcl Category:俄語形容詞變格形 14 343342 7270988 5800020 2022-07-27T16:15:03Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语形容词变格形]]至[[Category:俄語形容詞變格形]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr беспрепятственный 0 344769 7270960 5066218 2022-07-27T16:01:52Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{af|ru|бес-|препя́тствие|-енный}} ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|беспрепя́тственный}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|Audio}} ===形容詞=== {{ru-adj|беспрепя́тственный}} # [[無阻]]的,沒有[[障礙]]的 ====變格==== {{ru-decl-adj|беспрепя́тственный|a*,a(1)}} 1baufugsqey0rgcpjotz4uyqwfbgx72 包含 0 577737 7271595 6477236 2022-07-28T10:39:26Z Popolon 20728 wikitext text/x-wiki ==汉语== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[包]][[含]]|正=[[包]][[含]]}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=bāohán}} ===釋義=== #里边含有 #同包涵。宽容,原谅 ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *{{fr}}:[[contenir]] *俄语:1) содержать (в себе); включать; заключать, таить (в себе); содержащий в себе; включающий {{翻译-底}} ---- ==日语== {{ja-kanjitab|ほう|がん|yomi=o}} ===发音=== {{ja-pron|ほうがん|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|ほうがん|hhira=はうがん}} # [[#汉语|包含]],[[包括]] ===动词=== {{ja-verb-suru|ほうがん|hhira=はうがん}} # [[#汉语|包含]],[[包括]] #: {{ja-usex|Bに[[完全]]に'''包含されている'''|ビー に かんぜん に '''ほうがん されている'''|完全'''包含'''在了B里面}} ====活用形==== {{ja-suru|ほうがん}} ===参考=== <references /> ---- ==朝鲜语== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名词=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=포함}} # {{hanja form of|포함|[[包含]]}} qkqq31ijno6ylxd7316lenxyvkq5tl8 誕生日 0 599283 7271384 6329998 2022-07-28T04:31:15Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:たんしようひ}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=kanon,goon,k|たん|しょう|k2=じょう|ひ|k3=び|r=y}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} {{wikipedia|生日}} ===詞源1=== 源自{{ja-compound|誕生|たんじょう|日|ひ}}。{{rendaku2|hi|bi|日|sort=たんしようひ}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|たんじょうび|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|たん%じょう%び|hhira=たんじやうび}} # [[生日]] #: {{syn|ja|誕辰|tr1=tanshin|バースデー|tr2=bāsudē}} #: {{ant|ja|忌日|tr1=kinichi|命日|tr2=meinichi}} =====派生詞彙===== * {{ja-r|誕%生%日おめでとう|たん%じょう%び おめでとう}} * {{ja-r|お誕%生%日おめでとうございます|お-たん%じょう%び おめでとう ございます}} * {{ja-r|お誕%生%日%席|お-たん%じょう%び%-せき}} * {{ja-r|天%皇 誕%生%日|^てん%のう ^たん%じょう%び}} =====相關詞彙===== * {{ja-r|聖%名 祝%日|せい%めい しゅく%じつ}} ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=kanon,goon2|たん|しょう|k2=じょう|にち}} 源自{{suffix|ja|誕生|tr1=tanjō|日|tr2=-nichi|pos2=日、天的量詞}}。 ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|たん%じょう%にち|hhira=たんじやうにち}} # {{lb|ja|sort=たんしようにち|罕用}} [[生日]] ===參考資料=== <references/> m9tc6uq7je60y83q41slh6qa0d3v7lc 含有 0 618494 7271594 6684539 2022-07-28T10:39:05Z Popolon 20728 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[含]][[有]]|正=[[含]][[有]]}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=hányǒu}} ===釋義=== # ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *{{fr}}:[[contenir]] *俄语:[[содержать]], [[таить]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[в]] [[себе]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>; [[иметь]] {{翻译-底}} {{日語-題|[[含]][[有]]|がんゆう|ps=名·$9サ}} 含有。 [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|口04月02]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] eo181ptj74bkzunppsuogqijd3nmqa6 好貨 0 620654 7271527 6814579 2022-07-28T08:10:43Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[好货]]至[[好貨]] wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[好]][[货]]|正=[[]]}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=hǎohuò}} ===釋義=== # ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *俄语:1) [[подарок]]; 2) [[хорошая]] [[вещь]], [[хороший]] [[товар]]; 3) ''[[презр.]]'' [[тип]], [[субъект]], [[фрукт]] {{翻译-底}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|女03贝04]] 17n6peyi5odxigjxzd9564lgv1yy4ai 內含 0 680659 7271600 6856287 2022-07-28T10:43:57Z Popolon 20728 /* 寫法 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[内]][[含]]|正=[[內]][[含]]}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=nèihán}} ===釋義=== # ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *俄语:''[[филос.]]'' [[содержание]] ([[понятия]]) {{翻译-底}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|冂02口04]] ldg5j2j2c9zfsbvr5je6m5es290yd8g 0 682350 7271514 6685911 2022-07-28T08:04:11Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=14|sn=20|four=44481|canj=TPKO|ids=⿱艹疑}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1063.190|dkj=32219|dj=1528.090|hdz=53315.010|uh=85BF|ud=34239|bh=F0AE|bd=61614}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𥣖}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |cat=a }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[茂盛]] ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸14}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ぎ]] (gi), [[ぎょく]] (gyoku), [[ごく]] (goku)|kun=[[しぎる]] (shigiru)|nanori=}} 8powloe5uss5txlwj2qm1o7jli75nmt 7271515 7271514 2022-07-28T08:05:06Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=14|sn=20|four=44481|canj=TPKO|ids=⿱艹疑}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1063.190|dkj=32219|dj=1528.090|hdz=53315.010|ch=00011740005.010|uh=85BF|ud=34239|bh=F0AE|bd=61614}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𥣖}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |cat=a }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[茂盛]] ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸14}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ぎ]] (gi), [[ぎょく]] (gyoku), [[ごく]] (goku)|kun=[[しぎる]] (shigiru)|nanori=}} 55cgr781hleiuj10syf6d4dx8q6kfbb 7271552 7271515 2022-07-28T08:42:24Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=14|sn=20|four=44481|canj=TPKO|ids=⿱艹疑}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1063.190|dkj=32219|dj=1528.090|hdz=53315.010|ch=00011740005.010|uh=85BF|ud=34239|bh=F0AE|bd=61614}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𥣖}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |cat=a }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[茂盛]] ====組詞==== {{zh-der|薿薿}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸14}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ぎ]] (gi), [[ぎょく]] (gyoku), [[ごく]] (goku)|kun=[[しぎる]] (shigiru)|nanori=}} g4fepfp6pxtpxpxhmnnx5nem07918vs важничать 0 684404 7270990 5068050 2022-07-27T16:18:06Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{af|ru|важный|alt1=ва́ж(ный)|-ничать}}。 ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|ва́жничать}} ===動詞=== {{ru-verb|ва́жничать|impf|pf=зава́жничать}} # {{lb|ru|colloquial}} [[妄自尊大]],[[自高]][[自大]],[[擺架子]] #: {{syn|ru|зазнава́ться}} ====變位==== {{ru-conj|impf-intr|1a|ва́жничать}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|ru|ва́жный}} * {{l|ru|ва́жность}} a6de4n6v7xhh3tbtjj3y64elp8rjp5f вдохновение 0 685286 7271348 5068365 2022-07-28T04:06:06Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|ru|cu|въдъхновениѥ}},自身可能仿造自{{cog|grc|εμπνοια||靈感}}。 ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|вдохнове́ние|pos=n}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|Audio}} ===名詞=== {{ru-noun+|вдохнове́ние}} # [[靈感]] ====變格==== {{ru-noun-table|вдохнове́ние}} ====相關詞==== * {{l|ru|вдохну́ть}}, {{l|ru|вдохновля́ть}} * {{l|ru|вдохнови́тель}} * {{l|ru|вдохнове́нный}} * {{l|ru|вдохнове́нно}} jkh0gglyouvy4aad6flc5sx2ctggn55 вдохновить 0 685292 7270995 5068368 2022-07-27T16:20:33Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{back-formation|ru}},源自 {{m|ru|вдохнове́ние}}。 ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|вдохнови́ть}} ===動詞=== {{ru-verb|вдохнови́ть|pf|impf=вдохновля́ть}} # [[鼓舞]],[[鼓勵]],[[激勵]];[[號召]],[[感召]] ====變位==== {{ru-conj|pf|4b+p|вдохнови́ть}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|ru|вдохнови́тель}} * {{l|ru|вдохнове́ние}} * {{l|ru|вдохнове́нный}}, {{l|ru|вдохнове́нно}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|ru|вдох}} * {{l|ru|вдыха́ть|g=impf}}, {{l|ru|вдохну́ть|g=pf}} qvga5vrbwrf4332orrvmtaacyqpkcyo しっぺい返し 0 719054 7271289 5476198 2022-07-27T17:21:06Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かえ|k1=がえ|r=y|yomi=kun}} {{ja-see|竹篦返し}} gckt06uzxkr3zrh39jb78mfvwx8nckz ひっくり返す 0 743060 7271431 1737280 2022-07-28T05:14:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|引っ繰り返す}} fe3visbm9v8kfobos6kutrkyd3kf85m ひっくり返る 0 743061 7271421 1737282 2022-07-28T05:02:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かえ|y=k}} {{ja-see|引っ繰り返る}} re0lhsbdscaqnbs9csuddlw1rq0ww21 リーダー 0 754049 7270691 5469666 2022-07-27T13:42:49Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{DEFAULTSORT:りいだあ}} {{swp|lang=ja}} ===词源 1=== 源自{{bor|ja|en|leader}}。 ====发音 1==== {{ja-pron|acc=1}} =====名词===== {{ja-noun}} # [[领导]]者,[[指导]]者,[[领头人]] # (报刊的)[[主要]][[文章]] # 导杆,[[导管]] ====发音 2==== {{ja-pron|acc=0}} =====名词===== {{ja-noun}} # {{lb|ja|印刷术|印刷}} 制表符[[前导符]] {{gl|目录等的一项中用于引导视线到右边的信息(如页号)的一列点、连字符等符号}} #: {{ja-usex|3%点'''リーダー'''|さん% てん '''リーダー'''|三点'''前导符'''(省略号)}} ===词源 2=== 源自{{bor|ja|en|reader}}。 ====发音==== {{ja-pron|acc=0}} ====名词==== {{ja-noun}} # [[朗读]]者 # [[阅读]]器 # [[读本]] #* '''2019年''',[https://dglb01.ninjal.ac.jp/BL_amakusa/ {{lang|ja|大英図書館所蔵天草版『平家物語』『伊曽保物語』『金句集』画像}}] #*: {{ja-usex|大%英%図%書%館が所%蔵する天%草%版『平%家%物%語』『伊%曽%保%物%語』『金%句%集』は、16%世%紀の日%本を訪れたキリスト教%宣%教%師の日%本%語%学%習%向けに編%集された[[読%本]]('''リーダー''')です。|^だい%えい% ^と%しょ%かん が しょ%ぞう する ^あま%くさ%ばん『^へい%け% ^もの%がたり』『^い%そ%ほ% ^もの%がたり』『^きん%く%しゅう』は、じゅうろく%-せい%き の ^に%ほん を おとずれた ^キリストきょう% せん%きょう%し の ^に%ほん%ご% がく%しゅう% むけ に へん%しゅう された どく%ほん('''リーダー''')です。|}} ===参见=== * {{ja-r|リーダーシップ}} {{top|ja|人|報紙|標點符號|機器}} kp1o4nlkhcgou8214nhn4dsggfyzyuj кто-нибудь 0 842105 7270993 6040987 2022-07-27T16:18:42Z TongcyDai 53191 /* */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== ===代词=== #无论何人,无论谁 [[Category:俄语代词]] 2ak8zmq0f2ux64cyu9igvl7l2eltsww 7271367 7270993 2022-07-28T04:20:44Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|кто́-нибудь}} * {{ru-IPA|кто́-нибу̀дь}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|Audio}} ===代詞=== {{head|ru|代詞|head=[[кто́]][[-нибудь]]|g=m}} # {{lb|ru|不定代詞}}[[何人]],[[其他]]人,[[誰]] #: {{uxi|ru|'''Кто́-нибудь''' [[здесь]] [[быть|был]]?|有'''任何人'''來這裡嗎?}} ====使用說明==== 助詞[[-нибудь]]給了類似漢語[[任一]]的義項。'''кто-нибудь'''的形式通常與疑問和否定相關,而[[кто-то]]則和肯定相關。 ====變格==== {{ru-decl-noun-irreg-unc|n=none |кто́-нибудь |кого́-нибудь |кому́-нибудь |кого́-нибудь |ке́м-нибудь |ко́м-нибудь}} <small>* 字母'''{{l|ru|г}}'''在'''кого́'''的屬格和賓格中讀作 /v/,而不是 /g/。</small> ====相關詞==== * {{l|ru|кто}} * {{l|ru|кто́-либо}} * {{l|ru|кто́-то}} ====參見==== * {{l|ru|где́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|ка́к-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|како́й-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|когда́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|куда́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|отку́да-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|че́й-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|что́-нибудь}} nejxyx5e0nwz25i22i4mpukn7evfy7n 7271371 7271367 2022-07-28T04:22:03Z 1.200.168.245 /* 使用說明 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|кто́-нибудь}} * {{ru-IPA|кто́-нибу̀дь}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|Audio}} ===代詞=== {{head|ru|代詞|head=[[кто́]][[-нибудь]]|g=m}} # {{lb|ru|不定代詞}}[[何人]],[[其他]]人,[[誰]] #: {{uxi|ru|'''Кто́-нибудь''' [[здесь]] [[быть|был]]?|有'''任何人'''來這裡嗎?}} ====使用說明==== 助詞[[-нибудь]]給了類似漢語{{zh-l|任何}}的義項。'''кто-нибудь'''的形式通常與疑問和否定相關,而[[кто-то]]則和肯定相關。 ====變格==== {{ru-decl-noun-irreg-unc|n=none |кто́-нибудь |кого́-нибудь |кому́-нибудь |кого́-нибудь |ке́м-нибудь |ко́м-нибудь}} <small>* 字母'''{{l|ru|г}}'''在'''кого́'''的屬格和賓格中讀作 /v/,而不是 /g/。</small> ====相關詞==== * {{l|ru|кто}} * {{l|ru|кто́-либо}} * {{l|ru|кто́-то}} ====參見==== * {{l|ru|где́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|ка́к-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|како́й-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|когда́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|куда́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|отку́да-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|че́й-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|что́-нибудь}} 4qocfy76hp89avd2f251ycj0mtmy6nu 7271376 7271371 2022-07-28T04:24:39Z 1.200.168.245 /* 使用說明 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|кто́-нибудь}} * {{ru-IPA|кто́-нибу̀дь}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|Audio}} ===代詞=== {{head|ru|代詞|head=[[кто́]][[-нибудь]]|g=m}} # {{lb|ru|不定代詞}}[[何人]],[[其他]]人,[[誰]] #: {{uxi|ru|'''Кто́-нибудь''' [[здесь]] [[быть|был]]?|有'''任何人'''來這裡嗎?}} ====使用說明==== 助詞[[-нибудь]]給了類似漢語{{zh-l|*任何}}的義項。'''кто-нибудь'''的形式通常與疑問和否定相關,而[[кто-то]]則和肯定相關。 ====變格==== {{ru-decl-noun-irreg-unc|n=none |кто́-нибудь |кого́-нибудь |кому́-нибудь |кого́-нибудь |ке́м-нибудь |ко́м-нибудь}} <small>* 字母'''{{l|ru|г}}'''在'''кого́'''的屬格和賓格中讀作 /v/,而不是 /g/。</small> ====相關詞==== * {{l|ru|кто}} * {{l|ru|кто́-либо}} * {{l|ru|кто́-то}} ====參見==== * {{l|ru|где́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|ка́к-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|како́й-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|когда́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|куда́-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|отку́да-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|че́й-нибудь}} * {{l|ru|что́-нибудь}} 9a0haq1x562p9t8xxb6d1acyhvpm9km превратить 0 846380 7271352 5107062 2022-07-28T04:09:05Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{af|ru|пре-|-врати́ть}}。 ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|преврати́ть}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|Audio}} ===動詞=== {{ru-verb|преврати́ть|pf|impf=превраща́ть}} # 使[[變成]],[[改變]] ====屈折==== {{ru-conj|pf|4bщ+p|преврати́ть}} ====相關詞==== * {{l|ru|превра́тность|g=f}} * {{l|ru|превраще́ние|g=n}} sa551d0ycxa1g7otdym6vdzx7lu9g5w ненадёжный 0 861781 7271517 1971350 2022-07-28T08:05:47Z Sayonzei 40728 Sayonzei移动页面[[ненадежный]]至[[ненадёжный]] wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== 胸衿 [[Category:俄语]] g7r1kzqombycsgs9rrbhocdbc6kohz2 7271522 7271517 2022-07-28T08:07:51Z Sayonzei 40728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|ненадежный}} ==俄语== ===词源=== {{affix|ru|не-|надёжный}} ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA}} ===形容词=== {{ru-adj|ненадёжный}} # 不[[確定]]的 # {{qual|指人}} 不[[可信]]的,不[[可靠]]的 ====变格==== {{ru-decl-adj|ненадёжный|a*}} ====反义词==== * {{l|ru|надёжный}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|ru|ненадёжность}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|ru|наде́жда}} * {{l|ru|наде́яться}} eg6qcpcd8dqiu58o0yh0vqz0bm1owsb 恩返し 0 911470 7271276 5608062 2022-07-27T17:04:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{ja-kanjitab|おん|かえ|k2=がえ|r=y|yomi=j}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|おんがえし|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|おんがえし|hhira=おんがへし}} # [[报恩]] #* '''1937''', 久生十蘭, 魔都: #*: {{ja-usex|……ねえ、あたし、ご'''恩返し'''のつもりでいうんですから、どうかそう思ってちょうだい。|……ねえ、 あたし、 ご-'''おんがえし''' の つもり で いう ん です から、 どう か そう おもって ちょうだい。|...因此,我希望你能将它视作我的感恩。}} ===动词=== {{ja-verb-suru|おんがえし}} # [[报恩]] ====词形变化==== {{ja-suru|おんがえし}} 6pask6bvdrrww6h0dbdlymhqycavtl5 7271277 7271276 2022-07-27T17:06:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|おん|かえ|k2=がえ|r=y|yomi=j}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|おんがえし|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|おんがえし|hhira=おんがへし}} # [[报恩]] #* '''1937''', 久生十蘭, 魔都: #*: {{ja-usex|……ねえ、あたし、ご'''恩返し'''のつもりでいうんですから、どうかそう思ってちょうだい。|……ねえ、 あたし、 ご-'''おんがえし''' の つもり で いう ん です から、 どう か そう おもって ちょうだい。|...因此,我希望你能将它视作我的感恩。}} ===动词=== {{ja-verb-suru|おんがえし}} # [[报恩]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|おんがえし}} ===參考資料=== <references/> gu66sijl6fqclyaeyxfxjeqj42n51jn 寝返り 0 914444 7271317 2057223 2022-07-28T03:30:31Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえり|y=k|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5|acc2=4|acc2_ref=NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ねがえり|hhira=ねがへり}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{ja-r|寝%返りを打つ|ね%がえり を うつ}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|ねがえり|hhira=ねがへり}} # {{synonym of|ja|寝返る}} ====活用==== {{ja-suru|ねがえり}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 1tw61xz2i2bobvzqc8qok62krc9ognb 7271318 7271317 2022-07-28T03:31:35Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|r=y|yomi=k|alt=寝返}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえり|y=k|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5|acc2=4|acc2_ref=NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ねがえり|hhira=ねがへり}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{ja-r|寝%返りを打つ|ね%がえり を うつ}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|ねがえり|hhira=ねがへり}} # {{synonym of|ja|寝返る}} ====活用==== {{ja-suru|ねがえり}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 6zjwodzqn8nh34jx6awlol928yxpufa 株式会社 0 919887 7271353 6319169 2022-07-28T04:12:42Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-see|株式會社}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かぶ|しき|かい|しゃ|yomi=k,o3}} {{ja-kanjitab|かぶ|しき|かい|k3=がい|r=y|しゃ|yomi=k,o3|clearright=y}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===替代寫法=== <span style="font-size: 64px;">[[㍿]]</span> ===語源=== 複合詞,源自{{ja-compound|株式|かぶしき|t1=股份|会社|かいしゃ|t2=公司}}。{{rendaku2|kaisha|gaisha|sort=かぶしきがいしゃ}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=y|かぶしきがいしゃ|acc=5|dev=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|かぶしき がいしゃ|かぶしき かいしゃ}} # [[股份公司]],[[股份]][[有限公司]]。 ===參考資料=== <references/> * {{R:Weblio|株式会社}} gi6y03hlrxffjuj91b9296r5lbdl6fr 7271354 7271353 2022-07-28T04:13:58Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 名詞 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-see|株式會社}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かぶ|しき|かい|しゃ|yomi=k,o3}} {{ja-kanjitab|かぶ|しき|かい|k3=がい|r=y|しゃ|yomi=k,o3|clearright=y}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===替代寫法=== <span style="font-size: 64px;">[[㍿]]</span> ===語源=== 複合詞,源自{{ja-compound|株式|かぶしき|t1=股份|会社|かいしゃ|t2=公司}}。{{rendaku2|kaisha|gaisha|sort=かぶしきがいしゃ}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=y|かぶしきがいしゃ|acc=5|dev=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|かぶしき がいし|hhira=かぶしき ぐわいしや}} 或 {{ja-noun|かぶしき かいし|hhira=かぶしき くわいしや}} # [[股份公司]],[[股份]][[有限公司]]。 ===參考資料=== <references/> * {{R:Weblio|株式会社}} qyxfrufu8jeze9br12ylsa8dr73slhq 7271355 7271354 2022-07-28T04:14:34Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-see|株式會社}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かぶ|しき|かい|しゃ|yomi=k,o3}} {{ja-kanjitab|かぶ|しき|かい|k3=がい|r=y|しゃ|yomi=k,o3|clearright=y}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===替代寫法=== <span style="font-size: 64px;">[[㍿]]</span> ===語源=== 複合詞,源自{{ja-compound|株式|かぶしき|t1=股份|会社|かいしゃ|t2=公司}}。{{rendaku2|kaisha|gaisha|sort=かぶしきがいしゃ}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=y|かぶしきがいしゃ|acc=5|dev=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|かぶしき がいしゃ|hhira=かぶしき ぐわいしや}} 或 {{ja-noun|かぶしき かいしゃ|hhira=かぶしき くわいしや}} # [[股份公司]],[[股份]][[有限公司]]。 ===參考資料=== <references/> * {{R:Weblio|株式会社}} 61dgy2gyzco50wr0k0nswzahco92j4t 巻き返し 0 919988 7271401 5174247 2022-07-28T04:46:39Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ま|かえ|yomi=k|alt=巻返し,捲き返し}} {{ja-see-also|巻き返す}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|まきかえし|dev=2|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|まきかえし|hhira=まきかへし}} # [[倒]][[捲]];[[重]][[繞]] # [[反攻]],[[反擊]],[[反撲]],[[報復]];[[翻案]];[[壓價]];[[捲土重來]] ===參考資料=== <references/> o46bhaha6vtzzior59p99i86ui6yo04 巻返し 0 920057 7271405 2065135 2022-07-28T04:47:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ま|o1=き|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|巻き返し}} mtde69gvcjsdydt8i0minsdzyweodek 貫く 0 926255 7271477 6227395 2022-07-28T07:04:29Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|つらぬ}} ===词源=== 源自{{ja-compound|列|つら|pos1=古旧词|抜く|ぬく|t1=排成一列|t2=穿过}}。 ===发音=== {{ja-pron|つらぬく|acc=3|acc_ref\DJR,NHK,SMK5}} {{ja-ojad}} ===动词=== {{ja-verb|つらぬく|type=1|tr=trans}} # [[穿过]],[[贯穿]] #: {{ja-usex|弾%丸が壁を'''貫いた'''|だん%がん が かべ を '''つらぬいた'''|子弹'''打穿'''了墙壁}} # [[贯彻]],[[坚持]] #: {{ja-usex|主張を'''貫く'''|しゅちょう を '''つらぬく'''|'''贯彻'''主张}} ====活用形==== {{ja-go-ku|つらぬ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|つらぬ|4-k}} ===參考資料=== <references/> rzml6bj6csqxn1l4g6aob4skuuvh88g 7271478 7271477 2022-07-28T07:04:41Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|つらぬ}} ===词源=== 源自{{ja-compound|列|つら|pos1=古旧词|抜く|ぬく|t1=排成一列|t2=穿过}}。 ===发音=== {{ja-pron|つらぬく|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} {{ja-ojad}} ===动词=== {{ja-verb|つらぬく|type=1|tr=trans}} # [[穿过]],[[贯穿]] #: {{ja-usex|弾%丸が壁を'''貫いた'''|だん%がん が かべ を '''つらぬいた'''|子弹'''打穿'''了墙壁}} # [[贯彻]],[[坚持]] #: {{ja-usex|主張を'''貫く'''|しゅちょう を '''つらぬく'''|'''贯彻'''主张}} ====活用形==== {{ja-go-ku|つらぬ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|つらぬ|4-k}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 666z1lak6k4jqvcogtczqde4nal5qt9 7271479 7271478 2022-07-28T07:05:23Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 日語 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|つらぬ|yomi=k}} ===词源=== 源自{{ja-compound|列|つら|pos1=古旧词|抜く|ぬく|t1=排成一列|t2=穿过}}。 ===发音=== {{ja-pron|つらぬく|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} {{ja-ojad}} ===动词=== {{ja-verb|つらぬく|type=1|tr=trans}} # [[穿过]],[[贯穿]] #: {{ja-usex|弾%丸が壁を'''貫いた'''|だん%がん が かべ を '''つらぬいた'''|子弹'''打穿'''了墙壁}} # [[贯彻]],[[坚持]] #: {{ja-usex|主張を'''貫く'''|しゅちょう を '''つらぬく'''|'''贯彻'''主张}} ====活用形==== {{ja-go-ku|つらぬ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|つらぬ|4-k}} ===參考資料=== <references/> l3ntwu9ccfxd4xo7unidpmj86pg75k3 見返す 0 937978 7271291 5215675 2022-07-27T17:27:16Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|み|かえ|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|見|み|返す|かえす}}。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|みかえす|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5|acc2=2|acc2_ref=DJR,NHK|acc3=3|acc3_ref=SMK5}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|みかえす|hhira=みかへす|tr=trans|type=1}} # [[回頭]][[看]],[[回顧]] #: {{ja-usex|答%案をもう一%度'''見%返し'''ました。|とう%あん を もう いち%ど '''み%かえし'''ました。|I '''looked over''' my exam paper once more.}} # [[重新]]看,[[反覆]]看 # [[回瞪]],[[還眼]] # (受侮辱、輕視後)[[爭氣]] #: {{ja-x|偉くなってあいつを'''見返して'''やろう!|えらく なって あいつ を '''みかえして''' やろう!|我要力求上進,'''爭口氣'''讓他看看!}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-su|みかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|みかえ|4-s}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ephzeq7ezg84yr4at0qlbj7uuy5y28n 7271292 7271291 2022-07-27T17:29:46Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|み|かえ|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|見|み|返す|かえす}}。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|みかえす|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5|acc2=2|acc2_ref=DJR,NHK|acc3=3|acc3_ref=SMK5}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|みかえす|hhira=みかへす|tr=trans|type=1}} # [[回頭]][[看]],[[回顧]] #: {{ja-usex|彼が瞳を暗くして彼女を'''見返す'''。|かれ が ひとみ を くらく して かのじょ を '''みかえす'''。|他'''回過頭'''茫然地'''看著'''她。}} # [[重新]]看,[[反覆]]看 #: {{ja-usex|答%案をもう一%度'''見%返し'''ました。|とう%あん を もう いち%ど '''み%かえし'''ました。|我'''又看了'''一遍我的試卷。}} # [[回瞪]],[[還眼]] # (受侮辱、輕視後)[[爭氣]] #: {{ja-x|偉くなってあいつを'''見返して'''やろう!|えらく なって あいつ を '''みかえして''' やろう!|我要力求上進,'''爭口氣'''讓他看看!}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-su|みかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|みかえ|4-s}} ===參考資料=== <references/> drtuyq2x8zpciw93a5790u35zsz4z15 7271295 7271292 2022-07-27T17:30:47Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 動詞 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|み|かえ|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|見|み|返す|かえす}}。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|みかえす|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5|acc2=2|acc2_ref=DJR,NHK|acc3=3|acc3_ref=SMK5}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|みかえす|hhira=みかへす|tr=trans|type=1}} # [[回頭]][[看]],[[回顧]] #: {{ja-usex|彼が瞳を暗くして彼女を'''見返す'''。|かれ が ひとみ を くらく して かのじょ を '''みかえす'''。|他'''回過頭'''茫然地'''看著'''她。}} # [[重新]]看,[[反覆]]看 #: {{ja-usex|答%案をもう一%度'''見%返しました'''。|とう%あん を もう いち%ど '''み%かえしました'''。|我'''又看了'''一遍我的試卷。}} # [[回瞪]],[[還眼]] # (受侮辱、輕視後)[[爭氣]] #: {{ja-x|偉くなってあいつを'''見返して'''やろう!|えらく なって あいつ を '''みかえして''' やろう!|我要力求上進,'''爭口氣'''讓他看看!}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-su|みかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|みかえ|4-s}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 8kqxcnoc2oz9wa9opqgr6n7fegugs9x 𠄩 0 949514 7271581 6726023 2022-07-28T09:23:50Z 122.118.15.177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info/new}} {{漢}} * {{總筆畫|7}} * {{部首|二|5}} {{拆字|台|二}} === 参考 === * {{Unihan数据|20129}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|Unicode|十进制=131369|UTF8=F0 A0 84 A9|UTF16=D840 DD29|UTF32=00020129}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|𠄩}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== 国语字:[[hai]], [[hơi]], [[vài]] ==漢語== :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|𠄩}}|250%}} ===讀音=== * [[Wiktionary:汉语拼音索引|汉语拼音]]:hāi * [[w:粵拼|粵拼]]:hoi1 [[Category:喃字]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 6mf98rkuh2g1is5861tqilyfhmskaud 7271586 7271581 2022-07-28T09:29:47Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|type=animate}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=7|rad=二|as=05|sn=7|four=21610|canj=IRMM|ids=⿰台二}} ===來源=== {{Han ref|kx=0087.111|uh=20129}} ---- ==越南語== ===字源=== {{Han compound|台#越南語|二#越南語|tr1={{vi-l|thai}}|c1=p|c2=s|ls=psc}}。 ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=二05 |nom=hai-tdcndg;tdcntd;gdhn;bonet;genibrel;taberd, vài-tdcndg;tdcntd, hay-tdcndg }} ===數詞=== {{vi-num|sc=Hani|hai}} # {{Nom form of|hai|[[二]]}} ===來源=== <references/> my904lusreav0lta6txkfe2g0njis7g dovere 0 974952 7271540 4919179 2022-07-28T08:28:05Z 223.204.223.235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-it-}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb}} # {{lb|it|auxiliary}} [v.aux.] 必定,一定要 {{it-conj-ere}} m92af5mtydzjcxy1734t09j29uo63tu 7271542 7271540 2022-07-28T08:29:19Z 223.204.223.235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-it-}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb}} # {{lb|it|auxiliary}} [v.aux.] 必定,一定要 {{it-conj-ere-dovere}} l7paklavfjlq2z6uc4h4d7j7a6tjbvu 7271560 7271542 2022-07-28T08:55:06Z 223.204.223.235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-it-}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb}} # {{lb|it|auxiliary}} [v.aux.] 必定,一定要 {{it-conj-ere-dovere||avere}} 5fs2egr6ina0ftbowxjcwkhz1e7yocd 平仮名 0 986861 7271350 6343369 2022-07-28T04:07:11Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} {{ja-kanjitab|ひら|か|k2=が|な|r=y|yomi=kun}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|平|ひら|仮名|かな}}。{{rendaku2|kana|gana|sort=ひらがな}} ===讀音=== {{ja-pron|ひらがな|acc=3|acc2=h|acc3=o|acc_ref=NHK,DJR,SMK5|acc2_ref=NHK|acc3_ref=NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ひらがな|kyu=平假名}} # [[平假名]]。 #* {{RQ:Nippo Jisho|242}} #*: '''Firagana'''. ヒラガナ (平仮名) 日本の文字の一種. ====近義詞==== * {{qual|現在罕用}} {{ja-r|女%手|おんな%で}}, {{ja-r|女%文%字|おんな%も%じ}}, {{ja-r|草%仮%名|そう%が%な}} ===參見=== * {{ja-r|漢%字|かん%じ}} * {{ja-r|片%仮%名|かた%か%な}} * {{ja-r|万%葉%仮%名|まん%よう%が%な}} * {{ja-r|ローマ字|ローマじ}} * {{list:平假名/ja}} ===參考資料=== <references/> * {{R:Nippo Jisho}} jh2zjww2eeyc2u6elypemuzd0twgy59 7271351 7271350 2022-07-28T04:08:37Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{ja-kanjitab|ひら|か|k2=が|な|r=y|yomi=kun}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|平|ひら|仮名|かな}}。{{rendaku2|kana|gana|sort=ひらがな}} ===讀音=== {{ja-pron|ひらがな|acc=3|acc2=h|acc3=o|acc_ref=NHK,DJR,SMK5|acc2_ref=NHK|acc3_ref=NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ひらがな|kyu=平假名}} # [[平假名]]。 #* {{RQ:Nippo Jisho|242}} #*: '''Firagana'''. ヒラガナ (平仮名) 日本の文字の一種. ====近義詞==== * {{qual|現在罕用}} {{ja-r|女%手|おんな%で}}、{{ja-r|女%文%字|おんな%も%じ}}、{{ja-r|草%仮%名|そう%が%な}} ===參見=== * {{ja-r|漢%字|かん%じ}} * {{ja-r|片%仮%名|かた%か%な}} * {{ja-r|万%葉%仮%名|まん%よう%が%な}} * {{ja-r|ローマ字|ローマじ}} * {{list:平假名/ja}} ===參考資料=== <references/> * {{R:Nippo Jisho}} n9q95t7n3lmffo890tj0maaz9m33z09 裏切る 0 992425 7271339 7159097 2022-07-28T03:50:25Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|うら|き|k2=ぎ|yomi=kun|r=y}} ===語源=== {{ja-compound|裏|うら|t1=後面,背面|切る|ぎる|t2=切,割}}的組詞。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> {{rendaku2|sort=うらぎる|kiru|giru}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|うらぎる|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} {{ja-ojad}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|tr=trans|type=1|うらぎる}} # [[背叛]],[[出賣]] #:{{ja-usex|仲%間 を '''裏%切る'''|なか%ま を '''うら%ぎる'''|'''出賣'''同伴}} # [[辜負]],[[違背]](期望或預測);讓人[[失望]],[[出乎意料]] #:{{ja-usex|予%想 を '''裏%切る'''|よ%そう を '''うら%ぎる'''|意料之外}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|うらぎ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|うらぎ|4-r}} ====派生詞==== * {{ja-r|裏%切り|うら%ぎり}} * {{ja-r|裏%切り者|うら%ぎりもの}} ====相關詞==== * {{ja-r|復讐|ふくしゅう}} ===參考資料=== <references/> pvqhqijuui45tbfcv4i1rbs5huvvt3t беспрепятственно 0 1029193 7270959 6041930 2022-07-27T16:00:58Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{af|ru|беспрепя́тственный|-о}}。 ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|беспрепя́тственно}} ===副詞=== {{ru-adv|беспрепя́тственно}} # [[無阻]]地 ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|ru|беспрепя́тственный}} * {{l|ru|препя́тствие|g=n}} * {{l|ru|препя́тствовать|g=impf}}, {{l|ru|воспрепя́тствовать|g=pf}} 0e6ftt145hiutpnv29zvvec8eslo7aj 𤕠 0 1030106 7271592 7191661 2022-07-28T09:58:12Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=89|rad=爻|as=06|sn=10|four=|canj=KKJDI|ids=⿰爻守}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0690.200|hdz=20933.160|uh=24560}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=shū |cat=n }} ===字義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[疏]],[[通達]] # {{W|太玄經}}中第9個[[爻象]]([[𝌎]]) ---- ==越南语== :<span style="font-size:260%">𤕠</span> 国语字:[[sơ]] [[Category:喃字]] fgkzz1p132wbcoaevjl31ru5uisz7gx 𤣥 0 1030973 7271593 6727056 2022-07-28T10:01:49Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=95|rad=玄|as=-1|sn=4|four=|canj=|ids=⿳亠𠃋𠃋}} ====衍生字==== * [[Appendix:部首索引/玄]] * {{l|mul|[[𥩚]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0725.010|hdz=|uh=248E5|ud=}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== 在《{{w|康熙字典}}》中,為{{zh-l|避諱}}{{w|愛新覺羅·玄燁|清聖祖}}的名字,文中所有的“{{lang|zh|玄}}”字都缺最後一筆,作本字。 ===釋義=== {{zh-see|玄}} 2uapup7tkhlsirza7r4qtjmv8qf9xmg 𩪀 0 1031661 7271015 6868551 2022-07-27T16:32:10Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=188|rad=骨|as=10|sn=19|four=|canj=|ids=⿰骨追}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1450.200|dkj=|dj=|hdz=74416.120|ch=00015130004.050|uh=29A80}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-forms}} === 發音 === {{zh-pron |m=zhuī }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[頸椎]] bds0uo0x8qktlygr5nxeqqdkzf69esz Template:Ru-noun 10 1035803 7270979 6042530 2022-07-27T16:10:43Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:ru-headword|show|名詞}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> lspcusxk46iuyvo45j1s0aeom5w02j7 認識 0 1051162 7271587 7026707 2022-07-28T09:47:43Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=认识}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=rènshi,rènshì,1nb=mainland China,2nb=Taiwan |ma=y |c=jing6 sik1 |ca=Yue-ying6sik1.ogg |h=pfs=ngin-sṳt |md=nêng-sék |mn=qz:līn-siak/kh:jīn-sek/tp,xm:līn-sek/zz:jīn-sit |w=3nyin seq |cat=v,n }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} {{tlb|zh|transitive}} # {{lb|zh|官話}} [[相認]];[[相識]] #: {{zh-x|他 是 通過 電腦 紅娘 認識{shi} 他 妻子{zi} 的。|}} #: {{zh-x|好像 他 根本 就 不 認識{shi} 周圍 的 任何 人。|}} # [[認得]] #: {{zh-x|你 認識{shi} 所有 的 字母 嗎?|}} #: {{zh-x|你 不 認識{shi} 字 嗎?|}} #: {{zh-x|我們 解決 一個 問題 必 先 認識{shi} 這 個 問題 的 本質。|}} # [[察覺]];[[注意]] #: {{zh-x|現在 越來越 多 的 人 認識{shi} 到 環境保護 的 重要性。|}} ====使用說明==== 義項察覺;注意時,常後接動詞{{zh-l|到}}。 ====同義詞==== * {{sense|相識}} {{zh-dial}} * {{sense|了解}} {{zh-syn-saurus|了解}} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[見聞]] #: {{zh-x|認識{shi} 過程|}} ====同義詞==== {{zh-syn-saurus|見聞}} ===衍生詞=== {{zh-der|感性認識|認識論}} ===參見=== * {{zh-l|曉得}} * {{zh-l|知道}} * {{zh-l|識認}} {{zh-cat|Beginning|思想}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|にん|しき|yomi=on}} ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ja|ojp|-|sort=にんしき}}組詞{{m|zh|認識|tr=nyin<sup>H</sup> syik|lit=知道;認得,記住}}。對照現代{{cog|cmn|-}} ''rènshi''、{{cog|cdo|-}} ''nêng-sék''。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=goon|にんしき|acc=0|dev=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|にんしき}} # [[認出]],[[認得]] # [[了解]] #: {{ja-usex|その'''認識'''で正しいと思う。|その '''にんしき''' で ただし.い と おも.う。|我相信你是對的。|lit=我相信你的'''理解'''是對的。}} # {{lb|ja|sort=にんしき|computing}} [[辨識]] #: {{ja-usex|音声'''認識'''|おんせい '''にんしき'''|說話'''辨識'''}} ====衍生詞==== {{der3|ja |{{ja-r|認%識%票|にん%しき%ひょう|[[名牌]]}} |{{ja-r|認%識%論|にん%しき%ろん|[[知識論]]}} |{{ja-r|再%認%識|さい%にん%しき}} }} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|にんしき}} # [[認得]]的某些事物,[[了解]]某些東西 # [[理解]]某事物 # {{lb|ja|computing|sort=にんしき}} 辨識某物 ====活用==== {{ja-suru|にんしき}} ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Shogakukan}} ---- ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=인식}} # {{hanja form of|인식|[[認得]]}} ---- ==Vietnamese== {{vi-hantutab}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|nhận thức|[[知覺]]}} a859lov18ll8900u754nste5w41qbkd 7271588 7271587 2022-07-28T09:48:32Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=认识}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=rènshi,rènshì,1nb=mainland China,2nb=Taiwan |ma=y |c=jing6 sik1 |ca=Yue-ying6sik1.ogg |h=pfs=ngin-sṳt |md=nêng-sék |mn=qz:līn-siak/kh:jīn-sek/tp,xm:līn-sek/zz:jīn-sit |w=3nyin seq |cat=v,n }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} {{tlb|zh|transitive}} # {{lb|zh|官話}} [[相認]];[[相識]] #: {{zh-x|他 是 通過 電腦 紅娘 認識{shi} 他 妻子{zi} 的。|}} #: {{zh-x|好像 他 根本 就 不 認識{shi} 周圍 的 任何 人。|}} # [[認得]] #: {{zh-x|你 認識{shi} 所有 的 字母 嗎?|}} #: {{zh-x|你 不 認識{shi} 字 嗎?|}} #: {{zh-x|我們 解決 一個 問題 必 先 認識{shi} 這 個 問題 的 本質。|}} # [[察覺]];[[注意]] #: {{zh-x|現在 越來越 多 的 人 認識{shi} 到 環境保護 的 重要性。|}} ====使用說明==== 義項察覺;注意時,常後接動詞{{zh-l|到}}。 ====同義詞==== * {{sense|相識}} {{zh-dial}} * {{sense|了解}} {{zh-syn-saurus|了解}} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[見聞]] #: {{zh-x|認識{shi} 過程|}} ====同義詞==== {{zh-syn-saurus|見聞}} ===衍生詞=== {{zh-der|感性認識|認識論}} ===參見=== * {{zh-l|曉得}} * {{zh-l|知道}} * {{zh-l|識認}} {{zh-cat|Beginning|思想}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|にん|しき|yomi=on}} ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ja|ojp|-|sort=にんしき}}組詞{{m|zh|認識|tr=nyin<sup>H</sup> syik|lit=知道;認得,記住}}。對照現代{{cog|cmn|-}} ''rènshi''、{{cog|cdo|-}} ''nêng-sék''。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=goon|にんしき|acc=0|dev=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|にんしき}} # [[認出]],[[認得]] # [[了解]] #: {{ja-usex|その'''認識'''で正しいと思う。|その '''にんしき''' で ただし.い と おも.う。|我相信你是對的。|lit=我相信你的'''理解'''是對的。}} # {{lb|ja|sort=にんしき|computing}} [[辨識]] #: {{ja-usex|音声'''認識'''|おんせい '''にんしき'''|說話'''辨識'''}} ====衍生詞==== {{der3|ja |{{ja-r|認%識%票|にん%しき%ひょう|[[名牌]]}} |{{ja-r|認%識%論|にん%しき%ろん|[[知識論]]}} |{{ja-r|再%認%識|さい%にん%しき}} }} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|にんしき}} # [[認得]]的某些事物,[[了解]]某些東西 # [[理解]]某事物 # {{lb|ja|computing|sort=にんしき}} 辨識某物 ====活用==== {{ja-suru|にんしき}} ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Shogakukan}} ---- ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=인식}} # {{hanja form of|인식|[[認得]]}} ---- ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|nhận thức|[[知覺]]}} 3tkligrdti9k62kt445o8buvcy9rt0w 7271589 7271588 2022-07-28T09:49:31Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=认识}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=rènshi,rènshì,1nb=mainland China,2nb=Taiwan |ma=y |c=jing6 sik1 |ca=Yue-ying6sik1.ogg |h=pfs=ngin-sṳt |md=nêng-sék |mn=qz:līn-siak/kh:jīn-sek/tp,xm:līn-sek/zz:jīn-sit |w=3nyin seq |cat=v,n }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} {{tlb|zh|transitive}} # {{lb|zh|官話}} [[相識]];[[曾經]]相識 #: {{zh-x|他 是 通過 電腦 紅娘 認識{shi} 他 妻子{zi} 的。|}} #: {{zh-x|好像 他 根本 就 不 認識{shi} 周圍 的 任何 人。|}} # [[認得]] #: {{zh-x|你 認識{shi} 所有 的 字母 嗎?|}} #: {{zh-x|你 不 認識{shi} 字 嗎?|}} #: {{zh-x|我們 解決 一個 問題 必 先 認識{shi} 這 個 問題 的 本質。|}} # [[察覺]];[[注意]] #: {{zh-x|現在 越來越 多 的 人 認識{shi} 到 環境保護 的 重要性。|}} ====使用說明==== 用於義項“察覺;注意”時,常後接動詞{{zh-l|到}}。 ====同義詞==== * {{sense|相識}} {{zh-dial}} * {{sense|了解}} {{zh-syn-saurus|了解}} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[見聞]] #: {{zh-x|認識{shi} 過程|}} ====同義詞==== {{zh-syn-saurus|見聞}} ===衍生詞=== {{zh-der|感性認識|認識論}} ===參見=== * {{zh-l|曉得}} * {{zh-l|知道}} * {{zh-l|識認}} {{zh-cat|Beginning|思想}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|にん|しき|yomi=on}} ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ja|ojp|-|sort=にんしき}}組詞{{m|zh|認識|tr=nyin<sup>H</sup> syik|lit=知道;認得,記住}}。對照現代{{cog|cmn|-}} ''rènshi''、{{cog|cdo|-}} ''nêng-sék''。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=goon|にんしき|acc=0|dev=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|にんしき}} # [[認出]],[[認得]] # [[了解]] #: {{ja-usex|その'''認識'''で正しいと思う。|その '''にんしき''' で ただし.い と おも.う。|我相信你是對的。|lit=我相信你的'''理解'''是對的。}} # {{lb|ja|sort=にんしき|computing}} [[辨識]] #: {{ja-usex|音声'''認識'''|おんせい '''にんしき'''|說話'''辨識'''}} ====衍生詞==== {{der3|ja |{{ja-r|認%識%票|にん%しき%ひょう|[[名牌]]}} |{{ja-r|認%識%論|にん%しき%ろん|[[知識論]]}} |{{ja-r|再%認%識|さい%にん%しき}} }} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|にんしき}} # [[認得]]的某些事物,[[了解]]某些東西 # [[理解]]某事物 # {{lb|ja|computing|sort=にんしき}} 辨識某物 ====活用==== {{ja-suru|にんしき}} ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Shogakukan}} ---- ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=인식}} # {{hanja form of|인식|[[認得]]}} ---- ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|nhận thức|[[知覺]]}} 76empffvsv6oz8vb1cqmh16t8exg5lk Template:Ru-proper noun 10 1127365 7270982 6042595 2022-07-27T16:11:08Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:ru-headword|show|專有名詞}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> f3tgnsmmc3x1od0sqphoxq2aj8ib3w9 виду 0 1128049 7271570 6042165 2022-07-28T09:05:53Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|ви́ду|ann=y}} * {{ru-IPA|виду́|ann=y}} * {{homophones|ru|веду́}} ===名詞=== {{ru-noun form|ви́ду|m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|вид||dat//ptv|s}} ===名詞=== {{ru-noun form|виду́|m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|вид||loc|s}} f27gff9jebktjbqennq91w2p28zvogi знакомым 0 1128051 7271568 6042167 2022-07-28T09:05:05Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|знако́мым}} ===詞源1=== ====名詞==== {{ru-noun form|знако́мым|m-an|g2=m-an-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|знако́мый||ins|s|;|dat|p}} ===詞源2=== ====名詞==== {{ru-noun form|знако́мым|f-an-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|знако́мая||dat|p}} ip54xexzwfza3ltp9220mmbk7gfllun 0 1132475 7271456 6690087 2022-07-28T06:01:26Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=9|rad=人|as=14|sn=16|four=27281|canj=OPKO|ids=⿰亻疑}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0120.050|dkj=01233|dj=0253.200|hdz=10231.090|ch=00001290004.040|uh=5117}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=拟}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音1=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |c=ji5 |mn=gí |mc=1 |oc=3 |cat=v }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} [[僭越]],[[超過]] # {{†}} {{zh-alt-form|擬}} # {{†}} [[摹仿]],[[仿照]] # {{†}} [[擬定]] # {{†}} [[利用]] ====組詞==== {{zh-der|儗儗:nǐnǐ|僭儗|儓儗}} ===發音2=== {{zh-pron |m=yí |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} {{zh-alt-form|疑}} ===發音3=== {{zh-pron |m=yì |c=ji6 |mc=2 |oc=4 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{zh-only|佁儗||儗儗|yìyì}} ===發音4=== {{zh-pron |m=ài |mc=3+4 |oc=1+2 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{zh-only|儓儗}} ===來源=== * {{R:twedu|B00184}} * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=人14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=人14}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |on=ぎ, かい |kun=なぞらえる, くらべる }} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|의}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=人14}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=人14|reading=nghì, nghỉ, nghĩ}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=人14}} c1q2qpofyo0zu52hnfjvz8a8ujc9kzg 7271457 7271456 2022-07-28T06:01:47Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=9|rad=人|as=14|sn=16|four=27281|canj=OPKO|ids=⿰亻疑}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0120.050|dkj=01233|dj=0253.200|hdz=10231.090|ch=00001290004.040|uh=5117}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音1=== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |c=ji5 |mn=gí |mc=1 |oc=3 |cat=v }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} [[僭越]],[[超過]] # {{†}} {{zh-alt-form|擬}} # {{†}} [[摹仿]],[[仿照]] # {{†}} [[擬定]] # {{†}} [[利用]] ====組詞==== {{zh-der|儗儗:nǐnǐ|僭儗|儓儗}} ===發音2=== {{zh-pron |m=yí |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} {{zh-alt-form|疑}} ===發音3=== {{zh-pron |m=yì |c=ji6 |mc=2 |oc=4 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{zh-only|佁儗||儗儗|yìyì}} ===發音4=== {{zh-pron |m=ài |mc=3+4 |oc=1+2 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{zh-only|儓儗}} ===來源=== * {{R:twedu|B00184}} * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=人14}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=人14}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |on=ぎ, かい |kun=なぞらえる, くらべる }} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|의}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=人14}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=人14|reading=nghì, nghỉ, nghĩ}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=人14}} r2d6bogfowmsygn9haxpu9ofmyo6z5m 0 1134610 7271411 7229816 2022-07-28T04:54:38Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=06|sn=9|four=|canj=RTK,XRTK|ids=⿰口关}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[𪞄]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0187.090|dkj=03554|dj=0406.110|hdz=10619.030|ch=00002730001.040|uh=54B2|ud=21682}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== 為「[[笑]]」的[[異體字]]。[[東漢]]時已出現之[[錯別字|碑別字]]<ref>[[南宋]]婁機[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=3040&page=95 《漢隸字源·去聲·三十五笑》:笑],指出自《[[s:隸續 (四庫全書本)/卷01|郎中王政碑]]》。</ref>,[[唐朝]]《[[w:干祿字書|干祿字書]]》、[[北宋]]《[[w:集韻|集韻]]》收錄。 《干祿字書·去聲》:「耀曜-{咲}-𥬇,竝上通下正。」《集韻·去聲·三十五笑》:「{{日文|笑咲关}},仙妙切,喜也,古作-{咲}-,或省。俗作𠺑,非是。文十一。」而後世字書多從《集韻》。 溯源可至東漢《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》的「[[芖]]」字形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>,訛變成「{{日文|[[关]]}}」(同「[[荅]]」→「[[File:荅(䒑合).svg|16px]]」),加口字旁俗字為「-{咲}-」(同「[[㗛]]」、「[[𠺑]]」) ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口06}} # [[開花]] ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=さ-く, わら-う<わら-ふ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|さ|o1=き|yomi=k}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|さき|acc=1}} ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper noun|さき}} # {{given name|ja|女性}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=소|rv=so|mr=so}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=口06}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu|rs=口06}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=口06}} ms56qneb5labxqeizopslmfcrzky0zb 7271503 7271411 2022-07-28T07:49:51Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=06|sn=9|four=|canj=RTK,XRTK|ids=⿰口关}} {{康熙|{{lang|lzh|-{咲}-,《集韻》笑古作-{咲}-。註詳竹部四畫。或省作关。}}}} ===派生漢字=== * {{l|mul|[[𪞄]]}} ===參見=== * {{Han ref|kx=0187.090|dkj=03554|dj=0406.110|hdz=10619.030|uh=54B2|ud=21682}} * {{辞海|273|1|4}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== 「-{咲}-」是「[[笑]]」的[[異體字]]。[[東漢]]時已出現之[[錯別字|碑別字]]<ref>[[南宋]]婁機[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=3040&page=95 《漢隸字源·去聲·三十五笑》:笑],指出自《[[s:隸續 (四庫全書本)/卷01|郎中王政碑]]》。</ref>,[[唐朝]]《[[w:干祿字書|干祿字書]]》、[[北宋]]《[[w:集韻|集韻]]》收錄。 《干祿字書·去聲》:「耀曜-{咲}-𥬇,竝上通下正。」《集韻·去聲·三十五笑》:「{{日文|笑咲关}},仙妙切,喜也,古作-{咲}-,或省。俗作𠺑,非是。文十一。」而後世字書多從《集韻》。 溯源可至東漢《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》的「[[芖]]」字形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>,訛變成「{{日文|[[关]]}}」(同「[[荅]]」→「[[File:荅(䒑合).svg|16px]]」),加口字旁俗字為「-{咲}-」(同「[[㗛]]」、「[[𠺑]]」) ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口06}} # [[開花]] ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=さ-く, わら-う<わら-ふ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|さ|o1=き|yomi=k}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|さき|acc=1}} ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper noun|さき}} # {{given name|ja|女性}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=소|rv=so|mr=so}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=口06}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu|rs=口06}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=口06}} 90s24x468tejzzl1pdiiju3hdzdm901 7271504 7271503 2022-07-28T07:50:23Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=06|sn=9|four=|canj=RTK,XRTK|ids=⿰口关}} {{康熙|{{lang|lzh|-{咲}-,《集韻》笑古作-{咲}-。註詳竹部四畫。或省作关。}}}} ===衍生字=== * {{l|mul|[[𪞄]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0187.090|dkj=03554|dj=0406.110|hdz=10619.030|uh=54B2|ud=21682}} * {{辞海|273|1|4}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== 「-{咲}-」是「[[笑]]」的[[異體字]]。[[東漢]]時已出現之[[錯別字|碑別字]]<ref>[[南宋]]婁機[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=3040&page=95 《漢隸字源·去聲·三十五笑》:笑],指出自《[[s:隸續 (四庫全書本)/卷01|郎中王政碑]]》。</ref>,[[唐朝]]《[[w:干祿字書|干祿字書]]》、[[北宋]]《[[w:集韻|集韻]]》收錄。 《干祿字書·去聲》:「耀曜-{咲}-𥬇,竝上通下正。」《集韻·去聲·三十五笑》:「{{日文|笑咲关}},仙妙切,喜也,古作-{咲}-,或省。俗作𠺑,非是。文十一。」而後世字書多從《集韻》。 溯源可至東漢《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》的「[[芖]]」字形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>,訛變成「{{日文|[[关]]}}」(同「[[荅]]」→「[[File:荅(䒑合).svg|16px]]」),加口字旁俗字為「-{咲}-」(同「[[㗛]]」、「[[𠺑]]」) ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口06}} # [[開花]] ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=さ-く, わら-う<わら-ふ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|さ|o1=き|yomi=k}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|さき|acc=1}} ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper noun|さき}} # {{given name|ja|女性}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=소|rv=so|mr=so}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=口06}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu|rs=口06}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=口06}} ey4xxrcat6mxkhkiric0obv4sgjuudr 7271505 7271504 2022-07-28T07:51:21Z 1.200.168.245 刪掉辭海幹嘛 你就繼續指編輯笑相關條目算了 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=06|sn=9|four=|canj=RTK,XRTK|ids=⿰口关}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[𪞄]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0187.090|dkj=03554|dj=0406.110|hdz=10619.030|ch=00002730001.040|uh=54B2|ud=21682}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== 為「[[笑]]」的[[異體字]]。[[東漢]]時已出現之[[錯別字|碑別字]]<ref>[[南宋]]婁機[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=3040&page=95 《漢隸字源·去聲·三十五笑》:笑],指出自《[[s:隸續 (四庫全書本)/卷01|郎中王政碑]]》。</ref>,[[唐朝]]《[[w:干祿字書|干祿字書]]》、[[北宋]]《[[w:集韻|集韻]]》收錄。 《干祿字書·去聲》:「耀曜-{咲}-𥬇,竝上通下正。」《集韻·去聲·三十五笑》:「{{日文|笑咲关}},仙妙切,喜也,古作-{咲}-,或省。俗作𠺑,非是。文十一。」而後世字書多從《集韻》。 溯源可至東漢《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》的「[[芖]]」字形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>,訛變成「{{日文|[[关]]}}」(同「[[荅]]」→「[[File:荅(䒑合).svg|16px]]」),加口字旁俗字為「-{咲}-」(同「[[㗛]]」、「[[𠺑]]」) ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口06}} # [[開花]] ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=さ-く, わら-う<わら-ふ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|さ|o1=き|yomi=k}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|さき|acc=1}} ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper noun|さき}} # {{given name|ja|女性}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=소|rv=so|mr=so}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=口06}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu|rs=口06}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=口06}} ms56qneb5labxqeizopslmfcrzky0zb 7271509 7271505 2022-07-28T07:57:15Z Justice305 35272 那是誤刪,笑的相關條目已做深入考據,且你們IP仍堅持照搬英文維基格式,沒經社群溝通,礙於工作只能維持目前這些條目,今天剛好有空處理 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=06|sn=9|four=|canj=RTK,XRTK|ids=⿰口关}} ===衍生字=== * {{l|mul|[[𪞄]]}} ===來源=== * {{Han ref|kx=0187.090|dkj=03554|dj=0406.110|hdz=10619.030|ch=00002730001.040|uh=54B2|ud=21682}} ==漢語== ===字源=== 為「[[笑]]」的[[異體字]]。[[東漢]]時已出現之[[錯別字|碑別字]]<ref>[[南宋]]婁機[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=3040&page=95 《漢隸字源·去聲·三十五笑》:笑],指出自《[[s:隸續 (四庫全書本)/卷01|郎中王政碑]]》。</ref>,[[唐朝]]《[[w:干祿字書|干祿字書]]》、[[北宋]]《[[w:集韻|集韻]]》收錄。 《干祿字書·去聲》:「耀曜-{咲}-𥬇,竝上通下正。」《集韻·去聲·三十五笑》:「{{日文|笑咲关}},仙妙切,喜也,古作-{咲}-,或省。俗作𠺑,非是。文十一。」而後世字書多從《集韻》。 溯源可至東漢《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》的「[[芖]]」字形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>,訛變成「{{日文|[[关]]}}」(同「[[荅]]」→「[[File:荅(䒑合).svg|16px]]」),加口字旁俗字為「-{咲}-」(同「[[㗛]]」、「[[𠺑]]」) ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口06}} # [[開花]] ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=さ-く, わら-う<わら-ふ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|さ|o1=き|yomi=k}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|さき|acc=1}} ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper noun|さき}} # {{given name|ja|女性}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=소|rv=so|mr=so}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=口06}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu|rs=口06}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=口06}} ktd9cw4jqk51vpzenn1ud59s40tbyyq 7271511 7271509 2022-07-28T08:01:14Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=06|sn=9|four=|canj=RTK,XRTK|ids=⿰口关}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[𪞄]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0187.090|dkj=03554|dj=0406.110|hdz=10619.030|ch=00002730001.040|uh=54B2|ud=21682}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== 為「[[笑]]」的[[異體字]]。[[東漢]]時已出現之[[錯別字|碑別字]]<ref>[[南宋]]婁機[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=3040&page=95 《漢隸字源·去聲·三十五笑》:笑],指出自《[[s:隸續 (四庫全書本)/卷01|郎中王政碑]]》。</ref>,[[唐朝]]《[[w:干祿字書|干祿字書]]》、[[北宋]]《[[w:集韻|集韻]]》收錄。 《干祿字書·去聲》:「耀曜-{咲}-𥬇,竝上通下正。」《集韻·去聲·三十五笑》:「{{日文|笑咲关}},仙妙切,喜也,古作-{咲}-,或省。俗作𠺑,非是。文十一。」而後世字書多從《集韻》。 溯源可至東漢《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》的「[[芖]]」字形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01.</ref>,訛變成「{{日文|[[关]]}}」(同「[[荅]]」→「[[File:荅(䒑合).svg|16px]]」),加口字旁俗字為「-{咲}-」(同「[[㗛]]」、「[[𠺑]]」) ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=c|rs=口06}} # [[開花]] ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=しょう<せう |kanon=しょう<せう |kun=さ-く, わら-う<わら-ふ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|さ|o1=き|yomi=k}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|さき|acc=1}} ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper noun|さき}} # {{given name|ja|女性}} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=소|rv=so|mr=so}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=口06}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tiếu|rs=口06}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=口06}} ms56qneb5labxqeizopslmfcrzky0zb 0 1135629 7271516 6958342 2022-07-28T08:05:15Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=RWGN|ids=⿰口野}} {{字形拆解|2206}} ====參考資料==== * {{Han ref|kx=0206.201|hdz=10676.040|uh=5622|ud=22050}} ====编码==== {{汉字编码|仓颉=RWGN|Unicode|十进制=22050|UTF8=E5 98 A2 |UTF16=5622|UTF32=00005622|CCCII=23713E|CNS1986=E-6459|CNS1992=3-6459|HKSCS=9DCF|GB12345=9220}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym|野}} {{Han compound|口|野|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p|no_och2=y}}. ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms|alt=野,惹}} {{rfe|zh}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=yě |c=je5 |c-t=yie1 |cat=c:n,c:cls }} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|客家語方言|中山閩語}} [[事情]],[[東西]] {{zh-mw|樣}} #: {{zh-co|好嘢!|好樣的!了不起!|lit=好'''東西'''!|C}} #: {{zh-co|講 人哋 嘅 嘢|談論別人的'''事情'''|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 想 食 日本 嘢 定 食 泰國 嘢 啊{aa3}?|你想吃日式料理還是泰式料理?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|derogatory}} [[傢伙]] {{zh-mw|個|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|euphemistic|一定帶量詞}} [[陰莖]] {{zh-mw|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|一定帶量詞}} 由某人引起或與某人有關的負面事情 {{zh-mw|籠}} #: {{zh-co|睇穿 佢 籠{lung4-2} 嘢|看穿他們的'''計畫'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} {{zh-classifier|事情的發生}} #: {{zh-x|叫 咗 佢 唔好 再 捽{zeot1} 眼,但係 佢 係 都 要 捽{zeot1} 多 幾 嘢 㗎 喎{wo3}。|我叫他不要再揉眼睛了,他還是繼續揉了幾'''下'''。|C}} =====近義詞===== {{zh-dial|東西}} {{zh-dial|陰莖}} ====複合詞==== {{zh-der|一嘢|一嚿嘢|一張嘢|一皮嘢|乜嘢|乜嘢嘢|乜嘢物嘢|乜嘢話|乜嘢都|你好嘢|你講嘢呀|來路嘢|做乜嘢|做嘢|偷嘢|冇乜嘢|冇嘢|冇嘢到|出嘢|叫嘢食|咩嘢|唔係嘢少|唔做嘢|嗌嘢食|嘢食|嘢飲|垃圾嘢|執嘢|執平嘢|大枝嘢|大粒嘢|大路嘢|好嘢|㜺嘢|扑嘢|扮嘢|揩嘢|搵嘢做|搶嘢|撈嘢|撻嘢|攋嘢|攪嘢|整嘢食|曳嘢|正嘢|污糟嘢|流嘢|淋瀋嘢|演嘢|濕星嘢|瀨嘢|玩嘢|用屎窟諗嘢|神嘢|笠嘢|筍嘢|肺講嘢|舉嘢|衰鬼嘢|諗嘢|講嘢|講嘢唔算數|識嘢|賴嘢|辣嘢|重嘢|領嘢|飲嘢|鼠嘢|𥄫嘢}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms}} 此字出自《{{w|大般涅槃經 (大乘)|大般涅槃經}}》四十卷漢譯本的第八卷。 ====發音==== {{rfp|zh}} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|佛教}} {{rfdef|zh}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * [[wikisource:zh:大般涅槃經_(四十卷本)/08|大般涅槃經(北本涅槃)・卷第八・如來性品第四之五]] 此漢字於佛教文獻中的早期用例。 33zc6lk0psaymixq1ki5gkxevgh2xjb 7271519 7271516 2022-07-28T08:05:53Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 字義 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=RWGN|ids=⿰口野}} {{字形拆解|2206}} ====參考資料==== * {{Han ref|kx=0206.201|hdz=10676.040|uh=5622|ud=22050}} ====编码==== {{汉字编码|仓颉=RWGN|Unicode|十进制=22050|UTF8=E5 98 A2 |UTF16=5622|UTF32=00005622|CCCII=23713E|CNS1986=E-6459|CNS1992=3-6459|HKSCS=9DCF|GB12345=9220}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym|野}} {{Han compound|口|野|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p|no_och2=y}}. ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms|alt=野,惹}} {{rfe|zh}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=yě |c=je5 |c-t=yie1 |cat=c:n,c:cls }} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|客家語方言|中山閩語}} [[事情]],[[東西]] {{zh-mw|樣}} #: {{zh-co|好嘢!|好樣的!了不起!|lit=好'''東西'''!|C}} #: {{zh-co|講 人哋 嘅 嘢|談論別人的'''事情'''|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 想 食 日本 嘢 定 食 泰國 嘢 啊{aa3}?|你想吃日式料理還是泰式料理?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|derogatory}} [[傢伙]] {{zh-mw|個|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|euphemistic|一定帶量詞}} [[陰莖]] {{zh-mw|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|一定帶量詞}} 由某人引起或與某人有關的負面事情 {{zh-mw|籠}} #: {{zh-co|睇穿 佢 籠{lung4-2} 嘢|看穿他們的'''計畫'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} {{zh-classifier|計算事情發生次數}} #: {{zh-x|叫 咗 佢 唔好 再 捽{zeot1} 眼,但係 佢 係 都 要 捽{zeot1} 多 幾 嘢 㗎 喎{wo3}。|我叫他不要再揉眼睛了,他還是繼續揉了幾'''下'''。|C}} =====近義詞===== {{zh-dial|東西}} {{zh-dial|陰莖}} ====複合詞==== {{zh-der|一嘢|一嚿嘢|一張嘢|一皮嘢|乜嘢|乜嘢嘢|乜嘢物嘢|乜嘢話|乜嘢都|你好嘢|你講嘢呀|來路嘢|做乜嘢|做嘢|偷嘢|冇乜嘢|冇嘢|冇嘢到|出嘢|叫嘢食|咩嘢|唔係嘢少|唔做嘢|嗌嘢食|嘢食|嘢飲|垃圾嘢|執嘢|執平嘢|大枝嘢|大粒嘢|大路嘢|好嘢|㜺嘢|扑嘢|扮嘢|揩嘢|搵嘢做|搶嘢|撈嘢|撻嘢|攋嘢|攪嘢|整嘢食|曳嘢|正嘢|污糟嘢|流嘢|淋瀋嘢|演嘢|濕星嘢|瀨嘢|玩嘢|用屎窟諗嘢|神嘢|笠嘢|筍嘢|肺講嘢|舉嘢|衰鬼嘢|諗嘢|講嘢|講嘢唔算數|識嘢|賴嘢|辣嘢|重嘢|領嘢|飲嘢|鼠嘢|𥄫嘢}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms}} 此字出自《{{w|大般涅槃經 (大乘)|大般涅槃經}}》四十卷漢譯本的第八卷。 ====發音==== {{rfp|zh}} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|佛教}} {{rfdef|zh}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * [[wikisource:zh:大般涅槃經_(四十卷本)/08|大般涅槃經(北本涅槃)・卷第八・如來性品第四之五]] 此漢字於佛教文獻中的早期用例。 c2cy06su7abun0oslxlj0pnm1ixahn7 7271521 7271519 2022-07-28T08:07:19Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=RWGN|ids=⿰口野}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0206.201|hdz=10676.040|uh=5622|ud=22050}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym|野}} {{Han compound|口|野|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p|no_och2=y}}. ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms|alt=野,惹}} {{rfe|zh}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=yě |c=je5 |c-t=yie1 |cat=c:n,c:cls }} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|客家語方言|中山閩語}} [[事情]],[[東西]] {{zh-mw|樣}} #: {{zh-co|好嘢!|好樣的!了不起!|lit=好'''東西'''!|C}} #: {{zh-co|講 人哋 嘅 嘢|談論別人的'''事情'''|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 想 食 日本 嘢 定 食 泰國 嘢 啊{aa3}?|你想吃日式料理還是泰式料理?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|derogatory}} [[傢伙]] {{zh-mw|個|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|euphemistic|一定帶量詞}} [[陰莖]] {{zh-mw|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|一定帶量詞}} 由某人引起或與某人有關的負面事情 {{zh-mw|籠}} #: {{zh-co|睇穿 佢 籠{lung4-2} 嘢|看穿他們的'''計畫'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} {{zh-classifier|計算事情發生次數}} #: {{zh-x|叫 咗 佢 唔好 再 捽{zeot1} 眼,但係 佢 係 都 要 捽{zeot1} 多 幾 嘢 㗎 喎{wo3}。|我叫他不要再揉眼睛了,他還是繼續揉了幾'''下'''。|C}} =====近義詞===== {{zh-dial|東西}} {{zh-dial|陰莖}} ====複合詞==== {{zh-der|一嘢|一嚿嘢|一張嘢|一皮嘢|乜嘢|乜嘢嘢|乜嘢物嘢|乜嘢話|乜嘢都|你好嘢|你講嘢呀|來路嘢|做乜嘢|做嘢|偷嘢|冇乜嘢|冇嘢|冇嘢到|出嘢|叫嘢食|咩嘢|唔係嘢少|唔做嘢|嗌嘢食|嘢食|嘢飲|垃圾嘢|執嘢|執平嘢|大枝嘢|大粒嘢|大路嘢|好嘢|㜺嘢|扑嘢|扮嘢|揩嘢|搵嘢做|搶嘢|撈嘢|撻嘢|攋嘢|攪嘢|整嘢食|曳嘢|正嘢|污糟嘢|流嘢|淋瀋嘢|演嘢|濕星嘢|瀨嘢|玩嘢|用屎窟諗嘢|神嘢|笠嘢|筍嘢|肺講嘢|舉嘢|衰鬼嘢|諗嘢|講嘢|講嘢唔算數|識嘢|賴嘢|辣嘢|重嘢|領嘢|飲嘢|鼠嘢|𥄫嘢}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms}} 此字出自《{{w|大般涅槃經 (大乘)|大般涅槃經}}》四十卷漢譯本的第八卷。 ====發音==== {{rfp|zh}} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|佛教}} {{rfdef|zh}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * [[wikisource:zh:大般涅槃經_(四十卷本)/08|大般涅槃經(北本涅槃)・卷第八・如來性品第四之五]] 此漢字於佛教文獻中的早期用例。 c48aguz5pgp6ykkra5suepoi417cvu0 7271524 7271521 2022-07-28T08:08:12Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=RWGN|ids=⿰口野}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0206.201|hdz=10676.040|uh=5622|ud=22050}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym|野}} {{Han compound|口|野|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p|no_och2=y}}. ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms|alt=野,惹}} {{rfe|zh}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=yě |c=je5 |c-t=yie1 |cat=c:n,c:cls }} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|客家語方言|中山閩語}} [[事情]],[[東西]] {{zh-mw|樣}} #: {{zh-co|好嘢!|好樣的!了不起!|lit=好'''東西'''!|C}} #: {{zh-co|講 人哋 嘅 嘢|談論別人的'''事情'''|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 想 食 日本 嘢 定 食 泰國 嘢 啊{aa3}?|你想吃日式料理還是泰式料理?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|derogatory}} [[傢伙]] {{zh-mw|個|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|euphemistic|一定帶量詞}} [[陰莖]] {{zh-mw|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|一定帶量詞}} 由某人引起或與某人有關的負面事情 {{zh-mw|籠}} #: {{zh-co|睇穿 佢 籠{lung4-2} 嘢|看穿他們的'''計畫'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} {{zh-classifier|計算事情發生次數}} #: {{zh-x|叫 咗 佢 唔好 再 捽{zeot1} 眼,但係 佢 係 都 要 捽{zeot1} 多 幾 嘢 㗎 喎{wo3}。|我叫他不要再揉眼睛了,他還是繼續揉了幾'''下'''。|C}} =====近義詞===== {{zh-dial|東西}} {{zh-dial|陰莖}} ====複合詞==== {{zh-der|一嘢|一嚿嘢|一張嘢|一皮嘢|乜嘢|乜嘢嘢|乜嘢物嘢|乜嘢話|乜嘢都|你好嘢|你講嘢呀|來路嘢|做乜嘢|做嘢|偷嘢|冇乜嘢|冇嘢|冇嘢到|出嘢|叫嘢食|咩嘢|唔係嘢少|唔做嘢|嗌嘢食|嘢食|嘢飲|垃圾嘢|執嘢|執平嘢|大枝嘢|大粒嘢|大路嘢|好嘢|㜺嘢|扑嘢|扮嘢|揩嘢|搵嘢做|搶嘢|撈嘢|撻嘢|攋嘢|攪嘢|整嘢食|曳嘢|正嘢|污糟嘢|流嘢|淋瀋嘢|演嘢|濕星嘢|瀨嘢|玩嘢|用屎窟諗嘢|神嘢|笠嘢|筍嘢|肺講嘢|舉嘢|衰鬼嘢|諗嘢|講嘢|講嘢唔算數|識嘢|賴嘢|辣嘢|重嘢|領嘢|飲嘢|鼠嘢|𥄫嘢}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms}} 此字出自《{{w|大般涅槃經 (大乘)|大般涅槃經}}》四十卷漢譯本的第八卷。 ====發音==== {{rfp|zh}} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|佛教}} {{rfdef|zh}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * [[wikisource:zh:大般涅槃經_(四十卷本)/08|大般涅槃經(北本涅槃)・卷第八・如來性品第四之五]] 此漢字於佛教文獻中的早期用例。 fp4xcv4r23261qyfha3s1ffagoipot7 7271545 7271524 2022-07-28T08:35:26Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 字源 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=RWGN|ids=⿰口野}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0206.201|hdz=10676.040|uh=5622|ud=22050}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym|野}} {{Han compound|口|野|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p|no_och2=y}}。 ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms|alt=野,惹}} {{rfe|zh}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=yě |c=je5 |c-t=yie1 |cat=c:n,c:cls }} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|客家語方言|中山閩語}} [[事情]],[[東西]] {{zh-mw|樣}} #: {{zh-co|好嘢!|好樣的!了不起!|lit=好'''東西'''!|C}} #: {{zh-co|講 人哋 嘅 嘢|談論別人的'''事情'''|C}} #: {{zh-x|你 想 食 日本 嘢 定 食 泰國 嘢 啊{aa3}?|你想吃日式料理還是泰式料理?|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|derogatory}} [[傢伙]] {{zh-mw|個|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|euphemistic|一定帶量詞}} [[陰莖]] {{zh-mw|條}} # {{lb|zh|粵語|一定帶量詞}} 由某人引起或與某人有關的負面事情 {{zh-mw|籠}} #: {{zh-co|睇穿 佢 籠{lung4-2} 嘢|看穿他們的'''計畫'''|C}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} {{zh-classifier|計算事情發生次數}} #: {{zh-x|叫 咗 佢 唔好 再 捽{zeot1} 眼,但係 佢 係 都 要 捽{zeot1} 多 幾 嘢 㗎 喎{wo3}。|我叫他不要再揉眼睛了,他還是繼續揉了幾'''下'''。|C}} =====近義詞===== {{zh-dial|東西}} {{zh-dial|陰莖}} ====複合詞==== {{zh-der|一嘢|一嚿嘢|一張嘢|一皮嘢|乜嘢|乜嘢嘢|乜嘢物嘢|乜嘢話|乜嘢都|你好嘢|你講嘢呀|來路嘢|做乜嘢|做嘢|偷嘢|冇乜嘢|冇嘢|冇嘢到|出嘢|叫嘢食|咩嘢|唔係嘢少|唔做嘢|嗌嘢食|嘢食|嘢飲|垃圾嘢|執嘢|執平嘢|大枝嘢|大粒嘢|大路嘢|好嘢|㜺嘢|扑嘢|扮嘢|揩嘢|搵嘢做|搶嘢|撈嘢|撻嘢|攋嘢|攪嘢|整嘢食|曳嘢|正嘢|污糟嘢|流嘢|淋瀋嘢|演嘢|濕星嘢|瀨嘢|玩嘢|用屎窟諗嘢|神嘢|笠嘢|筍嘢|肺講嘢|舉嘢|衰鬼嘢|諗嘢|講嘢|講嘢唔算數|識嘢|賴嘢|辣嘢|重嘢|領嘢|飲嘢|鼠嘢|𥄫嘢}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms}} 此字出自《{{w|大般涅槃經 (大乘)|大般涅槃經}}》四十卷漢譯本的第八卷。 ====發音==== {{rfp|zh}} ====字義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|佛教}} {{rfdef|zh}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * [[wikisource:zh:大般涅槃經_(四十卷本)/08|大般涅槃經(北本涅槃)・卷第八・如來性品第四之五]] 此漢字於佛教文獻中的早期用例。 asmtm4si7xv6nl46y1vn4fvmej55iaw 0 1153316 7271471 6692421 2022-07-28T06:46:07Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=111|rad=矢|as=02|sn=7|four=23430|canj=IOK|ids=⿱厶矢}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[俟]], [[诶]], [[𠤘]], [[唉]], [[埃]], [[娭]], [[挨]], [[涘]], [[𡱢]], [[𢈟]], [[𢏦]], [[𢓪]], [[𢚝]], [[𫘤]], [[㶼]], [[㸻]], [[欸]], [[逘]], [[𦮸]], [[𫞀]], [[𬂼]], [[䀵]], [[竢]], [[𤶗]], [[𥏖]], [[𥒲]], [[𬭐]], [[𦩈]], [[𦩉]], [[𪠠]], [[𫆆]], [[誒]], [[𬦑]], [[𥏳]], [[𨧚]], [[𨴱]], [[騃]], [[𬵖]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0823.370|dkj=23931|dj=1235.230|hdz=42580.040|ch=00009550005.010|sbgy=0254.080|uh=77E3|ud=30691|bh=A86F|bd=43119}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|ls=psc|以|alt1=㠯|c1=p|矢|c2=s|t2=箭矢}}。{{och-l|矢}}也可以作為聲符。 ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤘,𢦕,𡗞}} {{rfe|zh}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=yǐ |m-s= |c=ji5 |c-t=yi4 |g= |h=pfs=í;gd=yi1 |j= |mb=ì |md=é |mn=í/ml:--i/tw:ì |mn-t=in7/i7 |w=3hhi |x=i3 |mc=y |oc=y |ma= |cat=part }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} {{n-g|表達[[完成]]的助詞,類似官話的{{zh-l|了}}。}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} {{n-g|表達[[感嘆]]的助詞,類似官話的{{zh-l|啦}}。}} =====同義詞===== {{zh-dial|了}} ====組詞==== {{zh-der|已矣|久矣|吾道東矣|大事去矣|何彼襛矣|瞻彼洛矣|方寸亂矣|皇矣|瞠乎後矣|耳矣|早聞道,夕死可矣|朝聞道,夕死可矣|悔之晚矣|垂垂老矣}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms|alt=啊}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |h=gd=ê3 |mn=ml:--a/tw:--ah |cat=part }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{lb|zh|閩南語|客語方言}} {{n-g|表達[[完成]]的助詞,類似官話的{{zh-l|了}}。}} #: {{zh-x|^我 食飽 %矣{ah}|我吃飽了|TW}} # {{lb|zh|菲律賓福建話}} {{n-g|表達[[感嘆]]的助詞,類似官話的{{zh-l|啦}}。}} #: {{zh-x|^我 食飽 %咯{lo͘} %矣{ah}|我吃飽了啦|MN-PH}} =====同義詞===== {{zh-dial|了}} ===詞源3=== {{zh-forms}} {{rfe|zh}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=xián |cat=n }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} {{n-g|古代雲南使用的一種語言中[[犀牛]]一詞的轉寫。}} #* {{zh-x|犀 謂 之 矣{xián}(讀 如 咸)。|犀牛被稱作{{lang|zh|矣}}(讀作{{lang|zh|咸}})。|CL|ref={{RQ:Manshu|8|Spoken languages}}}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=矢02}} # [[訓讀]]文言文句子助詞。 ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |on=い |kun= |nanori= }} ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|어조사|의}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=矢02}} ---- ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=hỉ, hở, hỹ, hẻ, hĩ, hơi|rs=矢02}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=矢02}} 7sq9brorbo43k7vpspgze9t6hr1ks8o 0 1156360 7271412 7117405 2022-07-28T04:55:47Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=03|sn=9|four=|canj=TK,XXTK|ids=⿱艹大}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1019.060|dkj=30690|dj=1476.230|hdz=53174.120|uh=8296|ud=33430}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-forms}} ===讀音1=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ====字源==== 1920年代出土[[東漢]]《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》周易殘碑已見「{{zh-l|𦬫|tr=-}}」([[笑]])形,1931年出土的〈大晉龍興皇帝三臨辟雍皇太子義再蒞之德隆熙之頌碑〉(辟雍碑)則採「{{zh-l|芖}}」,即「𦬫」的[[省文]]<ref name=han>{{cite book |author=杜忠誥 |date= 2011-07|title=漢字沿革之研究 |url= |location= |publisher=老古文化 |page=44 |isbn= 978-986-6059-00-1 |author-link= }}</ref>。 ==== 釋義 ==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===讀音2=== {{zh-pron |m=zhì |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n }} ====字源==== [[清朝]][[w:吳任臣|吳任臣]]《字彙補》引《[[w:太玄|太元經]]》釋音義同「{{zh-l|治|tr=-}}」;然《太玄經》通行版本,則是「{{zh-l|𦫿}}」([[艾]]),「治」義<ref>[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77750&page=97 《太玄經》(四部本)]</ref><ref>[https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=66270&page=110 《太元經》(四庫本)]</ref>。 ==== 釋義 ==== {{zh-see|艾|c}} ===== 出處 ===== {{reflist}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸03}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸03}} ===讀音=== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ち]] (chi), [[じ]] (ji)|kun=[[おさめる]] (osameru), [[おさまる]] (osamaru)|nanori=}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸03}} ahvjpdta8u2ywzmwwxtz3wfxn1z7gde 7271502 7271412 2022-07-28T07:47:18Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=03|sn=9|four=|canj=TK,XXTK|ids=⿱艹大}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1019.060|dkj=30690|dj=1476.230|hdz=53174.120|uh=8296|ud=33430}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-forms}} ===讀音1=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ====字源==== 1920年代出土[[東漢]]《[[w:熹平石经|熹平石經]]》周易殘碑已見「{{zh-l|𦬫|tr=-}}」([[笑]])形,1931年出土的〈大晉龍興皇帝三臨辟雍皇太子義再蒞之德隆熙之頌碑〉(辟雍碑)則採「{{zh-l|芖}}」,即「𦬫」的[[省文]]<ref name=han>{{cite book |author=杜忠誥 |date= 2011-07|title=漢字沿革之研究 |url= |location= |publisher=老古文化 |page=44 |isbn= 978-986-6059-00-1 |author-link= }}</ref>。 ==== 釋義 ==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===讀音2=== {{zh-pron |m=zhì |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n }} ====字源==== [[清朝]][[w:吳任臣|吳任臣]]《字彙補》引《[[w:太玄|太元經]]》釋音義同「{{zh-l|治|tr=-}}」;然《太玄經》通行版本,則是「{{zh-l|𦫿}}」([[艾]]),「治」義<ref>[http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77750&page=97 《太玄經》(四部本)]</ref><ref>[https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=66270&page=110 《太元經》(四庫本)]</ref>。 ==== 釋義 ==== {{zh-see|艾|c}} ===== 出處 ===== {{reflist}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸03}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸03}} ===讀音=== * {{ja-readings|on=[[ち]] (chi), [[じ]] (ji)|kun=[[おさめる]] (osameru), [[おさまる]] (osamaru)|nanori=}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸03}} q2igk31xf2rgb869eadt93pd8hefwwn 𠇄 0 1173068 7271420 7106751 2022-07-28T05:02:42Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=9|rad=人|as=4|sn=6|four=|canj=|ids=⿱𠆢天}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0096.121|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=201C4}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|c|{{zh-l|关}}(笑)的訛形,臺灣戶政用字<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/wordView.jsp?ID=991603|title=字形資訊:𠇄 |work = CNS11643中文全字庫 |publisher = |author = |accessdate = |date = |archiveurl = |archivedate =|language = |deadurl=}}</ref>}} ====出處==== {{reflist}} b5xk8hcz8lyffezk7drvs6utlee6bih 7271506 7271420 2022-07-28T07:51:51Z Justice305 35272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=9|rad=人|as=4|sn=6|four=|canj=|ids=⿱𠆢天}} === 來源 === * {{Han ref|kx=0096.121|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=201C4}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|c|{{zh-l|关}}(笑)的訛形,臺灣戶政用字<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/wordView.jsp?ID=991603|title=字形資訊:𠇄 |work = CNS11643中文全字庫 |publisher = |author = |accessdate = |date = |archiveurl = |archivedate =|language = |deadurl=}}</ref>}} ====出處==== {{reflist}} br1xcj7dsxf2lzjf4vu99ou3uxyqj8t 7271512 7271506 2022-07-28T08:01:40Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=9|rad=人|as=4|sn=6|four=|canj=|ids=⿱𠆢天}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0096.121|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=201C4}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 𦬫, 芖, 关, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===字源=== ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|c|{{zh-l|关}}(笑)的訛形,臺灣戶政用字<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/wordView.jsp?ID=991603|title=字形資訊:𠇄 |work = CNS11643中文全字庫 |publisher = |author = |accessdate = |date = |archiveurl = |archivedate =|language = |deadurl=}}</ref>}} ====出處==== {{reflist}} b5xk8hcz8lyffezk7drvs6utlee6bih 𠤑 0 1176310 7271472 5725844 2022-07-28T06:50:35Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=5|sn=7|four=|canj=|ids=⿰匕矢}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0152.280|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10262.060|uh=20911}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤗}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yí,nì |cat= }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{uncertain|zh|nohypothesis=1}} difell93wo8g83c3zndmg343msaqgzl 𠤗 0 1176320 7271466 6973707 2022-07-28T06:24:42Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰𠤕匕}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0152.320|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10262.140|uh=20917}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|𠤑|v}} 92spoq4738ifeca053at343nl4jkhwi 7271488 7271466 2022-07-28T07:37:54Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰𠤕匕}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0152.320|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10262.140|uh=20917}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𠤜,𥎲}} ===釋義=== {{zh-see|𠤑|v}} arcyxflpfe55k1y2g4thjynql01dn42 𠤘 0 1176322 7271461 6973708 2022-07-28T06:12:09Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰匕矣}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0152.330|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10262.160|uh=20918}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-pron|矣|a}} bxhkj3sq6x0jb7srvui5syx37zkwqtw 7271462 7271461 2022-07-28T06:12:23Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰匕矣}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0152.330|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10262.160|uh=20918}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|矣|a}} mq5xidkl9mumbn16y8e3jwz7jpsw6kx 7271487 7271462 2022-07-28T07:35:37Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰匕矣}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0152.330|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10262.160|uh=20918}} ---- == 漢語 == ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|疑}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|矣|a}} ===詞源3=== {{zh-see|𠤗|v}} m3sgmh166p0zcoceruhxkcimjj1wyh7 7271489 7271487 2022-07-28T07:38:50Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰匕矣}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0152.330|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10262.160|uh=20918}} ---- == 漢語 == ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|疑}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|矣|a}} ===詞源3=== {{zh-see|𠤗|v}} gi3a87wmq20i27x37nfje62lwuvv3vz 𠤜 0 1176328 7271490 5725846 2022-07-28T07:39:48Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰𥎨匕}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0153.011|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2091C}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|𠤗}} j1s54vz80sx8vnt0nnl153n1tu4498q 7271491 7271490 2022-07-28T07:40:10Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=7|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰𥎨匕}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0153.011|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2091C}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|𠤗|v}} l85gvy2mlfx0m4ybj60p8kr4hfw6hnv 𠺑 0 1178900 7271414 5917807 2022-07-28T05:00:45Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=10|sn=13|four=|canj=|ids=⿰口𥬇}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0204.111|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10668.070|uh=20E91}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|笑}} 3cno0p5yf9mzgw72cs7nsg8o2w60yyg 7271416 7271414 2022-07-28T05:01:41Z 1.200.168.245 補廣韻 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=10|sn=13|four=|canj=|ids=⿰口𥬇}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0204.111|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10668.070|sbgy=0413.310|uh=20E91}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|笑}} 09zsoy6vy7fh5irkuebih0fxrd0ya70 𡗛 0 1181489 7271501 5725841 2022-07-28T07:44:43Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=37|rad=大|as=2|sn=5|four=|canj=|ids=⿱勹大}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0249.111|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10526.010|uh=215DB}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|矢|v}} g8z3unvteyhyp0g8s9zmd3i3p3pmutw 𢭍 0 1190489 7270984 5710387 2022-07-27T16:12:34Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=64|rad=手|as=7|sn=10|four=|canj=|ids=⿰扌⿱山帀}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0434.220|dkj=|dj=|hdz=31884.020|uh=22B4D}} ---- ==漢語== ===詞源1=== {{zh-see|博|v}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|揣|v}} m4usqndgkcoxxenk2pe8xa8wtjtfiis 𢯍 0 1190612 7270970 5710385 2022-07-27T16:06:14Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=64|rad=手|as=8|sn=11|four=|canj=|ids=⿰扌刷}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0440.181|dkj=|dj=|hdz=80025.120|uh=22BCD}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|揣|v}} mkbjizkb0zjbt1w5x9gmsy2i1yy8rpw 𢰚 0 1190686 7270980 5710386 2022-07-27T16:10:46Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=64|rad=手|as=9|sn=12|four=|canj=|ids=}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0445.310|dkj=|dj=|hdz=31911.060|uh=22C1A}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|揣|v}} pxmoqnzauikotgnrnckghtlathamiit 𢵦 0 1191190 7270964 5710384 2022-07-27T16:04:08Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=64|rad=手|as=12|sn=15|four=|canj=|ids=⿰扌短}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0457.161|dkj=|dj=|hdz=80026.110|uh=22D66}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|揣|v}} 5py0gmfpuexi10y6czz5jbe5d8b73iq 𥎨 0 1206246 7271483 5725842 2022-07-28T07:28:01Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=111|rad=矢|as=3|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱⿶𠃎一矢}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0824.031|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42581.010|uh=253A8}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|矢|v}} iovnapo9nch4dxq40nqjj5zzqsz8b93 𥎲 0 1206263 7271493 5725847 2022-07-28T07:41:06Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言า == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=111|rad=矢|as=5|sn=10|four=|canj=|ids=⿰&CDP-8BC7;&CDP-86EE;}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0824.160|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42583.080|uh=253B2}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|𠤗|v}} 86tu3m7hiupmkvz14a6xguet4chhamx 7271494 7271493 2022-07-28T07:41:17Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=111|rad=矢|as=5|sn=10|four=|canj=|ids=⿰&CDP-8BC7;&CDP-86EE;}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0824.160|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42583.080|uh=253B2}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|𠤗|v}} odfggn0kbb6mkaz3rxoodouvum2mwvo 𥣖 0 1208271 7271507 5725870 2022-07-28T07:55:42Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=115|rad=禾|as=14|sn=19|four=|canj=|ids=⿰禾疑}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0861.060|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42637.020|sbgy=0254.150|uh=258D6}} ---- ==漢語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |cat=a }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[禾粟]][[茂盛]]的樣子 ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|薿|v}} rk30e1f4h928zw20q7uvpqyhstkcn1j 7271508 7271507 2022-07-28T07:56:06Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=115|rad=禾|as=14|sn=19|four=|canj=|ids=⿰禾疑}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0861.060|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42637.020|sbgy=0254.150|uh=258D6}} ---- ==漢語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=nǐ |cat=a }} ====釋義==== {{zh-hanzi}} # [[禾粟]][[茂盛]]的樣子 ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|薿|v}} i0430v98uciy05urs6o34a9mlrl7glp 𥬇 0 1209666 7271413 5917806 2022-07-28T04:56:52Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=4|sn=10|four=|canj=HIK|ids=⿱⺮犬}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0879.191|hdz=52949.150|sbgy=0413.300|uh=25B07}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|笑}} hb3wxi0z637jyxhs8gddpa1sjl7uu6f 7271499 7271413 2022-07-28T07:43:23Z Justice305 35272 /* 跨語言 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=118|rad=竹|as=4|sn=10|four=|canj=HIK|ids=⿱⺮犬}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0879.191|hdz=52949.150|sbgy=0413.300|uh=25B07}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|笑}} qsbtx02qpzr49hs79iit93i2e20sids 𦬦 0 1216179 7271426 5917798 2022-07-28T05:09:05Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=4|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艸犬}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1022.170|dkj=|dj=|hdz=53179.060|uh=26B26}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|疑}} 9pfcuqdhgm4x2ltkkv6zrekv6du60ga 𦬫 0 1216188 7271424 7108407 2022-07-28T05:06:22Z 1.200.168.245 既然來源是教育部異體字字典,那就直接用外部連結進去看 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=4|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹犬}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1022.181|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=26B2B}} ---- ==漢語== ===字源1=== {{zh-see|笑}} ===字源2=== {{zh-see|疑}} ===來源=== * {{R:twedu|A02989-004}} f5j680shuzyo1u0o5wwo103j8thbwp3 7271425 7271424 2022-07-28T05:07:36Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=4|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹犬}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1022.181|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=26B2B}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|笑}} ===來源=== * {{R:twedu|A02989-004}} jkw66m6wxt24dohiia60dcrgglb7z8v 7271492 7271425 2022-07-28T07:41:00Z Justice305 35272 有正確參考來源的不用,用錯的?那個是竹部不是草部,異體字典只依小學經典還沒更新 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=4|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹犬}} === 參考 === * {{Han ref|kx=1022.181|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=26B2B}} {{汉字编码|Unicode|十进制=158507|UTF8=F0 A6 AC AB|UTF16=D85A DF2B|UTF32=00026B2B}} == 漢語 == {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào,yí |mc=y |oc=y |cat= }} === 字源1 === {{字源|笑}} 「{{zh-l|𦬫}}」從「[[艸]]」從「[[犬]]」,是1920年代出土東漢《熹平石經》周易殘碑「{{zh-l|𦬦}}」([[笑]])的[[隸變]]字形,但長期以來其[[筆畫]]那一點當成[[石花]]而忽略,遂認定「{{zh-l|芖|tr=-}}」形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01. 另見[[Talk:芖#字形|討論]]。</ref><ref name=han>{{cite book |author=杜忠誥 |date= 2011-07|title=漢字沿革之研究 |url= |location= |publisher=老古文化 |page=44 |isbn= 978-986-6059-00-1 |author-link= }}</ref>,直到戰國秦漢簡帛書陸續出土[[隸定]]後才重新檢視。 ==== 釋義 ==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===== 出處 ===== {{reflist}} === 字源2 === ==== 釋義 ==== {{zh-see|疑|v|{{zh-l|𦬦}}(疑)的類推,臺灣戶政用字<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/wordView.jsp?ID=993369|title=字形資訊:𦬫 |work = CNS11643中文全字庫 |publisher = |author = |accessdate = |date = |archiveurl = |archivedate =|language = |deadurl=}}</ref>}} ===== 出處 ===== {{reflist}} 9ea5fl430eraj8cxrtsu74mbxvz6r7x 7271563 7271492 2022-07-28T09:00:06Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{CJK-New-Char|25B07|20E91|26B26|26B2B|201C4|ver=B}} ==漢字== ===跨語言=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=4|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹犬}} ===參考=== * {{Han ref|kx=1022.181|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=26B2B}} {{汉字编码|Unicode|十进制=158507|UTF8=F0 A6 AC AB|UTF16=D85A DF2B|UTF32=00026B2B}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=笑, 𦬦, 芖, 关, 𠇄, 咲, 𥬇, 𠺑, 㗛}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiào,yí |mc=y |oc=y |cat= }} === 字源1 === {{字源|笑}} 「{{zh-l|𦬫}}」從「[[艸]]」從「[[犬]]」,是1920年代出土東漢《熹平石經》周易殘碑「{{zh-l|𦬦}}」([[笑]])的[[隸變]]字形,但長期以來其[[筆畫]]那一點當成[[石花]]而忽略,遂認定「{{zh-l|芖|tr=-}}」形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01. 另見[[Talk:芖#字形|討論]]。</ref><ref name=han>{{cite book |author=杜忠誥 |date= 2011-07|title=漢字沿革之研究 |url= |location= |publisher=老古文化 |page=44 |isbn= 978-986-6059-00-1 |author-link= }}</ref>,直到戰國秦漢簡帛書陸續出土[[隸定]]後才重新檢視。 ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} =====出處===== {{reflist}} ===字源2=== ====釋義==== {{zh-see|疑|v|{{zh-l|𦬦}}(疑)的類推,臺灣戶政用字<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/wordView.jsp?ID=993369|title=字形資訊:𦬫 |work = CNS11643中文全字庫 |publisher = |author = |accessdate = |date = |archiveurl = |archivedate =|language = |deadurl=}}</ref>}} =====出處===== {{reflist}} rxeu2a6py2piax98ip8b1qyw5ym6aiy 7271574 7271563 2022-07-28T09:07:16Z 1.200.168.245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=4|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹犬}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1022.181|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=26B2B}} ---- ==漢語== === 字源1 === {{字源|笑}} 「{{zh-l|𦬫}}」從「[[艸]]」從「[[犬]]」,是1920年代出土東漢《熹平石經》周易殘碑「{{zh-l|𦬦}}」([[笑]])的[[隸變]]字形,但長期以來其[[筆畫]]那一點當成[[石花]]而忽略,遂認定「{{zh-l|芖|tr=-}}」形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01. 另見[[Talk:芖#字形|討論]]。</ref><ref name=han>{{cite book |author=杜忠誥 |date= 2011-07|title=漢字沿革之研究 |url= |location= |publisher=老古文化 |page=44 |isbn= 978-986-6059-00-1 |author-link= }}</ref>,直到戰國秦漢簡帛書陸續出土[[隸定]]後才重新檢視。 ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} =====出處===== {{reflist}} ===字源2=== ====釋義==== {{zh-see|疑|v|{{zh-l|𦬦}}(疑)的類推,臺灣戶政用字<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/wordView.jsp?ID=993369|title=字形資訊:𦬫 |work = CNS11643中文全字庫 |publisher = |author = |accessdate = |date = |archiveurl = |archivedate =|language = |deadurl=}}</ref>}} =====出處===== {{reflist}} fr1eqzrhvmssa8nagliepih4os9rd2e 7271575 7271574 2022-07-28T09:07:36Z 1.200.168.245 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=4|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹犬}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1022.181|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=26B2B}} ---- ==漢語== === 字源1 === 「{{zh-l|𦬫}}」從「[[艸]]」從「[[犬]]」,是1920年代出土東漢《熹平石經》周易殘碑「{{zh-l|𦬦}}」([[笑]])的[[隸變]]字形,但長期以來其[[筆畫]]那一點當成[[石花]]而忽略,遂認定「{{zh-l|芖|tr=-}}」形<ref>漢語大字典字形組. [http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20081027-m300-w001-133&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF32C1ADE3374C7624112B1C802A80C4BECD603515E6E17E3AEE3884FB674DF991 《秦漢魏晉篆隸字形表·卷五》:笑]. 四川辭書出版社. 1985-08-01. 另見[[Talk:芖#字形|討論]]。</ref><ref name=han>{{cite book |author=杜忠誥 |date= 2011-07|title=漢字沿革之研究 |url= |location= |publisher=老古文化 |page=44 |isbn= 978-986-6059-00-1 |author-link= }}</ref>,直到戰國秦漢簡帛書陸續出土[[隸定]]後才重新檢視。 ====釋義==== {{zh-see|笑|v}} ===字源2=== ====釋義==== {{zh-see|疑|v|{{zh-l|𦬦}}(疑)的類推,臺灣戶政用字<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/wordView.jsp?ID=993369|title=字形資訊:𦬫 |work = CNS11643中文全字庫 |publisher = |author = |accessdate = |date = |archiveurl = |archivedate =|language = |deadurl=}}</ref>}} =====出處===== {{reflist}} cilyua3skxxb28vzwdydcnggtcd8wu3 𩉏 0 1231183 7271454 5725852 2022-07-28T05:54:16Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=176|rad=面|as=14|sn=23|four=|canj=|ids=⿰面疑}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1384.441|dkj=|dj=|hdz=74402.110|uh=2924F}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|疑|v}} eufqt7vbiez043qhxudnwegtnd5g55f 7271455 7271454 2022-07-28T05:54:31Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=176|rad=面|as=14|sn=23|four=|canj=|ids=⿰面疑}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=1384.441|dkj=|dj=|hdz=74402.110|uh=2924F}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|疑}} 79hvmih830twv81wbelrampaui4nmbn 𪵊 0 1238467 7271498 5725848 2022-07-28T07:43:19Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=66|rad=攴|as=7|sn=11|four=|canj=|ids=⿰𠤕攵}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2AD4A}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|疑}} 3y6dcyhzthbv1jdgyj7v2ufpcy3plpa 𭼃 0 1253027 7271458 5725850 2022-07-28T06:04:03Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=9|sn=|four=|canj=|ids=}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2DF03}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|疑}} 3lipdrg3z7207jour5623xhnzrd4206 7271459 7271458 2022-07-28T06:04:26Z Fglffer 55252 /* 跨語言 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=103|rad=疋|as=9|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2DF03}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|疑}} rmnws0pq38jit0eou6izmi0lbbid3lq цай 0 1314140 7271010 5127881 2022-07-27T16:29:45Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|цяй|чай}} ==蒙古語== {{wikipedia|lang=mn}} {{mn-variant|ᠴᠠᠢ|ᠴᠠᠢ|{{PAGENAME}}}} [[File:Longjing tea steeping in gaiwan.jpg|thumb|{{lang|mn|Аяга хятад лунжин ({{lang|zh|龍井}}) цай.}}]] ===詞源=== {{inh+|mn|cmg|ᠴᠠᠢ}},最終源自{{der|mn|zh|茶|tr=chá}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|mn|/t͜sʰæː/}} ===名詞=== {{mn-noun}} # [[tea]] ====變格==== {{rfinfl|mn|名詞}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|mn|цайны газар|t=café}} {{c|mn|茶}} srcd35h8em2hlyys9a3e8748f15b4rh 7271014 7271010 2022-07-27T16:30:21Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|цяй|чай}} ==蒙古語== {{wikipedia|lang=mn}} {{mn-variant|ᠴᠠᠢ|ᠴᠠᠢ|{{PAGENAME}}}} [[File:Longjing tea steeping in gaiwan.jpg|thumb|{{lang|mn|Аяга хятад лунжин ({{lang|zh|龍井}}) цай.}}]] ===詞源=== {{inh+|mn|cmg|ᠴᠠᠢ}},最終源自{{der|mn|zh|茶|tr=chá}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|mn|/t͜sʰæː/}} ===名詞=== {{mn-noun}} # [[茶]] ====變格==== {{rfinfl|mn|名詞}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|mn|цайны газар|t=café}} {{c|mn|茶}} cp6qphik57rf33hztrh25zlvamhkp9k 裝有 0 1319193 7271598 7010429 2022-07-28T10:42:12Z Popolon 20728 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{漢語寫法|简=[[装]][[有]]|正=[[裝]][[有]]}} ===讀音=== * 汉语拼音:zhuāng yoǔ ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} * {{en}}:fitted with; * {{fr}}:[[contenir]];[[remplit]] de {{翻譯-底}} {{CC-CEDICT}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|衣07月02]] grr6dyj6sgvxcnquafwb8j4tbe5nduj Module:Etymology languages/data 828 1363210 7270705 7240111 2022-07-27T14:49:00Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local m = {} -- Albanian varieties m["aln"] = { canonicalName = "蓋格阿爾巴尼亞語", otherNames = {"Gheg"}, parent = "sq", wikidata_item = "Q181037", } m["aae"] = { canonicalName = "Arbëreshë Albanian", otherNames = {"Arbëreshë", "Arbëresh"}, parent = "sq", wikidata_item = "Q1075302", } m["aat"] = { canonicalName = "Arvanitika Albanian", otherNames = {"Arvanitika"}, parent = "sq", wikidata_item = "Q29347", } m["als"] = { canonicalName = "托斯克阿爾巴尼亞語", aliases = {"Tosk"}, parent = "sq", wikidata_item = "Q180937", } -- Akkadian varieties m["akk-old"] = { canonicalName = "古阿卡德語", parent = "akk", } m["akk-obb"] = { canonicalName = "古巴比倫語", parent = "akk", } m["akk-oas"] = { canonicalName = "古亞述語", parent = "akk", } m["akk-mbb"] = { canonicalName = "中古巴比倫語", parent = "akk", } m["akk-mas"] = { canonicalName = "中古亞述語", parent = "akk", } m["akk-nbb"] = { canonicalName = "新巴比倫語", parent = "akk", } m["akk-nas"] = { canonicalName = "新亞述語", parent = "akk", } m["akk-lbb"] = { canonicalName = "晚期巴比倫語", parent = "akk", } -- Aramaic varieties m["arc-bib"] = { canonicalName = "聖經亞拉姆語", parent = "arc", } m["arc-imp"] = { canonicalName = "Imperial Aramaic", parent = "arc", } m["arc-hat"] = { canonicalName = "Hatran Aramaic", parent = "arc", } m["sem-jar"] = { canonicalName = "Jewish Aramaic", otherNames = {"Judeo-Aramaic"}, parent = "arc", wikidata_item = "Q2633045", } m["arc-pal"] = { canonicalName = "Palmyrenean Aramaic", parent = "arc", } m["tmr"] = { canonicalName = "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic", parent = "arc", wikidata_item = "Q33407", } m["jpa"] = { canonicalName = "Jewish Palestinian Aramaic", otherNames = {"Galilean Aramaic"}, parent = "arc", wikidata_item = "Q948909", } m["arc-cpa"] = { canonicalName = "Christian Palestinian Aramaic", aliases = {"Melkite Aramaic", "Palestinian Syriac", "Syropalestinian Aramaic"}, parent = "arc", wikidata_item = "Q60790119", } -- Bantu varieties m["bnt-cmn"] = { canonicalName = "共同班圖語", parent = "bnt-pro", } -- Catalan varieties m["ca-val"] = { canonicalName = "瓦倫西亞語", otherNames = {"巴倫西亞語"}, parent = "ca", wikidata_item = "Q32641", } -- Chinese varieties m["och-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期上古漢語", parent = "och", } m["och-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期上古漢語", parent = "och", } m["ltc-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期中古漢語", parent = "ltc", } m["ltc-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期中古漢語", parent = "ltc", } m["cmn-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期官話", parent = "cmn", } m["wuu-sha"] = { canonicalName = "上海話", parent = "wuu", wikidata_item = "Q36718", } m["Sha."] = m["wuu-sha"] m["hsn-old"] = { canonicalName = "古湘語", otherNames = {"婁邵話"}, parent = "hsn", wikidata_item = "Q7085453", } m["zhx-pin"] = { canonicalName = "平話", parent = "yue", wikidata_item = "Q2735715", } m["nan-hai"] = { canonicalName = "海南話", parent = "nan", wikidata_item = "Q934541", } m["nan-hok"] = { canonicalName = "泉漳話", parent = "nan", wikidata_item = "Q1624231", } m["nan-xm"] = { canonicalName = "廈門話", parent = "nan-hok", wikidata_item = "Q68744", } m["nan-zz"] = { canonicalName = "漳州話", parent = "nan-hok", } m["nan-qz"] = { canonicalName = "泉州話", parent = "nan-hok", } m["nan-jj"] = { canonicalName = "晉江話", parent = "nan-qz", } m["nan-ph"] = { canonicalName = "咱人話", parent = "nan-jj", wikidata_item = "Q3236692", } -- Coptic varieties m["cop-akh"] = { canonicalName = "Akhmimic Coptic", parent = "cop", } m["cop-boh"] = { canonicalName = "Bohairic Coptic", otherNames = {"Memphitic Coptic"}, parent = "cop", wikidata_item = "Q890733", } m["cop-ggg"] = { canonicalName = "Coptic Dialect G", parent = "cop", } m["cop-jjj"] = { canonicalName = "Coptic Dialect J", parent = "cop", } m["cop-kkk"] = { canonicalName = "Coptic Dialect K", parent = "cop", } m["cop-ppp"] = { canonicalName = "Coptic Dialect P", otherNames = {"Proto-Theban Coptic", "Palaeo-Theban Coptic"}, parent = "cop", } m["cop-fay"] = { canonicalName = "法尤姆科普特語", otherNames = {"Faiyumic Coptic", "Fayumic Coptic", "Bashmuric Coptic"}, parent = "cop", wikidata_item = "Q1399115", } m["cop-her"] = { canonicalName = "Hermopolitan Coptic", otherNames = {"Coptic Dialect H", "Ashmuninic Coptic"}, parent = "cop", } m["cop-lyc"] = { canonicalName = "Lycopolitan Coptic", otherNames = {"Subakhmimic Coptic", "Assiutic Coptic", "Asyutic Coptic", "Lyco-Diospolitan Coptic"}, parent = "cop", } m["cop-old"] = { canonicalName = "古科普特語", parent = "cop", } m["cop-oxy"] = { canonicalName = "Oxyrhynchite Coptic", otherNames = {"Mesokemic Coptic", "Middle Egyptian Coptic"}, parent = "cop", } m["cop-ply"] = { canonicalName = "Proto-Lycopolitan Coptic", otherNames = {"Coptic Dialect i", "Proto-Lyco-Diospolitan Coptic"}, parent = "cop", } m["cop-sah"] = { canonicalName = "Sahidic Coptic", otherNames = {"Thebaic Coptic"}, parent = "cop", wikidata_item = "Q2645851", } -- Egyptian varieties m["egy-old"] = { canonicalName = "上古埃及語", parent = "egy", wikidata_item = "Q447117", } m["egy-mid"] = { canonicalName = "中古埃及語", otherNames = {"Classical Egyptian"}, parent = "egy", wikidata_item = "Q657330", } m["egy-nmi"] = { canonicalName = "Neo-Middle Egyptian", --otherNames = {"Égyptien de tradition", "Traditional Egyptian"}, parent = "egy", } m["egy-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期埃及語", parent = "egy", wikidata_item = "Q1852329", } -- Elamite varieties m["elx-old"] = { canonicalName = "Old Elamite", parent = "elx", } m["elx-mid"] = { canonicalName = "Middle Elamite", parent = "elx", } m["elx-neo"] = { canonicalName = "Neo-Elamite", parent = "elx", } m["elx-ach"] = { canonicalName = "Achaemenid Elamite", parent = "elx", } -- English, Scots and Old English varieties m["en-GB"] = { canonicalName = "英國英語", parent = "en", wikidata_item = "Q7979", } m["British English"] = m["en-GB"] m["BE."] = m["en-GB"] m["en-US"] = { canonicalName = "美國英語", parent = "en", wikidata_item = "Q7976", } m["American English"] = m["en-US"] m["AE."] = m["en-US"] m["en-geo"] = { canonicalName = "喬迪英語", parent = "en", } -- Scots varieties m["sco-osc"] = { canonicalName = "早期蘇格蘭語", parent = "enm", wikidata_item = "Q5326738", } m["Early Scots"] = m["sco-osc"] m["Old Scots"] = m["sco-osc"] m["O.Sc."] = m["sco-osc"] m["sco-smi"] = { canonicalName = "中古蘇格蘭語", parent = "sco-osc", wikidata_item = "Q3327000", } m["Middle Scots"] = m["sco-smi"] m["Mid.Sc."] = m["sco-smi"] m["sco-ins"] = { canonicalName = "島嶼蘇格蘭語", parent = "sco", wikidata_item = "Q16919205", } m["Insular Scots"] = m["sco-ins"] m["Ins.Sc."] = m["sco-ins"] m["sco-uls"] = { canonicalName = "阿爾斯特蘇格蘭語", parent = "sco", wikidata_item = "Q201966", } m["Ulster Scots"] = m["sco-uls"] m["Uls.Sc."] = m["sco-uls"] m["sco-nor"] = { canonicalName = "北部蘇格蘭語", parent = "sco", wikidata_item = "Q16928150", } m["Northern Scots"] = m["sco-nor"] m["Nor.Sc."] = m["sco-nor"] m["sco-sou"] = { canonicalName = "南部蘇格蘭語", parent = "sco", wikidata_item = "Q7570457", } m["Southern Scots"] = m["sco-sou"] m["Borders Scots"] = m["sco-sou"] m["Sou.Sc."] = m["sco-sou"] -- Middle English varieties m["enm-nor"] = { canonicalName = "北部中古英語", otherNames = {"Northern Middle English", "Northumbrian Middle English"}, parent = "enm", } -- Old English varieties -- Includes both Mercian and Northumbrian. m["ang-ang"] = { canonicalName = "盎格利亞古英語", parent = "ang", } m["ang-mer"] = { canonicalName = "麥西亞古英語", parent = "ang", } m["ang-nor"] = { canonicalName = "諾森伯蘭古英語", parent = "ang", wikidata_item = "Q1798915", } --[[ m["ang-wsx"] = { canonicalName = "西薩克森古英語", otherNames = {"West Saxon Old English"}, parent = "ang", } ]] -- French and Norman varieties m["fro-nor"] = { canonicalName = "古諾曼語", otherNames = {"古諾曼法語"}, parent = "fro", wikidata_item = "Q2044917", } m["Old Northern French"] = m["fro-nor"] m["ONF."] = m["fro-nor"] m["fro-pic"] = { canonicalName = "庇卡底古法語", parent = "fro", } m["xno"] = { canonicalName = "盎格魯-諾曼語", parent = "fro", wikidata_item = "Q35214", } m["fr-CA"] = { canonicalName = "加拿大法語", parent = "fr", wikidata_item = "Q1450506", } m["Canadian French"] = m["fr-CA"] m["CF."] = m["fr-CA"] m["fr-aca"] = { canonicalName = "阿卡迪亞法語", parent = "fr", wikidata_item = "Q415109", } m["Acadian French"] = m["fr-aca"] m["fra-aca"] = m["fr-aca"] m["frc"] = { canonicalName = "卡郡法語", otherNames = {"路易斯安那法語"}, parent = "fr", wikidata_item = "Q880301", } m["ht-sdm"] = { canonicalName = "聖多明戈克里奧爾法語", parent = "ht", } -- Norman varieties m["roa-grn"] = { canonicalName = "根西諾曼語", parent = "nrf", wikidata_item = "Q56428", } m["roa-jer"] = { canonicalName = "澤西諾曼語", parent = "nrf", wikidata_item = "Q56430", } -- Brythonic m["bry-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期布立吞語", otherNames = {"Early Brythonic"}, parent = "cel-bry-pro", } m["bry-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期布立吞語", otherNames = {"Late Brythonic"}, parent = "cel-bry-pro", } -- Gaulish m["xcg"] = { canonicalName = "山南高盧語", otherNames = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, parent = "cel-gau", wikidata_item = "Q3832927", } m["xtg"] = { canonicalName = "山北高盧語", otherNames = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, parent = "cel-gau", wikidata_item = "Q29977", } -- Germanic varieties -- (modern) German varieties m["de-AT"] = { canonicalName = "奧地利德語", parent = "de", wikidata_item = "Q306626", } m["Austrian German"] = m["de-AT"] m["AG."] = m["de-AT"] m["de-AT-vie"] = { canonicalName = "維也納德語", parent = "de-AT", wikidata_item = "Q56474", } m["Viennese German"] = m["de-AT-vie"] m["VG."] = m["de-AT-vie"] m["de-CH"] = { canonicalName = "瑞士高地德語", aliases = {"瑞士標準德語", "Schweizer Hochdeutsch"}, parent = "de", wikidata_item = "Q1366643", } m["ksh"] = { canonicalName = "科隆語", parent = "gmw-cfr", wikidata_item = "Q4624", } m["Kölsch"] = m["ksh"] m["pfl"] = { canonicalName = "普法爾茨德語", --otherNames = {"Pfälzisch", "Pälzisch", "Palatinate German"}, parent = "gmw-rfr", wikidata_item = "Q23014", } m["sli"] = { canonicalName = "西里西亞德語", --otherNames = {"Silesian"}, parent = "gmw-ecg", wikidata_item = "Q152965", } m["sxu"] = { canonicalName = "上薩克森德語", parent = "gmw-ecg", wikidata_item = "Q699284", } -- Old High German varieties m["lng"] = { canonicalName = "古倫巴底語", parent = "goh", wikidata_item = "Q35972", } m["Lombardic"] = m["lng"] m["goh-lng"] = m["lng"] -- Old Norse varieties m["non-oen"] = { canonicalName = "古東諾爾斯語", otherNames = {"Old East Norse"}, parent = "non", wikidata_item = "Q10498031", } m["non-ogt"] = { canonicalName = "古哥特蘭語", --otherNames = {"Old Gotlandic"}, parent = "non", wikidata_item = "Q1133488", } m["non-own"] = { canonicalName = "古西諾爾斯語", otherNames = {"Old West Norse"}, parent = "non", wikidata_item = "Q10498026", } -- Greek varieties m["qfa-sub-grc"] = { canonicalName = "前希臘語", otherNames = {"Pre-Greek"}, parent = "qfa-sub", wikidata_item = "Q965052", } m["pregrc"] = m["qfa-sub-grc"] m["grc-boi"] = { canonicalName = "維奧蒂亞希臘語", parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q406373", } m["grc-koi"] = { canonicalName = "通用希臘語", --otherNames = {"Hellenistic Greek"}, parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q107358", } m["Koine"] = m["grc-koi"] m["gkm"] = { canonicalName = "中古希臘語", otherNames = {"拜占庭希臘語"}, parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q36387", } m["Medieval Greek"] = m["gkm"] m["grc-dor"] = { canonicalName = "多利安希臘語", parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q285494", } m["grc-att"] = { canonicalName = "阿提卡希臘語", parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q506588", } m["grc-ion"] = { canonicalName = "愛奧尼亞希臘語", parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q504165", } m["grc-pam"] = { canonicalName = "潘菲利亞希臘語", parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q2271793", } m["grc-kre"] = { -- code used elsewhere: see [[Module:grc:Dialects]] canonicalName = "克里特古希臘語", -- to distinguish from Cretan Greek below parent = "grc", } m["grc-arp"] = { canonicalName = "阿卡迪亞-塞浦路斯希臘語", parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q499602", } m["el-arc"] = { canonicalName = "阿卡迪亞希臘語", parent = "el", } m["el-cyp"] = { canonicalName = "塞浦路斯希臘語", parent = "el", } m["el-pap"] = { canonicalName = "帕福斯希臘語", parent = "el", } m["grc-aeo"] = { canonicalName = "伊奧利亞希臘語", otherNames = {"Lesbic Greek", "Lesbian Greek", "Aeolian Greek"}, parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q406373", } m["loc-ozo"] = { canonicalName = "Ozolian Locrian", parent = "el", } m["loc-opu"] = { canonicalName = "Opuntian Locrian", parent = "el", } m["el-ths"] = { canonicalName = "Thessalian Greek", parent = "el", wikidata_item = "Q406373", } m["grc-ela"] = { canonicalName = "Elean Greek", parent = "grc", } m["grc-epc"] = { canonicalName = "史詩希臘語", parent = "grc", wikidata_item = "Q990062", } m["el-crt"] = { canonicalName = "克里特希臘語", parent = "el", wikidata_item = "Q588306", } -- Hebrew varieties m["hbo"] = { canonicalName = "聖經希伯來語", otherNames = {"古典希伯來語"}, parent = "he", wikidata_item = "Q1982248", } m["he-mis"] = { canonicalName ="Mishnaic Hebrew", parent = "he", wikidata_item = "Q1649362", } m["he-med"] = { canonicalName ="中世紀希伯來語", parent = "he", wikidata_item = "Q2712572", } m["he-IL"] = { canonicalName = "現代以色列希伯來語", parent = "he", wikidata_item = "Q8141", } m["bsh-kat"] = { canonicalName ="Kativiri", otherNames = {"Katə́viri"}, parent = "bsh", wikidata_item ="Q2605045", } m["bsh-kam"] = { canonicalName ="勘維里語", otherNames = {"Kamvíri"}, parent = "bsh", wikidata_item ="Q1193495", } m["xvi"] = m["bsh-kam"] m["bsh-mum"] = { canonicalName ="Mumviri", otherNames = {" Mumvíri"}, parent = "bsh" } -- Iranian varieties: -- Historical and current Iranian dialects m["ae-old"] = { canonicalName = "古阿維斯陀語", otherNames = {"Gathic Avestan"}, parent = "ae", wikidata_item = "Q29572", } m["ae-yng"] = { canonicalName = "Younger Avestan", otherNames = {"Young Avestan"}, parent = "ae-old", } m["bcc"] = { canonicalName = "南俾路支語", parent = "bal", wikidata_item = "Q33049", } m["bal-sou"] = m["bcc"] m["bgp"] = { canonicalName = "東俾路支語", parent = "bal", wikidata_item = "Q33049", } m["bal-eas"] = m["bgp"] m["bgn"] = { canonicalName = "西俾路支語", parent = "bal", wikidata_item = "Q33049", } m["bal-wes"] = m["bgn"] m["bsg-ban"] = { canonicalName = "Bandari", parent = "bsg", } m["bsg-bas"] = { canonicalName = "Bashkardi", parent = "bsg", } m["bsg-hor"] = { canonicalName = "霍爾木茲語", parent = "bsg", } m["bsg-min"] = { canonicalName = "Minabi", parent = "bsg", } m["ira-mid"] = { canonicalName = "中古伊朗語", parent = "ira", wikidata_item = "Q33527", } m["MIr."] = m["ira-mid"] m["ira-old"] = { canonicalName = "古伊朗語", parent = "ira", wikidata_item = "Q33527", } m["OIr."] = m["ira-old"] m["kho-old"] = { canonicalName = "古和田語", parent = "kho", } m["kho-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期和田語", parent = "kho-old", } m["ps-nwe"] = { canonicalName = "西北普什圖語", parent = "ps", } m["ps-cgi"] = { canonicalName = "Central Ghilzay", parent = "ps-nwe", } m["ps-mah"] = { canonicalName = "Mahsudi", parent = "ps-nwe", } m["ps-nea"] = { canonicalName = "東北普什圖語", parent = "ps", } m["ps-afr"] = { canonicalName = "Afridi", parent = "ps-nea", } m["ps-bng"] = { canonicalName = "Bangash", parent = "ps-nea", } m["ps-xat"] = { canonicalName = "Khatak", parent = "ps-nea", } m["ps-pes"] = { canonicalName = "白沙瓦語", parent = "ps-nea", } m["ps-sea"] = { canonicalName = "東南普什圖語", parent = "ps", } m["ps-ban"] = { canonicalName = "Bannu", parent = "ps-sea", } m["ps-kak"] = { canonicalName = "Kakari", parent = "ps-sea", } m["ps-ser"] = { canonicalName = "Sher", parent = "ps-sea", } m["ps-waz"] = { canonicalName = "Waziri", parent = "ps-sea", } m["ps-swe"] = { canonicalName = "西南普什圖語", parent = "ps", } m["ps-kan"] = { canonicalName = "Kandahari", parent = "ps-swe", } m["ps-jad"] = { canonicalName = "Jadrani", parent = "ps", } m["xmn"] = { canonicalName = "摩尼中古波斯語", otherNames = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, parent = "pal", } m["fa-ira"] = { canonicalName = "伊朗波斯語", otherNames = {"現代波斯語"}, parent = "fa", } m["fa-cls"] = { canonicalName = "古典波斯語", parent = "fa", wikidata_item = "Q9168", } m["prs"] = { canonicalName = "達利語", otherNames = {"Dari Persian", "Eastern Persian", "阿富汗波斯語"}, parent = "fa", wikidata_item = "Q178440", } m["os-dig"] = { canonicalName = "迪戈爾奧塞梯語", aliases = {"Digoron"}, parent = "os", wikidata_item = "Q3027861", } m["os-iro"] = { canonicalName = "伊隆奧塞梯語", parent = "os", } m["sog-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期粟特語", parent = "sog", } m["sog-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期粟特語", parent = "sog-ear", } m["oru-kan"] = { canonicalName = "Kaniguram", parent = "oru", wikidata_item = "Q6363164", } m["oru-log"] = { canonicalName = "Logar", parent = "oru", } m["xln"] = { canonicalName = "阿蘭語", aliases = {"Alanic"}, parent = "oos", } m["rdb-rud"] = { canonicalName = "Rudbari", parent = "rdb", } m["rdb-jir"] = { canonicalName = "Jirofti", parent = "rdb", } m["rdb-kah"] = { canonicalName = "Kahnuji", parent = "rdb", } -- Korean varieties m["oko-lat"] = { canonicalName = "古朝鮮語", parent = "oko", } m["okm-ear"] = { canonicalName = "中世朝鮮語", parent = "okm", } m["ko-c"] = { canonicalName = "中部方言", parent = "ko", } m["ko-se"] = { canonicalName = "慶尚方言", parent = "ko", } m["ko-sw"] = { canonicalName = "全羅道方言", parent = "ko", } m["ko-nw"] = { canonicalName = "平安道方言", parent = "ko", } m["ko-ne"] = { canonicalName = "咸鏡道方言", parent = "ko", } m["ko-yuk"] = { canonicalName = "六鎮方言", parent = "ko", } -- Occitan varieties m["oc-auv"] = { canonicalName = "奧弗涅方言", aliases = {"Auvergnat", "Auvernhat", "Auvergnese"}, parent = "oc", wikidata_item = 35359, } m["oc-gas"] = { canonicalName = "加斯科涅語", parent = "oc", aliases = {"Gascon"}, wikidata_item = 35735, } -- standardized dialect of Gascon m["oc-ara"] = { canonicalName = "阿蘭尼語", aliases = {"阿蘭方言", "Aranese"}, parent = "oc-gas", wikidata_item = 10196, } m["oc-lan"] = { canonicalName = "朗格多克語", aliases = {"隆格多克方言", "Languedocien", "Lengadocian"}, parent = "oc", wikidata_item = 942602, } m["oc-lim"] = { canonicalName = "利穆贊語", aliases = {"Limousin"}, parent = "oc", wikidata_item = 427614, } m["oc-pro"] = { canonicalName = "普羅旺斯方言", aliases = {"Provençal", "Provencal"}, parent = "oc", wikidata_item = 241243, } m["prv"] = m["oc-pro"] m["oc-pro-old"] = { canonicalName = "古普羅旺斯語", parent = "pro", aliases = { "Old Provençal", }, wikidata_item = 2779185, } m["oc-viv"] = { canonicalName = "維瓦羅-阿爾卑斯方言", parent = "oc", aliases = { "Vivaro-Alpine", "維瓦萊-阿爾卑斯方言", }, wikidata_item = 1649613, } m["oc-jud"] = { canonicalName = "舒亞迪語", aliases = { "猶太-普羅旺斯語", "Shuadit", "Chouhadite", "Chouhadit", "Chouadite", "Chouadit", "Shuhadit", "Judeo-Occitan", "Judæo-Occitan", "Judaeo-Occitan", "Judeo-Provençal", "Judæo-Provençal", "Judaeo-Provençal", "Judeo-Provencal", "Judaeo-Provencal", "Judeo-Comtadin", "Judæo-Comtadin", "Judaeo-Comtadin", }, parent = "oc", wikidata_item = 56472, } -- Southwestern Fars lects m["fay-bur"] = { canonicalName = "Burenjani", parent = "fay", } m["fay-bsh"] = { canonicalName = "Bushehri", parent = "fay", } m["fay-dsh"] = { canonicalName = "Dashtaki", parent = "fay", } m["fay-dav"] = { canonicalName = "Davani", parent = "fay", wikidata_item = "Q5228140", } m["fay-eze"] = { canonicalName = "Emamzada Esma’ili", parent = "fay", } m["fay-gav"] = { canonicalName = "Gavkoshaki", parent = "fay", } m["fay-kho"] = { canonicalName = "Khollari", parent = "fay", } m["fay-kon"] = { canonicalName = "Kondazi", parent = "fay", } m["fay-kzo"] = { canonicalName = "Old Kazeruni", parent = "fay", } m["fay-mas"] = { canonicalName = "Masarami", parent = "fay", } m["fay-pap"] = { canonicalName = "Papuni", parent = "fay", } m["fay-sam"] = { canonicalName = "Samghani", parent = "fay", } m["fay-shr"] = { canonicalName = "設拉子語", parent = "fay", } m["fay-sho"] = { canonicalName = "古設拉子語", parent = "fay", } m["fay-sam"] = { canonicalName = "Samghani", parent = "fay", } m["fay-kar"] = { canonicalName = "Khargi", parent = "fay", } m["fay-sor"] = { canonicalName = "Sorkhi", parent = "fay", } -- Tafreshi lects m["xme-amo"] = { canonicalName = "Amorehi", parent = "xme-taf", } m["xme-ast"] = { canonicalName = "阿什提揚語", parent = "xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Ashtiani language", wikidata_item = "Q3436590", } m["atn"] = m["xme-ast"] m["xme-bor"] = { canonicalName = "Borujerdi", parent = "xme-taf", } m["xme-ham"] = { canonicalName = "Hamadani", parent = "xme-ker", wikidata_item = "Q6302426", } m["xme-kah"] = { canonicalName = "Kahaki", parent = "xme-taf", } m["xme-vaf"] = { canonicalName = "瓦夫斯語", otherNames = {"Vafsi"}, parent = "xme-taf", wikidata_item = "Q32611", } m["vaf"] = m["xme-vaf"] -- Kermanic lects m["xme-xun"] = { canonicalName = "昆薩里語", otherNames = {"Khunsari"}, parent = "xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Khunsari language", wikidata_item = "Q6403030", } m["kfm"] = m["xme-xun"] m["xme-mah"] = { canonicalName = "Mahallati", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-von"] = { canonicalName = "Vonishuni", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-bdr"] = { canonicalName = "Badrudi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-del"] = { canonicalName = "Delijani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-kas"] = { canonicalName = "Kashani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-kes"] = { canonicalName = "Kesehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-mey"] = { canonicalName = "Meymehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-nat"] = { canonicalName = "納坦茲語", otherNames = {"Natanzi"}, parent = "xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Natanzi language", wikidata_item = "Q6968399", } m["ntz"] = m["xme-nat"] m["xme-abz"] = { canonicalName = "Abuzeydabadi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-aby"] = { canonicalName = "Abyanehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-far"] = { canonicalName = "Farizandi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-jow"] = { canonicalName = "喬沙喀尼語", otherNames = {"Jowshaqani"}, parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-nas"] = { canonicalName = "Nashalji", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-qoh"] = { canonicalName = "Qohrudi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-yar"] = { canonicalName = "Yarandi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-soi"] = { canonicalName = "Soi", otherNames = {"Sohi"}, parent = "xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Soi language", wikidata_item = "Q7930463", } m["soj"] = m["xme-soi"] m["xme-tar"] = { canonicalName = "Tari", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-gaz"] = { canonicalName = "Gazi", parent = "xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Gazi language", wikidata_item = "Q5529130", } m["gzi"] = m["xme-gaz"] m["xme-sed"] = { canonicalName = "Sedehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-ard"] = { canonicalName = "Ardestani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-zef"] = { canonicalName = "Zefrehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-isf"] = { canonicalName = "Isfahani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-kaf"] = { canonicalName = "Kafroni", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-vrz"] = { canonicalName = "Varzenehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-xur"] = { canonicalName = "Khuri", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-nay"] = { canonicalName = "Nayini", parent = "xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Nayini language", wikidata_item = "Q6983146", } m["nyq"] = m["xme-nay"] m["xme-ana"] = { canonicalName = "Anaraki", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-dar"] = { canonicalName = "瑣羅亞斯德達利語", otherNames = {"Behdināni", "Gabri", "Gavrŭni", "Gabrōni"}, parent = "xme-ker", wikidata_item = "Q32389", } m["gbz"] = m["xme-dar"] m["xme-krm"] = { canonicalName = "Kermani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-yaz"] = { canonicalName = "Yazdi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-bid"] = { canonicalName = "Bidhandi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-bij"] = { canonicalName = "Bijagani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-cim"] = { canonicalName = "Chimehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-han"] = { canonicalName = "Hanjani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-kom"] = { canonicalName = "Komjani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-nar"] = { canonicalName = "Naraqi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-qal"] = { canonicalName = "Qalhari", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-trh"] = { canonicalName = "Tarehi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-val"] = { canonicalName = "Valujerdi", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-var"] = { canonicalName = "Varani", parent = "xme-ker", } m["xme-zor"] = { canonicalName = "Zori", parent = "xme-ker", } -- Shughni dialects m["sgh-bro"] = { canonicalName = "Bartangi-Oroshori", parent = "sgh", } m["sgh-bar"] = { canonicalName = "Bartangi", parent = "sgh-bro", } m["sgh-oro"] = { canonicalName = "Oroshori", parent = "sgh-bro", otherNames = {"Roshorvi"}, } m["sgh-rsx"] = { canonicalName = "Roshani-Khufi", parent = "sgh", } m["sgh-xuf"] = { canonicalName = "Khufi", parent = "sgh-rsx", } m["sgh-ros"] = { canonicalName = "Roshani", parent = "sgh-rsx", } m["sgh-xgb"] = { canonicalName = "Shughni-Bajui", parent = "sgh", } m["sgh-xug"] = { canonicalName = "Khughni", parent = "sgh-xgb", } m["sgh-baj"] = { canonicalName = "Bajui", parent = "sgh-xgb", } -- Indo-Aryan varieties m["inc-mit"] = { canonicalName = "Mitanni", parent = "inc-pro", wikidata_item = "Q1986700", } m["awa-old"] = { canonicalName = "古阿瓦德語", parent = "awa", } m["bra-old"] = { canonicalName = "Old Braj", parent = "bra", } m["gu-kat"] = { canonicalName = "卡提阿瓦語", otherNames = {"Kathiyawadi Gujarati", "Kathiawadi"}, parent = "gu", } m["gu-lda"] = { canonicalName = "Lisan ud-Dawat Gujarati", otherNames = {"Lisan ud-Dawat", "LDA"}, parent = "gu", } m["hi-mum"] = { canonicalName = "孟買印地語", --otherNames = {"Mumbai Hindi", "Bambaiyya Hindi"}, parent = "hi", wikidata_item = "Q3543151", } m["hi-mid"] = { canonicalName = "中古印地語", parent = "hi", } m["pa-old"] = { canonicalName = "古旁遮普語", parent = "pa", } m["bn-old"] = { canonicalName = "古孟加拉語", parent = "bn", } m["bn-mid"] = { canonicalName = "中古孟加拉語", parent = "bn", } m["or-old"] = { canonicalName = "古奧利亞語", parent = "or", } m["or-mid"] = { canonicalName = "中古奧利亞語", parent = "or", } m["sa-bhs"] = { canonicalName = "佛教混合梵語", parent = "sa", wikidata_item = "Q248758", } m["sa-bra"] = { canonicalName = "婆羅米梵語", parent = "sa", wikidata_item = "Q36858", } m["sa-cls"] = { canonicalName = "古典梵語", parent = "sa", wikidata_item = "Q11059", } m["sa-neo"] = { canonicalName = "新梵語", parent = "sa", wikidata_item = "Q11059", } m["sa-ved"] = { canonicalName = "吠陀梵語", parent = "sa", wikidata_item = "Q36858", } m["si-med"] = { canonicalName = "中世紀僧加羅語", otherNames = {"Medieval Sinhala"}, parent = "si", } m["kok-mid"] = { canonicalName = "中古孔卡尼語", otherNames = {"中世紀孔卡尼語"}, parent = "kok", } m["kok-old"] = { canonicalName = "古孔卡尼語", otherNames = {"早期孔卡尼語"}, parent = "kok", } -- Prakrits m["inc-pka"] = { canonicalName = "Ardhamagadhi Prakrit", aliases = {"Ardhamagadhi"}, parent = "inc-pra", wikidata_item = "Q35217", } m["inc-elu"] = { canonicalName = "Helu Prakrit", aliases = {"Elu", "Elu Prakrit", "Helu"}, parent = "inc-pra", wikidata_item = "Q15080869", } m["inc-khs"] = { canonicalName = "Khasa Prakrit", aliases = {"Khasa"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["inc-pmg"] = { canonicalName = "Magadhi Prakrit", aliases = {"Magadhi"}, parent = "inc-pra", wikidata_item = "Q2652214", } m["inc-pmh"] = { canonicalName = "Maharastri Prakrit", aliases = {"Maharashtri Prakrit", "Maharastri", "Maharashtri"}, parent = "inc-pra", wikidata_item = "Q2586773", } m["inc-psi"] = { canonicalName = "Paisaci Prakrit", aliases = {"Paisaci", "Paisachi"}, parent = "inc-pra", wikidata_item = "Q2995607", } m["inc-pse"] = { canonicalName = "索拉塞那語", aliases = {"Sauraseni Prakrit", "Sauraseni", "Shauraseni"}, parent = "inc-pra", wikidata_item = "Q2452885", } m["prk-avt"] = { canonicalName = "Avanti", aliases = {"Avanti Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["prc-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Pracya", aliases = {"Pracya Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["bhl-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Bahliki", aliases = {"Bahliki Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["dks-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Daksinatya", aliases = {"Daksinatya Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["skr-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Sakari", aliases = {"Sakari Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["cnd-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Candali", aliases = {"Candali Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["sbr-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Sabari", aliases = {"Sabari Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["abh-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Abhiri", aliases = {"Abhiri Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["drm-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Dramili", aliases = {"Dramili Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } m["odr-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Odri", aliases = {"Odri Prakrit"}, parent = "inc-pra", } -- Indian subcontinent languages -- Dhivehi varieties m["mlk-dv"] = { canonicalName = "Mulaku Dhivehi", otherNames = {"Mulaku Divehi", "Mulaku Bas"}, parent = "dv", } m["hvd-dv"] = { canonicalName = "Huvadhu Dhivehi", otherNames = {"Huvadhu Divehi", "Huvadhu Bas"}, parent = "dv", } m["add-dv"] = { canonicalName = "Addu Dhivehi", otherNames = {"Addu Divehi", "Addu Bas"}, parent = "dv", } -- Dravidian varieties m["ta-mid"] = { canonicalName = "中古泰米爾語", parent = "ta", wikidata_item = "Q20987434", } -- Prakrits m["prk-avt"] = { canonicalName = "Avanti", otherNames = {"Avanti Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["psc-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Paisaci", otherNames = {"Paisaci Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", wikidata_item = "Q2995607", } m["prc-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Pracya", otherNames = {"Pracya Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["bhl-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Bahliki", otherNames = {"Bahliki Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["dks-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Daksinatya", otherNames = {"Daksinatya Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["skr-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Sakari", otherNames = {"Sakari Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["cnd-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Candali", otherNames = {"Candali Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["sbr-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Sabari", otherNames = {"Sabari Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["abh-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Abhiri", otherNames = {"Abhiri Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["drm-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Dramili", otherNames = {"Dramili Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } m["odr-prk"] = { canonicalName = "Odri", otherNames = {"Odri Prakrit"}, parent = "sa", } -- Italian, Latin and other Italic varieties m["it-oit"] = { canonicalName = "古意大利語", parent = "it", wikidata_item = "Q652", } m["roa-oit"] = m["it-oit"] m["it-CH"] = { canonicalName = "瑞士意大利語", parent = "it", wikidata_item = "Q672147", } m["Swiss Italian"] = m["it-CH"] m["Switzerland Italian"] = m["it-CH"] -- Latin varieties by period m["la-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期拉丁語", parent = "la", wikidata_item = "Q1503113", } m["Late Latin"] = m["la-lat"] m["LL."] = m["la-lat"] m["LL"] = m["la-lat"] m["la-vul"] = { canonicalName = "通俗拉丁語", parent = "la", wikidata_item = "Q37560", } m["Vulgar Latin"] = m["la-vul"] m["VL."] = m["la-vul"] m["la-med"] = { canonicalName = "中世紀拉丁語", parent = "la", wikidata_item = "Q1163234", } m["Medieval Latin"] = m["la-med"] m["ML."] = m["la-med"] m["ML"] = m["la-med"] m["la-ecc"] = { canonicalName = "教會拉丁語", otherNames = {"Church Latin"}, parent = "la", wikidata_item = "Q1247932", } m["Ecclesiastical Latin"] = m["la-ecc"] m["EL."] = m["la-ecc"] m["la-ren"] = { canonicalName = "文藝復興拉丁語", parent = "la", wikidata_item = "Q499083", } m["Renaissance Latin"] = m["la-ren"] m["RL."] = m["la-ren"] m["la-new"] = { canonicalName = "新拉丁語", otherNames = {"Modern Latin"}, parent = "la", wikidata_item = "Q1248221", } m["New Latin"] = m["la-new"] m["NL."] = m["la-new"] -- other Italic lects m["osc-luc"] = { canonicalName = "Lucanian", parent = "osc", } m["osc-sam"] = { canonicalName = "Samnite", parent = "osc", } m["xum-her"] = { canonicalName = "Hernician", parent = "xum", } -- Portuguese varieties m["pt-BR"] = { canonicalName = "巴西葡萄牙語", parent = "pt", wikidata_item = "Q750553" } -- Spanish varieties m["es-AR"] = { canonicalName = "拉普拉塔河西班牙語", parent = "es", wikidata_item = "Q509780", } m["es-MX"] = { canonicalName = "墨西哥西班牙語", parent = "es", wikidata_item = "Q616620", } m["es-US"] = { canonicalName = "美國西班牙語", aliases = {"US Spanish"}, parent = "es", wikidata_item = "Q2301077", } --use label "US Spanish" to put Spanish terms in this category -- Proto-West Germanic varieties m["frk"] = { canonicalName = "古法蘭克語", parent = "gmw-pro", wikidata_item = "Q10860505", } -- Iranian varieties: m["qfa-sub-bma"] = { canonicalName = "the BMAC substrate", parent = "qfa-sub", wikidata_item = "Q1054850", } -- Historical and current Iranian dialects m["peo-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期古波斯語", parent = "peo", } m["peo-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期古波斯語", parent = "peo", } m["pal-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期中古波斯語", parent = "pal", } m["pal-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期中古波斯語", parent = "pal", } m["xme-azr"] = { canonicalName = "古阿塞拜疆語", aliases = {"Old Azeri", "Azari", "Azeri", "Āḏarī", "Adari", "Adhari"}, parent = "xme-ott", } m["xme-ttc-cen"] = { canonicalName = "Central Tati", parent = "xme-ott", } m["xme-ttc-eas"] = { canonicalName = "Eastern Tati", parent = "xme-ott", } m["xme-ttc-nor"] = { canonicalName = "Northern Tati", parent = "xme-ott", } m["xme-ttc-sou"] = { canonicalName = "Southern Tati", parent = "xme-ott", } m["xme-ttc-wes"] = { canonicalName = "Western Tati", parent = "xme-ott", } m["oos-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期古奧塞梯語", parent = "oos", } m["oos-lat"] = { canonicalName = "晚期古奧塞梯語", parent = "oos", } -- Talysh lects m["tly-cen"] = { canonicalName = "中部塔利什語", otherNames = {"Central Talysh"}, parent = "tly", } m["tly-asa"] = { canonicalName = "Asalemi", parent = "tly-cen", } m["tly-kar"] = { canonicalName = "Karganrudi", parent = "tly-cen", } m["tly-tul"] = { canonicalName = "Tularudi", parent = "tly-cen", } m["tly-tal"] = { canonicalName = "Taleshdulabi", parent = "tly-cen", } m["tly-nor"] = { canonicalName = "北部塔利什語", otherNames = {"Northern Talysh"}, parent = "tly", } m["tly-aze"] = { canonicalName = "阿塞拜疆塔利什語", otherNames = {"Azerbaijani Talysh"}, parent = "tly-nor", } m["tly-anb"] = { canonicalName = "Anbarani", parent = "tly-nor", } m["tly-sou"] = { canonicalName = "南部塔利什語", parent = "tly", } m["tly-fum"] = { canonicalName = "Fumani", parent = "tly-sou", } m["tly-msu"] = { canonicalName = "Masulei", parent = "tly-sou", } m["tly-msa"] = { canonicalName = "Masali", parent = "tly-sou", } m["tly-san"] = { canonicalName = "Shandarmani", parent = "tly-sou", } -- Ramandi lects m["tks-ebr"] = { canonicalName = "Ebrahimabadi", parent = "tks", } m["tks-sag"] = { canonicalName = "Sagzabadi", parent = "tks", } m["tks-esf"] = { canonicalName = "Esfarvarini", parent = "tks", } m["tks-tak"] = { canonicalName = "塔克斯坦語", otherNames = {"Takestani"}, parent = "tks", } m["tks-cal"] = { canonicalName = "Chali", parent = "tks", } m["tks-dan"] = { canonicalName = "Danesfani", parent = "tks", } m["tks-xia"] = { canonicalName = "Khiaraji", parent = "tks", } m["tks-xoz"] = { canonicalName = "Khoznini", parent = "tks", } -- Malay and related varieties m["ms-old"] = { canonicalName = "古馬來語", otherNames = {"Old Malay"}, parent = "ms", } m["ms-cla"] = { canonicalName = "古典馬來語", otherNames = {"Classical Malay"}, parent = "ms", } m["pse-bsm"] = { canonicalName = "Besemah", parent = "pse", } m["bew-kot"] = { canonicalName = "Betawi Kota", parent = "bew", } m["bew-ora"] = { canonicalName = "Betawi Ora", parent = "bew", } m["bew-udi"] = { canonicalName = "Betawi Udik", parent = "bew", } -- Mongolic lects m["mn-kha"] = { canonicalName = "喀爾喀蒙古語", parent = "mn", wikidata_item = "Q6399808", } m["mn-ord"] = { canonicalName = "鄂爾多斯蒙古語", parent = "mn", wikidata_item = "Q716904", } m["mn-cha"] = { canonicalName = "察哈爾蒙古語", parent = "mn", wikidata_item = "Q907425", } m["mn-khr"] = { canonicalName = "科爾沁蒙古語", parent = "mn", wikidata_item = "Q3196210", } m["mjg-huz"] = { canonicalName = "互助土族語", otherNames = {"Huzhu Monguor"}, parent = "mjg", wikidata_item = "Q34214", } m["mjg-min"] = { canonicalName = "民和土族語", otherNames = {"Minhe Monguor"}, parent = "mjg", wikidata_item = "Q34214", } -- Phillipine varieties m["tl-old"] = { canonicalName = "古他加祿語", parent = "tl", wikidata_item = "Q12967437", } m["tl-cls"] = { canonicalName = "古典他加祿語", parent = "tl", } -- Pre-Roman substrates m["qfa-sub-ibe"] = { canonicalName = "羅馬佔領前一種伊比利亞底層語言", parent = "qfa-sub", wikidata_item = "Q530799", } m["qfa-sub-bal"] = { canonicalName = "羅馬佔領前一種巴爾幹底層語言", parent = "qfa-sub", } -- Sardinian varieties m["sc-src"] = { canonicalName = "洛古多羅方言", aliases = {"洛古多羅語", "勞古多羅語", "洛古多羅-薩丁尼亞語"}, parent = "sc", wikidata_item = 777974, } m["sc-nuo"] = { canonicalName = "努奧羅方言", aliases = {"努奧羅-薩丁尼亞語"}, parent = "sc-src", } m["sc-sro"] = { canonicalName = "坎皮達諾方言", aliases = {"坎皮達諾-薩丁尼亞語"}, parent = "sc", wikidata_item = 35348, } -- Slavic varieties m["cs-ear"] = { canonicalName = "早期現代捷克語", parent = "cs", } m["cu-bgm"] = { canonicalName = "中古保加利亞語", parent = "cu", wikidata_item = 12294897, } m["zle-mru"] = { canonicalName = "中古俄語", parent = "ru", wikidata_item = 35228, ancestral_to_parent= true, } m["zle-oru"] = m["zle-mru"] m["zle-obe"] = { canonicalName = "古白俄羅斯語", parent = "orv", wikidata_item = "Q13211", } m["zle-ouk"] = { canonicalName = "古烏克蘭語", parent = "orv", wikidata_item = "Q13211", } ---- Serbo-Croatian varieties m["sh-cha"] = { canonicalName = "查方言", aliases = {"Chakavian Serbo-Croatian", "Čakavian"}, parent = "sh", wikidata_item = 337565, } m["ckm"] = m["sh-cha"] -- ISO 639-3 code m["sh-kaj"] = { canonicalName = "卡伊方言", aliases = {"Kajkavian Serbo-Croatian"}, parent = "sh", wikidata_item = 838165, } m["kjv"] = m["sh-kaj"] -- ISO 639-3 code m["sh-tor"] = { -- Linguist code srp-tor canonicalName = "托爾拉庫方言", aliases = {"Torlakian Serbo-Croatian", "Torlak"}, parent = "sh", wikidata_item = 1078803, } -- Turkic lects m["trk-cmn"] = { canonicalName = "共同突厥語", otherNames = {"Common Turkic"}, parent = "trk-pro", wikidata_item = "Q1126028", } m["trk-ogz-pro"] = { canonicalName = "原始烏古斯語", otherNames = {"Southwestern Common Turkic"}, parent = "trk-pro", ancestors = {"trk-pro"}, wikidata_item = "Q494600", } m["otk-kir"] = { canonicalName = "古吉爾吉斯語", parent = "otk", wikidata_item = "Q83142", } m["klj-arg"] = { canonicalName = "Arghu", parent = "klj", wikidata_item = "Q33455", } -- Other lects m["alv-kro"] = { canonicalName = "Kromanti", parent = "crp", wikidata_item = "Q1093206", } m["bat-pro"] = { canonicalName = "原始波羅的語", parent = "ine-bsl-pro", wikidata_item = "Q1703347", } m["es-lun"] = { canonicalName = "Lunfardo", parent = "es", wikidata_item = "Q1401612", } m["Lunfardo"] = m["es-lun"] m["fiu-pro"] = { canonicalName = "原始芬蘭-烏戈爾語", parent = "urj-pro", wikidata_item = "Q79890", } m["gem-sue"] = { canonicalName = "Suevic", otherNames = {"Suebian"}, parent = "gmw", wikidata_item = "Q155085", } m["mkh-okm-A"] = { canonicalName = "吳哥古高棉語", parent = "mkh-okm", wikipedia_article = "高棉語", wikidata_item = "Q9205", } m["mkh-okm-P"] = { canonicalName = "原始吳哥古高棉語", parent = "mkh-okm", wikipedia_article = "高棉語", wikidata_item = "Q9205", } m["mul-tax"] = { canonicalName = "分類學名稱", parent= "mul", } m["Tax."] = m["mul-tax"] m["prv"] = { canonicalName = "普羅旺斯語", parent = "oc", wikidata_item = "Q241243", } m["qfa-pyg"] = { canonicalName = "a substrate language originally spoken by the Pygmies", parent = "qfa-sub", wikipedia_article = "Classification of Pygmy languages#Original Pygmy language(s)", } m["pygmy"] = m["qfa-pyg"] m["tai-shz"] = { canonicalName = "上思壯語", parent = "za", wikidata_item = "Q13216", } m["tbq-pro"] = { canonicalName = "原始藏緬語", parent = "sit-pro", wikipedia_article = "原始藏緬語", wikidata_item = "Q7251864", } m["und-idn"] = { canonicalName = "中立语", parent = "und", -- or "vo" wikipedia_article = "中立语", wikidata_item = "Q35847", } m["und-tdl"] = { canonicalName = "Turduli", parent = "und", wikipedia_article = "Turduli", } m["und-tdt"] = { canonicalName = "Turdetani", parent = "und", wikipedia_article = "Turdetani", } m["und-xbi"] = { canonicalName = "鮮卑語", parent = "und", wikipedia_article = "鮮卑語", } m["und-xnu"] = { canonicalName = "匈奴語", parent = "und", wikipedia_article = "匈奴語", } m["urj-fpr-pro"] = { canonicalName = "原始芬蘭-彼爾姆語", parent = "urj-pro", } m["woy"] = { canonicalName = "Weyto", parent = "und", wikidata_item = "Q3915918", } return m d40j7rmq8qq30w4i1rmmrttwhu6bee5 Module:Languages/data3/n 828 1363230 7270703 7256310 2022-07-27T14:32:29Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local u = mw.ustring.char -- UTF-8 encoded strings for some commonly-used diacritics local GRAVE = u(0x0300) local ACUTE = u(0x0301) local CIRC = u(0x0302) local TILDE = u(0x0303) local MACRON = u(0x0304) local BREVE = u(0x0306) local DOTABOVE = u(0x0307) local DIAER = u(0x0308) local CARON = u(0x030C) local DGRAVE = u(0x030F) local INVBREVE = u(0x0311) local DOTBELOW = u(0x0323) local RINGBELOW = u(0x0325) local CEDILLA = u(0x0327) local Arab = {"Arab"} local Cyrl = {"Cyrl"} local Deva = {"Deva"} local Latn = {"Latn"} local m = {} m["naa"] = { "Namla", "Q3508760", "paa-pau", scripts = Latn, } m["nab"] = { "Nambikwara", "Q2068190", "sai-nmk", otherNames = {"Nambiquara", "Nambicuara", "Nambikuara", "Southern Nambikuára"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nac"] = { "Narak", "Q6965295", "ngf", scripts = Latn, } m["nae"] = { "Naka'ela", "Q6960073", "poz", scripts = Latn, } m["naf"] = { "Nabak", "Q11732491", "ngf", scripts = Latn, } m["nag"] = { "Naga Pidgin", "Q3503454", "crp", otherNames = {"Nagamese"}, scripts = Latn, ancestors = {"as"}, } m["nah"] = { "納瓦特爾語", "Q13300", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["naj"] = { "Nalu", "Q36026", "alv-nal", scripts = Latn, } m["nak"] = { "Nakanai", "Q6528669", "poz-ocw", scripts = Latn, } m["nal"] = { "納利克語", "Q3335387", "poz-ocw", otherNames = {"Nalik"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nam"] = { "Ngan'gityemerri", "Q3298041", "aus-dal", otherNames = {"Ngan'gi", "Nangikurrunggurr"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nan"] = { "閩南語", "Q36495", "zhx-min-hai", otherNames = {"福建話", "臺灣話", "廈門話", "Hokkien", "Taiwanese", "Amoy", "Xiamenese"}, scripts = {"Hani", "Latn"}, wikimedia_codes = {"zh-min-nan"}, } m["nao"] = { "Naaba", "Q11883865", "sit", otherNames = {"Naapa", "Nawa Sherpa"}, ancestors = {"xct"}, } m["nap"] = { "那不勒斯語", "Q33845", "roa-itd", otherNames = {"拿坡里語", "Neapolitan"}, scripts = Latn, } m["naq"] = { "科伊科伊語", "Q13301", "khi-khk", otherNames = {"納馬語", "Khoekhoe", "Nama", "Hottentot", "Khoekhoegowab", "Damara", "Namagowab"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nar"] = { "Iguta", "Q5621686", "nic-jer", scripts = Latn, } m["nas"] = { "Nasioi", "Q56772", "paa-sbo", otherNames = {"Naasioi"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nat"] = { "Hungworo", "Q3914395", "nic-kmk", scripts = Latn, } m["naw"] = { "Nawuri", "Q35906", "alv-gng", scripts = Latn, } m["nax"] = { "Nakwi", "Q3504178", "qfa-mal", scripts = Latn, } m["nay"] = { "恩加林杰里語", "Q7022091", "aus-pam", otherNames = {"Ngarrindjeri", "Yaraldi"}, scripts = Latn, } m["naz"] = { "科阿特佩克納瓦特爾語", "Q5138605", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nba"] = { "Nyemba", "Q3346655", "bnt-clu", ancestors = {"lch"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nbb"] = { "Ndoe", "Q36134", "nic-eko", scripts = Latn, } m["nbc"] = { "Chang", "Q5071694", "sit-kch", scripts = Latn, } m["nbd"] = { "Ngbinda", "Q11132859", "bnt-boa", scripts = Latn, } m["nbe"] = { "Konyak Naga", "Q6430448", "sit-kch", scripts = Latn, } m["nbg"] = { "Nagarchal", "Q13299", "dra", ancestors = {"gon"}, } m["nbh"] = { "Ngamo", "Q3438705", "cdc-wst", scripts = Latn, } m["nbi"] = { "Mao Naga", "Q12952905", "tbq-anp", scripts = Latn, } m["nbj"] = { "Ngarinman", "Q10600380", scripts = Latn, } m["nbk"] = { "Nake", "Q11732496", "ngf-mad", scripts = Latn, } m["nbm"] = { "Ngbaka Ma'bo", "Q3915331", "nic-nkm", scripts = Latn, } m["nbn"] = { "Kuri", "Q3200540", "poz", otherNames = {"Nabi"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nbo"] = { "Nkukoli", "Q3914482", "nic-uce", scripts = Latn, } m["nbp"] = { "Nnam", "Q36138", "nic-eko", scripts = Latn, } m["nbq"] = { "Nggem", "Q12952956", "ngf", scripts = Latn, } m["nbr"] = { "Numana", "Q5529310", "nic-nin", otherNames = {"Ningye", "Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nbs"] = { "納米比亞手語", "Q6961792", "sgn", otherNames = {"Namibian Sign Language"}, scripts = Latn, -- when documented } m["nbt"] = { "Na", "Q12952895", "sit-tan", otherNames = {"Bangni"}, scripts = {"Deva", "Latn"}, } m["nbu"] = { "Rongmei Naga", "Q12952912", "sit-zem", scripts = Latn, } m["nbv"] = { "Ngamambo", "Q11129694", "nic-mom", scripts = Latn, } m["nbw"] = { "Southern Ngbandi", "Q17522635", "nic-ngd", scripts = Latn, } m["nby"] = { "Ningera", "Q11732524", "paa-brd", scripts = Latn, } m["nca"] = { "Iyo", "Q6101336", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["ncb"] = { "中尼科巴語", "Q3335553", "aav-nic", otherNames = {"Central Nicobarese", "Nancowry", "Nankwari", "Camorta", "Kamorta", "Katchal", "Tehnu"}, scripts = {"Deva", "Latn"}, } m["ncc"] = { "Ponam", "Q3396122", "poz-aay", scripts = Latn, } m["ncd"] = { "Nachering", "Q6957144", "sit-kic", scripts = Deva, } m["nce"] = { "Yale", "Q2992915", "paa", --kwomtari or isolate scripts = Latn, } m["ncf"] = { "Notsi", "Q3344784", "poz-ocw", scripts = Latn, } m["ncg"] = { "尼斯加亞語", "Q3342138", "nai-tsi", otherNames = {"Nisga'a"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nch"] = { "中瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語", "Q2194290", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nci"] = { "古典納瓦特爾語", "Q559242", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, entry_name = { from = {"Ā", "ā", "Ē", "ē", "Ī", "ī", "Ō", "ō", "Ū", "ū", "Ȳ", "ȳ"}, to = {"A", "a", "E", "e", "I", "i", "O", "o", "U", "u", "Y", "y"} }, } m["ncj"] = { "北普埃布拉納瓦特爾語", "Q15705671", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nck"] = { "Nakara", "Q6960662", "aus-arn", scripts = Latn, } m["ncl"] = { "米卻肯納瓦特爾語", "Q2896217", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ncm"] = { "Nambo", "Q42173731", scripts = Latn, } m["ncn"] = { "Nauna", "Q3337158", "poz-aay", scripts = Latn, } m["nco"] = { "Sibe", "Q56806", "paa-sbo", scripts = Latn, } m["ncr"] = { "Ncane", "Q11297920", "nic-bbe", ancestors = {"nhu"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ncs"] = { "尼加拉瓜手語", "Q33765", "sgn", otherNames = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"}, scripts = {"Sgnw"}, } m["nct"] = { "Chothe Naga", "Q5105385", "tbq-kuk", otherNames = {"Chothe"}, scripts = {"Beng", "Latn"}, } m["ncu"] = { "Chumburung", "Q35198", "alv-gng", scripts = Latn, } m["ncx"] = { "中普埃布拉納瓦特爾語", "Q5061727", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ncz"] = { "Natchez", "Q3111838", scripts = Latn, } m["nda"] = { "Ndasa", "Q35904", "bnt-kel", scripts = Latn, } m["ndb"] = { "Kenswei Nsei", "Q7067553", "nic-rnn", scripts = Latn, } m["ndc"] = { "Ndau", "Q13311", "bnt-sho", scripts = Latn, } m["ndd"] = { "Nde-Nsele-Nta", "Q36131", "nic-eko", scripts = Latn, } m["ndf"] = { "Nadruvian", "Q6957967", scripts = Latn, } m["ndg"] = { "Ndengereko", "Q6983726", "bnt-mbi", scripts = Latn, } m["ndh"] = { "Ndali", "Q6983678", "bnt-run", scripts = Latn, } m["ndi"] = { "Chamba Leko", "Q36381", "alv-lek", otherNames = {"Samba Leko", "Samba Leeko"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ndj"] = { "Ndamba", "Q6983684", "bnt-kil", scripts = Latn, } m["ndk"] = { "Ndaka", "Q11164947", "bnt-nya", scripts = Latn, } m["ndl"] = { "Ndolo", "Q6983788", "bnt-zbi", ancestors = {"lse"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ndm"] = { "Ndam", "Q56283", "cdc-est", scripts = Latn, } m["ndn"] = { "Ngundi", "Q35916", "bnt-ngn", scripts = Latn, } m["ndp"] = { "Ndo", "Q6983774", "csu-mle", scripts = Latn, } m["ndq"] = { "Ndombe", "Q6983792", "bnt-swb", scripts = Latn, } m["ndr"] = { "Ndoola", "Q35837", "nic-mmb", scripts = Latn, } m["nds"] = { "低地德語", "Q25433", "gmw", otherNames = {"Low German", "低地薩克森語", "Low Saxon", "Modern Low German"}, scripts = Latn, ancestors = {"gml"}, } m["ndt"] = { "Ndunga", "Q6983857", "nic-mbc", scripts = Latn, } m["ndu"] = { "Dugun", "Q11015189", "alv-dur", scripts = Latn, } m["ndv"] = { "Ndut", "Q36028", "alv-cng", scripts = Latn, } m["ndw"] = { "Ndobo", "Q11008568", "bnt-ngn", scripts = Latn, } m["ndx"] = { "Nduga", "Q6983833", scripts = Latn, } m["ndy"] = { "Lutos", "Q6705910", "csu-val", scripts = Latn, } m["ndz"] = { "Ndogo", "Q35983", "nic-ser", scripts = Latn, } m["nea"] = { "Eastern Ngad'a", "Q12473454", "poz-cet", } m["neb"] = { "Toura", "Q7853636", "dmn-mda", scripts = Latn, } m["nec"] = { "Nedebang", "Q4925378", "ngf", } m["ned"] = { "Nde-Gbite", "Q11010279", "nic-grf", } m["nee"] = { "Kumak", "Q3347266", "poz-cln", otherNames = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak", "Nêlêmwa", "Nixumwak", "Nenema"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nef"] = { "Nefamese", "Q6987002", "crp", } m["neg"] = { "涅吉達爾語", "Q33676", "tuw", scripts = {"Cyrl"}, otherNames = {"Negidal"} } m["neh"] = { "Nyenkha", "Q3695185", "sit-ebo", otherNames = {"Nyen", "Henka", "Mangsdekha", "Phobjip", "Mangdep", "Mangde", "Hen Kha", "Henkha", "Mandebi-kha", "Nehan", "Phobjikha", "Chutobikha"}, scripts = {"Tibt", "Latn"}, } -- nei 新西臺語 Neo-Hittite 已併入其他語言 m["nej"] = { "Neko", "Q6989840", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["nek"] = { "Neku", "Q14916900", "poz-cln", } m["nem"] = { "Nemi", "Q3338008", "poz-cln", scripts = Latn, } m["nen"] = { "Nengone", "Q3338052", "poz-occ", scripts = Latn, } m["neo"] = { "Ná-Meo", "Q15977293", "hmn", } m["neq"] = { "中北部米塞語", "Q25559729", scripts = Latn, otherNames = {"North Central Mixe"}, } m["ner"] = { "Yahadian", "Q8046778", scripts = Latn, } m["nes"] = { "Bhoti Kinnauri", "Q21179921", "sit-las", } m["net"] = { "Nete", "Q6998869", "paa-eng", } m["neu"] = { "Neo", "Q606917", "art", type = "appendix-constructed", scripts = Latn, } m["nev"] = { "Nyaheun", "Q7070801", "mkh-ban", } m["new"] = { "尼瓦爾語", "Q33979", "sit-new", otherNames = {"Newar", "Newari"}, scripts = {"Deva", "Newa"}, ancestors = {"nwx"}, translit_module = "translit-redirect", } m["nex"] = { "Neme", "Q12952941", } m["ney"] = { "Neyo", "Q36410", "kro", } m["nez"] = { "Nez Perce", "Q3339226", "nai-shp", otherNames = {"Nez Percé", "Numipu"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nfa"] = { "Dhao", "Q2053828", "poz", } m["nfd"] = { "Ahwai", "Q3913957", "nic-plt", scripts = Latn, } m["nfl"] = { "Aiwoo", "Q56742", "poz-oce", otherNames = {"Äiwoo"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nfr"] = { "納凡拉語", "Q13297", "alv-snf", otherNames = {"Nafaanra"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nfu"] = { "Mfumte", "Q6826794", "nic-nka", scripts = Latn, } m["nga"] = { "Ngbaka", "Q36022", "alv-gbf", otherNames = {"Ngbaka Gbaya", "Ngbaka Minagende"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ngb"] = { "Northern Ngbandi", "Q17522631", "nic-ngd", scripts = Latn, } m["ngc"] = { "Ngombe (Congo)", "Q3123524", "bnt-bun", otherNames = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "Lingombe"}, } m["ngd"] = { "Ngando (Central African Republic)", "Q35910", "bnt-ngn", otherNames = {"Bagandou", "Ngando", "Bangandou"}, } m["nge"] = { "Ngemba", "Q6750551", "nic-nge", scripts = Latn, } m["ngg"] = { -- compare 'aiy' "Ngbaka Manza", "Q11033316", "alv-gbf", scripts = Latn, } m["ngh"] = { "努語", "Q2618974", "khi-tuu", otherNames = {"Nǀuu", "Nǁng"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ngi"] = { "Ngizim", "Q3914924", "cdc-wst", scripts = Latn, } m["ngj"] = { "Ngie", "Q36361", "nic-mom", scripts = Latn, } m["ngk"] = { "Ngalkbun", "Q3913790", "aus-gun", scripts = Latn, } m["ngl"] = { "Lomwe", "Q35824", "bnt-mak", scripts = Latn, } m["ngm"] = { "Ngatik Men's Creole", "Q36400", "crp", otherNames = {"Ngatikese", "Ngatikese Pidgin", "Ngatikese Creole"}, ancestors = {"en", "pon"}, } m["ngn"] = { "Ngwo", "Q36051", "nic-mom", scripts = Latn, } m["ngo"] = { "Ngoni", "Q7022547", "bnt-ngu", scripts = Latn, } m["ngp"] = { "Ngulu", "Q7193332", "bnt-seu", scripts = Latn, } m["ngq"] = { "Ngoreme", "Q7022573", "bnt-lok", scripts = Latn, } m["ngr"] = { "Nagu", "Q3063524", "poz-oce", scripts = Latn, } m["ngs"] = { "Gvoko", "Q3441188", "cdc-cbm", scripts = Latn, } m["ngt"] = { "Ngeq", "Q25559548", "mkh-kat", otherNames = {"Kriang", "Ngkriang"}, } m["ngu"] = { "格雷羅納瓦特爾語", "Q5614980", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["ngv"] = { "Nagumi", "Q35842", "nic-jrn", } m["ngw"] = { "Ngwaba", "Q3440480", "cdc-cbm", scripts = Latn, } m["ngx"] = { "Nggwahyi", "Q56265", "cdc-cbm", scripts = Latn, } m["ngy"] = { "Tibea", "Q36598", "bnt-baf", scripts = Latn, } m["ngz"] = { "Ngungwel", "Q35920", "bnt-tkc", scripts = Latn, } m["nha"] = { "Nhanda", "Q3339380", "aus-psw", scripts = Latn, } m["nhb"] = { "Beng", "Q3913311", "dmn-nbe", scripts = Latn, } m["nhc"] = { "塔巴斯科納瓦特爾語", "Q6047326", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhd"] = { "Chiripá", "Q2873230", "tup-gua", otherNames = {"Ava Guarani", "Chiripá Guarani", "Nhandéva"}, ancestors = {"gn"}, } m["nhe"] = { "東瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語", "Q4358289", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhf"] = { "Nhuwala", "Q10600396", "aus-nga", scripts = Latn, } m["nhg"] = { "特萊爾辛戈納瓦特爾語", "Q3450252", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhh"] = { "Nahari", "Q6583560", "inc-eas", ancestors = {"inc-mgd"}, } m["nhi"] = { "扎卡特蘭-阿華卡特蘭-特佩欽特拉-納瓦特爾語", "Q12953764", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhk"] = { "科索萊阿克納瓦特爾語", "Q12953757", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Cosoleacaque Nahuatl", "Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl", "Cosoleacaque Isthmus Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhm"] = { "莫雷洛斯納瓦特爾語", "Q4800819", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhn"] = { "中納瓦特爾語", "Q6047309", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Central Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nho"] = { "Takuu", "Q3409818", "poz-pnp", scripts = Latn, } m["nhp"] = { "帕哈潘納瓦特爾語", "Q12953760", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Pajapan Nahuatl", "Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl", "Pajapan Isthmus Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhq"] = { "瓦斯卡勒卡納瓦特爾語", "Q12953758", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhr"] = { "納羅語", "Q2164778", "khi-kal", otherNames = {"Naro"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nht"] = { "奧梅特佩克納瓦特爾語", "Q7090132", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhu"] = { "Noone", "Q36072", "nic-bbe", scripts = Latn, } m["nhv"] = { "特馬斯卡爾特佩克納瓦特爾語", "Q2379405", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhw"] = { "西瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語", "Q2678840", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhx"] = { "梅卡亞潘納瓦特爾語", "Q12953756", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Mecayapan Nahuatl", "Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl", "Mecayapan Isthmus Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhy"] = { "北瓦哈卡納瓦特爾語", "Q12953763", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nhz"] = { "聖瑪利亞山區納瓦特爾語", "Q15705753", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nia"] = { "尼亞斯語", "Q2407831", "poz-nws", otherNames = {"Nias"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nib"] = { "Nakame", "Q11732495", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["nid"] = { "Ngandi", "Q7021977", "aus-arn", scripts = Latn, } m["nie"] = { "Niellim", "Q33662", "alv-bua", } m["nif"] = { "Nek", "Q6989781", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["nig"] = { "Ngalakan", "Q3913796", "aus-gun", scripts = Latn, } m["nih"] = { "Nyiha", "Q11128374", "bnt-mby", scripts = Latn, } m["nii"] = { "Nii", "Q35237", "ngf", scripts = Latn, } m["nij"] = { "恩加朱語", "Q2992872", "poz-brw", otherNames = {"Ngaju"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nik"] = { "南尼科巴語", "Q7570194", "aav-nic", otherNames = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, } m["nil"] = { "Nila", "Q7036821", } m["nim"] = { "Nilamba", "Q4121200", "bnt-tkm", scripts = Latn, } m["nin"] = { "Ninzo", "Q3914021", "nic-nin", } m["nio"] = { "恩加納桑語", "Q36743", "syd", otherNames = {"Nganasan"}, scripts = {"Cyrl"}, } m["niq"] = { "Nandi", "Q6956591", "sdv-nma", } m["nir"] = { "Nimboran", "Q301116", "paa-nim", } m["nis"] = { "Nimi", "Q11732523", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["nit"] = { "Southeastern Kolami", "Q56767", "dra", otherNames = {"Naiki"}, } m["niu"] = { "紐埃語", "Q33790", "poz-pol", otherNames = {"Niuean"}, scripts = Latn, } m["niv"] = { "尼夫赫語", "Q36464", "qfa-iso", otherNames = {"Nivkh"}, scripts = {"Cyrl"}, translit_module = "niv-translit", } m["niw"] = { "Nimo", "Q3504126", "paa-asa", } m["nix"] = { "Hema", "Q5710904", "bnt-nyg", scripts = Latn, } m["niy"] = { "Ngiti", "Q7022396", "csu-lnd", } m["niz"] = { "Ningil", "Q11732527", "qfa-tor", } m["nja"] = { "Nzanyi", "Q3441299", "cdc-cbm", scripts = Latn, } m["njb"] = { "Nocte Naga", "Q7046410", "sit-tno", } m["njh"] = { "Lotha Naga", "Q33590", "sit-aao", } m["nji"] = { "Gudanji", "Q3915692", "aus-mir", } m["njj"] = { "Njen", "Q36112", "nic-mom", scripts = Latn, } m["njl"] = { "Njalgulgule", "Q7071229", "sdv-daj", } m["njm"] = { "安加米語", "Q56761", "tbq-anp", otherNames = {"Angami"}, } m["njn"] = { "Liangmai Naga", "Q14194500", "sit-zem", } m["njo"] = { "阿沃那加語", "Q28433", "sit-aao", otherNames = {"Mongsen Ao", "Ao Naga"}, scripts = Latn, } m["njr"] = { "Njerep", "Q35844", "nic-mmb", scripts = Latn, } m["njs"] = { "Nisa", "Q13593518", "paa-egb", } m["njt"] = { "Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin", "Q13591205", "crp", ancestors = {"djk", "tri"}, } m["nju"] = { "Ngadjunmaya", "Q7021846", } m["njx"] = { "Kunyi", "Q3196559", "bnt-kng", scripts = Latn, } m["njy"] = { "Njyem", "Q35898", "bnt-ndb", scripts = Latn, } m["njz"] = { "尼西語", "Q56870", "sit-tan", otherNames = {"Nyishi", "Nishi", "Nisi", "Nissi", "Nishing", "Nyising", "Bangni", "Dafla", "Daphla", "Lel"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nka"] = { "恩科亞語", "Q7042633", "bnt-lbn", otherNames = {"Nkoya"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nkb"] = { "Khoibu Naga", "Q21481876", "sit-mar", } m["nkc"] = { "Nkongho", "Q35863", "bnt-saw", scripts = Latn, } m["nkd"] = { "Koireng", "Q6426342", "sit-zem", } m["nke"] = { "Duke", "Q3041075", "poz-ocw", } m["nkf"] = { "Inpui Naga", "Q21481817", "sit-zem", } m["nkg"] = { "Nekgini", "Q11732509", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["nkh"] = { "Khezha Naga", "Q6401519", "tbq-anp", } m["nki"] = { "Thangal Naga", "Q56374", "sit-zem", } m["nkj"] = { "Nakai", "Q14916897", "ngf-okk", scripts = Latn, } m["nkk"] = { "Nokuku", "Q7048122", "poz-vnc", } m["nkm"] = { "Namat", "Q15634505", } m["nkn"] = { "Nkangala", "Q10962292", "bnt-clu", ancestors = {"mck"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nko"] = { "Nkonya", "Q35867", "alv-gng", scripts = Latn, } m["nkp"] = { "紐阿托普塔普語", "Q3399095", "poz-pnp", otherNames = {"Niuatoputapu"}, } m["nkq"] = { "恩卡米語", "Q7042522", "alv-gng", otherNames = {"Nkami"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nkr"] = { "努庫奧羅語", "Q2635961", "poz-pnp", otherNames = {"Nukuoro"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nks"] = { "North Asmat", "Q11732049", } m["nkt"] = { "Nyika", "Q16917497", "bnt-mwi", otherNames = {"Nyiha", "Kinyika", "Kinyiha", "Nyixa", "Chinyika"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nku"] = { "Bouna Kulango", "Q20668241", "alv-kul", } -- nkv is treated as nkt, see WT:LT m["nkw"] = { "Nkutu", "Q7193313", "bnt-tet", scripts = Latn, } m["nkx"] = { "Nkoroo", "Q36000", "ijo", } m["nkz"] = { "Nkari", "Q11130307", "nic-ief", ancestors = {"ibr"}, } m["nla"] = { "Ngombale", "Q36292", "bai", scripts = Latn, } m["nlc"] = { "Nalca", "Q6960839", "ngf", otherNames = {"Hmanggona", "Hmonono", "Kimjal"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nle"] = { "East Nyala", "Q25559347", "bnt-msl", ancestors = {"luy"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nlg"] = { "Gela", "Q3063531", "poz-sls", scripts = Latn, } m["nli"] = { "Grangali", "Q3444203", "inc-dar", otherNames = {"Nangalami"}, } m["nlj"] = { "Nyali", "Q7070830", "bnt-nya", scripts = Latn, } m["nlk"] = { "尼尼亞亞利語", "Q12953310", otherNames = {"Ninia Yali"}, } m["nll"] = { "Nihali", "Q33904", "qfa-iso", scripts = {"Deva", "Latn"}, } m["nlm"] = { "Mankiyali", "Q47522426", "inc-dar", otherNames = {"Tarawara", "Tarawari", "Trawara"}, } m["nlo"] = { "Ngul", "Q35894", "bnt-bdz", scripts = Latn, } m["nlq"] = { "Lao Naga", "Q63283609", "sit-tno", } m["nlu"] = { "Nchumbulu", "Q36143", "alv-gng", scripts = Latn, } m["nlv"] = { "奧里薩巴納瓦特爾語", "Q3086050", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Orizaba Nahuatl", "Tarawara", "Tarawari", "Trawara"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nlw"] = { "Walangama", "Q7961277", } m["nlx"] = { "Nahali", "Q33361", "inc-bhi", } m["nly"] = { "Nyamal", "Q7070837", "aus-nga", scripts = Latn, } m["nlz"] = { "Nalögo", "Q20527138", "poz-oce", } m["nma"] = { "Maram Naga", "Q56378", "sit-zem", } m["nmb"] = { "Big Nambas", "Q2902304", "poz-vnc", } m["nmc"] = { "Ngam", "Q3915446", "csu-sar", scripts = Latn, } m["nmd"] = { "Ndumu", "Q35901", "bnt-mbt", scripts = Latn, } m["nme"] = { "Mzieme Naga", "Q6949473", "sit-zem", } m["nmf"] = { "Tangkhul Naga", "Q7682992", "sit-tng", otherNames = {"Tangkhul"}, } m["nmg"] = { "夸西奧語", "Q34098", "bnt-mnj", scripts = Latn, } m["nmh"] = { "Monsang Naga", "Q6902496", } m["nmi"] = { "Nyam", "Q3438738", "cdc-wst", scripts = Latn, } m["nmj"] = { "Ngombe (Central African Republic)", "Q3913949", "alv-gbs", otherNames = {"Bagando-Ngombe", "Ngombe-Kaka", "Bangando-Ngombe", "Ngombe"}, } m["nmk"] = { "Namakura", "Q3335410", "poz-vnc", } m["nml"] = { "Ndemli", "Q36089", "nic-grf", scripts = Latn, } m["nmm"] = { "Manangba", "Q6746900", "sit-tam", otherNames = {"Manang", "Manange", "Manang Ke", "Nyishang", "Nyishangte", "Nyishangba"}, scripts = {"Tibt", "Deva"}, } m["nmn"] = { "宏語", "Q13229", "khi-tuu", otherNames = {"ǃXóõ", "Xoo", "Taa"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nmo"] = { "Moyon Naga", "Q6927748", "tbq-kuk", otherNames = {"Moyon"}, } m["nmp"] = { "Nimanbur", nil, } m["nmq"] = { "Nambya", "Q11008869", "bnt-sho", scripts = Latn, } m["nmr"] = { "Nimbari", "Q36069", "alv-lni", } m["nms"] = { "Letemboi", "Q3236886", "poz-vnc", } m["nmt"] = { "Namonuito", "Q12908815", "poz-mic", } m["nmu"] = { "Northeast Maidu", "Q3278074", "nai-mdu", scripts = Latn, } m["nmv"] = { "Ngamini", "Q7021944", "aus-kar", scripts = Latn, } m["nmw"] = { "Nimoa", "Q7037729", "poz-ocw", otherNames = {"Rifao"}, } m["nmy"] = { "納木依語", "Q56844", "sit-nax", otherNames = {"Namuyi"}, } m["nmz"] = { "Nawdm", "Q36085", "nic-yon", scripts = Latn, } m["nna"] = { "Nyangumarta", "Q33653", } m["nnb"] = { "Nande", "Q3196953", "bnt-glb", scripts = Latn, } m["nnc"] = { "Nancere", "Q3140491", "cdc-est", scripts = Latn, } m["nnd"] = { "West Ambae", "Q2841479", "poz-vnc", scripts = Latn, } m["nne"] = { "Ngandyera", "Q10961003", "bnt-ova", scripts = Latn, } m["nnf"] = { "Ngaing", "Q11732510", "ngf-fin", otherNames = {"Mailang", "Sor"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nng"] = { "Maring Naga", "Q12952908", "sit-mar", } m["nnh"] = { "恩甘澎語", "Q36286", "bai", scripts = Latn, } m["nni"] = { "North Nuaulu", "Q12952968", "poz-cma", } m["nnj"] = { "Nyangatom", "Q4662604", "sdv-ttu", } m["nnk"] = { "Nankina", "Q11732502", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["nnl"] = { "Northern Rengma Naga", "Q7067615", "tbq-anp", } m["nnm"] = { "Namia", "Q56363", "paa-spk", scripts = Latn, } m["nnn"] = { "Ngete", "Q56625", "cdc-mas", scripts = Latn, } m["nnp"] = { "Wancho", "Q7967085", "sit-kch", } m["nnq"] = { "Ngindo", "Q7022366", "bnt-mbi", scripts = Latn, } m["nnr"] = { "納倫加語", "Q13591127", "aus-pam", otherNames = {"Narungga"}, } m["nnt"] = { "南蒂科克語", "Q3915517", "alg-eas", otherNames = {"Nanticoke"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nnu"] = { "Dwang", "Q35258", "alv-gng", scripts = Latn, } m["nnv"] = { "Nukunu", "Q10604066", } m["nnw"] = { "Southern Nuni", "Q11152248", "nic-gnn", scripts = Latn, } m["nnx"] = { "Ngong", "Q12952915", } m["nny"] = { -- contrast aus-ynk "Nyangga", "Q10604331", "aus-tnk", scripts = Latn, } m["nnz"] = { "Nda'nda'", "Q36016", "bai", scripts = Latn, } m["noa"] = { "Woun Meu", "Q3111873", "sai-chc", scripts = Latn, } m["noc"] = { "Nuk", "Q11732534", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["nod"] = { "北部泰語", "Q565110", "tai-swe", otherNames = {"蘭納語", "Northern Thai", "Kam Mueang", "Kam Muang", "Lanna"}, scripts = {"Lana", "Thai"}, sort_key = { from = {"[%pᪧๆ]", "[᩠ᩳ-᩿]", "ᩔ", "ᩕ", "ᩖ", "ᩘ", "([ᨭ-ᨱ])ᩛ", "([ᨷ-ᨾ])ᩛ", "ᩤ", "[็-๎]", "([เแโใไ])([ก-ฮ])", u(0x200C)}, to = {"", "", "ᩈᩈ", "ᩁ", "ᩃ", "ᨦ", "%1ᨮ", "%1ᨻ", "ᩣ", "", "%2%1"}}, entry_name = { from = {u(0x200C)}, to = {}}, } m["noe"] = { "尼馬迪語", "Q3502294", "inc-wes", otherNames = {"Nimadi"}, scripts = Deva, ancestors = {"raj"}, } m["nof"] = { "Nomane", "Q11732531", } m["nog"] = { "諾蓋語", "Q33871", "trk-kno", otherNames = {"Nogai", "Nogay"}, scripts = {"Cyrl", "Arab", "Latn"}, translit_module = "nog-translit", override_translit = true, } m["noh"] = { "Nomu", "Q11732532", } m["noi"] = { "Noiri", "Q12953774", "inc-bhi", } m["noj"] = { "Nonuya", "Q5372139", "sai-wit", scripts = Latn, } m["nok"] = { "Nooksack", "Q3343396", } m["nol"] = { "Nomlaki", "Q3343229", "nai-wtq", scripts = Latn, } m["nom"] = { "Nocamán", "Q7046289", "sai-pan", scripts = Latn, } m["non"] = { "古諾爾斯語", "Q35505", "gmq", otherNames = {"Old Norse", "Old Icelandic", "Old Norwegian", "古冰島語", "古挪威語"}, -- note: Old Swedish and Old Danish have their own codes scripts = {"Latn", "Runr"}, translit_module = "translit-redirect", } m["nop"] = { "Numanggang", "Q7069052", "ngf-fin", scripts = Latn, } m["noq"] = { "Ngongo", "Q11057478", "bnt-yak", scripts = Latn, } m["nos"] = { "Eastern Nisu", "Q25559419", "tbq-lol", } m["not"] = { "Nomatsiguenga", "Q3342992", "awd", scripts = Latn, } m["nou"] = { "Ewage-Notu", "Q5418860", } m["nov"] = { "諾維亞語", "Q36738", "art", otherNames = {"Novial"}, scripts = Latn, } m["now"] = { "Nyambo", "Q4967930", "bnt-haj", scripts = Latn, } m["noy"] = { "Noy", "Q36321", "alv-bua", } m["noz"] = { "Nayi", "Q3183349", "omv-diz", } m["npa"] = { "Nar Phu", "Q4926353", "sit-tam", } m["npb"] = { "Nupbikha", "Q3695201", "sit-ebo", } m["npg"] = { "Ponyo", "Q7228475", "sit-kch", otherNames = {"Ponyo-Gongwang", "Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, } m["nph"] = { "Phom", "Q7187109", "sit-kch", } m["npl"] = { "東南普埃布拉納瓦特爾語", "Q4632950", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["npn"] = { "Mondropolon", "Q3320594", "poz-aay", } m["npo"] = { "Pochuri Naga", "Q7206342", "tbq-anp", } m["nps"] = { "Nipsan", "Q11732528", } m["npu"] = { "Puimei Naga", "Q7259044", "sit-zem", } m["npy"] = { "Napu", "Q12953768", } m["nqg"] = { "Ede Nago", "Q12952408", "alv-ede", } m["nqk"] = { "Kura Ede Nago", "Q12952409", "alv-ede", } m["nql"] = { "Ngendelengo", "Q63283693", "bnt-swb", scripts = Latn, } m["nqm"] = { "Ndom", "Q6983791", "ngf", scripts = Latn, } m["nqn"] = { "Nen", "Q20816352", "paa-yam", } m["nqo"] = { "曼德文字", "Q18546266", "dmn-man", scripts = {"Nkoo"}, } m["nqq"] = { "Kyan-Karyaw Naga", "Q63283784", "sit-tno", } m["nqy"] = { "Akyaung Ari", "Q4702035", "sit-tng", otherNames = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, } m["nra"] = { "Ngom", "Q36087", "bnt-kel", scripts = Latn, } m["nrb"] = { "Nara", "Q36179", "sdv-nes", } m["nrc"] = { "Noric", "Q37023", "cel", scripts = {"Ital"}, } m["nre"] = { "Southern Rengma Naga", "Q7313205", "tbq-anp", } m["nrf"] = { "諾曼語", "Q33850", "roa-oil", otherNames = {"Norman", "Cauchois", "Jèrriais", "Jersiais", "Jersey French", "Jersey Norman", "Jersey Norman French", "Guernésiais", "Guernesiais", "Dgèrnésiais", "Guernsey French", "Guernsey Norman French", "Augeron", "Sercquiais", "Auregnais", "Cotentinais", "Brayon", "Roumois"}, scripts = Latn, ancestors = {"frm"}, sort_key = { from = {"[áàâä]", "[éèêë]", "[íìîï]", "[óòôö]", "[úùûü]", "[ýỳŷÿ]", "ç", "æ" , "œ" , "'"}, to = {"a" , "e" , "i" , "o" , "u" , "y" , "c", "ae", "oe"}} , wikimedia_codes = {"nrm"}, } m["nrg"] = { "Narango", "Q12952929", "poz-vnc", } m["nri"] = { "Chokri Naga", "Q5104247", "tbq-anp", } m["nrk"] = { "Ngarla", "Q3915860", "aus-nga", scripts = Latn, } m["nrl"] = { "Ngarluma", "Q7022078", "aus-nga", scripts = Latn, } m["nrm"] = { "Narom", "Q3336135", "poz-swa", scripts = Latn, } m["nrn"] = { "諾恩語", "Q36708", "gmq", otherNames = {"Norn"}, scripts = Latn, ancestors = {"non"}, } m["nrp"] = { "北皮賽恩語", "Q430138", scripts = {"Ital"}, otherNames = {"North Picene"}, translit_module = "Ital-translit", } m["nrr"] = { "諾拉語", "Q12952967", "tai", otherNames = {"Norra"}, } m["nrt"] = { "北卡拉普亞語", "Q3192121", "nai-klp", otherNames = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, } m["nru"] = { "Narua", "Q21658869", "sit-nax", } m["nrx"] = { "Ngurmbur", "Q2591251", } m["nrz"] = { "拉拉語(新幾內亞)", "Q6480151", "poz-ocw", otherNames = {"Lala (New Guinea)"}, } m["nsa"] = { "Sangtam Naga", "Q7418144", "sit-aao", } m["nsb"] = { "Lower Nossob", "Q6693681", "khi-tuu", varieties = {"ǀʼAuni", "ǀʼAuo", "ǀʼAu", "ǀHaasi"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nsc"] = { "Nshi", "Q11129508", "nic-rnn", scripts = Latn, } m["nsd"] = { "Southern Nisu", nil, "tbq-lol", } m["nse"] = { "Nsenga", "Q3081996", "bnt-sna", scripts = Latn, } m["nsg"] = { "Ngasa", "Q56345", "sdv-lma", } m["nsh"] = { "Ngoshie", "Q7022582", "nic-mom", scripts = Latn, } m["nsi"] = { "尼日利亞手語", "Q7033021", "sgn", otherNames = {"奈及利亞手語", "Nigerian Sign Language"}, } m["nsk"] = { "Naskapi", "Q1704302", "alg", scripts = {"Cans"}, ancestors = {"cr"}, translit_module = "nsk-translit", } m["nsl"] = { "挪威手語", "Q1781613", "sgn", otherNames = {"Norwegian Sign Language"}, } m["nsm"] = { "Sema", "Q3478238", "tbq-anp", } m["nsn"] = { "Nehan", "Q3337774", "poz-ocw", } m["nso"] = { "北索托語", "Q33890", "bnt-sts", otherNames = {"Northern Sotho"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nsp"] = { "尼泊爾手語", "Q3915492", "sgn", otherNames = {"Nepalese Sign Language"}, } m["nsq"] = { "Northern Sierra Miwok", "Q3344226", "nai-utn", scripts = Latn, } m["nsr"] = { "海事手語", "Q3915483", "sgn", otherNames = {"Maritime Sign Language"}, } m["nss"] = { "Nali", "Q3335385", "poz-aay", } m["nst"] = { "Tangsa", "Q56350", "sit-tno", } m["nsu"] = { "內格拉山區納瓦特爾語", nil, "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nsv"] = { "Southwestern Nisu", nil, "tbq-lol", } m["nsw"] = { "Navut", "Q3337327", "poz-vnc", } m["nsx"] = { "Nsongo", "Q7067577", "bnt-tmb", scripts = Latn, } m["nsy"] = { "Nasal", "Q6966574", } m["nsz"] = { "Nisenan", "Q33665", "nai-mdu", scripts = Latn, } m["ntd"] = { "Northern Tidong", nil, "poz-san", otherNames = {"Sesayap Tidong", "Northern Tidung", "Sesayap Tidung"}, } m["nte"] = { "Nathembo", "Q11030947", "bnt-mak", otherNames = {"Sakati"}, } m["ntg"] = { "Ngantangarra", "Q33060509", } m["nti"] = { "Natioro", "Q36140", "alv-wan", } m["ntj"] = { "Ngaanyatjarra", "Q3915409", "aus-pam", scripts = Latn, } m["ntk"] = { "Ikoma", "Q5996114", "bnt-lok", scripts = Latn, } m["ntm"] = { "Nateni", "Q3070731", "nic-grm", scripts = Latn, } m["nto"] = { "Ntomba", "Q11130292", "bnt-mon", scripts = Latn, } m["ntp"] = { "北特佩瓦語", "Q15615651", "azc", scripts = Latn, otherNames = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, sort_key = { from = {"á", "é", "í", "ó", "ú"}, to = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u"} }, } m["ntr"] = { "Delo", "Q35195", "nic-gne", scripts = Latn, } m["nts"] = { "Natagaimas", "Q6967931", } m["ntu"] = { "Natügu", nil, "poz-oce", } m["ntw"] = { "Nottoway", "Q3344791", "iro", } m["ntx"] = { "Somra", "Q7560536", "sit-tng", otherNames = {"Tangkhul Naga", "Burmese Tangkhul", "Somra Tangkhul"}, } m["nty"] = { "Mantsi", "Q56878", "sit-mnz", } m["nua"] = { "Yuaga", "Q3573088", "poz-cln", scripts = Latn, } m["nuc"] = { "Nukuini", "Q3346231", } m["nud"] = { "Ngala", "Q7021893", "paa-spk", scripts = Latn, } m["nue"] = { "Ngundu", "Q12952953", "bad-cnt", scripts = Latn, } m["nuf"] = { "Nusu", "Q56413", "tbq-lol", } m["nug"] = { "Nungali", "Q7069826", "aus-mir", } m["nuh"] = { "Ndunda", "Q3913968", "nic-mmb", scripts = Latn, } m["nui"] = { "Ngumbi", "Q36459", "bnt-yko", otherNames = {"Kombe"}, } m["nuj"] = { "Nyole (Uganda)", "Q3739448", "bnt-msl", otherNames = {"Nyole", "LoNyole", "Lunyole", "Nyuli"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nuk"] = { "努特卡語", "Q2992876", "wak", otherNames = {"Nootka", "Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth", "T'aat'aaqsapa"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nul"] = { "Nusa Laut", "Q7070332", "poz-cma", } m["num"] = { "紐阿富語", "Q36173", "poz-pol", otherNames = {"Niuafo'ou"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nun"] = { "Anong", "Q2748232", "sit-nng", otherNames = {"Nung"}, -- also mistakenly assigned the name "Ayi" by the ISO } m["nuo"] = { "Nguôn", "Q3915785", "mkh-vie", } m["nup"] = { "努佩語", "Q36720", "alv-ngb", otherNames = {"努培語", "Nupe", "Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, scripts = Latn, entry_name = { remove_diacritics = ACUTE .. CIRC .. CARON .. GRAVE .. MACRON }, sort_key = { from = {"dz", "gb", "sh", "ts", "zh"}, to = {"d~", "g~", "s~", "t~", "z~"} }, } m["nuq"] = { "Nukumanu", "Q12909019", "poz-pnp", } m["nur"] = { "Nuguria", "Q7068910", "poz-pnp", otherNames = {"Nukuria"}, } m["nus"] = { "努埃爾語", "Q33675", "sdv-dnu", scripts = Latn, } m["nut"] = { "儂語", "Q72695", "tai", otherNames = {"Nung"}, } m["nuu"] = { "Ngbundu", "Q11126081", "bad", scripts = Latn, } m["nuv"] = { "Northern Nuni", "Q11016572", "nic-gnn", scripts = Latn, } m["nuw"] = { "Nguluwan", "Q6528643", } m["nux"] = { "Mehek", "Q6809452", "paa-spk", scripts = Latn, } m["nuy"] = { "Nunggubuyu", "Q1747811", "aus-arn", otherNames = {"Wubuy"}, } m["nuz"] = { "特拉馬卡薩帕納瓦特爾語", "Q2073277", "azc-nah", otherNames = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nvh"] = { "Nasarian", "Q6966614", "poz-vnc", } m["nvm"] = { "Namiae", "Q12952922", } m["nvo"] = { "Nyokon", nil, "nic-mbw", scripts = Latn, } m["nwa"] = { "Nawathinehena", "Q6982892", "alg-ara", scripts = Latn, } m["nwb"] = { "Nyabwa", "Q33664", "kro-wee", } m["nwc"] = { "古典尼瓦爾語", "Q5128301", "sit-new", otherNames = {"Classical Newar", "Classical Newari"}, } m["nwe"] = { "Ngwe", "Q36181", "bai", scripts = Latn, } m["nwi"] = { "Southwest Tanna", "Q3504488", } m["nwm"] = { "Nyamusa-Molo", "Q12747951", "csu-bbk", } m["nwo"] = { "Nauo", "Q6981305", "aus-pam", otherNames = {"Nawo"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nwr"] = { "Nawaru", "Q12638166", "ngf", otherNames = {"Sirio"}, } m["nwx"] = { "中古尼瓦爾語", nil, "sit-new", otherNames = {"Middle Newar", "Middle Newari"}, ancestors = {"nwc"}, } m["nwy"] = { "Nottoway-Meherrin", nil, "iro", } m["nxa"] = { "Nauete", "Q6981095", "poz-tim", } m["nxd"] = { "Ngando (Congo)", "Q3913277", "bnt-ske", otherNames = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "Longandu"}, } m["nxe"] = { "Nage", "Q2295569", "poz-cet", } m["nxg"] = { "Ngadha", "Q1516651", "poz-cet", otherNames = {"Ngad'a"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nxi"] = { "Nindi", "Q7038230", "bnt-mbi", scripts = Latn, } m["nxl"] = { "South Nuaulu", "Q18544857", "poz-cma", } m["nxm"] = { "Numidian", "Q35761", "afa", scripts = {"Tfng", "Latn"}, --Tfng may not support all the needed characters } m["nxn"] = { "Ngawun", "Q3915711", "aus-pam", scripts = Latn, } m["nxo"] = { "Ndambomo", "Q6983681", "bnt-kel", scripts = Latn, } m["nxq"] = { "納西語", "Q2478711", "sit-nax", otherNames = {"Naxi"}, } m["nxr"] = { "Ninggerum", "Q11732526", "ngf-okk", scripts = Latn, } m["nxu"] = { "Narau", "Q6965452", "ngf", scripts = Latn, } m["nxx"] = { "Nafri", "Q6958211", "paa-sen", scripts = Latn, } m["nyb"] = { "Nyangbo", "Q36256", "alv-ktg", scripts = Latn, } m["nyc"] = { "Nyanga-li", "Q7070876", "bnt-boa", scripts = Latn, } m["nyd"] = { "Nyole (Kenya)", "Q7071227", "bnt-msl", otherNames = {"Nyole", "Nyore", "Olunyole", "Lunyole", "Lunyore", "Nyoole", "Olunyore"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nye"] = { "Nyengo", "Q7071068", "bnt-clu", scripts = Latn, } m["nyf"] = { "Giryama", "Q3107606", "bnt-mij", scripts = Latn, } m["nyg"] = { "Nyindu", "Q11030685", "bnt-shh", scripts = Latn, } m["nyh"] = { "Nyigina", "Q3913780", "aus-nyu", scripts = Latn, } m["nyi"] = { "Nyimang", "Q34846", "sdv-nyi", scripts = Latn, } m["nyj"] = { "Nyanga (Congo)", "Q7070879", "bnt-nyb", otherNames = {"Kinyanga", "Nyanga"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nyk"] = { "Nyaneka", "Q10962298", "bnt-swb", scripts = Latn, } m["nyl"] = { "Nyeu", "Q3033578", "mkh-kat", } m["nym"] = { "尼揚韋齊語", "Q4121131", "bnt-tkm", scripts = Latn, } m["nyn"] = { "尼揚科萊語", "Q13207", "bnt-nyg", otherNames = {"Nkore-Kiga", "Runyankore", "Runyankore-Rukiga", "Nkore", "Kiga", "Chiga", "Nyankore", "Ankole", "Banyankole", "Lunyankole", "Rukiga"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nyo"] = { "尼奧囉語", "Q33794", "bnt-nyg", scripts = Latn, } m["nyp"] = { "Nyang'i", "Q7070894", "ssa-klk", } m["nys"] = { "尼揚加語", "Q7049771", "aus-pam", otherNames = {"Nyunga", "Noongar", "Nyuunga"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nyt"] = { "Nyawaygi", "Q3915783", "aus-dyb", } m["nyu"] = { "Nyungwe", "Q7071318", "bnt-sna", scripts = Latn, } m["nyv"] = { "Nyulnyul", "Q3442732", "aus-nyu", scripts = Latn, } m["nyw"] = { "僥語", "Q26425602", "tai", aliases = {"Nyaw", "Tai Mene", "Tai Yo"}, scripts = {"Thai", "Latn"}, -- Vietnamese alphabet } m["nyx"] = { "Nganyaywana", "Q3913800", "aus-cww", scripts = Latn, } m["nyy"] = { "尼亞庫薩語", "Q3272620", "bnt-run", otherNames = {"Nyakyusa", "Kinyakyusa", "Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, scripts = Latn, } m["nza"] = { "梯貢-姆本貝語", "Q36518", "nic-jkn", scripts = Latn, otherNames = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, } m["nzb"] = { "Njebi", "Q35923", "bnt-nze", scripts = Latn, } m["nzd"] = { "恩扎迪語", "Q17152586", "bnt-bdz", otherNames = {"Nzadi", "Ngiemba", "Lensibun", "Ndzé Ntaa"}, scripts = Latn, entry_name = { from = {"[ÀÂǍÁ]", "[àâǎá]", "[ÈÊĚÉ]", "[èêěé]", "[ÌÎǏÍ]", "[ìîǐí]", "[ÒÔǑÓ]", "[òôǒó]", "[ÙÛǓÚ]", "[ùûǔú]", "[ǹń]", "ḿ", "[`ˋ]", GRAVE, CIRC, CARON, ACUTE}, to = {"A", "a", "E", "e", "I", "i", "O", "o", "U", "u", "n", "m"}}, } m["nzi"] = { "尼茲馬語", "Q36337", "alv-ctn", otherNames = {"Appolo"}, } m["nzk"] = { "Nzakara", "Q3913339", "znd", scripts = Latn, } m["nzm"] = { "Zeme Naga", "Q21491053", "sit-zem", } m["nzs"] = { "新西蘭手語", "Q36239", "sgn", otherNames = {"紐西蘭手語", "New Zealand Sign Language"}, } m["nzu"] = { "Central Teke", "Q36473", "bnt-tkc", } m["nzy"] = { "Nzakambay", "Q36374", "alv-mbm", scripts = Latn, } m["nzz"] = { "Nanga Dama Dogon", "Q6963443", "nic-nwa", } return m 6y7csgpy65jqg79kq4jnl98llbb86bo Module:Category tree/poscatboiler/data/terms by etymology 828 1365079 7271006 7256385 2022-07-27T16:25:53Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} local raw_categories = {} local handlers = {} local raw_handlers = {} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- LABELS -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- labels["詞源"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}詞彙,依其起源分類。", umbrella_parents = "分類", parents = {{name = "{{{langcat}}}", raw = true}}, } labels["重疊詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}用詞中完全重疊(AABB)的[[疊詞]]。", parents = {"疊詞"}, } labels["alliterative compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} noun phrases composed of two or more stems that alliterate.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words", "alliterative phrases"}, } labels["反義複合詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} compounds in which one part is an antonym of the other.", parents = {"dvandva compounds"}, } labels["逆構詞"] = { description = "假定某詞的規則形式並移除原詞的一部分而得到的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["bahuvrihi compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} compounds in which the first part (A) modifies the second (B), and whose meaning follows a [[metonymic]] pattern: “<person> having a B that is A.”", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words", "exocentric compounds"}, } labels["混成詞"] = { description = "其他詞合併而得來的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["借詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中借自其他語言的詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["仿譯詞"] = { description = "逐詞翻譯自另一語言的表達方式的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["catachreses"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms derived from misuses or misapplications of other terms.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["新創詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms coined by an identifiable person, organization or other such entity.", parents = {"依出處分類的"}, umbrella_parents = {name = "依出處分類的", is_label = true, sort = " "}, } -- Add "compound POS" categories for various parts of speech. local compound_poses = { "形容詞", "副詞", "連詞", "限定詞", "感嘆詞", "名詞", "數詞", "助詞", "後置詞", "前綴", "介詞", "代詞", "專有名詞", "後綴", "動詞", } for _, pos in ipairs(compound_poses) do labels["複合" .. pos] = { description = "{{{langname}}} " .. pos .. " composed of two or more stems.", umbrella_parents = "複合詞種類", parents = {{name = "複合詞", sort = " "}, pos}, } end labels["compound determinatives"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} determinatives composed of two or more stems.", parents = {"compound words", "determiners"}, } labels["複合詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中由兩個或以上詞幹組成的詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["coordinated pairs"] = { description = "Terms in {{{langname}}} consisting of a pair of terms joined by a [[coordinating conjunction]].", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["coordinated triples"] = { -- Avoid saying "a coordinating conjunction" or "coordinating conjunctions" -- because there can be either one or two conjunctions. description = "Terms in {{{langname}}} consisting of three terms joined by [[coordinating conjunction]].", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["名詞派生詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中派生自名詞的詞。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["動詞派生詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中派生自動詞的詞。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["同源對似詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中由同一個詞最後派生出來的,在詞形或詞義上相似但不同的詞語。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["dvandva compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems whose stems could be connected by an 'and'.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words"}, } labels["elongated forms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms where one or more letters or sounds is repeated for emphasis or effect.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["endocentric compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems, one of which is the [[w:head (linguistics)|head]] of that compound.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words"}, } labels["endocentric noun-noun compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems, one of which is the [[w:head (linguistics)|head]] of that compound.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"endocentric compounds", "compound words"}, } labels["endocentric verb-noun compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} compounds in which the first element is a verbal stem, the second a nominal stem and the head of the compound.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"endocentric compounds", "verb-noun compounds"}, } labels["名祖"] = { description = "由真實或虛構人物的名字派生出來的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", -- eponyms parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["exocentric compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems, none of which is the [[w:head (linguistics)|head]] of that compound.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words"}, } labels["exocentric verb-noun compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} compounds in which the first element is a transitive verb, the second a noun functioning as its direct object, and whose referent is the person or thing doing the action.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"exocentric compounds", "verb-noun compounds"}, } labels["genericized trademarks"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that originate from [[trademark]]s, [[brand]]s and company names which have become [[genericized]]; that is, fallen into common usage in the target market's [[vernacular]], even when referring to other competing brands.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["ghost words"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that were originally erroneous or fictitious, published in a reference work as if they were genuine as a result of typographical error, misreading, or misinterpretation, or as [[:w:Fictitious entry|fictitious entries]], jokes, or hoaxes.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["karmadharaya compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems in which the main stem determines the case endings.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"tatpurusa compounds"}, } labels["haplological forms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that underwent [[haplology]]: thus, their origin involved a loss or omission of a repeated sequence of sounds.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["homophonic translations"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that were borrowed by matching the etymon phonetically, without regard for the sense; compare [[phono-semantic matching]] and [[Hobson-Jobson]].", parents = {"詞源"} } labels["hybridisms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words formed by elements of different linguistic origins.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["繼承詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中繼承自本語言更早期形式的詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["itaretara dvandva compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems whose stems could be connected by an 'and'.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"dvandva compounds"}, } labels["學術化借詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that are learned [[loanword]]s, that is, words that were directly incorporated from another language instead of through normal language contact.", parents = {"借詞"}, } labels["legal doublets"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} legal [[doublet]]s &ndash; a legal doublet is a standardized phrase commonly use in legal documents, proceedings etc which includes two words that are near synonyms.", parents = {"coordinated pairs"}, } labels["legal triplets"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} legal [[triplet]]s &ndash; a legal triplet is a standardized phrase commonly use in legal documents, proceedings etc which includes three words that are near synonyms.", parents = {"coordinated triples"}, } labels["merisms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} [[merism]]s &ndash; terms that are [[coordinate]]s that, combined, are a synonym for a totality.", parents = {"coordinated pairs"}, } labels["metonyms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms whose origin involves calling a thing or concept not by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["新詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that have been only recently acknowledged.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["nonce terms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that have been invented for a single occasion.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["numeronyms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that serve as number-based names.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["擬聲詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words that were coined to sound like what they represent.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["形譯詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} orthographic loans, i.e. terms that were borrowed in their script forms, not their pronunciations.", parents = {"借詞"}, } labels["部分仿譯詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}的部分仿譯詞,這些詞的詞形部分由逐詞翻譯得來,部分直接借來。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["音義兼譯詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中在音譯的同時照顧到詞義的詞語。", parents = {"借詞"}, } labels["piecewise doublets"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that are [[Appendix:Glossary#piecewise doublet|piecewise doublets]].", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["pseudo-loans"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that are [[pseudo-loan]]s.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["rebracketings"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that have interacted with another word in such a way that the boundary between the words has been modified.", parents = {"詞源"} } labels["重構詞語"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that are not directly attested, but have been reconstructed through other evidence.", parents = {"詞源"} } labels["reduplicated coordinated pairs"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} reduplicated coordinated pairs.", parents = {"coordinated pairs", "疊詞"}, } labels["reduplicated coordinated triples"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} reduplicated coordinated triples.", parents = {"coordinated triples", "疊詞"}, } labels["疊詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中通過詞根或詞幹的重複構造出的詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["返璞詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that serve as new unique names for older objects or concepts whose previous names became ambiguous.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["rhyming compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} noun phrases composed of two or more stems that rhyme.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words", "rhyming phrases"}, } labels["詞根"] = { description = "Basic morphemes from which {{{langname}}} words are formed.", parents = {"詞素"}, } labels["roots by shape"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} roots categorized by their shape.", parents = {{name = "roots", sort = "shape"}}, } labels["Sanskritic compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} compounds made of [[tatsama|tatsamas]].", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words", "terms derived from Sanskrit"}, } labels["samahara dvandva compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems whose stems could be connected by an 'and'.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"dvandva compounds"}, } labels["意譯詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中意譯自其他語言的詞。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["半接觸借詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}的半接觸借詞。這些詞從古典語言借入現代語言,並根據發音變化或與其他繼承詞類比調整了詞形。", parents = {"借詞"}, } labels["sound-symbolic terms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that use {{w|sound symbolism}} to express ideas but which are not necessarily strictly speaking [[onomatopoeic]].", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["spelled-out initialisms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} initialisms in which the letter names are spelled out.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["spelling pronunciations"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms whose pronunciation was historically or presently affected by their spelling.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["spoonerisms"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms in which the initial sounds of component parts have been exchanged, as in \"crook and nanny\" for \"nook and cranny\".", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["synonymous compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} compounds in which one part is a synonym of the other.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"dvandva compounds", sort = "synonym"}, } labels["tatpurusa compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound words"}, } labels["依出處分類的"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中出自某部著作或某人作品中新創造的詞。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["terms derived from area codes"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms derived from [[area code]]s.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["terms derived from the shape of letters"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms derived from the shape of letters. This can include terms derived from the shape of any letter in any alphabet.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["terms by Proto-Indo-European word"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms categorized by the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] word they originate from.", parents = {"詞源", "terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"}, } labels["依詞根分類的"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}詞彙,依其起源的詞根分類。", parents = {"詞源", {name = "詞根", sort = " "}}, } labels["出自虛構作品的"] = { description = "源自虛構作品的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", parents = {"依出處分類的"}, } for _, source_and_desc in ipairs({ {"DC漫畫", "[[w:DC漫畫|DC漫畫]]"}, {"Duckburg and Mouseton", "[[w:The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s ''[[w:Duck universe|Duckburg]] and [[w:Mickey Mouse universe|Mouseton]]'' universe"}, {"《哈利波特》", "英國作家[[w:J·K·罗琳|J·K·羅琳]]虛構作品《[[w:哈利·波特|-{zh-hans:哈利·波特; zh-hant:哈利波特}-》"}, {"《一九八四》", "英國作家[[w:乔治·奥威尔|-{zh-hans:乔治·奥威尔; zh-hant:喬治·歐威爾}-]]虛構作品《[[w:一九八四|一九八四]]》"}, {"《星際爭霸戰》", "美國電視影集《[[w:星際爭霸戰|-{zh-hans:星际旅行:原初系列; zh-hant:星際爭霸戰}-]]》"}, {"《星際大戰》", "美國系列電影《[[w:星際大戰|-{zh-hans:星球大战; zh-hant:星際大戰}-]]》"}, {"《辛普森家庭》", "美國動畫《[[w:辛普森一家|-{zh-hans:辛普森一家; zh-hant:辛普森家庭}-]]》"}, {"托爾金虛構作品", "英國作家[[w:J·R·R·托爾金|J·R·R·托爾金]]所著古典奇幻作品"}, }) do local source, desc = unpack(source_and_desc) labels["出自" .. source .. "的"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中出自" .. desc .. "的詞語。", parents = {"出自虛構作品的"}, } end labels["terms derived from Greek mythology"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms derived from Greek mythology which have acquired an idiomatic meaning.", parents = {"依出處分類的"}, } labels["派生自職業的"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中派生自職業名稱的詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["派生詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中派生自其他語言的詞彙。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["出自《聖經》的"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中出自《[[聖經]]》的詞語。", parents = {"依出處分類的"}, } labels["派生自地名的"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中出自真實或虛構地名的詞語。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["terms making reference to character shapes"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms making reference to character shapes.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["terms with Indo-Aryan extensions"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms extended with particular [[Indo-Aryan]] [[pleonastic]] affixes.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["terms with lemma and non-lemma form etymologies"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms consisting of both a lemma and non-lemma form, of different origins.", breadcrumb = "lemma and non-lemma form", parents = {"terms with multiple etymologies"}, } labels["有多個詞源的"] = { description = "起源於多個源頭的{{{langname}}}詞語。", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["terms with multiple lemma etymologies"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} lemmas that are derived from multiple origins.", breadcrumb = "multiple lemmas", parents = {"terms with multiple etymologies"}, } labels["terms with multiple non-lemma form etymologies"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} non-lemma forms that are derived from multiple origins.", breadcrumb = "multiple non-lemma forms", parents = {"terms with multiple etymologies"}, } labels["詞源不明的"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms whose etymologies have not yet been established.", parents = {{name = "詞源", sort = "unknown etymology"}}, } labels["回借詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}中借自其他語言中某個借自{{{langname}}}的詞的詞。", parents = {"詞源", "借詞"}, } labels["unadapted borrowings"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} [[loanword]]s that have not been conformed to the morpho-syntactic, phonological and/or phonotactical rules of the target language.", parents = {"borrowed terms"}, } labels["univerbations"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that result from the agglutination of two or more words.", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["verb-noun compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} compounds in which the first element is a transitive verb, the second a noun functioning as its direct object, and whose referent is the person or thing doing the action.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"compound nouns"}, } labels["vrddhi derivatives"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms derived from a Proto-Indo-European root by the process of [[w:vṛddhi|vṛddhi]] derivation.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"詞源"}, } labels["vrddhi gerundives"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} [[gerundive]]s derived from a Proto-Indo-European root by the process of [[w:vṛddhi|vṛddhi]] derivation.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"vrddhi derivatives"}, } labels["vyadhikarana compounds"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words composed of two or more stems in which the non-main stem determines the case endings.", umbrella_parents = "Types of compound words by language", parents = {"tatpurusa compounds"}, } labels["words derived through metathesis"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} words that were created through [[metathesis]] from another word.", parents = {{name = "詞源", sort = "metathesis"}}, } for _, fixtype in ipairs({"環綴", "中綴", "間綴", "前綴", "後綴",}) do labels["依" .. fixtype .. "分類的"] = { description = "依" .. fixtype .. "分類的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", parents = {{name = "詞源", sort = fixtype}, fixtype}, } end -- Add 'umbrella_parents' key if not already present. for key, data in pairs(labels) do if not data.umbrella_parents then data.umbrella_parents = "詞源子分類" end end ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- RAW CATEGORIES -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- raw_categories["詞源子分類"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering topics related to terms categorized by their etymologies, such as types of compounds or borrowings.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "詞源", is_label = true, sort = " "}, }, } raw_categories["借詞子分類"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering topics related to borrowed terms.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "借詞", is_label = true, sort = " "}, {name = "詞源子分類", sort = " "}, }, } raw_categories["繼承詞子分類"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering topics related to inherited terms.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "繼承詞", is_label = true, sort = " "}, {name = "詞源子分類", sort = " "}, }, } raw_categories["Indo-Aryan extensions"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering terms extended with particular [[Indo-Aryan]] [[pleonastic]] affixes.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "Terms by etymology subcategories by language", sort = " "}, }, } raw_categories["Multiple etymology subcategories by language"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering topics related to terms with multiple etymologies.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "Terms by etymology subcategories by language", sort = " "}, }, } raw_categories["Sanskritic compounds by language"] = { description = "Categories with terms made of [[tatsama|tatsamas]].", additional = "{{{umbrella_msg}}}", parents = { "Terms by etymology subcategories by language", }, } raw_categories["複合詞種類"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering topics related to types of compound words.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "複合詞", is_label = true, sort = " "}, {name = "詞源子分類", sort = " "}, }, } ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- HANDLERS -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- Root handlers ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Handlers for 'terms derived from the SOURCE root ROOT' must go *BEFORE* the -- more general 'terms derived from SOURCE' handler. local function get_source_and_type_desc(source, term_type) if source:getCode() == "ine-pro" and term_type:find("^詞根$") then return "[[w:原始印歐語詞根|原始印歐語" .. term_type .. "]]" else return "[[w:" .. source:getWikipediaArticle() .. "|" .. source:getCanonicalName() .. "]] " .. term_type end end -- Handler for e.g. [[:Category:Yola terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (grow)]] and -- [[:Category:Russian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *swé]], and corresponding umbrella -- categories [[:Category:Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (grow)]] and -- [[:Category:Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *swé]]. Replaces the former -- [[Module:category tree/PIE root cat]], [[Module:category tree/root cat]] and [[Template:PIE word cat]]. table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name, term_type, term_and_id = data.label:match("^來自(.+)(詞根)(.+)的$") if not source_name then source_name, term_type, term_and_id = data.label:match("^來自(.+)(詞語)(.+)的$") end if source_name then local term, id = term_and_id:match("^(.+) %((.-)%)$") term = term or term_and_id local source = require("Module:languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name, true, "allow etym langs") local parents = { { name = "依" .. source_name .. term_type .. "分類的", sort = source:makeSortKey(term) } } local umbrella_parents = { { name = source_name .. term_type .. "詞源", sort = source:makeSortKey(term) } } if id then table.insert(parents, { name = "來自" .. source_name .. term_type .. term .. "的", sort = " "}) table.insert(umbrella_parents, { name = "來自" .. source_name .. term_type .. term .. "的", is_label = true, sort = " "}) end -- Italicize the root/word in the title. local function displaytitle(title, lang) return require("Module:string").plain_gsub(title, term, require("Module:script utilities").tag_text(term, source, nil, "term")) end local breadcrumb = require("Module:script utilities").tag_text(term, source, nil, "term") .. (id and " (" .. id .. ")" or "") return { description = "起源於" .. get_source_and_type_desc(source, term_type) .. require("Module:links").full_link({ term = term, lang = source, gloss = id, id = id }, "term") .. "的{{{langname}}}詞。", displaytitle = displaytitle, breadcrumb = breadcrumb, parents = parents, umbrella = { no_by_language = true, displaytitle = displaytitle, breadcrumb = breadcrumb, parents = umbrella_parents, } } end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local root_and_id = data.label:match("^詞根為(.+)的$") if root_and_id then local root, id = root_and_id:match("^(.+) %((.-)%)$") root = root or root_and_id -- See if the language is Semitic. local fam = data.lang local is_semitic = false while true do if not fam then break end if fam:getCode() == "qfa-not" then -- qfa-not is "not a family" and is its own parent break end if fam:getCode() == "sem" then is_semitic = true break end fam = fam:getFamily() end local root_desc = is_semitic and "[[w:en:Semitic root|詞根]]" or "詞根" local parents = {{name = "依詞根分類的", sort = root_and_id}} local separators = "־ %-" local separator_c = "[" .. separators .. "]" local not_separator_c = "[^" .. separators .. "]" -- remove any leading or trailing separators (e.g. in PIE-style roots) local root_no_prefix_suffix = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(root, separator_c .. "$", ""), "^" .. separator_c, "") local num_sep = mw.ustring.len(mw.ustring.gsub(root_no_prefix_suffix, not_separator_c, "")) local linked_root = data.lang and require("Module:links").full_link({ term = root, lang = data.lang, gloss = id, id = id }, "term") or root if num_sep > 0 then table.insert(parents, {name = "" .. (num_sep + 1) .. "字母詞根", sort = root_and_id}) end local breadcrumb = require("Module:script utilities").tag_text(root, data.lang, nil, "term") .. (id and " (" .. id .. ")" or "") return { description = "本分類列出由" .. root_desc .. linked_root .. "構成的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", displaytitle = "詞根為" .. require("Module:script utilities").tag_text(root, lang, nil, "term") .. "的{{{langname}}}詞", breadcrumb = breadcrumb, parents = parents, umbrella = false, } end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local num_letters = data.label:match("^([0-9]+)字母詞根$") if num_letters then return { description = "有" .. num_letters .. "個字母的{{{langname}}}詞根。", parents = {{name = "詞根", sort = "#" .. num_letters}}, umbrella_parents = "詞源子分類", } end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^依(.+)詞根分類的$") if source_name then local source = require("Module:languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name, true, "allow etym langs") local parents = {"詞源"} -- In [[:Category:Proto-Indo-Iranian terms by Proto-Indo-Iranian root]], -- don't add parent [[:Category:Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian]]. if not data.lang or data.lang:getCode() ~= source:getCode() then table.insert(parents, "派生自" .. source_name .. "的") end return { description = "{{{langname}}}詞彙,依其起源的" .. get_source_and_type_desc(source, "詞根") .. "分類。", parents = parents, umbrella_parents = "詞源子分類", } end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local root_shape = data.label:match("^(.+)-shape roots$") if root_shape then local description = "{{{langname}}} roots with the shape ''" .. root_shape .. "''." local additional if data.lang and data.lang:getCode() == "ine-pro" then additional = [=[ * '''e''' stands for the vowel of the root. * '''C''' stands for any stop or ''s''. * '''R''' stands for any resonant. * '''H''' stands for any laryngeal. * '''M''' stands for ''m'' or ''w'', when followed by a resonant. * '''s''' stands for ''s'', when next to a stop.]=] end return { description = description, additional = additional, breadcrumb = root_shape, parents = {{name = "roots by shape", sort = root_shape}}, umbrella = false, } end end) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- Derived/inherited/borrowed handlers -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Handler for categories of the form "派生自SOURCE的LANG詞", where SOURCE is a language, etymology language -- or family (e.g. "Indo-European languages"), along with corresponding umbrella categories of the form -- "派生自SOURCE的詞". table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^派生自(.+)的$") if source_name then -- FIXME, should we allow 'terms derived from taxonomic names' when mul-tax has canonical name -- 'taxonomic name'? This is equivalent to what [[Module:category tree/derived cat]] did. -- Maybe fix mul-tax instead. local source = require("Module:families").getByCanonicalName(source_name) or require("Module:etymology languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name) or require("Module:languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name) local source_desc = source:makeCategoryLink() -- Compute description. local desc = "起源於" .. source_desc .. "的{{{langname}}}詞彙。" local additional if source:getType() == "family" then additional = "理想情況下,本分類應僅含有其他分類。如果詞條歸屬的子分類不明確,也可將之歸類於此。" .. "如果您知道本分類内的詞條派生自何種語言,請直接編輯相應的詞條。" end -- Compute parents. local derived_from_subvariety_of_self = false local parent local sortkey = source:getCanonicalName() if source:getType() == "etymology language" then local parcode = source:getParentCode() if parcode and parcode ~= "qfa-iso" and parcode ~= "qfa-not" and parcode ~= "qfa-und" then if data.lang and parcode == data.lang:getCode() then derived_from_subvariety_of_self = true parent = data.lang:getFamily():getDisplayForm() else -- Etymology language parent may be regular language, etymology language, -- or family parent = require("Module:languages").getByCode(parcode, true, "allow etym langs", "allow families"):getDisplayForm() end end else -- regular language or family local fam = source:getFamily() if fam and fam:getCode() ~= "qfa-iso" and fam:getCode() ~= "qfa-not" then parent = fam:getCategoryName() end end parent = parent and "派生自" .. parent .. "的" or "派生詞" local parents = {{name = parent, sort = sortkey}} if derived_from_subvariety_of_self then table.insert(parents, "Category:Categories for terms in a language derived from a term in a subvariety of that language") end -- Compute umbrella parents. local umbrella_parents = { source:getType() == "family" and {name = source:getCategoryName(), raw = true, sort = " "} or source:getType() == "etymology language" and {name = "Category:" .. source:getCategoryName(), sort = "派生自"} or {name = source:getCategoryName(), raw = true, sort = "派生自"} } return { description = desc, additional = additional, breadcrumb = source_name, parents = parents, umbrella = { no_by_language = true, description = "收錄起源於" .. source_desc .. "的詞語的分類。", parents = umbrella_parents, }, } end end) local function get_source_and_source_desc(source_name) local source = require("Module:families").getByCanonicalName(source_name) or require("Module:etymology languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name) or require("Module:languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name) local source_desc = source:makeCategoryLink() if source:getType() == "family" then source_desc = "unknown " .. source_desc end return source, source_desc end -- Handler for categories of the form "借/繼承自SOURCE的LANG詞", where SOURCE is a language, -- etymology language or family (e.g. "Indo-European languages"). Also handles umbrella categories of the form -- "借/繼承自SOURCE的詞". local function inherited_borrowed_handler(etymtype) return function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^" .. etymtype .. "自(.+)的$") if source_name then local source, source_desc = get_source_and_source_desc(source_name) return { description = "{{{langname}}}中" .. etymtype .. "自" .. source_desc .. "的詞語。", breadcrumb = source_name, parents = { { name = etymtype .. "詞", sort = source_name }, { name = "派生自" .. source_name .. "的", sort = " "}, }, umbrella = { no_by_language = true, parents = { { name = "派生自" .. source_name .. "的", is_label = true, sort = " " }, etymtype == "繼承" and { name = "繼承詞子分類", sort = source_name } -- There are several types of borrowings mixed into the following holding category, -- so keep these ones sorted under '借自SOURCE_NAME的詞' instead of just -- 'SOURCE_NAME'. or "借詞子分類", } }, } end end end table.insert(handlers, inherited_borrowed_handler("借")) table.insert(handlers, inherited_borrowed_handler("繼承")) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ Borrowing subtype handlers ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function borrowing_subtype_handler(source_name, parent_cat, desc, no_by_language) local source, source_desc = get_source_and_source_desc(source_name) return { description = "{{{langname}}}中" .. desc:gsub("SOURCE", source_desc), breadcrumb = source_name, parents = { { name = parent_cat, sort = source_name }, { name = "借自" .. source_name .. "的", sort = " " }, }, umbrella = { no_by_language = no_by_language, parents = { { name = "借自" .. source_name .. "的", is_label = true, sort = " " }, "借詞子分類", } }, } end local borrowing_descriptions = { ["學術化借詞"] = "terms that are learned [[loanword]]s from SOURCE, that is, words that were directly incorporated from SOURCE instead of through normal language contact.", ["半接觸借詞"] = "terms that are [[semi-learned borrowing|semi-learned]] [[loanword]]s from SOURCE, that is, words borrowed from SOURCE (a [[classical language]]) into the target language (a modern language) and partly reshaped based on later [[sound change]]s or by analogy with [[inherit]]ed words in the language.", ["形譯詞"] = "terms that are orthographic loans from SOURCE, i.e. words that were borrowed from SOURCE in their script forms, not their pronunciations.", ["非同化借詞"] = "[[loanword]]s from SOURCE that have not been conformed to the morpho-syntactic, phonological and/or phonotactical rules of the target language.", } table.insert(handlers, function(data) local borrowing_type, source_name = data.label:match("^(.+)自(.+)的$") if borrowing_type and borrowing_descriptions[borrowing_type .. "詞"] then return borrowing_subtype_handler(source_name, borrowing_type .. "詞", borrowing_descriptions[borrowing_type .. "詞"]) end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^意譯自(.+)的$") if source_name then return borrowing_subtype_handler(source_name, "意譯詞", "[[Appendix:術語表#意譯|意譯]]自SOURCE的詞語。", "no by language") end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^部分仿譯自(.+)的$") if source_name then return borrowing_subtype_handler(source_name, "部分仿譯詞", "[[Appendix:術語表#部分仿譯|部分仿譯]]自SOURCE的詞語。", "no by language") end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^仿譯自(.+)的$") if source_name then return borrowing_subtype_handler(source_name, "仿譯詞", "[[Appendix:術語表#仿譯|仿譯]]自SOURCE的詞語。", "no by language") end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^部分仿譯自(.+)的$") if source_name then return borrowing_subtype_handler(source_name, "部分仿譯詞", "terms that were [[Appendix:術語表#仿譯|部分仿譯]]自SOURCE的詞語。", "no by language") end end) table.insert(handlers, function(data) local source_name = data.label:match("^音義兼譯自(.+)的$") if source_name then return borrowing_subtype_handler(source_name, "音義兼譯詞", "[[w:en:Phono-semantic matching|音義兼譯]]自SOURCE的詞語。", "no by language") end end) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Affix handlers ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- table.insert(handlers, function(data) local affixtype, term_and_id = mw.ustring.match(data.label, "^含有(..?綴)(.+)的$") if affixtype then local term, id = term_and_id:match("^(.+) %(([^()]+)%)$") term = term or term_and_id -- Convert term/alt into affixes if needed local desc = { ["前綴"] = "含有前綴", --Prefix ["後綴"] = "含有後綴", --Suffix ["環綴"] = "含有環綴", --Circumfix ["複綴"] = "含有複綴", --Duplifix ["中綴"] = "含有中綴", --Infix ["間綴"] = "含有間綴", --Interfix ["插綴"] = "含有插綴", --Transfix ["同綴"] = "含有同綴", --Simulfix ["超音綴"] = "含有超音綴", --Suprafix ["減綴"] = "含有減綴", --Disfix } if not desc[affixtype] then return nil end local params = { ["alt"] = {}, ["sc"] = {}, ["sort"] = {}, ["tr"] = {}, } local english = { ["前綴"] = "prefix", ["後綴"] = "suffix", ["環綴"] = "circumfix", ["中綴"] = "infix", ["間綴"] = "interfix", ["插綴"] = "transfix", } local args = require("Module:parameters").process(data.args, params) local sc = data.sc or args.sc and require("Module:scripts").getByCode(args.sc, "sc") or nil local m_compound = require("Module:compound") term = m_compound.make_affix(term, data.lang, sc, english[affixtype]) alt = m_compound.make_affix(args.alt, data.lang, sc, english[affixtype]) local tr = m_compound.make_affix(args.tr, data.lang, require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Latn"), english[affixtype]) local m_script_utilities = require("Module:script utilities") local id_text = id and " (" .. id .. ")" or "" -- Compute parents. local parents = {} if id then table.insert(parents, {name = "含有" .. affixtype .. term .. "的", sort = id, args = args}) end table.insert(parents, {name = "依" .. affixtype .. "分類的", sort = data.lang:makeSortKey(data.lang:makeEntryName(args.sort or term))}) local kanji = '㐀-䶵一-鿌豈-龎𠀀-𯨟' -- [[Module:Ja]].script(f) return { description = "{{{langname}}}中" .. desc[affixtype] .. require("Module:links").full_link({ lang = data.lang, term = term, alt = alt, sc = sc, id = id, tr = tr}, "term") .. "的詞語。", breadcrumb = "-{" .. m_script_utilities.tag_text(alt or term, data.lang, sc, "term") .. "}-", displaytitle = "含有" .. affixtype .. mw.text.encode(m_script_utilities.tag_text(term, data.lang, sc, "term"), kanji) .. id_text .. "的{{{langname}}}詞", parents = parents, umbrella = false, }, true -- true = args handled end end) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- Coined-by handlers ----------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- table.insert(handlers, function(data) local coiner = data.label:match("^由(.+)所創造的新詞$") if coiner then return { description = "{{{langname}}}中由" .. coiner .. "所創造的新詞。", breadcrumb = coiner, parents = {{ name = "新創詞", sort = coiner, }}, umbrella = false, } end end) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- RAW HANDLERS -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Handler for umbrella metacategories of the form e.g. [[:Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian roots]] -- and [[:Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European words]]. Replaces the former -- [[Module:category tree/PIE root cat]], [[Module:category tree/root cat]] and [[Template:PIE word cat]]. table.insert(raw_handlers, function(data) local source_name, terms_type = data.category:match("^(.+)(詞根)詞源$") if not source_name then source_name, terms_type = data.category:match("^(.+)(詞語)詞源$") end if not source_name then source_name, terms_type = data.category:match("^(.+)(詞語)詞源$") end if source_name then local source = require("Module:etymology languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name) or require("Module:languages").getByCanonicalName(source_name) return { description = "Umbrella categories covering terms derived from particular " .. get_source_and_type_desc(source, terms_type) .. ".", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", { name = terms_type == "詞根" and "詞根" or "詞元", is_label = true, lang = source:getCode(), sort = " " }, { name = "派生自" .. source_name .. "的", is_label = true, sort = " " .. terms_type }, }, } end end) return {LABELS = labels, RAW_CATEGORIES = raw_categories, HANDLERS = handlers, RAW_HANDLERS = raw_handlers} j5k55pbwbeei8lwhea61ltnsbcypu5v Module:Labels/data/subvarieties 828 1365123 7271016 7259285 2022-07-27T16:32:30Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} local aliases = {} local deprecated = {} local m_functions = require("Module:labels/data/functions") -- A labels["Bzyb"] = { Wikipedia = "Bzyb dialect", plain_categories = {"Bzyb Abkhaz"}, language = "ab", } aliases["Bzyp"] = "Bzyb" labels["Shapsug"] = { Wikipedia = "Shapsug Adyghe dialect", plain_categories = {"Shapsug Adyghe"}, language = "ady", } -- ae start labels["Old"] = { display = "[[w:Old Avestan|Old Avestan]]", language = "ae", track = true, } aliases["Old Avestan"] = "Old" labels["Young"] = { display = "[[w:Young Avestan|Young Avestan]]", language = "ae", } aliases["Young Avestan"] = "Young" aliases["Younger"] = "Young" aliases["Younger Avestan"] = "Young" -- ae end labels["Cape Afrikaans"] = { Wikipedia = "Kaapse Afrikaans", plain_categories = {"Cape Afrikaans"}, language = "af", } aliases["Kaapse Afrikaans"] = "Cape Afrikaans" -- ak start labels["Fante"] = { Wikipedia = "Fante dialect", plain_categories = {"Fante Akan"}, language = "ak", } aliases["Fantse"] = "Fante" aliases["Fanti"] = "Fante" aliases["Mfantse"] = "Fante" labels["Kromanti"] = { display = "Kromanti spirit possession language", Wikipedia = "Jamaican Maroon spirit-possession language", plain_categories = {"Kromanti Akan"}, language = "ak", } labels["Twi"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = { "Twi Akan" }, language = "ak", } aliases["Akan Kasa"] = "Twi" -- ak end -- ami start labels["秀姑巒"] = { display = "[[秀姑巒阿美語|秀姑巒]]", plain_categories = {"秀姑巒阿美語"}, language = "ami", } aliases["秀姑巒阿美語"] = "秀姑巒" labels["南勢"] = { display = "[[南勢阿美語|南勢]]", plain_categories = {"南勢阿美語"}, language = "ami", } aliases["南勢阿美語"] = "南勢" labels["恆春"] = { display = "[[恆春阿美語|恆春]]", plain_categories = {"恆春阿美語"}, language = "ami", } aliases["恆春阿美語"] = "恆春" labels["海岸"] = { display = "[[海岸阿美語|海岸]]", plain_categories = {"海岸阿美語"}, language = "ami", } aliases["海岸阿美語"] = "海岸" labels["馬蘭"] = { display = "[[馬蘭阿美語|馬蘭]]", plain_categories = {"馬蘭阿美語"}, language = "ami", } aliases["馬蘭阿美語"] = "馬蘭" -- ami end -- ang start labels["Anglian"] = { Wikipedia = "Anglian dialect", plain_categories = { "Anglian Old English" }, language = "ang", } labels["Early West Saxon"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Early West Saxon Old English"}, language = "ang", } labels["Kentish"] = { Wikipedia = "Kentish dialect (Old English)", plain_categories = { "Kentish Old English" }, language = "ang", } --This will conflict with a Kentish dialect label for Modern English, if someone wants to make one. labels["Late West Saxon"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = { "Late West Saxon Old English" }, language = "ang", } labels["Mercian"] = { Wikipedia = "Mercian dialect", plain_categories = { "Mercian Old English" }, language = "ang", } labels["Northumbrian"] = { Wikipedia = "Northumbrian dialect", plain_categories = { "Northumbrian Old English", "Anglian Old English" }, language = "ang", } labels["West Saxon"] = { Wikipedia = "West Saxon dialect", plain_categories = { "West Saxon Old English" }, language = "ang", } -- ang end labels["West Arabian"] = { display = "Hejazi", plain_categories = {"Hejazi Arabic"}, language = "ar", } aliases["Hejazi Arabic"] = "West Arabian" -- arc start labels["Ancient Aramaic"] = { Wikipedia = "Old_Aramaic_language#Ancient_Aramaic", plain_categories = {"Ancient Aramaic"}, language = "arc" } aliases["Ancient Aramaic"] = "Old Aramaic" labels["Imperial Aramaic"] = { Wikipedia = "Old_Aramaic_language#Imperial_Aramaic", plain_categories = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, language = "arc" } aliases["Official Aramaic"] = "Imperial Aramaic" labels["Biblical Aramaic"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Biblical Aramaic"}, language = "arc" } aliases["Post-Achaemenid Aramaic"] = "Biblical Aramaic" labels["Jewish Babylonian Aramaic"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic"}, language = "arc", } aliases["JBA"] = "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic" aliases["Talmudic Aramaic"] = "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic" aliases["Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic"] = "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic" labels["Christian Palestinian Aramaic"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Christian Palestinian Aramaic"}, language = "arc", } aliases["CPA"] = "Christian Palestinian Aramaic" aliases["Melkite Aramaic"] = "Christian Palestinian Aramaic" aliases["Palestinian Syriac"] = "Christian Palestinian Aramaic" aliases["Syropalestinian Aramaic"] = "Christian Palestinian Aramaic" aliases["Syropalestinian"] = "Christian Palestinian Aramaic" labels["Nabataean"] = { Wikipedia = "Nabataean Aramaic", plain_categories = {"Nabataean Aramaic"}, language = "arc", } --arc end labels["Jijel"] = { Wikipedia = "Jijel Arabic", plain_categories = {"Jijel Arabic"}, language = "arq", } aliases["Jijel Arabic"] = "Jijel" aliases["Jijeli"] = "Jijel" aliases["Djidjelli"] = "Jijel" -- as start labels["Central Assam"] = { plain_categories = {"Central Assamese"}, language = "as", } aliases["central Assam"] = "Central Assam" aliases["Central Assamese"] = "Central Assam" aliases["central Assamese"] = "Central Assam" labels["Central Standard"] = { plain_categories = {"Central Standard Assamese"}, language = "as", } labels["Eastern Standard"] = { plain_categories = {"Eastern Standard Assamese"}, language = "as", } labels["Kamrupi"] = { Wikipedia = "Kamrupi dialects", plain_categories = { "Kamrupi Assamese" }, language = "as", } aliases["Kamruipa"] = "Kamrupi" aliases["Kamrupiya"] = "Kamrupi" aliases["Kamrup"] = "Kamrupi" -- as end -- az start labels["North Azerbaijani"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"North Azerbaijani"}, language = "az", } labels["South Azerbaijani"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"South Azerbaijani"}, language = "az", } -- az end -- B labels["傳統正寫法"] = { Wikipedia = "白俄羅斯語傳統正寫法", plain_categories = {"白俄羅斯語傳統正寫法"}, language = "be", } aliases["Taraškievica"] = "傳統正寫法" aliases["Taraskievica"] = "傳統正寫法" labels["Shopski"] = { Wikipedia = "Shopi#Dialects", plain_categories = {"Shopski Bulgarian"}, language = "bg", } -- bn start labels["Rāṛha"] = { plain_categories = {"Rāṛha Bengali"}, language = "bn", } aliases["Rarha"] = "Rāṛha" labels["Vaṅga"] = { plain_categories = {"Vaṅga Bengali"}, language = "bn", } aliases["Vanga"] = "Vaṅga" -- bn end -- bnn start labels["卓群"] = { display = "[[卓群布農語|卓群]]", plain_categories = { "卓群布農語" }, language = "bnn", } aliases["卓群布農語"] = "卓群" labels["卡群"] = { display = "[[卡群布農語|卡群]]", plain_categories = { "卡群布農語" }, language = "bnn", } aliases["卡群布農語"] = "卡群" labels["丹群"] = { display = "[[丹群布農語|丹群]]", plain_categories = { "丹群布農語" }, language = "bnn", } aliases["丹群布農語"] = "丹群" labels["巒群"] = { display = "[[巒群布農語|巒群]]", plain_categories = { "巒群布農語" }, language = "bnn", } aliases["巒群布農語"] = "巒群" labels["郡群"] = { display = "[[郡群布農語|郡群]]", plain_categories = { "郡群布農語" }, language = "bnn", } aliases["郡群布農語"] = "郡群" -- bnn end labels["Gwened"] = { Wikipedia = "Gwenedeg", plain_categories = {"Gwenedeg Breton"}, language = "br" } aliases["Vannes"] = "Gwened" aliases["Vannetais"] = "Gwened" aliases["Gwenedeg"] = "Gwened" -- C -- ca start labels["Eastern Catalan"] = { Wikipedia = "Catalan dialects", plain_categories = {"Eastern Catalan"}, language = "ca", } labels["Valencia"] = { Wikipedia = "Valencian language", plain_categories = {"Valencian"}, language = "ca", } aliases["Valencian"] = "Valencia" labels["Western Catalan"] = { Wikipedia = "Catalan dialects", plain_categories = {"Western Catalan"}, language = "ca", } -- ca end -- cim start labels["Sette Comuni"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Sette Comuni Cimbrian"}, language = "cim", } aliases["7"] = "Sette Comuni" aliases["Seven Comunes"] = "Sette Comuni" labels["Thirteen Communities"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Thirteen Communities Cimbrian"}, language = "cim", } aliases["13"] = "Thirteen Communities" aliases["13 Communities"] = "Thirteen Communities" -- cim end -- cop start labels["Akhmimic"] = { Wikipedia = "Coptic language#Akhmimic", plain_categories = {"Akhmimic Coptic"}, language = "cop", } labels["Bohairic"] = { Wikipedia = "Coptic language#Bohairic", plain_categories = {"Bohairic Coptic"}, language = "cop", } aliases["Memphitic"] = "Bohairic" labels["Fayyumic"] = { Wikipedia = "Coptic language#Fayyumic", plain_categories = {"Fayyumic Coptic"}, language = "cop", } aliases["Faiyumic"] = "Fayyumic" aliases["Bashmuric"] = "Fayyumic" labels["Lycopolitan"] = { Wikipedia = "Coptic language#Lycopolitan", plain_categories = {"Lycopolitan Coptic"}, language = "cop", } aliases["Subakhmimic"] = "Lycopolitan" aliases["Assiutic"] = "Lycopolitan" labels["Old Coptic"] = { plain_categories = {"Old Coptic"}, language = "cop", } labels["Oxyrhynchite"] = { Wikipedia = "Coptic language#Oxyrhynchite", plain_categories = {"Oxyrhynchite Coptic"}, language = "cop", } aliases["Mesokemic"] = "Oxyrhynchite" labels["Sahidic"] = { Wikipedia = "Coptic language#Sahidic", plain_categories = {"Sahidic Coptic"}, language = "cop", } aliases["Thebaic"] = "Sahidic" -- cop end -- D -- dcc start labels["Hyderabad"] = { Wikipedia = "Hyderabadi Deccani", plain_categories = {"Hyderabadi Deccani"}, language = "dcc", } -- dcc end -- de start labels["central Germany"] = { Wikipedia = "中部德语", plain_categories = {"中部德语"}, language = "de", } aliases["Central German"] = "central Germany" aliases["Central Germany"] = "central Germany" aliases["central German"] = "central Germany" aliases["中部德语"] = "central Germany" labels["Hessian"] = { Wikipedia = "黑森德语", plain_categories = {"黑森德语"}, language = "de", } aliases["Hessisch"] = "Hessian" aliases["黑森"] = "Hessian" labels["Northern Germany"] = { Wikipedia = "北德國", plain_categories = {"北部德语"}, language = "de", } aliases["northern Germany"] = "Northern Germany" aliases["Northern German"] = "Northern Germany" aliases["northern German"] = "Northern Germany" aliases["North Germany"] = "Northern Germany" aliases["north Germany"] = "Northern Germany" aliases["North German"] = "Northern Germany" aliases["north German"] = "Northern Germany" aliases["北部德语"] = "Northern Germany" labels["Northern and Central Germany"] = { display = "德国中部、北部", plain_categories = {"北部德语", "中部德语"}, language = "de", } aliases["northern and central Germany"] = "Northern and Central Germany" aliases["Northern and Central German"] = "Northern and Central Germany" aliases["northern and central German"] = "Northern and Central Germany" aliases["North and Central Germany"] = "Northern and Central Germany" aliases["north and central Germany"] = "Northern and Central Germany" aliases["North and Central German"] = "Northern and Central Germany" aliases["north and central German"] = "Northern and Central Germany" aliases["德国中北部"] = "Northern and Central Germany" labels["Southern German"] = { plain_categories = {"南部德语"}, language = "de", } aliases["southern German"] = "Southern German" aliases["South German"] = "Southern German" aliases["south German"] = "Southern German" aliases["南部德语"] = "Southern German" labels["Swiss German"] = { display = "瑞士", Wikipedia = "瑞士德语", plain_categories = {"瑞士德语"}, language = "de", } aliases["瑞士"] = "Swiss German" labels["Switzerland and Liechtenstein spelling"] = { display = "[[瑞士]]和[[列支敦士登]]", plain_categories = {"瑞士和列支敦士登德语词形"}, language = "de", } aliases["SLDE"] = "Switzerland and Liechtenstein spelling" -- de end labels["Vegliot"] = { Wikipedia = "Vegliot dialect", plain_categories = {"Vegliot Dalmatian"}, language = "dlm", } aliases["Krk"] = "Vegliot" -- dru start labels["東魯凱"] = { display = "[[東魯凱語|東]]", plain_categories = { "東魯凱語" }, language = "dru", } aliases["東魯凱語"] = "東" labels["霧臺"] = { display = "[[霧臺魯凱語|霧臺]]", plain_categories = { "霧臺魯凱語" }, language = "dru", } aliases["霧臺魯凱"] = "霧臺" aliases["霧臺魯凱語"] = "霧臺" aliases["霧台"] = "霧臺" aliases["霧台魯凱"] = "霧臺" aliases["霧台魯凱語"] = "霧臺" labels["大武"] = { display = "[[大武魯凱語|大武]]", plain_categories = { "大武魯凱語" }, language = "dru", } aliases["大武魯凱"] = "大武" aliases["大武魯凱語"] = "大武" labels["多納"] = { display = "[[多納魯凱語|多納]]", plain_categories = { "多納魯凱語" }, language = "dru", } aliases["多納魯凱"] = "多納" aliases["多納魯凱語"] = "多納" labels["茂林"] = { display = "[[茂林魯凱語|茂林]]", plain_categories = { "茂林魯凱語" }, language = "dru", } aliases["茂林魯凱"] = "茂林" aliases["茂林魯凱語"] = "茂林" labels["萬山"] = { display = "[[萬山魯凱語|萬山]]", plain_categories = { "萬山魯凱語" }, language = "dru", } aliases["萬山魯凱"] = "萬山" aliases["萬山魯凱語"] = "萬山" -- dru end -- E -- el start labels["克里特"] = { Wikipedia = "克里特希臘語", plain_categories = {"克里特希臘語"}, language = "el", } aliases["Cretan"] = "克里特" aliases["cretan"] = "克里特" aliases["Crete"] = "克里特" labels["Kaliarda"] = { display = "[[Kaliarda]]", plain_categories = {"Kaliarda"}, language = "el", } aliases["Kaliarnta"] = "Kaliarda" labels["Katharevousa"] = { display = "[[Katharevousa#English|Katharevousa]]", plain_categories = { "Katharevousa" }, language = "el", } labels["Maniot"] = { Wikipedia = "Maniot dialect", plain_categories = {"Maniot Greek"}, language = "el", } aliases["maniot"] = "Maniot" -- el end -- en start labels["非洲裔美國人白話英語"] = { display = "非洲裔美國人白話英語", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"非洲裔美國人白話英語"}, language = "en", } aliases["African-American Vernacular English"] = "非洲裔美國人白話英語" aliases["AAVE"] = "非洲裔美國人白話英語" aliases["African American Vernacular English"] = "非洲裔美國人白話英語" aliases["ebonics"] = "非洲裔美國人白話英語" labels["非洲裔美國人英語"] = { display = "非洲裔美國人英語", Wikipedia = ":en:African-American English", plain_categories = {"非洲裔美國人英語"}, language = "en", } aliases["AA"] = "非洲裔美國人英語" aliases["African-American"] = "非洲裔美國人英語" aliases["African American"] = "非洲裔美國人英語" aliases["African American English"] = "非洲裔美國人英語" labels["澳洲英語"] = { display = "澳洲英語", plain_categories = {"澳洲英語"}, language = "en", } aliases["Australian English"] = "澳洲英語" labels["澳洲原住民英語"] = { display = "澳洲原住民英語", Wikipedia = ":en:Australian Aboriginal English", plain_categories = {"澳洲原住民英語"}, language = "en", } aliases["Australian Aboriginal"] = "澳洲原住民英語" aliases["Australian Aboriginal English"] = "澳洲原住民英語" labels["Birmingham"] = { display = "[[wikipedia:Brummie|Birmingham]]", plain_categories = {"Birmingham English"}, language = "en", } aliases["Brummie"] = "Birmingham" aliases["Brummy"] = "Birmingham" labels["英國英語"] = { display = "英国", Wikipedia = "英国英语", plain_categories = {"英国英语"}, language = "en", } aliases["英國"] = "英國英語" aliases["英国"] = "英國英語" aliases["英式"] = "英國英語" aliases["British English"] = "英國英語" labels["Canadian English"] = { display = "加拿大", Wikipedia = "加拿大英語", plain_categories = {"加拿大英語"}, language = "en", } labels["Chinglish"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中式英語"}, language = "en", } labels["Cockney"] = { Wikipedia = "Cockney#Speech", plain_categories = {"Cockney English"}, language = "en", } labels["East Anglian English"] = { display = "East Anglia", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"East Anglian English"}, language = "en", } labels["East Midlands English"] = { display = "East Midlands", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"East Midlands English"}, language = "en", } labels["Geordie"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Geordie English"}, language = "en", } labels["Indian English"] = { display = "India", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Indian English"}, language = "en", } labels["Jamaican English"] = { display = "Jamaican", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Jamaican English"}, language = "en", } aliases["Jamaica"] = "Jamaican English" aliases["Jamaican"] = "Jamaican English" aliases["Jamaican Standard English"] = "Jamaican English" labels["Midlands English"] = { display = "Midlands", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Midlands English"}, language = "en", } labels["Midland US"] = { Wikipedia = "Midland American English", plain_categories = {"Midland US English"}, language = "en", } aliases["North Midland US"] = "Midland US" --split North and South off? aliases["Northern Midland US"] = "Midland US" aliases["South Midland US"] = "Midland US" aliases["Southern Midland US"] = "Midland US" labels["Multicultural London English"] = { display = "MLE", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Multicultural London English"}, language = "en", } aliases["MLE"] = "Multicultural London English" labels["New Zealand English"] = { display = "New Zealand", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"New Zealand English"}, language = "en", } labels["Non-Oxford British spelling"] = { display = "Non-[[w:Oxford spelling|Oxford]] [[British English]]", plain_categories = {"British English forms"}, language = "en", } aliases["non-Oxford British spelling"] = "Non-Oxford British spelling" aliases["Non-Oxford"] = "Non-Oxford British spelling" aliases["non-Oxford"] = "Non-Oxford British spelling" labels["北美"] = { display = "[[加拿大]]、[[美國]]", plain_categories = {"加拿大英語", "美國英語"}, language = "en", } aliases["North American"] = "北美" aliases["North America"] = "北美" labels["Oxford British spelling"] = { display = "[[w:Oxford spelling|Oxford]] [[British English]]", plain_categories = {"Oxford spellings"}, language = "en", } aliases["Oxford"] = "Oxford British spelling" labels["Pennsylvania Dutch English"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Pennsylvania Dutch English"}, language = "en", } labels["Potteries"] = { Wikipedia = "Potteries dialect", plain_categories = {"Potteries English"}, language = "en", } aliases["Potteries dialect"] = "Potteries" labels["Scottish English"] = { display = "Scotland", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Scottish English"}, language = "en", } labels["Singlish"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Singlish"}, language = "en", } aliases["Colloquial Singaporean English"] = "Singlish" aliases["Colloquial Singapore English"] = "Singlish" labels["Shropshire"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Shropshire English"}, language = "en", } aliases["Shropshire dialect"] = "Shropshire" aliases["Shrops"] = "Shropshire" aliases["Salop"] = "Shropshire" aliases["Salopian"] = "Shropshire" labels["South African English"] = { display = "South Africa", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"South African English"}, language = "en", } labels["Southern England English"] = { display = "Southern England", Wikipedia = "English in southern England", plain_categories = {"Southern England English"}, language = "en", } aliases["Southern English"] = "Southern England English" aliases["Southern English dialect"] = "Southern England English" labels["Southern US English"] = { display = "Southern US", Wikipedia = "Southern American English", plain_categories = {"Southern US English"}, language = "en", } aliases["Southern American English"] = "Southern US English" labels["Sussex"] = { Wikipedia = "Sussex dialect", plain_categories = {"Sussex English"}, language = "en", } labels["Tyneside"] = { plain_categories = {"Geordie English"}, language = "en", } aliases["Geordie"] = "Tyneside" labels["US English"] = { display = "US", Wikipedia = "American English", plain_categories = {"American English"}, language = "en", } aliases["U.S. English"] = "US English" aliases["American English"] = "US English" labels["West Country English"] = { display = "West Country", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"West Country English"}, language = "en", } aliases["West Country dialect"] = "West Country English" labels["West Midlands English"] = { display = "West Midlands", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"West Midlands English"}, language = "en", } aliases["West Midlands dialect"] = "West Midlands English" -- en end -- enm start labels["早期中古英語"] = { Wikipedia = "中古英語#早期中古英語", plain_categories = {"早期中古英語"}, language = "enm", } aliases["Early Middle English"] = "早期中古英語" aliases["Early ME"] = "早期中古英語" aliases["Earlier ME"] = "早期中古英語" aliases["early ME"] = "早期中古英語" labels["East Midland Middle English"] = { display = "East Midlands", plain_categories = {"East Midland Middle English"}, language = "enm", } aliases["East Midlands ME"] = "East Midland Middle English" aliases["East Midland ME"] = "East Midland Middle English" labels["Late Middle English"] = { Wikipedia = "Middle English#Late Middle English", plain_categories = {"Late Middle English"}, language = "enm", } aliases["Late ME"] = "Late Middle English" aliases["Later ME"] = "Late Middle English" aliases["late ME"] = "Late Middle English" labels["Northern Middle English"] = { display = "Northern", plain_categories = {"Northern Middle English"}, language = "enm", } aliases["Northern ME"] = "Northern Middle English" aliases["North ME"] = "Northern Middle English" labels["Ormulum"] = { Wikipedia = "Ormulum", plain_categories = {"Middle English terms unique to the Ormulum"}, language = "enm", } labels["Southern Middle English"] = { display = "Southern", plain_categories = {"Southern Middle English"}, language = "enm", } aliases["Southern ME"] = "Southern Middle English" aliases["South ME"] = "Southern Middle English" aliases["Southwest ME"] = "Southern Middle English" labels["West Midland Middle English"] = { display = "West Midlands", plain_categories = {"West Midland Middle English"}, language = "enm", } aliases["West Midlands ME"] = "West Midland Middle English" aliases["West Midland ME"] = "West Midland Middle English" -- enm end -- es start labels["Latin America"] = { plain_categories = {"Latin American Spanish"}, language = "es", } aliases["Latin American Spanish"] = "Latin America" labels["US Spanish"] = { display = "[[w:Spanish language in the United States|US]]", plain_categories = {"United States Spanish"}, language = "es", } aliases["United States Spanish"] = "US Spanish" -- es end -- eu start labels["Biscayan"] = { Wikipedia = "Biscayan dialect", plain_categories = {"Biscayan Basque"}, language = "eu", } labels["Gipuzkoan"] = { Wikipedia = "Gipuzkoan dialect", plain_categories = {"Gipuzkoan Basque"}, language = "eu", } labels["Navarrese"] = { Wikipedia = "Upper Navarrese dialect", plain_categories = {"Navarrese Basque"}, language = "eu", } labels["Navarro-Lapurdian"] = { Wikipedia = "Navarro-Lapurdian dialect", plain_categories = {"Navarro-Lapurdian Basque"}, language = "eu", } labels["Souletin"] = { Wikipedia = "Souletin dialect", plain_categories = {"Souletin Basque"}, language = "eu", } -- eu end -- F -- fa start labels["Dari"] = { Wikipedia = "Dari language", plain_categories = {"Dari"}, language = "fa", } aliases["prs"] = "Dari" labels["Sistani"] = { Wikipedia = "Sistani dialect", plain_categories = {"Sistani Persian"}, language = "fa", } -- fa end -- fi start labels["Helsinki slang"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Helsinki slang"}, language = "fi", } labels["Finglish"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Finglish"}, language = "fi", } -- fi end -- fiu-fin-pro start labels["Northern Finnic"] = { plain_categories = {"Northern Proto-Finnic"}, language = "fiu-fin-pro", } -- fiu-fin-pro end -- fr labels["European French"] = { display = "Europe", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"European French"}, language = "fr", } labels["Ivory Coast French"] = { display = "Ivory Coast", Wikipedia = "African French#Abidjan French vocabulary", plain_categories = {"Ivorian French"}, language = "fr", } aliases["Ivory Coast"] = "Ivory Coast French" aliases["Côte d’Ivoire"] = "Ivory Coast French" aliases["Côte d'Ivoire"] = "Ivory Coast French" aliases["Ivorian"] = "Ivory Coast French" labels["Ivory Coast French slang"] = { display = "Ivory Coast slang", Wikipedia = "fr:Nouchi", plain_categories = {"Ivorian French"}, language = "fr", } aliases["nouchi"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" aliases["Nouchi"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" aliases["noussi"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" aliases["Noussi"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" aliases["Ivory Coast slang"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" aliases["Côte d’Ivoire slang"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" aliases["Côte d'Ivoire slang"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" aliases["Ivorian slang"] = "Ivory Coast French slang" labels["Louisiana French"] = { display = "Louisiana", Wikipedia = "Cajun French", plain_categories = {"Louisiana French"}, language = "fr", } -- fr end labels["Anglo-Norman"] = { Wikipedia = "Anglo-Norman language", plain_categories = {"Anglo-Norman Old French"}, language = "fro", } -- frr start labels["Halligen"] = { Wikipedia = "Halligen Frisian", plain_categories = {"Halligen North Frisian"}, language = "frr" } aliases["Halligen Dialect"] = "Halligen" aliases["Hallifreesk"] = "Halligen" aliases["Halligen dialect"] = "Halligen" aliases["Halligen Frisian"] = "Halligen" aliases["Hallig Frisian"] = "Halligen" aliases["Hallig"] = "Halligen" aliases["Hallig dialect"] = "Halligen" labels["Mooring"] = { Wikipedia = "Mooring (North Frisian dialect)", plain_categories = {"Mooring North Frisian"}, language = "frr", } aliases["Mooring dialect"] = "Mooring" -- frr end -- fy start labels["Clay"] = { Wikipedia = "Clay Frisian", plain_categories = {"Clay Frisian"}, language = "fy", } aliases["Clay Frisian"] = "Clay" labels["Wood"] = { Wikipedia = "Wood Frisian", plain_categories = {"Wood Frisian"}, language = "fy", } aliases["Wood Frisian"] = "Wood" -- fy end -- G -- ga start labels["Cois Fharraige"] = { Wikipedia = "Gaeltacht Cois Fharraige", plain_categories = {"Cois Fharraige Irish"}, language = "ga", } aliases["Cois Fhairrge"] = "Cois Fharraige" labels["Kerry"] = { Wikipedia = "Kerry Gaeltacht", plain_categories = {"Munster Irish"}, language = "ga", } labels["Waterford"] = { Wikipedia = "Gaeltacht na nDéise", plain_categories = {"Munster Irish"}, language = "ga", } -- ga end -- gem-pro start labels["East Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "East Germanic languages", plain_categories = {"East Proto-Germanic"}, language = "gem-pro", } labels["North Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "North Germanic languages", plain_categories = {"North Proto-Germanic"}, language = "gem-pro", } labels["Northwest Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "Northwest Germanic languages", plain_categories = {"Northwest Proto-Germanic"}, language = "gem-pro", } labels["West Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "West Germanic languages", plain_categories = {"West Proto-Germanic"}, language = "gem-pro", } -- gem-pro end labels["Apulia"] = { display = "[[Apulia]]", plain_categories = {"Apulian Greek"}, language = "grk-ita", } aliases["Apulian"] = "Apulia" -- gmw-cfr start labels["Aachen"] = { Wikipedia = "Aachen dialect", plain_categories = {"Aachen Franconian"}, language = "gmw-cfr", } labels["Kölsch"] = { Wikipedia = "Colognian language", plain_categories = {"Kölsch"}, language = "gmw-cfr", } aliases["Colognian"] = "Kölsch" aliases["Cologne"] = "Kölsch" aliases["Köln"] = "Kölsch" labels["Moselle Franconian"] = { Wikipedia = "Moselle Franconian dialects", plain_categories = {"Moselle Franconian"}, language = "gmw-cfr", } aliases["Moselfränkisch"] = "Moselle Franconian" labels["Ripuarian"] = { Wikipedia = "Ripuarian language", plain_categories = {"Ripuarian Franconian"}, language = "gmw-cfr", } aliases["Ripuarian Franconian"] = "Ripuarian" aliases["Ripuarisch"] = "Ripuarian" -- gmw-cfr end -- gmw-ecg start labels["Silesian"] = { Wikipedia = "Silesian German", plain_categories = {"Silesian German"}, language = "gmw-ecg", }-- gmw-ecg dialect; cf Upper Saxon, also "Silesia" at /regional. don't add "Silesia" alias labels["Upper Saxon"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Upper Saxon"}, language = "gmw-ecg", } aliases["Upper Saxony"] = "Upper Saxon" aliases["Upper Saxon German"] = "Upper Saxony" --gmw-ecg dialect; cf Silesian; move to data/subvarieties? -- gmw-ecg end -- gmw-pro start labels["Frankish"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Frankish"}, language = "gmw-pro", } labels["Elbe Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "Elbe Germanic", plain_categories = {"Elbe Germanic"}, language = "gmw-pro", } labels["North Sea Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "North Sea Germanic", plain_categories = {"North Sea Germanic"}, language = "gmw-pro", } labels["Weser-Rhine Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "Weser-Rhine Germanic", plain_categories = {"Weser-Rhine Germanic"}, language = "gmw-pro", } labels["Anglo-Frisian Germanic"] = { Wikipedia = "Anglo-Frisian languages", plain_categories = {"Anglo-Frisian Germanic"}, language = "gmw-pro", } -- gmw-pro end -- gmw-rfr start labels["East Palatine"] = { display = "Vorderpfälzisch", Wikipedia = "Palatine German language", plain_categories = {"East Palatine German"}, language = "gmw-rfr", } aliases["Vorderpfälzisch"] = "East Palatine" labels["Hessian"] = { Wikipedia = "Hessian dialects", plain_categories = {"Hessian German"}, language = "gmw-rfr", } aliases["Hesse"] = "Hessian" aliases["Hessen"] = "Hessian" aliases["Hessisch"] = "Hessian" labels["Palatine German"] = { display = "Palatine", Wikipedia = "Palatine German language", plain_categories = {"Palatine German"}, language = "gmw-rfr", } aliases["Palatinate German"] = "Palatine German" aliases["Pälzisch"] = "Palatine German" aliases["Pfälzisch"] = "Palatine German" aliases["Palatine"] = "Palatine German" -- remove if other languages have 'palatine' varieties labels["South Hessian"] = { plain_categories = {"South Hessian German"}, language = "gmw-rfr", } aliases["South Hesse"] = "South Hessian" aliases["south Hesse"] = "South Hessian" aliases["South Hessen"] = "South Hessian" aliases["south Hessen"] = "South Hessian" aliases["south Hessian"] = "South Hessian" aliases["Südhessisch"] = "South Hessian" labels["West Palatine"] = { display = "Westpfälzisch", Wikipedia = "Palatine German language", plain_categories = {"West Palatine German"}, language = "gmw-rfr", } aliases["Westpfälzisch"] = "West Palatine" -- gmw-rfr end labels["Lombardic"] = { Wikipedia = "Lombardic language", plain_categories = {"Lombardic"}, language = "goh", } -- grc start labels["伊歐里斯"] = { Wikipedia = "伊歐里斯希臘語", display = "[[w:伊歐里斯希臘語|伊歐里斯]]", plain_categories = {"伊歐里斯希臘語"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Aeolic"] = "伊歐里斯" aliases["Aeolic Greek"] = "伊歐里斯" labels["Arcadocypriot"] = { Wikipedia = "Arcadocypriot Greek", plain_categories = {"Arcadocypriot Greek"}, language = "grc" } aliases["Arcadocypriot Greek"] = "Arcadocypriot" labels["阿提卡"] = { Wikipedia = "阿提卡希臘語", display = "[[w:阿提卡希臘語|阿提卡]]", plain_categories = {"阿提卡希臘語"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Attic Greek"] = "阿提卡" aliases["Attic"] = "阿提卡" labels["Boeotian"] = { Wikipedia = "Boeotian Greek", plain_categories = {"Boeotian Greek"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Boeotian Greek"] = "Boeotian" labels["Old Attic"] = { Wikipedia = "Attic Greek", plain_categories = {"Attic Greek"}, language = "grc", } labels["拜占庭"] = { Wikipedia = "中古希臘語", display = "[[w:中古希臘語|拜占庭]]", plain_categories = {"拜占庭希臘語"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Byzantine Greek"] = "拜占庭" aliases["Medieval Greek"] = "拜占庭" aliases["Byzantine"] = "拜占庭" aliases["拜占廷"] = "拜占庭" labels["多利安"] = { Wikipedia = "en:Doric Greek", display = "[[w:en:Doric Greek|多利安]]", plain_categories = {"多利安希臘語"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Megarian"] = "多利安" aliases["Doric"] = "多利安" labels["史詩希臘語"] = { Wikipedia = "en:Homeric Greek", display = "[[w:en:Homeric Greek|史詩]]", plain_categories = {"史詩希臘語"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Homeric"] = "史詩希臘語" aliases["Epic Greek"] = "史詩希臘語" aliases["Epic"] = "史詩希臘語" aliases["Homeric Greek"] = "史詩希臘語" aliases["史诗希腊语"] = "史詩希臘語" labels["愛奧尼亞"] = { Wikipedia = "愛奧尼亞希臘語", display = "[[w:愛奧尼亞希臘語|愛奧尼亞]]", plain_categories = {"愛奧尼亞希臘語"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Ionic Greek"] = "愛奧尼亞" aliases["Ionic"] = "愛奧尼亞" aliases["爱奥尼亚"] = "愛奧尼亞" labels["通用希臘語"] = { Wikipedia = "通用希臘語", display = "[[w:通用希臘語|通用]]", plain_categories = {"通用希臘語"}, language = "grc", } aliases["Koine Greek"] = "通用希臘語" aliases["Hellenistic"] = "通用希臘語" aliases["Hellenistic Koine"] = "通用希臘語" aliases["Koine"] = "通用希臘語" aliases["通用希腊语"] = "通用希臘語" labels["Laconian"] = { Wikipedia = "Doric Greek#Laconian", plain_categories = {"Doric Greek"}, language = "grc", } -- grc end -- gsw start labels["Alsatian"] = { Wikipedia = "Alsatian dialect", plain_categories = {"Alsatian German"}, language = "gsw", } aliases["Elsässisch"] = "Alsatian" aliases["Alsatian"] = "Alsatian" aliases["Alsacien"] = "Alsatian" aliases["Alsatian German"] = "Alsatian" aliases["Alsace"] = "Alsatian" labels["Carcoforo"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Carcoforo Walser"}, language = "gsw", } labels["Formazza"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Formazza Walser"}, language = "gsw", } labels["Gressoney"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Gressoney Walser"}, language = "gsw", } labels["Issime"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Issime Walser"}, language = "gsw", } labels["Rimella and Campello Monti"] = { display = "[[w:Rimella|Rimella]] and [[:it:w:Campello Monti|Campello Monti]]", plain_categories = {"Rimella and Campello Monti Walser"}, language = "gsw", } aliases["Rimella"] = "Rimella and Campello Monti" aliases["Campello Monti"] = "Rimella and Campello Monti" aliases["RCM"] = "Rimella and Campello Monti" labels["Walser"] = { Wikipedia = "Walser German", plain_categories = {"Walser German"}, language = "gsw", } aliases["wae"] = "Walser" aliases["Waser German"] = "Walser" aliases["Walserdeutsch"] = "Walser" -- gsw end labels["Lisan ud-Dawat"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Lisan ud-Dawat Gujarati"}, language = "gu", } aliases["LDA"] = "Lisan ud-Dawat" aliases["Lisaan ud-Da'wat"] = "Lisan ud-Dawat" aliases["Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah"] = "Lisan ud-Dawat" -- H -- he start labels["聖經希伯來語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"聖經希伯來語"}, language = "he", } aliases["Biblical Hebrew"] = "聖經希伯來語" aliases["hbo"] = "聖經希伯來語" aliases["Classical Hebrew"] = "聖經希伯來語" aliases["Ancient Hebrew"] = "聖經希伯來語" aliases["Old Hebrew"] = "聖經希伯來語" labels["中世紀希伯來語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Medieval Hebrew"}, language = "he", } aliases["Medieval Hebrew"] = "中世紀希伯來語" labels["Mishnaic Hebrew"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Mishnaic Hebrew"}, language = "he", } aliases["Mishnaic"] = "Mishnaic Hebrew" -- he end -- hi start labels["Bombay"] = { Wikipedia = "Bombay Hindi", plain_categories = {"Bombay Hindi"}, language = "hi", } aliases["Bambaiyya"] = "Bombay" aliases["Mumbai"] = "Bombay" labels["Braj"] = { Wikipedia = "Braj Bhasha", plain_categories = {"Braj Bhāṣā"}, language = "hi", } labels["Hariyanvi"] = { display = "Hariyāṇvī", Wikipedia = "Hariyanvi language", plain_categories = {"Hariyāṇvī"}, language = "hi", } aliases["Hariyana"] = "Hariyanvi" -- hi end -- hit start labels["Middle Hittite"] = { Wikipedia = true, language = "hit", plain_categories = { "Middle Hittite" }, } labels["Old Hittite"] = { Wikipedia = true, language = "hit", plain_categories = { "Old Hittite" }, } labels["New Hittite"] = { Wikipedia = true, language = "hit", plain_categories = { "New Hittite" }, } aliases["Neo-Hittite"] = "New Hittite" -- hit end -- hy start labels["Ararat"] = { Wikipedia = "Araratian dialect", plain_categories = {"Ararat Armenian"}, language = "hy", } labels["Eastern Armenian"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Eastern Armenian"}, language = "hy", } labels["Hamshen"] = { Wikipedia = "Homshetsi dialect", plain_categories = {"Hamshen Armenian"}, language = "hy", } aliases["Homshetsi"] = "Hamshen" aliases["Homshetsma"] = "Hamshen" labels["Karabakh"] = { Wikipedia = "Karabakh dialect (Armenian)", plain_categories = {"Karabakh Armenian"}, language = "hy", } aliases["Gharabagh"] = "Karabakh" aliases["Artsakh"] = "Karabakh" labels["traditional orthography"] = { Wikipedia = "Classical Armenian orthography", plain_categories = {"Armenian Traditional orthography forms"}, language = "hy", } aliases["TAO"] = "traditional orthography" labels["Western Armenian"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Western Armenian"}, language = "hy", } -- hy end -- I -- inc-ash start labels["Allahabad"] = { Wikipedia = "Allahabad pillar", plain_categories = {"Kosambi Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Delhi-Meerut"] = { Wikipedia = "Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Delhi-Meerut pillar", plain_categories = {"Delhi-Meerut Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } aliases["Meerut"] = "Delhi-Meerut" labels["Delhi-Topra"] = { Wikipedia = "Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Delhi-Topra pillar", plain_categories = {"Delhi-Topra Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } aliases["Topra"] = "Delhi-Topra" labels["Dhauli"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Dhauli Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Girnar"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Girnar Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Gujarra"] = { plain_categories = {"Gujarra Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Jaugada"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Jaugada Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Kalsi"] = { Wikipedia = "Rock edicts of Khalsi", plain_categories = {"Kalsi Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Lumbini"] = { Wikipedia = "Lumbini pillar inscription", plain_categories = {"Lumbini Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Mansehra"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Mansehra Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Maski"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Maski Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Shahbazgarhi"] = { Wikipedia = "Shahbaz Garhi", plain_categories = {"Shahbazgarhi Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Sopara"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Sopara Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } labels["Yerragudi"] = { plain_categories = {"Yerragudi Ashokan Prakrit"}, language = "inc-ash", } -- inc-ash end -- it start labels["central Italy"] = { Wikipedia = "Central Italian", plain_categories = {"Central Italian"}, language = "it", } aliases["Central Italian"] = "central Italy" aliases["Central Italy"] = "central Italy" aliases["central Italian"] = "central Italy" labels["northern Italy"] = { Wikipedia = "Northern Italy", plain_categories = {"Northern Italian"}, language = "it", } aliases["Northern Italian"] = "northern Italy" aliases["Northern Italy"] = "northern Italy" aliases["northern Italian"] = "northern Italy" labels["Rome"] = { Wikipedia = "Romanesco dialect", plain_categories = {"Romanesco Italian"}, language = "it", } aliases["Roman Italian"] = "Rome" aliases["Romanesco Italian"] = "Rome" aliases["Roman"] = "Rome" aliases["Romanesco"] = "Rome" labels["southern Italy"] = { Wikipedia = "Southern Italy", plain_categories = {"Southern Italian"}, language = "it", } aliases["Southern Italian"] = "southern Italy" aliases["Southern Italy"] = "southern Italy" aliases["southern Italian"] = "southern Italy" labels["Tuscany"] = { Wikipedia = "Tuscan dialect", plain_categories = {"Tuscan Italian"}, language = "it", } aliases["Tuscan"] = "Tuscany" -- it end -- iu start labels["Aivilik"] = { Wikipedia = "Aivilik dialect", plain_categories = {"Aivilik Inuktitut"}, language = "iu", } labels["Inuktun"] = { plain_categories = {"Inuktun Inuktitut"}, language = "iu", } aliases["Polar Eskimo"] = "Inuktun" labels["Inuttut"] = { plain_categories = {"Inuttut Inuktitut"}, language = "iu", } aliases["Nunatsiavummiutut"] = "Inuttut" aliases["Labradorimiutut"] = "Inuttut" labels["Itivimuit"] = { plain_categories = {"Itivimuit Inuktitut"}, language = "iu", } labels["Nunavik"] = { Wikipedia = "Inuktitut#Nunavik", plain_categories = {"Nunavik Inuktitut"}, language = "iu", } aliases["Nunavimmiutitut"] = "Nunavik" aliases["Inuttitut"] = "Nunavik" -- iu end -- J -- ja start labels["八丈語"] = { Wikipedia = "八丈語", plain_categories = {"八丈語"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Hachijō"] = "八丈語" aliases["Hachijo"] = "八丈語" labels["薩隅方言"] = { Wikipedia = ":en:Kagoshima dialect", plain_categories = {"薩隅方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Kagoshima"] = "薩隅方言" aliases["鹿児島弁"] = "薩隅方言" aliases["鹿兒島弁"] = "薩隅方言" labels["近畿方言"] = { Wikipedia = "近畿方言", plain_categories = {"近畿方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Kansai"] = "近畿方言" aliases["関西弁"] = "近畿方言" aliases["關西弁"] = "近畿方言" aliases["關西腔"] = "近畿方言" labels["Kumamoto"] = { Wikipedia = "Kumamoto dialect", plain_categories = {"Kumamoto Japanese"}, language = "ja", } labels["Nagoya"] = { Wikipedia = "Nagoya dialect", plain_categories = {"Nagoya Japanese"}, language = "ja", } labels["Okinawa"] = { Wikipedia = "Okinawan Japanese", plain_categories = {"Okinawa Japanese"}, language = "ja", } labels["Shizuoka"] = { plain_categories = {"Shizuoka Japanese"}, language = "ja", } labels["Toyama"] = { Wikipedia = "Toyama dialect", plain_categories = {"Toyama Japanese"}, language = "ja", } -- ja end labels["Cirebon"] = { plain_categories = {"Cirebon Javanese"}, language = "jv", } -- K labels["Ingilo"] = { Wikipedia = "Ingiloy people", plain_categories = {"Ingilo Georgian"}, language = "ka", } aliases["Ingiloy"] = "Ingilo" aliases["Saingilo"] = "Ingilo" labels["中古格魯吉亞語"] = { Wikipedia = "中古格魯吉亞語", plain_categories = {"中古格魯吉亞語"}, language = "ka", } aliases["Middle Georgian"] = "中古格魯吉亞語" -- kea start labels["Barlavento"] = { Wikipedia = "Barlavento Islands", plain_categories = {"Barlavento Kabuverdianu"}, language = "kea", } labels["Santiago"] = { Wikipedia = "Santiago, Cape Verde", plain_categories = {"Santiago Kabuverdianu"}, language = "kea", } aliases["Badiú"] = "Santiago" aliases["Badiú or Santiago"] = "Santiago" labels["Sotavento"] = { Wikipedia = "Sotavento Islands", plain_categories = {"Sotavento Kabuverdianu"}, language = "kea", } -- kea end -- ko start labels["忠清方言"] = { Wikipedia = "忠清方言", plain_categories = {"忠清方言"}, language = "ko", } aliases["忠清道方言"] = "忠清方言" aliases["Chungcheong dialect"] = "忠清方言" labels["忠南"] = { Wikipedia = "忠清方言", plain_categories = {"忠南朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Chungnam"] = "忠南" labels["嶺東"] = { Wikipedia = "嶺東方言", plain_categories = {"嶺東朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Kangwon"] = "嶺東" aliases["Kangwŏn"] = "嶺東" aliases["Gangwon"] = "嶺東" aliases["江原"] = "嶺東" aliases["江原方言"] = "嶺東" labels["京畿"] = { Wikipedia = "京畿方言", plain_categories = {"京畿朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Gyeonggi"] = "京畿" aliases["京畿方言"] = "京畿" aliases["首爾"] = "京畿" aliases["首爾方言"] = "京畿" labels["慶尚"] = { Wikipedia = "慶尚方言", plain_categories = {"慶尚朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Gyeongsang"] = "慶尚" aliases["慶尚方言"] = "慶尚" aliases["慶尚道方言"] = "慶尚" labels["咸鏡"] = { Wikipedia = "咸鏡方言", plain_categories = {"咸鏡朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Hamgyŏng"] = "咸鏡" aliases["Hamgyeong"] = "咸鏡" aliases["Hamgyong"] = "咸鏡" aliases["咸鏡方言"] = "咸鏡" labels["黃海"] = { Wikipedia = "黃海方言", plain_categories = {"黃海朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } labels["高麗語"] = { Wikipedia = "高麗語 (蘇聯)", plain_categories = {"高麗語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Koryo-mar"] = "高麗語" labels["朝鮮"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"文化語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["文化語"] = "朝鮮" aliases["北韓"] = "朝鮮" aliases["North Korea"] = "朝鮮" labels["平安"] = { Wikipedia = "平安道方言", plain_categories = {"平安道方言"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Pyongan"] = "平安" aliases["P'yŏng'an"] = "平安" aliases["Pyong'an"] = "平安" aliases["Pyŏngan"] = "平安" aliases["P'yŏngan"] = "平安" aliases["Pyeongan"] = "平安" aliases["Pyeong'an"] = "平安" aliases["Pyeong-an"] = "平安" aliases["平安方言"] = "平安" aliases["平安道方言"] = "平安" labels["韓國"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"韓國標準語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["韓國標準語"] = "韓國" labels["延邊"] = { Wikipedia = "中國朝鮮語", plain_categories = {"延邊朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Yanbian"] = "延邊" labels["在日朝鮮語"] = { Wikipedia = "在日朝鮮語", plain_categories = {"在日朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["在日韓國語"] = "在日朝鮮語" labels["六鎮"] = { Wikipedia = "六镇方言", plain_categories = {"六鎮朝鮮語"}, language = "ko", } aliases["Yukjin"] = "六鎮" labels["Early Modern"] = { plain_categories = {"Early Modern Korean"}, language="ko", } labels["highly formal Literary Chinese-style Korean"] = { plain_categories = {"Literary Chinese-style Korean"}, language="ko", } aliases["Hanmuntu"] = "highly formal Literary Chinese-style Korean" labels["speech of the royal court"] = { plain_categories = {"Joseon court Korean"}, language="ko", } aliases["Gungjung"] = "speech of the royal court" labels["ginseng-harvesters' cant"] = { display = "[[심마니말|人蔘採集者俚語]]", plain_categories = {"朝鮮人蔘採集者俚語"}, language="ko", } aliases["Simmani"] = "ginseng-harvesters' cant" labels["seong-eo"] = { display = "[[고사성어|來自文言文的成語]]", plain_categories = { "朝鮮語成語" }, language="ko", } aliases["俗語"] = "seong-eo" -- ko end labels["Catholic"] = { Wikipedia = "Goan Catholics", plain_categories = {"Catholic Konkani"}, language = "kok" } -- krc start labels["Balkar"] = { plain_categories = {"Balkar"}, language = "krc", } labels["Karachay"] = { plain_categories = {"Karachay"}, language = "krc", } -- krc end -- kw start labels["Common Cornish"] = { Wikipedia = "Kernewek Kemmyn", plain_categories = {"Common Cornish spellings"}, language = "kw", } labels["Revived Late Cornish"] = { Wikipedia = "Modern Cornish", plain_categories = {"Revived Late Cornish spellings"}, language = "kw", } aliases["RLC"] = "Revived Late Cornish" labels["Standard Cornish"] = { Wikipedia = "Kernowek Standard", plain_categories = {"Standard Cornish spellings"}, language = "kw", } labels["Standard Written Form"] = { Wikipedia = "Standard Written Form", plain_categories = {"Standard Written Form Cornish spellings"}, language = "kw", } aliases["SWF"] = "Standard Written Form" labels["Unified Cornish"] = { Wikipedia = "Unified Cornish", plain_categories = {"Unified Cornish spellings"}, language = "kw", } aliases["UC"] = "Unified Cornish" labels["Unified Cornish Revised"] = { Wikipedia = "Unified Cornish#Unified Cornish, Revised", plain_categories = {"Unified Cornish Revised spellings"}, language = "kw", } aliases["UCR"] = "Unified Cornish Revised" -- kw end -- L -- la start labels["British Contemporary Latin"] = { display = "British [[w:Contemporary Latin|Contemporary Latin]]", plain_categories = {"British Contemporary Latin"}, language = "la", } aliases["Contemporary Anglo-Latin"] = "British Contemporary Latin" aliases["Contemporary British"] = "British Contemporary Latin" labels["British Late Latin"] = { display = "British [[w:Late Latin|Late Latin]]", plain_categories = {"British Late Latin"}, language = "la", } aliases["Late Anglo-Latin"] = "British Late Latin" aliases["Late British"] = "British Late Latin" labels["British Medieval Latin"] = { display = "British [[w:Medieval Latin|Medieval Latin]]", plain_categories = {"British Medieval Latin"}, language = "la", } aliases["British Mediaeval Latin"] = "British Medieval Latin" aliases["Mediaeval Anglo-Latin"] = "British Medieval Latin" aliases["Mediaeval British"] = "British Medieval Latin" aliases["Medieval Anglo-Latin"] = "British Medieval Latin" aliases["Medieval British"] = "British Medieval Latin" labels["British New Latin"] = { display = "British [[w:New Latin|New Latin]]", plain_categories = {"British New Latin"}, language = "la", } aliases["New Anglo-Latin"] = "British New Latin" aliases["New British"] = "British New Latin" labels["British Renaissance Latin"] = { display = "British [[w:Renaissance Latin|Renaissance Latin]]", plain_categories = {"British Renaissance Latin"}, language = "la", } aliases["Renaissance Anglo-Latin"] = "British Renaissance Latin" aliases["Renaissance British"] = "British Renaissance Latin" labels["British Vulgar Latin"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"British Vulgar Latin"}, language = "la", } aliases["Vulgar Anglo-Latin"] = "British Vulgar Latin" aliases["Vulgar British"] = "British Vulgar Latin" labels["教會拉丁語"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "[[w:教會拉丁語|教會拉丁語]]", plain_categories = {"教會拉丁語"}, language = "la", } aliases["Church Latin"] = "教會拉丁語" aliases["Ecclesiastical Latin"] = "教會拉丁語" aliases["教会拉丁语"] = "教會拉丁語" labels["晚期拉丁語"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "[[w:晚期拉丁語|晚期拉丁語]]", plain_categories = {"晚期拉丁語"}, language = "la", } aliases["Late Latin"] = "晚期拉丁語" aliases["晚期拉丁语"] = "晚期拉丁語" labels["中世紀拉丁語"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "[[w:中世紀拉丁語|中世紀期拉丁語]]", plain_categories = {"中世紀拉丁語"}, language = "la", } aliases["Medieval Latin"] = "中世紀拉丁語" aliases["中世纪拉丁语"] = "中世紀拉丁語" labels["新拉丁語"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "[[w:新拉丁語|新拉丁語]]", plain_categories = {"新拉丁語"}, language = "la", } aliases["New Latin"] = "新拉丁語" aliases["新拉丁语"] = "新拉丁語" labels["現代拉丁語"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "[[w:現代拉丁語|現代拉丁語]]", plain_categories = {"現代拉丁語"}, language = "la", } aliases["Contemporary Latin"] = "現代拉丁語" aliases["现代拉丁语"] = "現代拉丁語" labels["古拉丁語"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "[[w:古體拉丁語|古拉丁語]]", plain_categories = {"古拉丁語"}, language = "la", } aliases["ante-classical"] = "古拉丁語" aliases["Old Latin"] = "古拉丁語" aliases["古拉丁语"] = "古拉丁語" aliases["古體拉丁語"] = "古拉丁語" aliases["古体拉丁语"] = "古拉丁語" labels["通俗拉丁語"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "[[w:通俗拉丁語|通俗拉丁語]]", plain_categories = {"通俗拉丁語"}, language = "la", } aliases["Vulgar Latin"] = "通俗拉丁語" aliases["通俗拉丁语"] = "通俗拉丁語" -- la end labels["Haketia"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Haketia"}, language = "lad" } aliases["Hakitia"] = "Haketia" aliases["Haquitía"] = "Haketia" labels["Maastrichtian"] = { Wikipedia = "Maastrichtian dialect", plain_categories = {"Maastrichtian Limburgish"}, language = "li", } -- M -- mch start labels["De'kwana"] = { display = "De'kwana dialect", plain_categories = {"De'kwana Maquiritari"}, language = "mch", } aliases["De'kwana dialect"] = "De'kwana" labels["Ye'kwana"] = { display = "Ye'kwana dialect", plain_categories = {"Ye'kwana Maquiritari"}, language = "mch", } aliases["Ye'kwana dialect"] = "Ye'kwana" -- mch end -- mco start labels["Ixcuintepec"] = { plain_categories = {"Ixcuintepec Mixe"}, language = "mco", } labels["Malacatepec"] = { plain_categories = {"Malacatepec Mixe"}, language = "mco", } -- mco end -- mh start labels["Rālik"] = { Wikipedia = "Rālik Chain", plain_categories = {"Rālik Marshallese"}, language = "mh" } aliases["Ralik"] = "Rālik" labels["Ratak"] = { Wikipedia = "Ratak Chain", plain_categories = {"Ratak Marshallese"}, language = "mh" } -- mh end -- mhd start labels["Inner Mbugu"] = { display = "[[Wiktionary:About Mbugu|Ma'a]]", plain_categories = {"Inner Mbugu"}, language = "mhd", } aliases["inner Mbugu"] = "Inner Mbugu" labels["Normal Mbugu"] = { display = "[[Wiktionary:About Mbugu|Mbugu]]", plain_categories = {"Normal Mbugu"}, language = "mhd", } aliases["normal Mbugu"] = "Normal Mbugu" -- mhd end -- mkh-okm start labels["Angkorian"] = { Wikipedia = "Khmer language#Historical periods", plain_categories = {"Angkorian Old Khmer"}, language = "mkh-okm", } labels["Pre-Angkorian"] = { Wikipedia = "Khmer language#Historical periods", plain_categories = {"Pre-Angkorian Old Khmer"}, language = "mkh-okm", } -- mkh-okm end -- mlm start labels["東門"] = { Wikipedia = "仫佬語#方言", plain_categories = {"東門仫佬語"}, language = "mlm", } aliases["Dongmen"] = "東門" labels["黃金"] = { Wikipedia = "仫佬語#方言", plain_categories = {"黃金仫佬語"}, language = "mlm", } aliases["Huangjin"] = "黃金" labels["龍岸"] = { Wikipedia = "仫佬語#方言", plain_categories = {"龍岸仫佬語"}, language = "mlm", } aliases["Long'an"] = "龍岸" labels[""] = { Wikipedia = "仫佬語#方言", plain_categories = {"橋頭仫佬語"}, language = "mlm" } aliases["Qiaotou"] = "橋頭" labels["四把"] = { Wikipedia = "仫佬語#方言", plain_categories = {"四把仫佬語"}, language = "mlm", } aliases["Siba"] = "四把" labels["下里"] = { Wikipedia = "仫佬語#方言", plain_categories = {"下里仫佬語"}, language = "mlm", } aliases["Xiali"] = "下里" -- mlm end -- ms start labels["Batavia"] = { display = "[[w:en:Betawi language|巴達維亞馬來語]]", plain_categories = {"巴達維亞馬來語"}, language = "ms", } aliases["Batavian"] = "Batavia" aliases["Betawi"] = "Batavia" aliases["巴達維亞"] = "Batavia" aliases["巴达维亚"] = "Batavia" labels["Hulu Pahang"] = { plain_categories = {"Hulu Pahang Malay"}, language = "ms", } labels["Minangkabau"] = { display = "[[w:米南佳保語|米南佳保馬來語]]", plain_categories = {"米南佳保馬來語"}, language = "ms", } aliases["米南佳保"] = "Minangkabau" labels["Pahang"] = { display = "[[w:彭亨|彭亨]]", plain_categories = {"彭亨馬來語"}, language = "ms", } aliases["彭亨"] = "Pahang" labels["Palace Malay"] = { plain_categories= {"Malay royal terms"}, language = "ms", } labels["Terengganu"] = { display = "[[w:en:Terengganu Malay|登嘉樓馬來語]]", plain_categories = {"登嘉樓馬來語"}, language = "ms", } aliases["登嘉樓"] = "Terengganu" aliases["登嘉楼"] = "Terengganu" aliases["丁加奴"] = "Terengganu" -- ms end -- mvi start labels["Aragusuku"] = { plain_categories = {"Aragusuku Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } labels["Hirara"] = { plain_categories = {"Hirara Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } aliases["Pїsara"] = "Hirara" aliases["Psїsara"] = "Hirara" labels["Ikema"] = { plain_categories = {"Ikema Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } aliases["Ikema Island"] = "Ikema" aliases["Ikemajima"] = "Ikema" aliases["Ikema-jima"] = "Ikema" aliases["Ikyaama"] = "Ikema" aliases["Ikyama"] = "Ikema" aliases["Ikima"] = "Ikema" labels["Irabu"] = { plain_categories = {"Irabu Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } aliases["Irav"] = "Irabu" aliases["Irau"] = "Irabu" aliases["Irabujima"] = "Irabu" aliases["Irabu-jima"] = "Irabu" aliases["Irabu Island"] = "Irabu" labels["Kurima"] = { display = "Kurima-jima", plain_categories = {"Kurijima Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } aliases["Kurima-jima"] = "Kurima" aliases["Kurimajima"] = "Kurima" aliases["Kurima Island"] = "Kurima" aliases["Kurema-jima"] = "Kurima" aliases["Kuremajima"] = "Kurima" aliases["Kurema"] = "Kurima" aliases["Kurema Island"] = "Kurima" aliases["Ffima"] = "Kurima" aliases["Ffyama"] = "Kurima" labels["Minna"] = { plain_categories = {"Minna Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } aliases["Minna-jima"] = "Minna" aliases["Minnajima"] = "Minna" aliases["Minna Island"] = "Minna" labels["Ōgami"] = { plain_categories = {"Ōgami Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } aliases["Ōgamijima"] = "Ōgami" aliases["Ōgami-jima"] = "Ōgami" aliases["Ōgami Island"] = "Ōgami" aliases["Ogami"] = "Ōgami" aliases["Ogamijima"] = "Ōgami" aliases["Ogami-jima"] = "Ōgami" aliases["Ogami Island"] = "Ōgami" labels["Tarama"] = { plain_categories = {"Tarama Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } labels["Yonaha"] = { plain_categories = {"Yonaha Miyako"}, language = "mvi", } -- mvi end labels["Mandalay"] = { Wikipedia = "Burmese language#Irrawaddy River valley", plain_categories = {"Mandalay Burmese"}, language = "my", } -- N -- nai-bvy start labels["Hometwoli"] = { plain_categories = {"Hometwoli Yokuts"}, language = "nai-bvy", } labels["Tulamni"] = { plain_categories = {"Tulamni Yokuts"}, language = "nai-bvy", } aliases["Tulamne"] = "Tulamni" -- nai-bvy end -- nai-dly start labels["Chulamni"] = { plain_categories = {"Chulamni Yokuts"}, language = "nai-dly", } aliases["Yachikumne"] = "Chulamni" aliases["Yachikumni"] = "Chulamni" labels["Lakisamni"] = { plain_categories = {"Lakisamni Yokuts"}, language = "nai-dly", } labels["Tawalimni"] = { plain_categories = {"Tawalimni Yokuts"}, language = "nai-dly", } -- nai-dly end -- nai-kry start labels["Choinimni"] = { plain_categories = {"Choinimni Yokuts"}, language = "nai-kry", } aliases["Choynimni"] = "Choinimni" labels["Chukaimina"] = { plain_categories = {"Chukaimina Yokuts"}, language = "nai-kry", } aliases["Chukaymina"] = "Chukaimina" labels["Kocheyali"] = { plain_categories = {"Kocheyali Yokuts"}, language = "nai-kry", } aliases["Ayitcha"] = "Kocheyali" aliases["Ayticha"] = "Kocheyali" labels["Michahay"] = { plain_categories = {"Michahay Yokuts"}, language = "nai-kry", } -- nai-kry end -- nai-nvy start labels["Chawchila"] = { plain_categories = {"Chawchila Yokuts"}, language = "nai-nvy", } labels["Chukchansi"] = { plain_categories = {"Chukchansi Yokuts"}, language = "nai-nvy", } labels["Dumna"] = { plain_categories = {"Dumna Yokuts"}, language = "nai-nvy", } labels["Kechayi"] = { plain_categories = {"Kechayi Yokuts"}, language = "nai-nvy", } labels["Noptinte"] = { plain_categories = {"Noptinte Yokuts"}, language = "nai-nvy", } aliases["Nopṭinṭe"] = "Noptinte" aliases["Nopthrinthre"] = "Noptinte" aliases["Nopchinchi"] = "Noptinte" -- nai-nvy end -- nai-svy start labels["Choinok"] = { plain_categories = {"Choinok Yokuts"}, language = "nai-svy", } aliases["Choynok"] = "Choinok" labels["Koyeti"] = { plain_categories = {"Koyeti Yokuts"}, language = "nai-svy", } labels["Tachi"] = { plain_categories = {"Tachi Yokuts"}, language = "nai-svy", } labels["Wechihit"] = { plain_categories = {"Wechihit Yokuts"}, language = "nai-svy", } labels["Wo'lasi"] = { plain_categories = {"Wo'lasi Yokuts"}, language = "nai-svy", } labels["Yawelmani"] = { plain_categories = {"Yawelmani Yokuts"}, language = "nai-svy", } -- nai-svy end -- nai-tky start labels["Wukchumni"] = { plain_categories = {"Wukchumni Yokuts"}, language = "nai-tky", } aliases["Wukchamni"] = "Wukchumni" aliases["Wikchamni"] = "Wukchumni" labels["Yawdanchi"] = { plain_categories = {"Yawdanchi Yokuts"}, language = "nai-tky", } -- nai-tky end labels["Bokmål"] = { display = "[[w:書面挪威語|書面挪威語]]", plain_categories = {"書面挪威語"}, language = "nb", } --nds-de start labels["East Frisian"] = { Wikipedia = "East Frisian Low Saxon", plain_categories = {"East Frisian Low German"}, language = "nds-de", } --for East Frisian dialectal German Low German, not the Frisian language labels["Hamburgisch"] = { display = "[[w:en:Hamburgisch dialect|漢堡]]", plain_categories = {"漢堡低地德語"}, language = "nds-de" } aliases["Hamburg"] = "Hamburgisch" labels["Holstein"] = { display = "[[w:荷爾斯泰因|荷爾斯泰因]]", plain_categories = {"荷爾斯泰因低地德語"}, language = "nds-de" } aliases["Holsteinisch"] = "Holstein" aliases["荷爾斯泰因"] = "Holstein" aliases["荷尔斯泰因"] = "Holstein" labels["Low Prussian"] = { Wikipedia = "Low Prussian dialect", plain_categories = {"Low Prussian Low German"}, language = "nds-de", } labels["Märkisch"] = { Wikipedia = "en:Brandenburgisch dialect", plain_categories = {"Märkisch Low German"}, language = "nds-de", } labels["Mecklenburg Low German"] = { display = "[[w:en:Mecklenburgisch dialect|梅克倫堡]]", plain_categories = {"梅克倫堡低地德語"}, language = "nds-de", } aliases["Mecklenburgisch Low German"] = "Mecklenburg Low German" aliases["Mecklenburgisch"] = "Mecklenburg Low German" aliases["Mecklenburg"] = "Mecklenburg Low German" aliases["Mecklenburgish"] = "Mecklenburg Low German" aliases["梅克倫堡"] = "Mecklenburg Low German" aliases["梅克伦堡"] = "Mecklenburg Low German" labels["Münsterland"] = { display = "[[w:明斯特|明斯特]]", plain_categories = {"明斯特低地德語"}, language = "nds-de" } aliases["Münster"] = "Münsterland" aliases["Münsterländisch"] = "Münsterland" aliases["明斯特"] = "Münsterland" labels["Oldenburg"] = { display = "[[w:奧爾登堡|奧爾登堡]]", plain_categories = {"奧爾登堡低地德語"}, language = "nds-de" } aliases["Bremen"] = "Oldenburg" aliases["Breemsch"] = "Oldenburg" aliases["Ollnborg"] = "Oldenburg" aliases["奧爾登堡"] = "Oldenburg" aliases["奥尔登堡"] = "Oldenburg" labels["Pomeranian Low German"] = { display = "[[w:東低地德語|波美拉尼亞]]", plain_categories = {"波美拉尼亞低地德語"}, language = "nds-de", } aliases["Pomeranian LG"] = "Pomeranian Low German" labels["Schleswig"] = { display = "[[w:石勒蘇益格|石勒蘇益格]]", plain_categories = {"石勒蘇益格低地德語"}, language = "nds-de" } aliases["Schleswigsch"] = "Schleswig" aliases["石勒蘇益格"] = "Schleswig" aliases["石勒苏益格"] = "Schleswig" labels["Western Pomeranian Low German"] = { display = "西波美拉尼亞", plain_categories = {"西波美拉尼亞低地德語"}, language = "nds-de", } aliases["West Pomeranian Low German"] = "Western Pomeranian Low German" aliases["Western Pomeranian LG"] = "Western Pomeranian Low German" aliases["West Pomeranian LG"] = "Western Pomeranian Low German" labels["Westphalian"] = { Wikipedia = "Westphalian language", plain_categories = {"Westphalian Low German"}, language = "nds-de", } aliases["Westphalia"] = "Westphalian" -- nds-de end -- nds-nl start labels["Achterhoeks"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Achterhoeks Low Saxon"}, language = "nds-nl", } aliases["Achterhooks"] = "Achterhoeks" aliases["Achterhoek"] = "Achterhoeks" labels["Drents"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Drents Low Saxon"}, language = "nds-nl", } aliases["Drèents"] = "Drents" aliases["Drenthe"] = "Drents" labels["Gronings"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Gronings Low Saxon"}, language = "nds-nl", } aliases["Grunnegs"] = "Gronings" aliases["Grönnegs"] = "Gronings" aliases["Groningen"] = "Gronings" labels["Sallands"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Sallands Low Saxon"}, language = "nds-nl", } aliases["Sallaans"] = "Sallands" aliases["Salland"] = "Sallands" labels["Stellingwerfs"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Stellingwerfs Low Saxon"}, language = "nds-nl", } aliases["Stellingwarfs"] = "Stellingwarfs" aliases["Stellingwerf"] = "Stellingwerfs" labels["Twents"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Twents Low Saxon"}, language = "nds-nl", } aliases["Tweants"] = "Twents" aliases["Twente"] = "Twents" labels["Veluws"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Veluws Low Saxon"}, language = "nds-nl", } aliases["Veluwe"] = "Veluws" -- nds-nl end -- nhx start labels["Mecayapan"] = { plain_categories = {"Mecayapan Nahuatl proper"}, language = "nhx", } labels["Tatahuicapan"] = { plain_categories = {"Tatahuicapan Nahuatl"}, language = "nhx", } -- nhx end -- nl start labels["East and West Flanders"] = { display = "[[w:East Flanders|East]] and [[w:West Flanders|West Flanders]]", plain_categories = {"East and West Flemish Dutch"}, language = "nl", } aliases["Flanders"] = "East and West Flanders" aliases["Flemish"] = "East and West Flanders" labels["Northern Dutch"] = { display = "Northern", Wikipedia = "Dutch dialects", plain_categories = {"Northern Dutch"}, language = "nl", } labels["Southern Dutch"] = { display = "Southern", Wikipedia = "Dutch dialects", plain_categories = {"Southern Dutch"}, language = "nl", } -- nl end labels["Nynorsk"] = { plain_categories = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"}, language = "nn", } -- non start labels["Old East Norse"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Old East Norse"}, language = "non", } aliases["East Norse"] = "Old East Norse" labels["Old Gutnish"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Old Gutnish"}, language = "non", } aliases["Old Gotlandic"] = "Old Gutnish" labels["Old West Norse"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Old West Norse"}, language = "non", } aliases["West Norse"] = "Old West Norse" -- non end labels["薩克"] = { Wikipedia = "薩克諾曼語", plain_categories = {"薩克諾曼語"}, language = "nrf", } aliases["Sark"] = "薩克" aliases["Sarkese"] = "薩克" aliases["Sercquiais"] = "薩克" -- O -- oc start labels["Auvergne"] = { Wikipedia = "Auvergnat", plain_categories = {"Auvergnat"}, language = "oc", } aliases["Auvergnat"] = "Auvergne" aliases["Auvernhat"] = "Auvergne" labels["Gascony"] = { Wikipedia = "Gascon language", plain_categories = {"Gascon"}, language = "oc", } aliases["Gascon"] = "Gascony" labels["Guardiol"] = { Wikipedia = "Guardia Piemontese", plain_categories = {"Guardiol"}, language = "oc", } labels["Languedoc"] = { Wikipedia = "Languedocien dialect", plain_categories = {"Languedocien"}, language = "oc", } aliases["Languedocian"] = "Languedoc" aliases["Languedocien"] = "Languedoc" labels["Limousin"] = { Wikipedia = "Limousin dialect", plain_categories = {"Limousin"}, language = "oc", } aliases["Lemosin"] = "Limousin" labels["Mistralian"] = { Wikipedia = "Occitan language#Writing system", plain_categories = {"Mistralian Occitan"}, language = "oc", } labels["Provençal"] = { Wikipedia = "Provençal dialect", plain_categories = {"Provençal"}, language = "oc", } aliases["Provencal"] = "Provençal" --don't add Provence as an alias labels["Vivaro-Alpine"] = { Wikipedia = "Vivaro-Alpine dialect", plain_categories = {"Vivaro-Alpine"}, language = "oc", } -- oc end -- oko start labels["Balhae"] = { plain_categories = {"Balhae Old Korean"}, language = "oko", } labels["Silla"] = { plain_categories = {"Silla Old Korean"}, language = "oko", } -- oko end -- os start labels["迪戈爾"] = { Wikipedia = ":en:Digor Ossetian", plain_categories = {"迪戈爾奧塞梯語"}, language = "os", } aliases["Digor"] = "迪戈爾" aliases["Digor dialect"] = "Digor" labels["伊隆"] = { Wikipedia = ":en:Iron Ossetian", plain_categories = {"伊隆奧塞梯語‎"}, language = "os", } aliases["Iron"] = "伊隆" aliases["Iron dialect"] = "伊隆" -- os end -- P labels["Skiri Pawnee"] = { plain_categories = {"Skiri Pawnee"}, language = "paw", } -- pl start labels["Białystok"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Białystok Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Bialystok"] = "Białystok" labels["Cieszyn Silesia"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Cieszyn Silesia Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Cieszyn Silesian"] = "Cieszyn Silesia" labels["Góral"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Góral Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Goral"] = "Góral" labels["Greater Poland"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Greater Poland Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Wielkopolska"] = "Greater Poland" labels["Kraków"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Kraków Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Krakow"] = "Kraków" aliases["Cracow"] = "Kraków" labels["Kresy"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Kresy Polish"}, language = "pl", } labels["Kujawy"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Kujawy Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Kuyavia"] = "Kujawy" aliases["Cuyavia"] = "Kujawy" labels["Łódź"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Łódź Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Lodz"] = "Łódź" labels["Łowicz"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Łowicz Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Lowicz"] = "Łowicz" labels["Masuria"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Masuria Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Mazury"] = "Masuria" labels["Poznań"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Poznań Polish"}, language = "pl", } aliases["Poznan"] = "Poznań" labels["Upper Silesia"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Upper Silesia Polish"}, language = "pl", } labels["Warmia"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Warmia Polish"}, language = "pl", } labels["Warsaw"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Warsaw Polish"}, language = "pl", } labels["Zaolzie"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Zaolzie Polish"}, language = "pl", } -- pl end labels["Jain Maharastri"] = { plain_categories = {"Jain Maharastri"}, language = "pmh", } labels["Western Malayo-Polynesian"] = { Wikipedia = "Western Malayo-Polynesian languages", plain_categories = {"Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian"}, language = "poz-pro", } labels["Trás-os-Montes"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Transmontane Portuguese"}, language = "pt", } -- pwn start labels["東排灣"] = { display = "[[東排灣語|東]]", plain_categories = { "東排灣語" }, language = "pwn", } aliases["東排灣語"] = "東排灣" labels["中排灣"] = { display = "[[中排灣語|中]]", plain_categories = { "中排灣語" }, language = "pwn", } aliases["中排灣語"] = "中排灣" labels["南排灣"] = { display = "[[南排灣語|南]]", plain_categories = { "南排灣語" }, language = "pwn", } aliases["南排灣語"] = "南排灣" labels["北排灣"] = { display = "[[北排灣語|北]]", plain_categories = { "北排灣語" }, language = "pwn", } aliases["北排灣語"] = "北排灣" -- pwn end -- pyu start labels["南王"] = { display = "[[南王卑南語|南王]]", plain_categories = { "南王卑南語" }, language = "pyu", } aliases["南王卑南"] = "南王" aliases["南王卑南語"] = "南王" labels["知本"] = { display = "[[知本卑南語|知本]]", plain_categories = { "知本卑南語" }, language = "pyu", } aliases["知本卑南"] = "知本" aliases["知本卑南語"] = "知本" labels["初鹿"] = { display = "[[初鹿卑南語|初鹿]]", plain_categories = { "初鹿卑南語" }, language = "pyu", } aliases["初鹿卑南"] = "初鹿" aliases["初鹿卑南語"] = "初鹿" labels["建和"] = { display = "[[建和卑南語|建和]]", plain_categories = { "建和卑南語" }, language = "pyu", } aliases["建和卑南"] = "建和" aliases["建和卑南語"] = "建和" -- pyu end -- Q labels["Kichwa"] = { display = "Standard Ecuadorian Kichwa", Wikipedia = "Kichwa language", plain_categories = {"Standard Kichwa"}, language = "qu", } -- qwm start labels["Armeno-Kipchak"] = { Wikipedia = "Kipchaks#Language", plain_categories = {"Armeno-Kipchak"}, language = "qwm", } aliases["Armenian Kipchak"] = "Armeno-Kipchak" labels["Mamluk-Kipchak"] = { Wikipedia = "Kipchaks#Language", plain_categories = {"Mamluk-Kipchak"}, language = "qwm", } aliases["Mamluk"] = "Mamluk-Kipchak" -- qwm end -- R -- rm start labels["Puter"] = { Wikipedia = "Putèr", plain_categories = {"Puter Romansch"}, language = "rm", } labels["Rumantsch Grischun"] = { Wikipedia = true, language = "rm", } labels["Surmiran"] = { Wikipedia = "Surmiran dialect", plain_categories = {"Surmiran Romansch"}, language = "rm", } labels["Sursilvan"] = { Wikipedia = "Sursilvan dialects (Romansh)", plain_categories = {"Sursilvan Romansch"}, language = "rm", } labels["Sutsilvan"] = { Wikipedia = "Sutsilvan", plain_categories = {"Sutsilvan Romansch"}, language = "rm", } labels["Vallader"] = { Wikipedia = "Vallader dialect (Romansh)", plain_categories = {"Vallader Romansch"}, language = "rm", } -- rm end -- rmc start labels["Burgenland"] = { plain_categories = {"Burgenland Romani"}, language = "rmc", } labels["East Slovakia"] = { plain_categories = {"East Slovak Romani"}, language = "rmc", } labels["Gurvari"] = { plain_categories = {"Gurvari Romani"}, language = "rmc", } labels["Hungarian Vend"] = { plain_categories = {"Hungarian Vend Romani"}, language = "rmc", } labels["Prekmurski"] = { plain_categories = {"Prekmurski Romani"}, language = "rmc", } labels["Romungro"] = { plain_categories = {"Romungro Romani"}, language = "rmc", } labels["Veršend"] = { plain_categories = {"Veršend Romani"}, language = "rmc", } -- rmc end -- rml begin labels["North Russia"] = { plain_categories = {"North Russian Romani"}, language = "rml", } aliases["Xaladitka"] = "North Russia" -- rml end -- rmn start labels["Bugurdži"] = { plain_categories = {"Bugurdži Romani"}, language = "rmn", } labels["Crimean Romani"] = { display = "Crimea", plain_categories = {"Crimean Romani"}, language = "rmn", } labels["Kosovo Arli"] = { plain_categories = {"Kosovo Arli Romani"}, language ="rmn", } labels["Macedonian Arli"] = { plain_categories = {"Macedonian Arli Romani"}, language = "rmn", } labels["Sepečides"] = { plain_categories = {"Sepečides Romani"}, language = "rmn", } labels["Sofia Erli"] = { plain_categories = {"Sofia Erli Romani"}, language = "rmn", } labels["Ursari"] = { plain_categories = {"Ursari Romani"}, language = "rmn", } -- rmn end -- rmy start labels["Banatiski Gurbet"] = { plain_categories = {"Banatiski Gurbet Romani"}, language = "rmy", } labels["Gurbet"] = { plain_categories = {"Gurbet Romani"}, language = "rmy", } labels["Kalderaš"] = { plain_categories = {"Kalderaš Romani"}, language = "rmy", } labels["Lovara"] = { plain_categories = {"Lovara Romani"}, language = "rmy", } labels["Macedonian Džambazi"] = { plain_categories = {"Macedonian Džambazi Romani"}, language = "rmy", } labels["Sremski Gurbet"] = { plain_categories = {"Sremski Gurbet Romani"}, language = "rmy", } -- rmy end -- rom start labels["Anglicized"] = { Wikipedia = "Romani alphabets#Anglicised", plain_categories = {"Romani Anglicized spellings"}, language = "rom", } labels["Dolenjski"] = { plain_categories = {"Dolenjski Romani"}, language = "rom", } labels["International Standard"] = { Wikipedia = "Romani alphabets#International Standard", plain_categories = {"Romani International Standard spellings"}, language = "rom", } labels["Pan-Vlax"] = { Wikipedia = "Romani alphabets#Pan-Vlax", plain_categories = {"Romani Pan-Vlax spellings"}, language = "rom", } -- rom end -- ru start labels["Northern Russia"] = { Wikipedia = "Northern Russian dialects", plain_categories = {"Northern Russian"}, language = "ru", } labels["Southern Russia"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Southern Russian"}, language = "ru", } aliases["South of Russia"] = "Southern Russia" aliases["south of Russia"] = "Southern Russia" aliases["South Russia"] = "Southern Russia" aliases["Southern Russian"] = "Southern Russia" aliases["southern Russia"] = "Southern Russia" aliases["southern Russian"] = "Southern Russia" labels["Ukraine"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Ukrainian Russian"}, language = "ru", } aliases["Ukrainian"] = "Ukraine" labels["Belarus"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Belarusian Russian"}, language = "ru", } aliases["Belarusian"] = "Belarus" -- ru end labels["Pannonia"] = { Wikipedia = "Pannonian Rusyn", plain_categories= {"Pannonian Rusyn"}, language = "rue", } aliases["Pannonian"] = "Panonnia" -- rw start labels["Kinyarwanda"] = { plain_categories = { "Kinyarwanda" }, language = "rw", } labels["Kirundi"] = { plain_categories = { "Kirundi" }, language = "rw", } labels["Giha"] = { plain_categories = { "Giha" }, language = "rw", } -- rw end -- rys start labels["Aragusuku"] = { plain_categories = {"Aragusuku Yaeyama"}, language = "rys", } labels["Hateruma"] = { Wikipedia = "Yaeyama language#Hateruma", plain_categories = {"Hateruma Yaeyama"}, language = "rys", } labels["Hatoma"] = { Wikipedia = "Yaeyama language#Hatoma", plain_categories = {"Hatoma Yaeyama"}, language = "rys", } labels["Kuroshima"] = { plain_categories = {"Kuroshima Yaeyama"}, language = "rys", } labels["Miraya"] = { Wikipedia = "Yaeyama language#Miraya", plain_categories = {"Miraya Yaeyama"}, language = "rys", } -- rys end -- ryu start labels["Naha"] = { plain_categories = {"Naha Okinawan"}, language = "ryu", } labels["Shuri"] = { plain_categories = {"Shuri Okinawan"}, language = "ryu", } -- ryu end -- S -- sa start labels["Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"}, language = "sa", } aliases["BHS"] = "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit" labels["New Sanskrit"] = { Wikipedia = "Sanskrit Revival", plain_categories = {"New Sanskrit"}, language = "sa", } aliases["Neo-Sanskrit"] = "New Sanskrit" labels["Vedic"] = { Wikipedia = "Vedic Sanskrit", plain_categories = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, language = "sa", } -- sa end -- sc start labels["Campidanese"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Campidanese"}, language = "sc", } labels["Logudorese"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Logudorese"}, language = "sc", } -- sc end -- scl start labels["Drasi"] = { Wikipedia = "Dras", plain_categories = {"Dras Shina"}, language = "scl", } labels["Gilgiti"] = { Wikipedia = "Gilgit", plain_categories = {"Gilgit Shina"}, language = "scl", } -- scl end -- sco start labels["Border Scots"] = { plain_categories = {"Border Scots"}, language = "sco", } labels["Central Scots"] = { display = "[[w:Central Scots|Central]]", plain_categories = {"Central Scots"}, language = "sco", } labels["Doric Scots"] = { display = "[[w:Doric dialect (Scotland)|Doric]]", plain_categories = {"Doric Scots"}, language = "sco", } labels["East Central Scots"] = { display = "East [[w:Central Scots|Central]]", plain_categories = {"East Central Scots"}, language = "sco", } aliases["EC Scots"] = "East Central Scots" labels["Lowlands Scots"] = { plain_categories = {"Lowlands Scots"}, language = "sco", } labels["Middle Scots"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"Middle Scots"}, language = "sco", } labels["North Northern Scots"] = { display = "[[w:North Northern Scots|North Northern]]", plain_categories = {"North Northern Scots"}, language = "sco", } aliases["NN Scots"] = "North Northern Scots" labels["Northeast Central Scots"] = { display = "Northeast [[w:Central Scots|Central]]", plain_categories = {"Northeast Central Scots"}, language = "sco", } aliases["NEC Scots"] = "Northeast Central Scots" labels["北部蘇格蘭語"] = { display = "[[en:w:Northern Scots|北部蘇格蘭語]]", plain_categories = {"北部蘇格蘭語"}, language = "sco", } aliases["North Scots"] = "Northern Scots" aliases["Northern Scots"] = "Northern Scots" labels["South Northern Scots"] = { display = "South [[w:Northern Scots|Northern]]", plain_categories = {"South Northern Scots"}, language = "sco", } aliases["SN Scots"] = "South Northern Scots" labels["南部蘇格蘭語"] = { Wikipedia = "en:Southern Scots", plain_categories = {"南部蘇格蘭語"}, language = "sco", } aliases["Southern Scots"] = "南部蘇格蘭語" aliases["South Scots"] = "南部蘇格蘭語" labels["Southeast Central Scots"] = { display = "Southeast [[w:Central Scots|Central]]", plain_categories = {"Southeast Central Scots"}, language = "sco", } aliases["SEC Scots"] = "Southeast Central Scots" labels["Southwest Central Scots"] = { display = "Southwest [[w:Central Scots|Central]]", plain_categories = {"Southwest Central Scots"}, language = "sco", } aliases["SWC Scots"] = "Southwest Central Scots" labels["阿爾斯特"] = { Wikipedia = "en:Ulster Scots dialects", plain_categories = {"阿爾斯特蘇格蘭語"}, language = "sco", } aliases["Ullans"] = "阿爾斯特" aliases["Ulster Scots"] = "阿爾斯特" labels["West Central Scots"] = { display = "West [[w:Central Scots|Central]]", plain_categories = {"West Central Scots"}, language = "sco", } aliases["WC Scots"] = "West Central Scots" --sco end -- sh start labels["Chakavian"] = { display = "[[w:查方言|查方言]]", plain_categories = {"查方言"}, language = "sh", } aliases["Čakavian"] = "Chakavian" labels["Ekavian"] = { display = "[[Ekavian]]", language = "sh", } labels["Ikavian"] = { display = "[[Ikavian]]", plain_categories = {"Ikavian Serbo-Croatian"}, language = "sh", } labels["Kajkavian"] = { display = "[[w:卡伊方言|卡伊方言]]", plain_categories = {"卡伊方言"}, language = "sh", } labels["Torlakian"] = { Wikipedia = "Torlakian dialect", plain_categories = {"Torlakian Serbo-Croatian"}, language = "sh" } -- sh end labels["Western Samic"] = { plain_categories = {"Western Proto-Samic"}, language = "smi-pro", } -- sq start labels["Arbëresh"] = { Wikipedia = "Arbëresh", plain_categories = {"Arbëresh Albanian"}, language = "sq", } aliases["Arbëreshë"] = "Arbëresh" aliases["Arbërisht"] = "Arbëresh" labels["Arvanitika"] = { Wikipedia = "Arvanitika", plain_categories = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, language = "sq", } labels["Cham Albanian"] = { display = "Cham", Wikipedia = "Cham Albanian dialect", plain_categories = {"Cham Albanian"}, language = "sq", } aliases["Cham"] = "Cham Albanian" labels["Gheg"] = { Wikipedia = "Gheg Albanian", plain_categories = {"Gheg Albanian"}, language = "sq", } labels["Tosk"] = { Wikipedia = "Tosk Albanian", plain_categories = {"Tosk Albanian"}, language = "sq", } -- sq end -- sn start labels["Karanga"] = { Wikipedia = "Shona language#Dialects", plain_categories = {"Karanga Shona"}, language = "sn", } labels["Korekore"] = { Wikipedia = "Shona language#Dialects", plain_categories = {"Korekore Shona"}, language = "sn", } labels["Manyika"] = { Wikipedia = "Manyika dialect", plain_categories = {"Manyika Shona"}, language = "sn", } labels["Zezuru"] = { Wikipedia = "Shona language#Dialects", plain_categories = {"Zezuru Shona"}, language = "sn", } -- sn end labels["Southern Sweden"] = { display = "[[w:South Swedish dialects|Southern]]", plain_categories = {"Southern Swedish"}, language = "sv", } aliases["southern Sweden"] = "Southern Sweden" aliases["Southern Swedish"] = "Southern Sweden" aliases["southern Swedish"] = "Southern Sweden" aliases["South Sweden"] = "Southern Sweden" aliases["south Sweden"] = "Southern Sweden" aliases["South Swedish"] = "Southern Sweden" aliases["south Swedish"] = "Southern Sweden" -- T -- tay start labels["賽考利克"] = { display = "[[賽考利克泰雅語|賽考利克]]", plain_categories = { "賽考利克泰雅語" }, language = "tay", } aliases["賽考利克泰雅語"] = "賽考利克" labels["澤敖利"] = { display = "[[澤敖利泰雅語|澤敖利]]", plain_categories = { "澤敖利泰雅語" }, language = "tay", } aliases["澤敖利泰雅語"] = "澤敖利" labels["汶水"] = { display = "[[汶水泰雅語|汶水]]", plain_categories = { "汶水泰雅語" }, language = "tay", } aliases["汶水泰雅語"] = "汶水" labels["萬大"] = { display = "[[萬大泰雅語|萬大]]", plain_categories = { "萬大泰雅語" }, language = "tay", } aliases["萬大泰雅語"] = "萬大" labels["四季"] = { display = "[[四季泰雅語|四季]]", plain_categories = { "四季泰雅語" }, language = "tay", } aliases["四季泰雅語"] = "四季" labels["宜蘭澤敖利"] = { display = "[[宜蘭澤敖利泰雅語|宜蘭澤敖利]]", plain_categories = { "宜蘭澤敖利泰雅語" }, language = "tay", } aliases["宜蘭澤敖利泰雅語"] = "宜蘭澤敖利" --tay end labels["Royal Thai"] = { display = "royal", plain_categories = {"Thai royal vocabulary"}, language = "th", } labels["Batangas"] = { Wikipedia = "Batangas Tagalog", plain_categories = { "Batangas Tagalog" }, language = "tl", } aliases["Batangas Tagalog"] = "Batangas" aliases["Batangueño"] = "Batangas" labels["Common Turkic"] = { Wikipedia = "Common Turkic languages", plain_categories = {"Common Turkic"}, language = "trk-pro", } -- trv start labels["都達"] = { display = "[[都達語]]", plain_categories = { "都達語" }, language = "trv", } aliases["都達語"] = "都達" labels["德路固"] = { display = "[[德路固語]]", plain_categories = { "德路固語" }, language = "trv", } aliases["德路固語"] = "德路固" labels["德固達雅"] = { Wikipedia = "德固達雅語", plain_categories = { "德固達雅語" }, language = "trv", } aliases["德固達雅語"] = "德固達雅" aliases["德克達雅"] = "德固達雅" aliases["德克達雅語"] = "德固達雅" -- trv end -- U -- V -- vi start labels["平定"] = { display = "[[w:平定省|平定]]", plain_categories = {"南部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Binh Dinh"] = "平定" aliases["Bình Định dialect"] = "平定" aliases["Binh Dinh dialect"] = "平定" aliases["Bình Định"] = "平定" labels["越南中部"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["central Vietnam"] = "越南中部" aliases["central Vietnamese"] = "越南中部" aliases["Central Vietnamese"] = "越南中部" aliases["Central Vietnam"] = "越南中部" labels["防城"] = { Wikipedia = "中國京族", plain_categories = {"防城越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Fangcheng"] = "防城" labels["海防"] = { display = "[[w:海防市|海防]]", plain_categories = {"北部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Hai Phong"] = "海防" aliases["Haiphong"] = "海防" aliases["Hai Phong"] = "海防" aliases["Hải Phòng dialect"] = "海防" aliases["Hai Phong dialect"] = "海防" labels["河靜"] = { display = "[[w:河靜省|河靜]]", plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Ha Tinh"] = "河靜" aliases["Hà Tĩnh"] = "河靜" aliases["Hà Tĩnh dialect"] = "河靜" aliases["Ha Tinh dialect"] = "河靜" labels["順化"] = { display = "[[w:順化市|順化]]", plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Hue"] = "順化" aliases["Huế"] = "順化" aliases["Huế dialect"] = "順化" aliases["Hue dialect"] = "順化" labels["湄公河三角洲"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"南部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Mekong Delta dialect"] = "湄公河三角洲" aliases["Mekong Delta"] = "湄公河三角洲" labels["乂安"] = { display = "[[w:乂安省|乂安]]", plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Nghe An"] = "乂安" aliases["Nghệ An"] = "乂安" aliases["Nghệ An dialect"] = "乂安" aliases["Nghe An dialect"] = "乂安" labels["乂靜"] = { display = "[[w:乂靜省|乂靜]]", plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Nghe Tinh"] = "乂靜" aliases["Nghệ Tĩnh"] = "乂靜" aliases["Nghệ Tinh dialect"] = "乂靜" aliases["Nghe Tinh dialect"] = "乂靜" labels["North Central Vietnam"] = { Wikipedia = "北中部", plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["North-Central Vietnam"] = "North Central Vietnam" labels["越南北部"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"北部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["north Vietnam"] = "越南北部" aliases["North Vietnam"] = "越南北部" aliases["north Vietnamese"] = "越南北部" aliases["North Vietnamese"] = "越南北部" aliases["northern Vietnam"] = "越南北部" aliases["Northern Vietnam"] = "越南北部" aliases["northern Vietnamese"] = "越南北部" aliases["Northern Vietnamese"] = "越南北部" labels["Overseas Vietnamese"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"海外越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["overseas Vietnamese"] = "Overseas Vietnamese" labels["Phú Yên"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"南部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Phu Yen"] = "Phú Yên" aliases["Phú Yên dialect"] = "Phú Yên" aliases["Phu Yen dialect"] = "Phú Yên" labels["Quảng Bình"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Quang Binh"] = "Quảng Bình" aliases["Quảng Bình dialect"] = "Quảng Bình" aliases["Quang Binh dialect"] = "Quảng Bình" labels["Quảng Nam"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"南部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Quang Nam"] = "Quảng Nam" aliases["Quảng Nam dialect"] = "Quảng Nam" aliases["Quang Nam dialect"] = "Quảng Nam" labels["Quảng Ngãi"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"南部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Quang Ngai"] = "Quảng Ngãi" aliases["Quảng Ngãi dialect"] = "Quảng Ngãi" aliases["Quang Ngai dialect"] = "Quảng Ngãi" labels["Quảng Trị"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Quang Tri"] = "Quảng Trị" aliases["Quảng Trị dialect"] = "Quảng Trị" aliases["Quang Tri dialect"] = "Quảng Trị" labels["Saigon"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"西貢越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Saigonese"] = "Saigon" labels["Southern Vietnam"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"南部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["south Vietnam"] = "Southern Vietnam" aliases["South Vietnam"] = "Southern Vietnam" aliases["south Vietnamese"] = "Southern Vietnam" aliases["South Vietnamese"] = "Southern Vietnam" aliases["southern Vietnam"] = "Southern Vietnam" aliases["southern Vietnamese"] = "Southern Vietnam" aliases["Southern Vietnamese"] = "Southern Vietnam" labels["Thanh Hoá"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中部越南語"}, language = "vi", } aliases["Thanh Hoa"] = "Thanh Hoá" aliases["Thanh Hoá dialect"] = "Thanh Hoá" aliases["Thanh Hoa dialect"] = "Thanh Hoá" -- vi end -- W -- X -- xcl start labels["Hellenizing School"] = { Wikipedia = "Hellenizing School", plain_categories = {"Hellenizing Old Armenian"}, language = "xcl", } aliases["hellenizing school"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["Philhellene School"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["philhellene school"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["Hellenophile School"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["hellenophile school"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["Hellenizing"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["hellenizing"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["Philhellene"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["philhellene"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["Hellenophile"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["hellenophile"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["hunaban"] = "Hellenizing School" aliases["yunaban"] = "Hellenizing School" -- xcl end -- xh start labels["Mpondo"] = { Wikipedia = "Xhosa language#Dialects", plain_categories = {"Mpondo Xhosa"}, language = "xh", } labels["Mpondomise"] = { Wikipedia = "Xhosa language#Dialects", plain_categories = {"Mpondomise Xhosa"}, language = "xh", } -- xh end -- Y labels["Daytshmerish"] = { display = "[[דײַטשמעריש|Daytshmerish]]", plain_categories = {"Daytshmerish Yiddish"}, language = "yi", } aliases["daytshmerish"] = "Daytshmerish" -- Z -- zh start labels["北京官話"] = { Wikipedia = "北京官話", plain_categories = {"北京官話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["北京"] = "北京官話" aliases["北京話"] = "北京官話" labels["粵語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"粵語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["粵"] = "粵語" labels["粵語方言"] = { display = "[[w:粵語|粵語]]方言", plain_categories = {"粵語"}, language = "zh", } labels["中原官話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中原官話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["中原"] = "中原官話" labels["大田話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"大田話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["大田閩語"] = "大田話" aliases["大田片"] = "大田話" aliases["大田閩南語"] = "大田話" labels["東干語"] = { Wikipedia = "東干語", plain_categories = {"東干語"}, language = "zh", } labels["贛語"] = { Wikipedia = "贛語", plain_categories = {"贛語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["贛"] = "贛語" labels["贛語方言"] = { display = "[[w:贛語|贛語]]方言", plain_categories = {"贛語"}, language = "zh", } labels["廣西官話"] = { display = "廣西[[w:西南官話|官話]]", plain_categories = {"廣西官話"}, language = "zh", } labels["廣西官話方言"] = { display = "廣西[[w:西南官話|官話]]方言", plain_categories = {"廣西官話"}, language = "zh", } labels["桂林話"] = { display = "桂林話", plain_categories = {"桂林話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["桂林"] = "桂林話" aliases["桂林官話"] = "桂林話" labels["海南話"] = { Wikipedia = "海南話", plain_categories = {"海南話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["海南語"] = "海南話" aliases["海南閩語"] = "海南話" labels["客家語"] = { Wikipedia = "客家語", plain_categories = {"客家語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["客語"] = "客家語" aliases["客家話"] = "客家語" labels["客家語方言"] = { display = "[[w:客家語|客家語]]方言", plain_categories = {"客家語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["客語方言"] = "客家語方言" labels["泉漳話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"泉漳話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["泉漳片"] = "泉漳話" aliases["漳泉片"] = "泉漳話" aliases["漳泉話"] = "泉漳話" aliases["閩台片"] = "泉漳話" aliases["泉漳閩南語"] = "泉漳話" labels["香港粵語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"香港粵語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["港式粵語"] = "香港粵語" aliases["港式廣東話"] = "香港粵語" aliases["香港話"] = "香港粵語" aliases["Hong Kong Cantonese"] = "香港粵語" labels["香港客家語"] = { display = "香港客家語", plain_categories = {"香港客家語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["香港客語"] = "香港客家語" aliases["香港客家話"] = "香港客家語" labels["徽語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"徽語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["徽州話"] = "徽語" labels["江淮官話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"江淮官話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["下江官話"] = "江淮官話" aliases["下江話"] = "江淮官話" aliases["江淮話"] = "江淮官話" aliases["江北話"] = "江淮官話" aliases["淮語"] = "江淮官話" labels["晉江話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"晉江話"}, language = "zh", } labels["膠遼官話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"膠遼官話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["膠東話"] = "膠遼官話" labels["冀魯官話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"冀魯官話"}, language = "zh", } labels["晉語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"晉語"}, language = "zh", } labels["晉語方言"] = { display = "[[w:晉語|晉語]]方言", plain_categories = {"晉語"}, language = "zh", } labels["韓國文言文"] = { Wikipedia = "en:Chinese-language literature of Korea", plain_categories = {"韓國文言文"}, language = "zh", } labels["蘭銀官話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"蘭銀官話"}, language = "zh", } labels["雷州話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"雷州話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["雷語"] = "雷州話" labels["柳州話"] = { display = "柳州話", plain_categories = {"柳州話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["柳州官話"] = "柳州話" labels["官話"] = { Wikipedia = "官話", plain_categories = {"官話"}, language = "zh", } labels["官話方言"] = { display = "[[w:官話|官話]]方言", plain_categories = {"官話"}, language = "zh", } labels["閩語"] = { Wikipedia = "閩語", plain_categories = {"閩語"}, language = "zh", } labels["閩北語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"閩北語"}, language = "zh", } labels["閩東語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"閩東語"}, language = "zh", } labels["閩東語方言"] = { display = "[[w:閩東語|閩東語]]方言", plain_categories = {"閩東語"}, language = "zh", } labels["閩南語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"閩南語"}, language = "zh", } labels["閩南語方言"] = { display = "[[w:閩南語|閩南語]]方言", plain_categories = {"閩南語"}, language = "zh", } labels["閩中語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"閩中語"}, language = "zh", } labels["南寧平話"] = { display = "南寧[[w:平話|平話]]", plain_categories = {"南寧平話"}, language = "zh", } labels["東北官話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"東北官話"}, language = "zh", } labels["太湖片"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"太湖片"}, language = "zh", } aliases["北部吳語"] = "太湖片" aliases["太湖話"] = "太湖片" labels["庇能福建話"] = { Wikipedia = {"庇能福建話"}, plain_categories = {"庇能福建話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["檳城福建話"] = "庇能福建話" aliases["Penang"] = "庇能福建話" labels["砂拉越福建話"] = { Wikipedia = {"砂拉越福建話"}, plain_categories = {"砂拉越福建話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["Sarawak"] = "砂拉越福建話" labels["咱人話"] = { Wikipedia = {"咱人話"}, plain_categories = {"咱人話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["菲律賓閩南語"] = "咱人話" aliases["菲律賓福建話"] = "咱人話" labels["棉蘭福建話"] = { Wikipedia = {"棉蘭福建話"}, plain_categories = {"棉蘭福建話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["Medan"] = "棉蘭福建話" labels["馬來西亞福建話"] = { Wikipedia = {"東南亞福建話"}, plain_categories = {"馬來西亞福建話"}, language = "zh", } labels["印尼福建話"] = { Wikipedia = {"東南亞福建話"}, plain_categories = {"印尼福建話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["印度尼西亞福建話"] = "印尼福建話" labels["平話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"平話"}, language = "zh", } labels["莆仙語"] = { Wikipedia = "莆仙語", plain_categories = {"莆仙語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["莆仙"] = "莆仙語" aliases["莆仙話"] = "莆仙語" aliases["莆仙閩語"] = "莆仙語" aliases["興化話"] = "莆仙語" aliases["興化語"] = "莆仙語" labels["莆田話"] = { Wikipedia = "莆田話", plain_categories = {"莆田話"}, language = "zh", } labels["仙遊話"] = { Wikipedia = "仙遊話", plain_categories = {"仙遊話"}, language = "zh", } labels["泉州話"] = { Wikipedia = "泉州話", plain_categories = {"泉州話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["泉州閩南語"] = "泉州話" aliases["泉州话"] = "泉州話" labels["上海話"] = { display = "上海話", Wikipedia = "上海話", plain_categories = {"上海話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["上海吳語"] = "上海話" aliases["上海话"] = "上海話" labels["邵將語"] = { display = "邵將語", Wikipedia = "邵將語", plain_categories = {"邵將語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["邵將話"] = "邵將語" aliases["閩贛語"] = "邵將語" aliases["邵将语"] = "邵將語" labels["畲話"] = { Wikipedia = "畲話", plain_categories = {"畲話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["山哈話"] = "畲話" aliases["山瑤話"] = "畲話" aliases["畬話"] = "畲話" aliases["畲话"] = "畲話" labels["四川話"] = { Wikipedia = "四川話", plain_categories = {"四川話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["四川官話"] = "四川話" aliases["四川话"] = "四川話" labels["新加坡福建話"] = { Wikipedia = "新加坡福建話", plain_categories = {"新加坡福建話"}, language = "zh", } labels["四邑話"] = { Wikipedia = "四邑方言", plain_categories = {"四邑話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["四邑片"] = "四邑話" aliases["四邑方言"] = "四邑話" aliases["岡州片"] = "四邑話" aliases["岡州方言"] = "四邑話" aliases["四邑"] = "四邑話" aliases["四邑话"] = "四邑話" labels["南部吳語"] = { display = "南部[[w:吳語|吳語]]", plain_categories = {"南部吳語"}, language = "zh", } labels["西南官話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"西南官話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["上江官話"] = "西南官話" aliases["西南官话"] = "西南官話" labels["台山話"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"台山話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["台山话"] = "台山話" labels["臺灣客家語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"臺灣客家語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["臺灣客語"] = "臺灣客家語" aliases["臺灣客家話"] = "臺灣客家語" aliases["台灣客語"] = "臺灣客家語" aliases["台灣客家話"] = "臺灣客家語" aliases["台湾客家话"] = "臺灣客家語" aliases["台湾客家语"] = "臺灣客家語" aliases["台湾客语"] = "臺灣客家語" labels["臺灣話"] = { Wikipedia = "臺灣話", plain_categories = {"臺灣話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["臺灣閩南語"] = "臺灣話" aliases["臺語"] = "臺灣話" aliases["台灣閩南語"] = "臺灣話" aliases["台語"] = "臺灣話" aliases["台灣話"] = "臺灣話" aliases["台湾闽南语"] = "臺灣話" aliases["台语"] = "臺灣話" aliases["台湾话"] = "臺灣話" labels["臺灣話和臺灣客家語"] = { display = "[[w:臺灣話|臺灣話]]和[[w:臺灣客家語|臺灣客家語]]", plain_categories = {"臺灣話", "臺灣客家語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["臺灣閩南語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["臺語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["臺灣話和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["臺灣閩南語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["臺語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["臺灣閩南語和客家語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["臺灣閩南語和客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["台灣閩南語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["台語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["台灣話和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["台灣閩南語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["台語和臺灣客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["台灣閩南語和客家語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" aliases["台灣閩南語和客語"] = "臺灣話和臺灣客家語" labels["臺灣華語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中華民國國語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["中華民國國語"] = "臺灣華語" aliases["台灣華語"] = "臺灣華語" labels["潮州話"] = { Wikipedia = "潮州話", plain_categories = {"潮州話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["潮州话"] = "潮州話" aliases["潮汕"] = "潮州話" labels["天津話"] = { Wikipedia = "天津話", plain_categories = {"天津話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["天津官話"] = "天津話" aliases["天津话"] = "天津話" labels["瓦鄉話"] = { Wikipedia = "瓦鄉話", plain_categories = {"瓦鄉話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["瓦鄉語"] = "瓦鄉話" aliases["瓦鄉"] = "瓦鄉話" aliases["瓦乡"] = "瓦鄉話" aliases["瓦乡话"] = "瓦鄉話" labels["溫州話"] = { Wikipedia = "溫州話", plain_categories = {"溫州話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["溫州吳語"] = "溫州話" aliases["甌語"] = "溫州話" aliases["温州话"] = "溫州話" labels["吳語"] = { Wikipedia = "吳語", plain_categories = {"吳語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["吳"] = "吳語" aliases["吴语"] = "吳語" aliases["吴"] = "吳語" labels["武漢話"] = { Wikipedia = "武漢話", plain_categories = {"武漢話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["武漢官話"] = "武漢話" aliases["漢口話"] = "武漢話" aliases["武汉话"] = "武漢話" labels["吳語方言"] = { display = "[[w:吳語|吳語]]方言", plain_categories = {"吳語"}, language = "zh", } labels["廈門話"] = { Wikipedia = "廈門話", plain_categories = {"廈門話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["廈門閩南語"] = "廈門話" aliases["廈門"] = "廈門話" aliases["厦门"] = "廈門話" aliases["厦门话"] = "廈門話" labels["湘語"] = { Wikipedia = "湘語", plain_categories = {"湘語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["湘语"] = "湘語" labels["湘語方言"] = { display = "[[w:湘語|湘語]]方言", plain_categories = {"湘語"}, language = "zh", } labels["中山閩語"] = { Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = {"中山閩語"}, language = "zh", } aliases["中山闽语"] = "中山閩語" labels["漳州話"] = { Wikipedia = "漳州話", plain_categories = {"漳州話"}, language = "zh", } aliases["漳州閩南語"] = "漳州話" aliases["漳州话"] = "漳州話" -- zh end labels["北陸"] = { display = "北陸方言", Wikipedia = "ja:北陸方言", plain_categories = {"北陸方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Hokuriku"] = "北陸" aliases["北陸方言"] = "北陸" aliases["北陆"] = "北陸" labels["津輕"] = { display = "津輕方言", Wikipedia = "ja:津軽弁", plain_categories = {"津輕方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["津軽弁"] = "津輕" aliases["津軽"] = "津輕" aliases["津輕方言"] = "津輕" aliases["Tsugaru"] = "津輕" aliases["津轻"] = "津輕" labels["Amami"] = { Wikipedia = "Amami Japanese", plain_categories = {"Amami Japanese"}, language = "ja", } labels["雲伯"] = { display = "雲伯方言", Wikipedia = "ja:雲伯方言", plain_categories = {"雲伯方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Umpaku"] = "雲伯" aliases["雲伯方言"] = "雲伯" aliases["云伯方言"] = "雲伯" labels["豐日"] = { display = "豐日方言", Wikipedia = "ja:豊日方言", plain_categories = {"豐日方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Hōnichi"] = "豐日" aliases["豊日"] = "豐日" aliases["丰日"] = "豐日" labels["福井"] = { display = "福井方言", Wikipedia = "ja:福井弁", plain_categories = {"福井方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Fukui"] = "福井" aliases["福井弁"] = "福井" labels["東北方言"] = { display = "東北方言", Wikipedia = "東北方言 (日本)", plain_categories = {"東北方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Tōhoku"] = "東北方言" labels["秋田"] = { Wikipedia = "ja:秋田弁", plain_categories = {"秋田方言"}, language = "ja", } aliases["Akita"] = "秋田" aliases["秋田弁"] = "秋田" --[[ Adds a "languages" field containing ["<language code>"] = true, if there is a "language" field with a non-empty value. ]] m_functions.handle_languages(labels) return { ["labels"] = labels, ["aliases"] = aliases, ["deprecated"] = deprecated, } smp04g0efg5lxlva2g0o2aln791bkbc Module:Languages/canonical names 828 1368467 7270821 7267024 2022-07-27T15:14:24Z TongcyDai 53191 [[MediaWiki:UpdateLanguageNameAndCode.js|updated]] Scribunto text/plain return { ["'Are'are"] = "alu", ["A-Pucikwar"] = "apq", ["Aari"] = "aiw", ["Aasax"] = "aas", ["Aba"] = "utp", ["Abaga"] = "abg", ["Abai"] = "poz-abi", ["Abai Sungai"] = "abf", ["Abanyom"] = "abm", ["Abidji"] = "abi", ["Abipon"] = "axb", ["Abishira"] = "ash", ["Abom"] = "aob", ["Abon"] = "abo", ["Abron"] = "abr", ["Abu' Arapesh"] = "aah", ["Abua"] = "abn", ["Abui"] = "abz", ["Abun"] = "kgr", ["Abung"] = "abl", ["Abure"] = "abu", ["Abureni"] = "mgj", ["Abé"] = "aba", ["Achagua"] = "aca", ["Achi"] = "acr", ["Achuar"] = "acu", ["Achumawi"] = "acv", ["Aché"] = "guq", ["Acroá"] = "acs", ["Adabe"] = "adb", ["Adai"] = "xad", ["Adamorobe Sign Language"] = "ads", ["Adang"] = "adn", ["Adangbe"] = "adq", ["Adap"] = "adp", ["Adasen"] = "tiu", ["Adele"] = "ade", ["Adhola"] = "adh", ["Adioukrou"] = "adj", ["Adivasi Oriya"] = "ort", ["Adiwasi Garasia"] = "gas", ["Adonara"] = "adr", ["Aduge"] = "adu", ["Aeka"] = "aez", ["Afade"] = "aal", ["Afitti"] = "aft", ["Afra"] = "ulf", ["Afro-Seminole Creole"] = "afs", ["Agarabi"] = "agd", ["Agariya"] = "agi", ["Agatu"] = "agc", ["Agavotaguerra"] = "avo", ["Aghu"] = "ahh", ["Aghu Tharrnggala"] = "gtu", ["Agi"] = "aif", ["Agob"] = "kit", ["Agoi"] = "ibm", ["Aguacateca"] = "agu", ["Aguano"] = "aga", ["Aguna"] = "aug", ["Agwagwune"] = "yay", ["Ahanta"] = "aha", ["Ahtna"] = "aht", ["Ahwai"] = "nfd", ["Aighon"] = "aix", ["Aikanã"] = "tba", ["Aiklep"] = "mwg", ["Aimele"] = "ail", ["Aimol"] = "aim", ["Ainbai"] = "aic", ["Aiome"] = "aki", ["Airoran"] = "air", ["Aiwoo"] = "nfl", ["Aja"] = "aja", ["Ajagua"] = "sai-ajg", ["Ajawa"] = "ajw", ["Ajië"] = "aji", ["Ajyíninka Apurucayali"] = "cpc", ["Ak"] = "akq", ["Aka (Central Africa)"] = "axk", ["Aka (Sudan)"] = "soh", ["Aka-Bea"] = "abj", ["Aka-Bo"] = "akm", ["Aka-Cari"] = "aci", ["Aka-Kede"] = "akx", ["Aka-Kol"] = "aky", ["Aka-Kora"] = "ack", ["Akar-Bale"] = "acl", ["Akaselem"] = "aks", ["Akatek"] = "knj", ["Akawaio"] = "ake", ["Ake"] = "aik", ["Akebu"] = "keu", ["Akei"] = "tsr", ["Akeu"] = "aeu", ["Akha"] = "ahk", ["Akolet"] = "akt", ["Akoye"] = "miw", ["Akpa"] = "akf", ["Akpes"] = "ibe", ["Akrukay"] = "afi", ["Akuku"] = "ayk", ["Akum"] = "aku", ["Akuntsu"] = "aqz", ["Akurio"] = "ako", ["Akuwagel"] = "bey", ["Akwa"] = "akw", ["Akyaung Ari"] = "nqy", ["Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"] = "syy", ["Alaba"] = "alw", ["Alago"] = "ala", ["Alagwa"] = "wbj", ["Alamblak"] = "amp", ["Alapmunte"] = "apv", ["Alas-Kluet Batak"] = "btz", ["Alazapa"] = "nai-ala", ["Albanian Sign Language"] = "sqk", ["Alege"] = "alf", ["Ali"] = "aiy", ["Alladian"] = "ald", ["Allar"] = "all", ["Allentiac"] = "sai-all", ["Alor"] = "aol", ["Alsea"] = "aes", ["Alu"] = "mte", ["Alu Kurumba"] = "xua", ["Alugu"] = "aub", ["Alumu-Tesu"] = "aab", ["Alungul"] = "aus-alu", ["Aluo"] = "yna", ["Alur"] = "alz", ["Amahai"] = "amq", ["Amahuaca"] = "amc", ["Amal"] = "aad", ["Amanayé"] = "ama", ["Amara"] = "aie", ["Amarakaeri"] = "amr", ["Amarizana"] = "awd-ama", ["Amasi"] = "alv-ama", ["Amba"] = "rwm", ["Ambai"] = "amk", ["Ambakich"] = "aew", ["Ambelau"] = "amv", ["Ambele"] = "ael", ["Amblong"] = "alm", ["Ambo"] = "amb", ["Ambul"] = "apo", ["Ambulas"] = "abt", ["Amdang"] = "amj", ["Amele"] = "aey", ["Amganad Ifugao"] = "ifa", ["Amo"] = "amo", ["Amol"] = "alx", ["Amondawa"] = "adw", ["Amorite"] = "sem-amo", ["Ampanang"] = "apg", ["Ampari Dogon"] = "aqd", ["Amri Karbi"] = "ajz", ["Amto"] = "amt", ["Amurdag"] = "amg", ["Ana Tinga Dogon"] = "dti", ["Anaang"] = "anw", ["Anakalangu"] = "akg", ["Anam"] = "pda", ["Anambé"] = "aan", ["Anamgura"] = "imi", ["Anasi"] = "bpo", ["Anauyá"] = "awd-ana", ["Andai"] = "afd", ["Andajin"] = "ajn", ["Andaqui"] = "ana", ["Andarum"] = "aod", ["Andio"] = "bzb", ["Andjingith"] = "aus-and", ["Andoa"] = "anb", ["Andoque"] = "ano", ["Andoquero"] = "sai-and", ["Andra-Hus"] = "anx", ["Aneityum"] = "aty", ["Anem"] = "anz", ["Anfillo"] = "myo", ["Angaité"] = "aqt", ["Angal"] = "age", ["Angal Enen"] = "aoe", ["Angal Heneng"] = "akh", ["Angkula"] = "aus-ang", ["Angor"] = "agg", ["Angoram"] = "aog", ["Angosturas Tunebo"] = "tnd", ["Anii"] = "blo", ["Animere"] = "anf", ["Anjam"] = "boj", ["Anmatyerre"] = "amx", ["Anong"] = "nun", ["Anor"] = "anj", ["Anserma"] = "ans", ["Ansus"] = "and", ["Anu"] = "anl", ["Anuak"] = "anu", ["Anufo"] = "cko", ["Anus"] = "auq", ["Anuta"] = "aud", ["Anyi"] = "any", ["Anyin Morofo"] = "mtb", ["Aoheng"] = "pni", ["Aore"] = "aor", ["Ap Ma"] = "kbx", ["Apalachee"] = "xap", ["Apali"] = "ena", ["Apiaká"] = "api", ["Apinayé"] = "apn", ["Apma"] = "app", ["Apolista"] = "awd-apo", ["Aproumu Aizi"] = "ahp", ["Apurinã"] = "apu", ["Aputai"] = "apx", ["Aquitanian"] = "xaq", ["Arabela"] = "arl", ["Aralle-Tabulahan"] = "atq", ["Arammba"] = "stk", ["Aranadan"] = "aaf", ["Aranama-Tamique"] = "xrt", ["Arandai"] = "jbj", ["Arapaso"] = "arj", ["Arara-Karo"] = "arr", ["Ararandewára"] = "xaj", ["Araweté"] = "awt", ["Arawum"] = "awm", ["Arbore"] = "arv", ["Are"] = "mwc", ["Arem"] = "aem", ["Argobba"] = "agj", ["Arguni"] = "agf", ["Arhuaco"] = "arh", ["Arhâ"] = "aqr", ["Arhö"] = "aok", ["Ari"] = "aac", ["Aribwatsa"] = "laz", ["Aribwaung"] = "ylu", ["Arifama-Miniafia"] = "aai", ["Arigidi"] = "aqg", ["Arikapú"] = "ark", ["Arikara"] = "ari", ["Arikem"] = "ait", ["Arin"] = "xrn", ["Aringa"] = "luc", ["Armazic"] = "xrm", ["Arop-Lokep"] = "apr", ["Arop-Sissano"] = "aps", ["Arosi"] = "aia", ["Arritinngithigh"] = "rrt", ["Arta"] = "atz", ["Arua"] = "aru", ["Aruamu"] = "msy", ["Aruek"] = "aur", ["Aruop"] = "lsr", ["Arutani"] = "atx", ["Aruá"] = "arx", ["As"] = "asz", ["Ashe"] = "ahs", ["Asho Chin"] = "csh", ["Ashraaf"] = "cus-ash", ["Asháninka"] = "cni", ["Askopan"] = "eiv", ["Asoa"] = "asv", ["Assan"] = "xss", ["Assangori"] = "sjg", ["Asu"] = "aum", ["Asue Awyu"] = "psa", ["Asumboa"] = "aua", ["Asuri"] = "asr", ["Ata"] = "atm", ["Atakapa"] = "aqp", ["Atanques"] = "cba-ata", ["Atemble"] = "ate", ["Athpare"] = "aph", ["Ati"] = "atk", ["Atohwaim"] = "aqm", ["Atong (Cameroon)"] = "ato", ["Atorada"] = "aox", ["Atsugewi"] = "atw", ["Attapady Kurumba"] = "pkr", ["Attié"] = "ati", ["Au"] = "avt", ["Aukan"] = "djk", ["Aulua"] = "aul", ["Aurá"] = "aux", ["Aushi"] = "auh", ["Aushiri"] = "avs", ["Austral"] = "aut", ["Austronesian Mari"] = "hob", ["Auwe"] = "smf", ["Auyana"] = "auy", ["Auye"] = "auu", ["Auyokawa"] = "auo", ["Avatime"] = "avn", ["Avau"] = "avb", ["Avava"] = "tmb", ["Avikam"] = "avi", ["Avá-Canoeiro"] = "avv", ["Awa (New Guinea)"] = "awb", ["Awa-Cuaiquer"] = "kwi", ["Awak"] = "awo", ["Awar"] = "aya", ["Awbono"] = "awh", ["Aweer"] = "bob", ["Awera"] = "awr", ["Awetí"] = "awe", ["Awing"] = "azo", ["Awngi"] = "awn", ["Awngthim"] = "gwm", ["Awtuw"] = "kmn", ["Awu"] = "yiu", ["Awun"] = "aww", ["Awutu"] = "afu", ["Awyi"] = "auw", ["Axamb"] = "ahb", ["Axi Yi"] = "yix", ["Ayere"] = "aye", ["Ayerrerenge"] = "axe", ["Ayi"] = "ayq", ["Ayizo"] = "ayb", ["Ayomán"] = "sai-ayo", ["Ayoreo"] = "ayo", ["Ayu"] = "ayu", ["Azha"] = "aza", ["Azhe"] = "yiz", ["Azoyú Me'phaa"] = "tpc", ["Baa"] = "kwb", ["Baan"] = "bvj", ["Baangi"] = "bqx", ["Baatonum"] = "bba", ["Baba"] = "bbw", ["Babango"] = "bbm", ["Babatana"] = "baa", ["Babine-Witsuwit'en"] = "bcr", ["Babole"] = "bvx", ["Babungo"] = "bav", ["Bacama"] = "bcy", ["Bacanese Malay"] = "btj", ["Bada"] = "bhz", ["Badanchi"] = "bau", ["Bade"] = "bde", ["Badui"] = "bac", ["Badyara"] = "pbp", ["Baeggu"] = "bvd", ["Baelelea"] = "bvc", ["Baenan"] = "sai-bae", ["Baetora"] = "btr", ["Bafanji"] = "bfj", ["Bafaw"] = "bwt", ["Baga Kaloum"] = "bqf", ["Baga Koga"] = "bgo", ["Baga Manduri"] = "bmd", ["Baga Pokur"] = "bcg", ["Baga Sitemu"] = "bsp", ["Baga Sobané"] = "bsv", ["Bagirmi"] = "bmi", ["Bago-Kusuntu"] = "bqg", ["Bagua"] = "sai-bag", ["Bagupi"] = "bpi", ["Bagusa"] = "bqb", ["Baham"] = "bdw", ["Bahau"] = "bhv", ["Bahinemo"] = "bjh", ["Bahing"] = "bhj", ["Bahonsuai"] = "bsu", ["Baibai"] = "bbf", ["Baikeno"] = "bkx", ["Baima"] = "bqh", ["Baimak"] = "bmx", ["Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"] = "bcz", ["Bainouk-Gunyuño"] = "bab", ["Bainouk-Samik"] = "bcb", ["Baiso"] = "bsw", ["Baissa Fali"] = "fah", ["Bajan"] = "bjs", ["Baka"] = "bkc", ["Bakairí"] = "bkq", ["Bakaka"] = "bqz", ["Baki"] = "bki", ["Bakoko"] = "bkh", ["Bakole"] = "kme", ["Bakpinka"] = "bbs", ["Bakulung"] = "bbu", ["Bakumpai"] = "bkr", ["Bakwé"] = "bjw", ["Balaesang"] = "bls", ["Balangao"] = "blw", ["Balangingi"] = "sse", ["Balanta-Ganja"] = "bjt", ["Balantak"] = "blz", ["Balau"] = "blg", ["Baldemu"] = "bdn", ["Bali"] = "bcp", ["Baliledo"] = "poz-bal", ["Balo"] = "bqo", ["Baloi"] = "biz", ["Balong"] = "bnt-bal", ["Baluan-Pam"] = "blq", ["Bamako Sign Language"] = "bog", ["Bamali"] = "bbq", ["Bambalang"] = "bmo", ["Bambam"] = "ptu", ["Bambassi"] = "myf", ["Bambili-Bambui"] = "baw", ["Bamenyam"] = "bce", ["Bamu"] = "bcf", ["Bamukumbit"] = "bqt", ["Bamunka"] = "bvm", ["Bamwe"] = "bmg", ["Ban Khor Sign Language"] = "bfk", ["Bana"] = "bcw", ["Banam Bay"] = "vrt", ["Banao Itneg"] = "bjx", ["Banaro"] = "byz", ["Banda-Bambari"] = "liy", ["Banda-Mbrès"] = "bqk", ["Banda-Ndélé"] = "bfl", ["Banda-Yangere"] = "yaj", ["Bandi"] = "bza", ["Bandial"] = "bqj", ["Bangala"] = "bxg", ["Bangandu"] = "bgf", ["Bangba"] = "bbe", ["Bangi"] = "bni", ["Bangi Me"] = "dba", ["Bangka"] = "mfb", ["Bangolan"] = "bgj", ["Bangubangu"] = "bnx", ["Bangwinji"] = "bsj", ["Baniva"] = "bvv", ["Banka"] = "bxw", ["Bankan Tey Dogon"] = "dbw", ["Bankon"] = "abb", ["Banoni"] = "bcm", ["Bantayanon"] = "bfx", ["Bantik"] = "bnq", ["Baoule"] = "bci", ["Baraamu"] = "brd", ["Barakai"] = "baj", ["Baram Kayan"] = "kys", ["Barama"] = "bbg", ["Barambu"] = "brm", ["Baramu"] = "bmz", ["Barapasi"] = "brp", ["Baras"] = "brs", ["Barasana"] = "bsn", ["Barbareño"] = "boi", ["Barclayville Grebo"] = "gry", ["Bardi"] = "bcj", ["Barein"] = "bva", ["Bargam"] = "mlp", ["Bariai"] = "bch", ["Bariji"] = "bjc", ["Barikanchi"] = "bxo", ["Barikewa"] = "jbk", ["Barok"] = "bjk", ["Barombi"] = "bbi", ["Barranbinya"] = "aus-bra", ["Barro Negro Tunebo"] = "tbn", ["Barunggam"] = "aus-brm", ["Baruya"] = "byr", ["Barwe"] = "bwg", ["Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"] = "bjf", ["Baré"] = "bae", ["Barí"] = "mot", ["Basa"] = "bzw", ["Basa-Gumna"] = "bsl", ["Basa-Gurmana"] = "buj", ["Basap"] = "bdb", ["Basketo"] = "bst", ["Bassa-Kontagora"] = "bsr", ["Bassari"] = "bsc", ["Bassossi"] = "bsi", ["Bata"] = "bta", ["Batad Ifugao"] = "ifb", ["Batanga"] = "bnm", ["Bathari"] = "bhm", ["Bati (Cameroon)"] = "btc", ["Bati (Indonesia)"] = "bvt", ["Batu"] = "btu", ["Batui"] = "zbt", ["Batuley"] = "bay", ["Bau"] = "bbd", ["Bauchi"] = "bsf", ["Baure"] = "brg", ["Bauro"] = "bxa", ["Bauwaki"] = "bwk", ["Bauzi"] = "bvz", ["Bawm Chin"] = "bgr", ["Bay Miwok"] = "mkq", ["Bayali"] = "bjy", ["Baybayanon"] = "bvy", ["Baygo"] = "byg", ["Bayogoula"] = "nai-bay", ["Bayono"] = "byl", ["Bayot"] = "bda", ["Bazigar"] = "bfr", ["Baïnounk Gubëeher"] = "alv-bgu", ["Beami"] = "beo", ["Beaver"] = "bea", ["Beba"] = "bfp", ["Bebe"] = "bzv", ["Bebele"] = "beb", ["Bebeli"] = "bek", ["Bebil"] = "bxp", ["Bedik"] = "tnr", ["Bedjond"] = "bjv", ["Bedoanas"] = "bed", ["Beeke"] = "bkf", ["Beele"] = "bxq", ["Beembe"] = "beq", ["Beezen"] = "bnz", ["Befang"] = "bby", ["Begbere-Ejar"] = "bqv", ["Bekati'"] = "bei", ["Bekwarra"] = "bkv", ["Bekwel"] = "bkw", ["Belanda Bor"] = "bxb", ["Belanda Viri"] = "bvi", ["Belhariya"] = "byw", ["Beli"] = "blm", ["Bella Coola"] = "blc", ["Bellari"] = "brw", ["Bembe"] = "bmb", ["Ben Tey"] = "dbt", ["Bena"] = "yun", ["Benabena"] = "bef", ["Bench"] = "bcq", ["Bende"] = "bdp", ["Bendi"] = "bct", ["Beng"] = "nhb", ["Benga"] = "bng", ["Benggoi"] = "bgy", ["Bengkala Sign Language"] = "bqy", ["Bentong"] = "bnu", ["Benyadu'"] = "byd", ["Beothuk"] = "bue", ["Bepour"] = "bie", ["Bera"] = "brf", ["Berakou"] = "bxv", ["Berau Malay"] = "bve", ["Berawan"] = "lod", ["Berinomo"] = "bit", ["Berom"] = "bom", ["Berta"] = "wti", ["Berti"] = "byt", ["Besisi"] = "mhe", ["Besme"] = "bes", ["Besoa"] = "bep", ["Betaf"] = "bfe", ["Bete"] = "byf", ["Bete-Bendi"] = "btt", ["Betoi"] = "sai-bet", ["Betta Kurumba"] = "xub", ["Bharia"] = "bha", ["Bhele"] = "bhy", ["Bhoti Kinnauri"] = "nes", ["Biafada"] = "bif", ["Biage"] = "bdf", ["Biak"] = "bhw", ["Biali"] = "beh", ["Bian Marind"] = "bpv", ["Biangai"] = "big", ["Biatah Bidayuh"] = "bth", ["Bibaali"] = "bcn", ["Bidiyo"] = "bid", ["Bidyogo"] = "bjg", ["Biem"] = "bmc", ["Bierebo"] = "bnk", ["Bieria"] = "brj", ["Biete"] = "biu", ["Big Nambas"] = "nmb", ["Biga"] = "bhc", ["Bih"] = "ibh", ["Bijori"] = "bix", ["Bikaru"] = "bic", ["Bikya"] = "byb", ["Bila"] = "bip", ["Bilakura"] = "bql", ["Bilbil"] = "brz", ["Bile"] = "bil", ["Biliau"] = "bcu", ["Biloxi"] = "bll", ["Bilua"] = "blb", ["Bilur"] = "bxf", ["Bima"] = "bhp", ["Bimin"] = "bhl", ["Bimoba"] = "bim", ["Bina"] = "bmn", ["Binahari"] = "bxz", ["Binandere"] = "bhg", ["Binawa"] = "byj", ["Bine"] = "bon", ["Binji"] = "bpj", ["Binongan Itneg"] = "itb", ["Bintauna"] = "bne", ["Binumarien"] = "bjr", ["Bipi"] = "biq", ["Birao"] = "brr", ["Birgid"] = "brk", ["Birgit"] = "btf", ["Birhor"] = "biy", ["Biritai"] = "bqq", ["Birri"] = "bvq", ["Birrpayi"] = "xbj", ["Birwa"] = "brl", ["Biseni"] = "ije", ["Bishuo"] = "bwh", ["Bisis"] = "bnw", ["Bisorio"] = "bir", ["Bissa"] = "bib", ["Bisu"] = "bzi", ["Bit"] = "bgk", ["Bitare"] = "brt", ["Bitur"] = "mcc", ["Biwat"] = "bwm", ["Biyo"] = "byo", ["Biyom"] = "bpm", ["Blablanga"] = "blp", ["Blafe"] = "bfh", ["Blang"] = "blr", ["Bo"] = "bgl", ["Bo-Rukul"] = "mae", ["Bo-Ung"] = "mux", ["Boano (Maluku)"] = "bzn", ["Boano (Sulawesi)"] = "bzl", ["Bobongko"] = "bgb", ["Bobot"] = "bty", ["Bodo (Central Africa)"] = "boy", ["Bodo Gadaba"] = "gbj", ["Bofi"] = "bff", ["Boga"] = "bvw", ["Bogaya"] = "boq", ["Boghom"] = "bux", ["Boguru"] = "bqu", ["Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"] = "bhn", ["Boikin"] = "bzf", ["Bokar"] = "sit-bok", ["Boko"] = "bqc", ["Bokobaru"] = "bus", ["Bokoto"] = "bdt", ["Bokyi"] = "bky", ["Bola"] = "bnp", ["Bolak"] = "art-blk", ["Bolango"] = "bld", ["Bolgo"] = "bvo", ["Bolia"] = "bli", ["Boloki"] = "bkt", ["Bolon"] = "bof", ["Bolondo"] = "bzm", ["Bolongan"] = "blj", ["Bolyu"] = "ply", ["Bom"] = "bmf", ["Boma Nkuu"] = "bnt-bon", ["Boma Yumu"] = "bnt-boy", ["Bomboli"] = "bml", ["Bomboma"] = "bws", ["Bomitaba"] = "zmx", ["Bomu"] = "bmq", ["Bomwali"] = "bmw", ["Bon Gula"] = "glc", ["Bondo"] = "bfw", ["Bondoukou Kulango"] = "kzc", ["Bondum Dom Dogon"] = "dbu", ["Bonerate"] = "bna", ["Bonggi"] = "bdg", ["Bonggo"] = "bpg", ["Bongili"] = "bui", ["Bongo"] = "bot", ["Bongu"] = "bpu", ["Bonjo"] = "bok", ["Bonkeng"] = "bvg", ["Bonkiman"] = "bop", ["Bookan"] = "bnb", ["Boon"] = "bnl", ["Boor"] = "bvf", ["Bora"] = "boa", ["Border Kuna"] = "kvn", ["Borei"] = "gai", ["Boro"] = "xxb", ["Borong"] = "ksr", ["Boruca"] = "brn", ["Boselewa"] = "bwf", ["Bosngun"] = "bqs", ["Bouna Kulango"] = "nku", ["Bourbonnais-Berrichon"] = "roa-bbn", ["Bozaba"] = "bzo", ["Bragat"] = "aof", ["Brek Karen"] = "kvl", ["Brem"] = "buq", ["Breri"] = "brq", ["Bribri"] = "bzd", ["Brokkat"] = "bro", ["Brokpake"] = "sgt", ["Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"] = "bpl", ["Bruny Island"] = "xpz", ["Bu"] = "jid", ["Bua"] = "bub", ["Bualkhaw Chin"] = "cbl", ["Buamu"] = "box", ["Bube"] = "bvb", ["Bubi"] = "buw", ["Bubia"] = "bbx", ["Budeh Stieng"] = "stt", ["Budibud"] = "btp", ["Budong-Budong"] = "bdx", ["Budu"] = "buu", ["Buduma"] = "bdm", ["Budza"] = "bja", ["Buena Vista Yokuts"] = "nai-bvy", ["Bugan"] = "bbh", ["Bughotu"] = "bgt", ["Buglere"] = "sab", ["Buhi'non Bikol"] = "ubl", ["Buhutu"] = "bxh", ["Bujhyal"] = "byh", ["Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"] = "sdo", ["Bukat"] = "bvk", ["Bukawa"] = "buk", ["Bukhari"] = "bhh", ["Bukit Malay"] = "bvu", ["Bukitan"] = "bkn", ["Bukiyip"] = "ape", ["Buksa"] = "tkb", ["Bukusu"] = "bxk", ["Bulgebi"] = "bmp", ["Buli (Ghana)"] = "bwu", ["Buli (Indonesia)"] = "bzq", ["Bulo Stieng"] = "sti", ["Bulu (New Guinea)"] = "bjl", ["Bum"] = "bmv", ["Bumaji"] = "byp", ["Bumang"] = "bvp", ["Bumbita Arapesh"] = "aon", ["Bumthangkha"] = "kjz", ["Bun"] = "buv", ["Buna"] = "bvn", ["Bunak"] = "bfn", ["Bunama"] = "bdd", ["Bung"] = "bqd", ["Bungain"] = "but", ["Bungku"] = "bkz", ["Bungu"] = "wun", ["Bunoge"] = "dgb", ["Buol"] = "blf", ["Burak"] = "bys", ["Buraka"] = "bkg", ["Burate"] = "bti", ["Bure"] = "bvh", ["Burji"] = "bji", ["Burmeso"] = "bzu", ["Buru (Indonesia)"] = "mhs", ["Buru (Nigeria)"] = "bqw", ["Burui"] = "bry", ["Burumakok"] = "aip", ["Burun"] = "bdi", ["Burunge"] = "bds", ["Burusu"] = "bqr", ["Buruwai"] = "asi", ["Busam"] = "bxs", ["Busami"] = "bsm", ["Busang Kayan"] = "bfg", ["Bushoong"] = "buf", ["Buso"] = "bso", ["Busoa"] = "bup", ["Bussa"] = "dox", ["Busuu"] = "bju", ["Butbut Kalinga"] = "kyb", ["Butchulla"] = "xby", ["Butmas-Tur"] = "bnr", ["Buwal"] = "bhs", ["Buyu"] = "byi", ["Buyuan Jinuo"] = "jiy", ["Bwa"] = "bww", ["Bwaidoka"] = "bwd", ["Bwanabwana"] = "tte", ["Bwatoo"] = "bwa", ["Bwe Karen"] = "bwe", ["Bwela"] = "bwl", ["Bwile"] = "bwc", ["Bwisi"] = "bwz", ["Byangsi"] = "bee", ["Byep"] = "mkk", ["Bädi Kanum"] = "khd", ["Caac"] = "msq", ["Cabiyarí"] = "cbb", ["Cabécar"] = "cjp", ["Cacaopera"] = "ccr", ["Cacgia Roglai"] = "roc", ["Cacua"] = "cbv", ["Cacán"] = "sai-cac", ["Cafundó"] = "ccd", ["Cahuarano"] = "cah", ["Caka"] = "ckx", ["Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"] = "ckz", ["Cakfem-Mushere"] = "cky", ["Callawalla"] = "caw", ["Calusa"] = "nai-cal", ["Caluyanun"] = "clu", ["Cameroon Mambila"] = "mcu", ["Campalagian"] = "cml", ["Camsá"] = "kbh", ["Camtho"] = "cmt", ["Candoshi-Shapra"] = "cbu", ["Canela"] = "ram", ["Canichana"] = "caz", ["Capanahua"] = "kaq", ["Caquinte"] = "cot", ["Cara"] = "cfd", ["Carabayo"] = "cby", ["Caramanta"] = "crf", ["Caranqui"] = "sai-caq", ["Carapana"] = "cbc", ["Carian"] = "xcr", ["Cariay"] = "awd-kar", ["Carijona"] = "cbd", ["Carolina Algonquian"] = "crr", ["Cashibo-Cacataibo"] = "cbr", ["Cashinahua"] = "cbs", ["Casuarina Coast Asmat"] = "asc", ["Catacao"] = "sai-cat", ["Catuquinaru"] = "sai-ctq", ["Catío Chibcha"] = "cba-cat", ["Cauca"] = "cca", ["Cavere"] = "awd-cav", ["Cavineña"] = "cav", ["Cayubaba"] = "cyb", ["Cayuse"] = "xcy", ["Cazcan"] = "azc-caz", ["Cañari"] = "sai-cnr", ["Cebaara Senoufo"] = "sef", ["Cemuhî"] = "cam", ["Cen"] = "cen", ["Central Awyu"] = "awu", ["Central Cagayan Agta"] = "agt", ["Central Grebo"] = "grv", ["Central Maewo"] = "mwo", ["Central Masela"] = "mxz", ["Central Pomo"] = "poo", ["Central Sama"] = "sml", ["Central Teke"] = "nzu", ["Central Tunebo"] = "tuf", ["Centúúm"] = "cet", ["Cerma"] = "cme", ["Ch'olti'"] = "myn-chl", ["Chaap Wuurong"] = "tjw", ["Chaha"] = "sem-cha", ["Chaima"] = "ciy", ["Chairel"] = "sit-cha", ["Chak"] = "ckh", ["Chakali"] = "cli", ["Chala"] = "cll", ["Chali"] = "tgf", ["Chamacoco"] = "ceg", ["Chamba Daka"] = "ccg", ["Chamba Leko"] = "ndi", ["Chambri"] = "can", ["Chamling"] = "rab", ["Chang"] = "nbc", ["Changriwa"] = "cga", ["Changthang"] = "cna", ["Chantyal"] = "chx", ["Chaná"] = "sai-chn", ["Chané"] = "caj", ["Chapacura"] = "sai-chp", ["Chara"] = "cra", ["Charrua"] = "sai-chr", ["Chaudangsi"] = "cdn", ["Chaura"] = "crv", ["Chayahuita"] = "cbt", ["Che"] = "ruk", ["Chemakum"] = "xch", ["Chenapian"] = "cjn", ["Chenchu"] = "cde", ["Chenoua"] = "cnu", ["Chepya"] = "ycp", ["Cherepon"] = "cpn", ["Chesu"] = "ych", ["Chetco-Tolowa"] = "ctc", ["Chewong"] = "cwg", ["Chhintange"] = "ctn", ["Chhulung"] = "cur", ["Chicahuaxtla Triqui"] = "trs", ["Chiduruma"] = "dug", ["Chilcotin"] = "clc", ["Chilisso"] = "clh", ["Chimariko"] = "cid", ["Chimila"] = "cbg", ["Chimwiini"] = "bnt-cmw", ["Chinbon Chin"] = "cnb", ["Chinook"] = "chh", ["Chipaya"] = "cap", ["Chiquimulilla"] = "nai-chi", ["Chiquitano"] = "cax", ["Chiricahua"] = "apm", ["Chirino"] = "sai-chi", ["Chiripá"] = "nhd", ["Chiru"] = "cdf", ["Chitwania Tharu"] = "the", ["Chiwere"] = "iow", ["Chocangaca"] = "cgk", ["Chokri Naga"] = "nri", ["Chokwe"] = "cjk", ["Chol"] = "ctu", ["Cholón"] = "cht", ["Choni"] = "cda", ["Chono"] = "sai-cno", ["Chopi"] = "cce", ["Chothe Naga"] = "nct", ["Chrau"] = "crw", ["Chru"] = "cje", ["Chuabo"] = "chw", ["Chuave"] = "cjv", ["Chug"] = "cvg", ["Chuka"] = "cuh", ["Chukwa"] = "cuw", ["Chumburung"] = "ncu", ["Churuya"] = "sai-chu", ["Chut"] = "scb", ["Chácobo"] = "cao", ["Ci Gbe"] = "cib", ["Cibak"] = "ckl", ["Cicipu"] = "awc", ["Ciguayo"] = "nai-cig", ["Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"] = "cdr", ["Cineni"] = "cie", ["Cinta Larga"] = "cin", ["Cishingini"] = "asg", ["Citak"] = "txt", ["Ciwogai"] = "tgd", ["Classical Mandaic"] = "myz", ["Coahuilteco"] = "xcw", ["Coast Miwok"] = "csi", ["Coastal Kadazan"] = "kzj", ["Cocama"] = "cod", ["Cochimi"] = "coj", ["Cocopa"] = "coc", ["Coeruna"] = "sai-coe", ["Coeur d'Alene"] = "crd", ["Cogui"] = "kog", ["Col"] = "liw", ["Colonia Tovar German"] = "gct", ["Columbia-Wenatchi"] = "col", ["Colán"] = "sai-col", ["Comechingon"] = "sai-cmg", ["Comecrudo"] = "xcm", ["Como Karim"] = "cfg", ["Con"] = "cno", ["Coos"] = "csz", ["Copala Triqui"] = "trc", ["Copallén"] = "sai-cop", ["Coquille"] = "coq", ["Cora"] = "crn", ["Cori"] = "cry", ["Coroado Puri"] = "sai-crd", ["Cotoname"] = "xcn", ["Cowlitz"] = "cow", ["Coyaima"] = "coy", ["Cross River Mbembe"] = "mfn", ["Crow"] = "cro", ["Cruzeño"] = "crz", ["Cua"] = "cua", ["Cubeo"] = "cub", ["Cueva"] = "sai-cva", ["Cuiba"] = "cui", ["Cuitlatec"] = "cuy", ["Culina"] = "cul", ["Culli"] = "sai-cul", ["Cumanagoto"] = "cuo", ["Cung"] = "cug", ["Curripaco"] = "kpc", ["Cutchi-Swahili"] = "ccl", ["Cuvok"] = "cuv", ["Cwi Bwamu"] = "bwy", ["Côông"] = "cnc", ["Da'a Kaili"] = "kzf", ["Daai Chin"] = "dao", ["Daantanai'"] = "lni", ["Daasanach"] = "dsh", ["Daba"] = "dbq", ["Dabarre"] = "dbr", ["Dabe"] = "dbe", ["Dadanitic"] = "sem-dad", ["Dadibi"] = "mps", ["Dadiya"] = "dbd", ["Daga"] = "dgz", ["Dagaari Dioula"] = "dgd", ["Dagba"] = "dgk", ["Dagik"] = "dec", ["Dahalik"] = "dlk", ["Dahalo"] = "dal", ["Daho-Doo"] = "das", ["Dai"] = "dij", ["Dair"] = "drb", ["Dakaka"] = "bpa", ["Dakka"] = "dkk", ["Dakpa"] = "dka", ["Daloa Bété"] = "bev", ["Dama (Nigeria)"] = "dmm", ["Dama (Sierra Leone)"] = "dmn-dam", ["Damakawa"] = "dam", ["Damal"] = "uhn", ["Dambi"] = "dac", ["Dampelas"] = "dms", ["Dan"] = "dnj", ["Danaru"] = "dnr", ["Danau"] = "dnu", ["Dandami Maria"] = "daq", ["Dangaléat"] = "daa", ["Dangaura Tharu"] = "thl", ["Dano"] = "aso", ["Danu"] = "dnv", ["Dao"] = "daz", ["Daonda"] = "dnd", ["Dar Daju Daju"] = "djc", ["Dar Fur Daju"] = "daj", ["Dar Sila Daju"] = "dau", ["Darlong"] = "dln", ["Darmiya"] = "drd", ["Daro-Matu Melanau"] = "dro", ["Dass"] = "dot", ["Datooga"] = "tcc", ["Davawenyo"] = "daw", ["Dawawa"] = "dww", ["Dawera-Daweloor"] = "ddw", ["Dawro"] = "dwr", ["Day"] = "dai", ["Dayi"] = "dax", ["Dedua"] = "ded", ["Defaka"] = "afn", ["Defi Gbe"] = "gbh", ["Deg"] = "mzw", ["Deg Xinag"] = "ing", ["Degema"] = "deg", ["Degenan"] = "dge", ["Dek"] = "dek", ["Dela-Oenale"] = "row", ["Delo"] = "ntr", ["Delta Yokuts"] = "nai-dly", ["Dem"] = "dem", ["Dema"] = "dmx", ["Demisa"] = "dei", ["Demta"] = "dmy", ["Dena'ina"] = "tfn", ["Dengese"] = "dez", ["Dengka"] = "dnk", ["Deno"] = "dbb", ["Denya"] = "anv", ["Deori"] = "der", ["Desano"] = "des", ["Dewoin"] = "dee", ["Dezfuli"] = "def", ["Dghwede"] = "dgh", ["Dhaiso"] = "dhs", ["Dhangu"] = "dhg", ["Dhao"] = "nfa", ["Dhimal"] = "dhi", ["Dhudhuroa"] = "ddr", ["Dhurga"] = "dhu", ["Dhuwaya"] = "dwy", ["Dia"] = "dia", ["Dibiyaso"] = "dby", ["Dibo"] = "dio", ["Dicamay Agta"] = "duy", ["Didinga"] = "did", ["Digo"] = "dig", ["Dii"] = "dur", ["Dijim-Bwilim"] = "cfa", ["Dilling"] = "dil", ["Dima"] = "jma", ["Dimasa"] = "dis", ["Dimbong"] = "dii", ["Dime"] = "dim", ["Dinapigue Agta"] = "phi-din", ["Ding"] = "diz", ["Dirasha"] = "gdl", ["Diri"] = "dwa", ["Dirim"] = "dir", ["Disa"] = "dsi", ["Ditammari"] = "tbz", ["Ditidaht"] = "dtd", ["Diuwe"] = "diy", ["Dixon Reef"] = "dix", ["Dizin"] = "mdx", ["Djambarrpuyngu"] = "djr", ["Djimini"] = "dyi", ["Djinang"] = "dji", ["Djinba"] = "djb", ["Dobel"] = "kvo", ["Dobu"] = "dob", ["Doe"] = "doe", ["Doga"] = "dgg", ["Doghoro"] = "dgx", ["Dogoso"] = "dgs", ["Dogosé"] = "dos", ["Dogul Dom"] = "dbg", ["Doka"] = "dbi", ["Doko-Uyanga"] = "uya", ["Dom"] = "doa", ["Domari"] = "rmt", ["Dominican Sign Language"] = "doq", ["Dompo"] = "doy", ["Domu"] = "dof", ["Domung"] = "dev", ["Dondo"] = "dok", ["Dong"] = "doh", ["Dongo"] = "doo", ["Dongolawi"] = "kzh", ["Dongotono"] = "ddd", ["Donno So Dogon"] = "dds", ["Doondo"] = "dde", ["Dorasque"] = "cba-dor", ["Dori'o"] = "dor", ["Dorig"] = "wwo", ["Doromu-Koki"] = "kqc", ["Doso"] = "dol", ["Doura"] = "don", ["Doutai"] = "tds", ["Doyayo"] = "dow", ["Duano"] = "dup", ["Duau"] = "dva", ["Dubu"] = "dmu", ["Dugun"] = "ndu", ["Duguri"] = "dbm", ["Dugwor"] = "dme", ["Duhwa"] = "kbz", ["Duit"] = "cba-dui", ["Duke"] = "nke", ["Dukhan"] = "trk-dkh", ["Dulbu"] = "dbo", ["Duli"] = "duz", ["Duma"] = "dma", ["Dumaitic"] = "sem-dum", ["Dumbea"] = "duf", ["Dumi"] = "dus", ["Dumpas"] = "dmv", ["Dumun"] = "dui", ["Duna"] = "duc", ["Dungmali"] = "raa", ["Dungu"] = "dbv", ["Dura"] = "drq", ["Duri"] = "mvp", ["Duriankere"] = "dbn", ["Duruwa"] = "pci", ["Dusner"] = "dsn", ["Dusun Deyah"] = "dun", ["Dusun Malang"] = "duq", ["Dusun Witu"] = "duw", ["Dutch Sign Language"] = "dse", ["Duun"] = "dux", ["Duupa"] = "dae", ["Duvle"] = "duv", ["Duwai"] = "dbp", ["Duwet"] = "gve", ["Dwang"] = "nnu", ["Dyaabugay"] = "dyy", ["Dyan"] = "dya", ["Dza"] = "jen", ["Dzala"] = "dzl", ["Dzando"] = "dzn", ["Dzodinka"] = "add", ["Dzuun"] = "dnn", ["Dâw"] = "kwa", ["E"] = "eee", ["Early Tripuri"] = "xtr", ["East Damar"] = "dmr", ["East Kewa"] = "kjs", ["East Limba"] = "lma", ["East Makian"] = "mky", ["East Masela"] = "vme", ["East Nyala"] = "nle", ["East Tarangan"] = "tre", ["Eastern Acipa"] = "acp", ["Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"] = "gui", ["Eastern Bru"] = "bru", ["Eastern Gorkha Tamang"] = "tge", ["Eastern Gurung"] = "ggn", ["Eastern Karaboro"] = "xrb", ["Eastern Katu"] = "ktv", ["Eastern Keres"] = "kee", ["Eastern Krahn"] = "kqo", ["Eastern Maninkakan"] = "emk", ["Eastern Ngad'a"] = "nea", ["Eastern Nisu"] = "nos", ["Eastern Parbate Kham"] = "kif", ["Eastern Penan"] = "pez", ["Eastern Pomo"] = "peb", ["Eastern Tamang"] = "taj", ["Eastern Xwla Gbe"] = "gbx", ["Ebira"] = "igb", ["Ebrié"] = "ebr", ["Ebughu"] = "ebg", ["Ede Cabe"] = "cbj", ["Ede Ica"] = "ica", ["Ede Idaca"] = "idd", ["Ede Ije"] = "ijj", ["Ede Nago"] = "nqg", ["Edera Awyu"] = "awy", ["Edolo"] = "etr", ["Efai"] = "efa", ["Efe"] = "efe", ["Efutop"] = "ofu", ["Ega"] = "ega", ["Eggon"] = "ego", ["Ehueun"] = "ehu", ["Eipomek"] = "eip", ["Eitiep"] = "eit", ["Ejagham"] = "etu", ["Ejamat"] = "eja", ["Ekari"] = "ekg", ["Ekele"] = "khy", ["Eki"] = "eki", ["Ekit"] = "eke", ["Ekpeye"] = "ekp", ["El Hugeirat"] = "elh", ["El Molo"] = "elo", ["Eleme"] = "elm", ["Elepi"] = "ele", ["Elip"] = "ekm", ["Elkei"] = "elk", ["Eloi"] = "art-elo", ["Eloyi"] = "afo", ["Elseng"] = "mrf", ["Elu"] = "elu", ["Emae"] = "mmw", ["Emai"] = "ema", ["Eman"] = "emn", ["Embaloh"] = "emb", ["Emberá-Baudó"] = "bdc", ["Emberá-Catío"] = "cto", ["Emberá-Chamí"] = "cmi", ["Emberá-Tadó"] = "tdc", ["Emem"] = "enr", ["Emerillon"] = "eme", ["Emplawas"] = "emw", ["Enawené-Nawé"] = "unk", ["Ende"] = "end", ["Enga"] = "enq", ["Engenni"] = "enn", ["Enggano"] = "eno", ["Enlhet"] = "enl", ["Enrekang"] = "ptt", ["Enu"] = "enu", ["Enwan"] = "env", ["Enwang"] = "enw", ["Enxet"] = "enx", ["Enya"] = "gey", ["Eotile"] = "eot", ["Epena"] = "sja", ["Epi-Olmec"] = "xep", ["Epie"] = "epi", ["Eravallan"] = "era", ["Erave"] = "kjy", ["Ere"] = "twp", ["Erie"] = "iro-ere", ["Erokwanas"] = "erw", ["Erre"] = "err", ["Eruwa"] = "erh", ["Ese Ejja"] = "ese", ["Esimbi"] = "ags", ["Esmeralda"] = "sai-esm", ["Esselen"] = "esq", ["Esuma"] = "esm", ["Etchemin"] = "etc", ["Etebi"] = "etb", ["Eten"] = "etx", ["Eteocretan"] = "ecr", ["Eteocypriot"] = "ecy", ["Etkywan"] = "ich", ["Eton (Cameroon)"] = "eto", ["Eton (Vanuatu)"] = "etn", ["Etulo"] = "utr", ["Evant"] = "bzz", ["Ewage-Notu"] = "nou", ["Ewarhuyana"] = "sai-ewa", ["Eyak"] = "eya", ["Ezaa"] = "eza", ["Fagani"] = "faf", ["Faire Atta"] = "azt", ["Faita"] = "faj", ["Faiwol"] = "fai", ["Fakkanci"] = "gel", ["Falam Chin"] = "cfm", ["Fali"] = "fli", ["Fam"] = "fam", ["Fanamaket"] = "bjp", ["Fang (Beboid)"] = "fak", ["Fania"] = "fni", ["Fas"] = "fqs", ["Fasu"] = "faa", ["Fataleka"] = "far", ["Fayu"] = "fau", ["Fe'fe'"] = "fmp", ["Fedan"] = "pdn", ["Fembe"] = "agl", ["Fer"] = "kah", ["Feroge"] = "fer", ["Finisterre Yau"] = "yuw", ["Finongan"] = "fag", ["Firan"] = "fir", ["Fiwaga"] = "fiw", ["Foau"] = "flh", ["Foi"] = "foi", ["Foia Foia"] = "ffi", ["Folopa"] = "ppo", ["Foma"] = "fom", ["Fongoro"] = "fgr", ["Foodo"] = "fod", ["Forak"] = "frq", ["Fordata"] = "frd", ["Fore"] = "for", ["Fortsenal"] = "frt", ["Fox"] = "sac", ["Franc-Comtois"] = "roa-fcm", ["Fuliiru"] = "flr", ["Fulniô"] = "fun", ["Fum"] = "fum", ["Fungwa"] = "ula", ["Fur"] = "fvr", ["Furu"] = "fuu", ["Futuna-Aniwa"] = "fut", ["Fuyug"] = "fuy", ["Fwe"] = "fwe", ["Fwâi"] = "fwa", ["Fyam"] = "pym", ["Fyer"] = "fie", ["Ga'anda"] = "gqa", ["Ga'dang"] = "gdg", ["Gaa"] = "ttb", ["Gaam"] = "tbi", ["Gabadi"] = "kbt", ["Gabi"] = "gbw", ["Gabri"] = "gab", ["Gadang"] = "gdk", ["Gaddang"] = "gad", ["Gaddi"] = "gbk", ["Gade"] = "ged", ["Gadjerawang"] = "gdh", ["Gadsup"] = "gaj", ["Gafat"] = "gft", ["Gagadu"] = "gbu", ["Gagnoa Bété"] = "btg", ["Gahri"] = "bfu", ["Gaikundi"] = "gbf", ["Gaina"] = "gcn", ["Gal"] = "gap", ["Galambu"] = "glo", ["Galela"] = "gbi", ["Galeya"] = "gar", ["Galice"] = "gce", ["Galindan"] = "xgl", ["Gallaecian"] = "cel-gal", ["Galo"] = "adl", ["Galoli"] = "gal", ["Gamale Kham"] = "kgj", ["Gambera"] = "gma", ["Gamela"] = "sai-gam", ["Gamit"] = "gbl", ["Gamkonora"] = "gak", ["Gamo"] = "gmv", ["Gamo-Ningi"] = "bte", ["Gana"] = "gnq", ["Ganang"] = "gne", ["Gandhari"] = "pgd", ["Gane"] = "gzn", ["Ganggalida"] = "gcd", ["Ganglau"] = "ggl", ["Gangte"] = "gnb", ["Gangulu"] = "gnl", ["Gants"] = "gao", ["Ganza"] = "gza", ["Ganzi"] = "gnz", ["Gao"] = "gga", ["Gapapaiwa"] = "pwg", ["Garre"] = "gex", ["Garus"] = "gyb", ["Garza"] = "xgr", ["Gashowu"] = "nai-gsy", ["Gata'"] = "gaq", ["Gavak"] = "dmc", ["Gavar"] = "gou", ["Gavião do Jiparaná"] = "gvo", ["Gawar-Bati"] = "gwt", ["Gawwada"] = "gwd", ["Gayil"] = "gyl", ["Gayón"] = "sai-gay", ["Gbagyi"] = "gbr", ["Gban"] = "ggu", ["Gbanu"] = "gbv", ["Gbanziri"] = "gbg", ["Gbari"] = "gby", ["Gbaya-Bossangoa"] = "gbp", ["Gbaya-Bozoum"] = "gbq", ["Gbaya-Mbodomo"] = "gmm", ["Gbayi"] = "gyg", ["Gbesi Gbe"] = "gbs", ["Gbii"] = "ggb", ["Gbin"] = "xgb", ["Gbiri-Niragu"] = "grh", ["Gboloo Grebo"] = "gec", ["Gciriku"] = "diu", ["Gcwi"] = "gwj", ["Geba Karen"] = "kvq", ["Gebe"] = "gei", ["Gedaged"] = "gdd", ["Gedeo"] = "drs", ["Geji"] = "gji", ["Geko Karen"] = "ghk", ["Gela"] = "nlg", ["Gele'"] = "sbc", ["Geme"] = "geq", ["Gende"] = "gaf", ["Gengle"] = "geg", ["Gepo"] = "ygp", ["Gera"] = "gew", ["Gerka"] = "gek", ["Geruma"] = "gea", ["Geser-Gorom"] = "ges", ["Gey"] = "guv", ["Ghadames"] = "gha", ["Ghandruk Sign Language"] = "gds", ["Ghanongga"] = "ghn", ["Ghari"] = "gri", ["Ghayavi"] = "bmk", ["Ghera"] = "ghr", ["Ghomara"] = "gho", ["Ghotuo"] = "aaa", ["Ghulfan"] = "ghl", ["Gibanawa"] = "gib", ["Gidar"] = "gid", ["Gikyode"] = "acd", ["Gilima"] = "gix", ["Gimi (Austronesian)"] = "gip", ["Gimi (Goroka)"] = "gim", ["Gimme"] = "kmp", ["Gimnime"] = "gmn", ["Ginuman"] = "gnm", ["Girawa"] = "bbr", ["Giryama"] = "nyf", ["Githabul"] = "gih", ["Gitua"] = "ggt", ["Gitxsan"] = "git", ["Giyug"] = "giy", ["Gizrra"] = "tof", ["Glaro-Twabo"] = "glr", ["Glavda"] = "glw", ["Glio-Oubi"] = "oub", ["Glosa"] = "igs", ["Gnau"] = "gnu", ["Goa'uld"] = "art-gld", ["Goaria"] = "gig", ["Gobasi"] = "goi", ["Gobu"] = "gox", ["Godié"] = "god", ["Godwari"] = "gdx", ["Goemai"] = "ank", ["Gofa"] = "gof", ["Gogo"] = "gog", ["Gogodala"] = "ggw", ["Gojri"] = "gju", ["Gokana"] = "gkn", ["Gokhy"] = "sit-gkh", ["Gola"] = "gol", ["Golin"] = "gvf", ["Golpa"] = "lja", ["Gone Dau"] = "goo", ["Gongduk"] = "goe", ["Gonja"] = "gjn", ["Gor"] = "gqr", ["Gorakor"] = "goc", ["Gorap"] = "goq", ["Gorovu"] = "grq", ["Gorowa"] = "gow", ["Gottscheerish"] = "gmw-gts", ["Goundo"] = "goy", ["Gourmanchéma"] = "gux", ["Gowlan"] = "goj", ["Gowro"] = "gwf", ["Gozarkhani"] = "goz", ["Grangali"] = "nli", ["Grass Koiari"] = "kbk", ["Gresi"] = "grs", ["Groma"] = "gro", ["Gros Ventre"] = "ats", ["Gua"] = "gwx", ["Guahibo"] = "guh", ["Guajá"] = "gvj", ["Guambiano"] = "gum", ["Guamo"] = "sai-gmo", ["Guanano"] = "gvc", ["Guanche"] = "gnc", ["Guanyinqiao"] = "jiq", ["Guarayu"] = "gyr", ["Guató"] = "gta", ["Guayabero"] = "guo", ["Guazacapán"] = "nai-guz", ["Gudanji"] = "nji", ["Gude"] = "gde", ["Gudu"] = "gdu", ["Guduf-Gava"] = "gdf", ["Gugadj"] = "ggd", ["Gugu Badhun"] = "gdc", ["Gugu Warra"] = "wrw", ["Guhu-Samane"] = "ghs", ["Guiberoua Bété"] = "bet", ["Guinau"] = "awd-gnu", ["Guinea Kpelle"] = "gkp", ["Gula"] = "glu", ["Gula'alaa"] = "gmb", ["Gulay"] = "gvl", ["Gule"] = "gly", ["Gumalu"] = "gmu", ["Gumatj"] = "gnn", ["Gumawana"] = "gvs", ["Gumuz"] = "guk", ["Gun"] = "guw", ["Gundi"] = "gdi", ["Gunditjmara"] = "gjm", ["Gundungurra"] = "xrd", ["Gungabula"] = "gyf", ["Gungu"] = "rub", ["Guntai"] = "gnt", ["Gunu"] = "yas", ["Gunwinggu"] = "gup", ["Gunya"] = "gyy", ["Gupa-Abawa"] = "gpa", ["Gupapuyngu"] = "guf", ["Guragone"] = "gge", ["Guramalum"] = "grz", ["Gureng Gureng"] = "gnr", ["Gurgula"] = "ggg", ["Guriaso"] = "grx", ["Gurindji"] = "gue", ["Gurmana"] = "gvm", ["Guro"] = "goa", ["Guruntum"] = "grd", ["Gusan"] = "gsn", ["Gusilay"] = "gsl", ["Guwamu"] = "gwu", ["Guwar"] = "aus-guw", ["Guya"] = "gka", ["Guyani"] = "gvy", ["Guébie"] = "gie", ["Gvoko"] = "ngs", ["Gwa"] = "gwb", ["Gwahatike"] = "dah", ["Gwak"] = "jgk", ["Gwamhi-Wuri"] = "bga", ["Gwandara"] = "gwn", ["Gweda"] = "grw", ["Gweno"] = "gwe", ["Gwere"] = "gwr", ["Gyalsumdo"] = "gyo", ["Gyele"] = "gyi", ["Gyem"] = "gye", ["Güenoa"] = "sai-gue", ["Habu"] = "hbu", ["Hadiyya"] = "hdy", ["Hadothi"] = "hoj", ["Hadrami"] = "xhd", ["Haeke"] = "aek", ["Hahon"] = "hah", ["Haigwai"] = "hgw", ["Hainyaxo Bozo"] = "bzx", ["Haisla"] = "has", ["Haji"] = "hji", ["Halang"] = "hal", ["Halang Doan"] = "hld", ["Halia"] = "hla", ["Hamap"] = "hmu", ["Hamba"] = "hba", ["Hamer-Banna"] = "amf", ["Hamtai"] = "hmt", ["Hanga"] = "hag", ["Hanga Hundi"] = "wos", ["Hani"] = "hni", ["Harami"] = "xha", ["Haraza"] = "nub-har", ["Haroi"] = "hro", ["Harsusi"] = "hss", ["Haruai"] = "tmd", ["Haruku"] = "hrk", ["Hasaitic"] = "sem-has", ["Hasha"] = "ybj", ["Hatam"] = "had", ["Haush"] = "sai-hau", ["Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"] = "yuf", ["Haveke"] = "hvk", ["Havu"] = "hav", ["Haya"] = "hay", ["Hdi"] = "xed", ["Hehe"] = "heh", ["Heiban"] = "hbn", ["Helong"] = "heg", ["Helu"] = "elu-prk", ["Hema"] = "nix", ["Hemba"] = "hem", ["Herdé"] = "hed", ["Hermit"] = "llf", ["Hewa"] = "ham", ["Heyo"] = "auk", ["Hibito"] = "hib", ["Hijuk"] = "hij", ["Hill Maria"] = "mrr", ["Himarimã"] = "hir", ["Himyaritic"] = "sem-him", ["Hismaic"] = "sem-his", ["Hitchiti"] = "nai-hit", ["Hitu"] = "htu", ["Hiw"] = "hiw", ["Hmar"] = "hmr", ["Hmong Don"] = "hmf", ["Hmong Dô"] = "hmv", ["Hmwaveke"] = "mrk", ["Hoava"] = "hoa", ["Hobyót"] = "hoh", ["Hoia Hoia"] = "hhi", ["Holikachuk"] = "hoi", ["Holiya"] = "hoy", ["Holma"] = "hod", ["Holoholo"] = "hoo", ["Holu"] = "hol", ["Homa"] = "hom", ["Honduran Lenca"] = "len", ["Hone"] = "juh", ["Honi"] = "how", ["Horo"] = "hor", ["Horom"] = "hoe", ["Horpa"] = "ero", ["Hote"] = "hot", ["Hoti"] = "hti", ["Hovongan"] = "hov", ["Hoyahoya"] = "hhy", ["Hozo"] = "hoz", ["Hpon"] = "hpo", ["Hrangkhol"] = "hra", ["Hre"] = "hre", ["Hruso"] = "hru", ["Hu"] = "huo", ["Huachipaeri"] = "hug", ["Huambisa"] = "hub", ["Huarijio"] = "var", ["Huaulu"] = "hud", ["Huave"] = "huv", ["Huba"] = "hbb", ["Huetar"] = "cba-hue", ["Huilliche"] = "huh", ["Hukumina"] = "huw", ["Hula"] = "hul", ["Hulaulá"] = "huy", ["Huli"] = "hui", ["Hulung"] = "huk", ["Humburi Senni"] = "hmb", ["Humene"] = "huf", ["Hun"] = "uth", ["Hunde"] = "hke", ["Hung"] = "hnu", ["Hungana"] = "hum", ["Hungworo"] = "nat", ["Hunjara-Kaina Ke"] = "hkk", ["Hupdë"] = "jup", ["Hupla"] = "hap", ["Hutterisch"] = "geh", ["Hwana"] = "hwo", ["Hya"] = "hya", ["Hyam"] = "jab", ["Hän"] = "haa", ["Hértevin"] = "hrt", ["I-Wak"] = "iwk", ["Iaai"] = "iai", ["Iamalele"] = "yml", ["Iatmul"] = "ian", ["Iau"] = "tmu", ["Ibali Teke"] = "tek", ["Ibani"] = "iby", ["Ibino"] = "ibn", ["Iboko"] = "bkp", ["Ibu"] = "ibu", ["Ibuoro"] = "ibr", ["Iceve-Maci"] = "bec", ["Ida'an"] = "dbj", ["Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki"] = "ida", ["Idaté"] = "idt", ["Idere"] = "ide", ["Idesa"] = "ids", ["Idoma"] = "idu", ["Idon"] = "idc", ["Idu"] = "clk", ["Idun"] = "ldb", ["Iduna"] = "viv", ["Ifo"] = "iff", ["Ifè"] = "ife", ["Igala"] = "igl", ["Igana"] = "igg", ["Igede"] = "ige", ["Ignaciano"] = "ign", ["Igo"] = "ahl", ["Iguta"] = "nar", ["Igwe"] = "igw", ["Iha"] = "ihp", ["Ihievbe"] = "ihi", ["Ija-Zuba"] = "vki", ["Ik"] = "ikx", ["Ika"] = "ikk", ["Iko"] = "iki", ["Ikobi-Mena"] = "meb", ["Ikoma"] = "ntk", ["Ikpeng"] = "txi", ["Ikpeshi"] = "ikp", ["Ikposo"] = "kpo", ["Iku-Gora-Ankwa"] = "ikv", ["Ikulu"] = "ikl", ["Ikwere"] = "ikw", ["Ikwo"] = "iqw", ["Ile Ape"] = "ila", ["Ilgar"] = "ilg", ["Ili Turki"] = "ili", ["Ili'uun"] = "ilu", ["Ilongot"] = "ilk", ["Ilue"] = "ilv", ["Ilwana"] = "mlk", ["Imbongu"] = "imo", ["Imroing"] = "imr", ["Inapang"] = "mzu", ["Indanga"] = "bnt-ind", ["Indonesian Bajau"] = "bdl", ["Indri"] = "idr", ["Indus Valley Language"] = "xiv", ["Inebu One"] = "oin", ["Inga"] = "inb", ["Inlaod Itneg"] = "iti", ["Inoke-Yate"] = "ino", ["Inonhan"] = "loc", ["Inor"] = "ior", ["Inpui Naga"] = "nkf", ["Intha"] = "int", ["Inuinnaqtun"] = "esx-inq", ["Inuktun"] = "esx-ink", ["Inuvialuktun"] = "ikt", ["Ipai"] = "nai-ipa", ["Ipiko"] = "ipo", ["Ipili"] = "ipi", ["Ipulo"] = "ass", ["Iquito"] = "iqu", ["Ir"] = "irr", ["Irantxe"] = "irn", ["Iraqw"] = "irk", ["Irarutu"] = "irh", ["Iresim"] = "ire", ["Iriga Bicolano"] = "bto", ["Isabi"] = "isa", ["Isanzu"] = "isn", ["Isarog Agta"] = "agk", ["Isaurian"] = "und-isa", ["Isconahua"] = "isc", ["Isebe"] = "igo", ["Isekiri"] = "its", ["Isinai"] = "inn", ["Isirawa"] = "srl", ["Island Carib"] = "crb", ["Isnag"] = "isd", ["Isoko"] = "iso", ["Isu"] = "isu", ["Isubu"] = "szv", ["Itawit"] = "itv", ["Itene"] = "ite", ["Iteri"] = "itr", ["Ito"] = "itw", ["Itonama"] = "ito", ["Itu Mbon Uzo"] = "itm", ["Iwal"] = "kbm", ["Iwam"] = "iwm", ["Iwur"] = "iwo", ["Iyayu"] = "iya", ["Iyive"] = "uiv", ["Iyo"] = "nca", ["Iyo'wujwa Chorote"] = "crq", ["Iyojwa'ja Chorote"] = "crt", ["Izere"] = "izr", ["Izi"] = "izz", ["Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"] = "izi", ["Izora"] = "cbo", ["Iñapari"] = "inp", ["Jabem"] = "jae", ["Jabutí"] = "jbt", ["Jad"] = "jda", ["Jah Hut"] = "jah", ["Jahanka"] = "jad", ["Jair Awyu"] = "awv", ["Jakaltek"] = "jac", ["Jakati"] = "jat", ["Jalkunan"] = "bxl", ["Jamaican Country Sign Language"] = "jcs", ["Jamaican Sign Language"] = "jls", ["Jamamadí"] = "jaa", ["Jambi Malay"] = "jax", ["Jamsay"] = "djm", ["Jandavra"] = "jnd", ["Janday"] = "jan", ["Jangkang"] = "djo", ["Jangshung"] = "jna", ["Janji"] = "jni", ["Japrería"] = "jru", ["Jaqaru"] = "jqr", ["Jara"] = "jaf", ["Javindo"] = "jvd", ["Jawe"] = "jaz", ["Jaya"] = "jyy", ["Jebero"] = "jeb", ["Jeh"] = "jeh", ["Jehai"] = "jhi", ["Jeikó"] = "sai-jko", ["Jemez"] = "tow", ["Jenaama Bozo"] = "bze", ["Jeng"] = "jeg", ["Jennu Kurumba"] = "xuj", ["Jere"] = "jer", ["Jeri Kuo"] = "jek", ["Jeru"] = "akj", ["Jerung"] = "jee", ["Jhankot Sign Language"] = "jhs", ["Jiba"] = "juo", ["Jibu"] = "jib", ["Jicarilla"] = "apj", ["Jiiddu"] = "jii", ["Jilbe"] = "jie", ["Jili"] = "mgi", ["Jilim"] = "jil", ["Jimi"] = "jmi", ["Jimjimen"] = "jim", ["Jina"] = "jia", ["Jingulu"] = "jig", ["Jirajara"] = "sai-jrj", ["Jiru"] = "jrr", ["Jita"] = "jit", ["Joba"] = "job", ["Jofotek-Bromnya"] = "jbr", ["Jola-Fonyi"] = "dyo", ["Jola-Kasa"] = "csk", ["Jonkor Bourmataguil"] = "jeu", ["Jordanian Sign Language"] = "jos", ["Jorá"] = "jor", ["Jowulu"] = "jow", ["Ju"] = "juu", ["Juang"] = "jun", ["Jukun Takum"] = "jbu", ["Jumaytepeque"] = "nai-jum", ["Jumjum"] = "jum", ["Jumla Sign Language"] = "jus", ["Jungle Inga"] = "inj", ["Jur Modo"] = "bex", ["Juray"] = "juy", ["Jurúna"] = "jur", ["Jutiapa"] = "nai-jtp", ["Juwal"] = "mwb", ["Jwira-Pepesa"] = "jwi", ["Júma"] = "jua", ["Kaamba"] = "xku", ["Kaan"] = "ldl", ["Kaang Chin"] = "ckn", ["Kaansa"] = "gna", ["Kaapor Sign Language"] = "uks", ["Kaba"] = "ksp", ["Kabalai"] = "kvf", ["Kabba-Laka"] = "lap", ["Kabishiana"] = "tup-kab", ["Kabiyé"] = "kbp", ["Kabola"] = "klz", ["Kabore One"] = "onk", ["Kabras"] = "lkb", ["Kaburi"] = "uka", ["Kabwa"] = "cwa", ["Kabwari"] = "kcw", ["Kachama-Ganjule"] = "kcx", ["Kachari"] = "xac", ["Kachi Koli"] = "gjk", ["Kacipo-Balesi"] = "koe", ["Kaco'"] = "xkk", ["Kadai"] = "kzd", ["Kadar"] = "kej", ["Kadara"] = "kad", ["Kadaru"] = "kdu", ["Kadiwéu"] = "kbc", ["Kado"] = "kdv", ["Kadugli"] = "xtc", ["Kaduo"] = "ktp", ["Kaera"] = "jka", ["Kafa"] = "kbr", ["Kafoa"] = "kpu", ["Kagan Kalagan"] = "kll", ["Kagate"] = "syw", ["Kagoma"] = "kdm", ["Kagoro"] = "xkg", ["Kagulu"] = "kki", ["Kahe"] = "hka", ["Kahua"] = "agw", ["Kaian"] = "kct", ["Kaibobo"] = "kzb", ["Kaidipang"] = "kzp", ["Kaiep"] = "kbw", ["Kaikadi"] = "kep", ["Kaike"] = "kzq", ["Kaiku"] = "kkq", ["Kaimbulawa"] = "zka", ["Kaimbé"] = "xai", ["Kairak"] = "ckr", ["Kairiru"] = "kxa", ["Kairui-Midiki"] = "krd", ["Kais"] = "kzm", ["Kaivi"] = "kce", ["Kaiwá"] = "kgk", ["Kaiy"] = "tcq", ["Kajakse"] = "ckq", ["Kajaman"] = "kag", ["Kakabe"] = "kke", ["Kakanda"] = "kka", ["Kaki Ae"] = "tbd", ["Kakihum"] = "kxe", ["Kakwa"] = "keo", ["Kala"] = "kcl", ["Kalabakan"] = "kve", ["Kalabari"] = "ijn", ["Kalabra"] = "kzz", ["Kalaktang Monpa"] = "kkf", ["Kalam"] = "kmh", ["Kalami"] = "gwc", ["Kalamsé"] = "knz", ["Kalanadi"] = "wkl", ["Kalanga"] = "kck", ["Kalao"] = "kly", ["Kalasuri"] = "xme-kls", ["Kalou"] = "ywa", ["Kaluli"] = "bco", ["Kalumpang"] = "kli", ["Kam"] = "kdx", ["Kamakan"] = "vkm", ["Kamang"] = "woi", ["Kamano"] = "kbq", ["Kamantan"] = "kci", ["Kamara"] = "jmr", ["Kamarian"] = "kzx", ["Kamaru"] = "kgx", ["Kamasa"] = "klp", ["Kamasau"] = "kms", ["Kamayurá"] = "kay", ["Kambaira"] = "kyy", ["Kamberataro"] = "kbv", ["Kamberau"] = "irx", ["Kambiwá"] = "xbw", ["Kami"] = "kmi", ["Kamkata-viri"] = "bsh", ["Kamo"] = "kcq", ["Kamoro"] = "kgq", ["Kamta"] = "rkt", ["Kamu"] = "xmu", ["Kamula"] = "xla", ["Kamwe"] = "hig", ["Kanakuru"] = "kna", ["Kanamari"] = "knm", ["Kanashi"] = "xns", ["Kanasi"] = "soq", ["Kandas"] = "kqw", ["Kandawo"] = "gam", ["Kande"] = "kbs", ["Kang"] = "kyp", ["Kanga"] = "kcp", ["Kangean"] = "kkv", ["Kanggape"] = "igm", ["Kangjia"] = "kxs", ["Kango"] = "kty", ["Kango-Sua"] = "kzy", ["Kaniet"] = "ktk", ["Kanikkaran"] = "kev", ["Kaningdon-Nindem"] = "kdp", ["Kaningi"] = "kzo", ["Kaningra"] = "knr", ["Kaninuwa"] = "wat", ["Kanite"] = "kmu", ["Kannada Kurumba"] = "kfi", ["Kannauji"] = "bjj", ["Kanowit"] = "kxn", ["Kanoé"] = "kxo", ["Kansa"] = "ksk", ["Kantosi"] = "xkt", ["Kanufi"] = "kni", ["Kanyok"] = "kny", ["Kao"] = "kax", ["Kap"] = "ykm", ["Kapauri"] = "khp", ["Kapin"] = "tbx", ["Kapinawá"] = "xpn", ["Kapriman"] = "dju", ["Kaptiau"] = "kbi", ["Kapya"] = "klo", ["Kaqchikel"] = "cak", ["Kara (New Guinea)"] = "leu", ["Kara (Tanzania)"] = "reg", ["Karadjeri"] = "gbd", ["Karaga Mandaya"] = "mry", ["Karajá"] = "kpj", ["Karami"] = "xar", ["Karang"] = "kzr", ["Karanga"] = "kth", ["Karankawa"] = "zkk", ["Karas"] = "kgv", ["Karawa"] = "xrw", ["Karbi"] = "mjw", ["Kare (Africa)"] = "kbn", ["Kare (New Guinea)"] = "kmf", ["Karekare"] = "kai", ["Karey"] = "kyd", ["Kari"] = "kbj", ["Karipuna"] = "kuq", ["Karipúna"] = "kgm", ["Karipúna Creole French"] = "kmv", ["Kariri"] = "kzw", ["Karitiâna"] = "ktn", ["Kariya"] = "kil", ["Karkar-Yuri"] = "yuj", ["Karkin"] = "krb", ["Karko"] = "kko", ["Karnai"] = "bbv", ["Karo"] = "kxh", ["Karok"] = "kyh", ["Karolanos"] = "kyn", ["Karon"] = "krx", ["Karon Dori"] = "kgw", ["Karore"] = "xkx", ["Karuwali"] = "rxw", ["Kasanga"] = "ccj", ["Kasem"] = "xsm", ["Kasiguranin"] = "ksn", ["Kaskean"] = "zsk", ["Kaskihá"] = "gva", ["Kassite"] = "und-kas", ["Kassonke"] = "kao", ["Kasua"] = "khs", ["Kataang"] = "kgd", ["Katabaga"] = "ktq", ["Katawixi"] = "xat", ["Katembri"] = "sai-kat", ["Kathlamet"] = "nai-kat", ["Kathoriya Tharu"] = "tkt", ["Kathu"] = "ykt", ["Katla"] = "kcr", ["Kato"] = "ktw", ["Katso"] = "kaf", ["Katua"] = "kta", ["Katukina"] = "knt", ["Kaulong"] = "pss", ["Kaur"] = "vkk", ["Kaure"] = "bpp", ["Kauwera"] = "xau", ["Kavet"] = "krv", ["Kawacha"] = "kcb", ["Kawaiisu"] = "xaw", ["Kawe"] = "kgb", ["Kawishana"] = "awd-kaw", ["Kaxararí"] = "ktx", ["Kaxuyana"] = "kbb", ["Kayabí"] = "kyz", ["Kayagar"] = "kyt", ["Kayan"] = "pdu", ["Kayan Mahakam"] = "xay", ["Kayan River Kayan"] = "xkn", ["Kayapó"] = "txu", ["Kayardild"] = "gyd", ["Kayeli"] = "kzl", ["Kayong"] = "kxy", ["Kayort"] = "kyv", ["Kaytetye"] = "gbb", ["Kayupulau"] = "kzu", ["Kazukuru"] = "kzk", ["Ke'o"] = "xxk", ["Keak"] = "keh", ["Kedang"] = "ksx", ["Keder"] = "kdy", ["Kehu"] = "khh", ["Kei"] = "kei", ["Keiga"] = "kec", ["Kein"] = "bmh", ["Keiyo"] = "eyo", ["Kela-Yela"] = "kel", ["Kelabit"] = "kzi", ["Keley-I Kallahan"] = "ify", ["Keliko"] = "kbo", ["Kelo"] = "xel", ["Kelon"] = "kyo", ["Kembayan"] = "xem", ["Kemberano"] = "bzp", ["Kembra"] = "xkw", ["Kemezung"] = "dmo", ["Kemiehua"] = "kfj", ["Kemtuik"] = "kmt", ["Kenaboi"] = "xbn", ["Kenati"] = "gat", ["Kendayan"] = "knx", ["Kendeje"] = "klf", ["Kendem"] = "kvm", ["Kenga"] = "kyq", ["Keningau Murut"] = "kxi", ["Keninjal"] = "knl", ["Kensiu"] = "kns", ["Kenswei Nsei"] = "ndb", ["Kenyi"] = "lke", ["Keoru-Ahia"] = "xeu", ["Kepkiriwát"] = "kpn", ["Kepo'"] = "kuk", ["Kera"] = "ker", ["Kerak"] = "hhr", ["Kereho"] = "xke", ["Kerewe"] = "ked", ["Kerewo"] = "kxz", ["Kerinci"] = "kvr", ["Kesawai"] = "xes", ["Kete"] = "kcv", ["Ketengban"] = "xte", ["Ketum"] = "ktt", ["Kewa"] = "kew", ["Keyagana"] = "kyg", ["Kgalagadi"] = "xkv", ["Kham"] = "kjl", ["Khana"] = "ogo", ["Khao"] = "xao", ["Kharam Naga"] = "kfw", ["Khayo"] = "lko", ["Khe"] = "kqg", ["Khehek"] = "tlx", ["Khengkha"] = "xkf", ["Khezha Naga"] = "nkh", ["Khiamniungan Naga"] = "kix", ["Khirwar"] = "kwx", ["Khisa"] = "kqm", ["Khlor"] = "llo", ["Khlula"] = "ykl", ["Khoibu Naga"] = "nkb", ["Kholok"] = "ktc", ["Khonso"] = "kxc", ["Khua"] = "xhv", ["Khuen"] = "khf", ["Khwe"] = "xuu", ["Kháng"] = "kjm", ["Kibala"] = "blv", ["Kibet"] = "kie", ["Kibiri"] = "prm", ["Kichwa"] = "qwe-kch", ["Kickapoo"] = "kic", ["Kikami"] = "kcu", ["Kilit"] = "xme-klt", ["Kiliwa"] = "klb", ["Kilmeri"] = "kih", ["Kim"] = "kia", ["Kimaama"] = "kig", ["Kimbu"] = "kiv", ["Kimki"] = "sbt", ["Kimré"] = "kqp", ["Kinabalian"] = "cbw", ["Kinalakna"] = "kco", ["Kinga"] = "zga", ["Kings River Yokuts"] = "nai-kry", ["Kinikinao"] = "gqn", ["Kintaq"] = "knq", ["Kinuku"] = "kkd", ["Kioko"] = "ues", ["Kiong"] = "kkm", ["Kiorr"] = "xko", ["Kiowa"] = "kio", ["Kipfokomo"] = "pkb", ["Kipsigis"] = "sgc", ["Kir-Balar"] = "kkr", ["Kire"] = "geb", ["Kirfi"] = "kks", ["Kirike"] = "okr", ["Kirikiri"] = "kiy", ["Kirya-Konzel"] = "fkk", ["Kis"] = "kis", ["Kisa"] = "lks", ["Kisan"] = "xis", ["Kisankasa"] = "kqh", ["Kisar"] = "kje", ["Kisi"] = "kiz", ["Kistane"] = "gru", ["Kita Maninkakan"] = "mwk", ["Kitanemuk"] = "azc-ktn", ["Kitembo"] = "tbt", ["Kitja"] = "gia", ["Kitsai"] = "kii", ["Kiunum"] = "wei", ["Kla"] = "lda", ["Klamath-Modoc"] = "kla", ["Klao"] = "klu", ["Klias River Kadazan"] = "kqt", ["Knaanic"] = "czk", ["Ko"] = "fuj", ["Koalib"] = "kib", ["Koba"] = "kpd", ["Kobiana"] = "kcj", ["Kobol"] = "kgu", ["Kochila Tharu"] = "thq", ["Koda"] = "cdz", ["Kodaku"] = "ksz", ["Kodava"] = "kfa", ["Kodeoha"] = "vko", ["Kodi"] = "kod", ["Kodia"] = "kwp", ["Koenoem"] = "kcs", ["Kofa"] = "kso", ["Kofei"] = "kpi", ["Kofyar"] = "kwl", ["Kohin"] = "kkx", ["Kohistani Shina"] = "plk", ["Kohumono"] = "bcs", ["Koi"] = "kkt", ["Koireng"] = "nkd", ["Koitabu"] = "kqi", ["Koiwat"] = "kxt", ["Kok-Nar"] = "gko", ["Kok-Paponk"] = "okg", ["Koke"] = "kou", ["Kokoda"] = "xod", ["Kokola"] = "kzn", ["Kokota"] = "kkk", ["Kol (Cameroon)"] = "biw", ["Kol (New Guinea)"] = "kol", ["Kola"] = "kvv", ["Kolbila"] = "klc", ["Kolhe"] = "ekl", ["Kolom"] = "klm", ["Koluwawa"] = "klx", ["Kom (India)"] = "kmm", ["Koma"] = "kmy", ["Komba"] = "kpf", ["Kombai"] = "tyn", ["Kombio"] = "xbi", ["Komering"] = "kge", ["Kominimung"] = "xoi", ["Komo"] = "xom", ["Kompane"] = "kvp", ["Komyandaret"] = "kzv", ["Kon Keu"] = "kkn", ["Konabéré"] = "bbo", ["Konai"] = "kxw", ["Konda"] = "knd", ["Konda-Dora"] = "kfc", ["Kondekor"] = "gau", ["Koneraw"] = "kdw", ["Konkomba"] = "xon", ["Kono (Guinea)"] = "knu", ["Kono (Nigeria)"] = "klk", ["Kono (Sierra Leone)"] = "kno", ["Konomala"] = "koa", ["Konomihu"] = "nai-knm", ["Konongo"] = "kcz", ["Konyak Naga"] = "nbe", ["Konyanka Maninka"] = "mku", ["Konzo"] = "koo", ["Koonzime"] = "ozm", ["Koorete"] = "kqy", ["Kopar"] = "xop", ["Kopkaka"] = "opk", ["Korafe-Yegha"] = "kpr", ["Korak"] = "koz", ["Korana"] = "kqz", ["Korandje"] = "kcy", ["Korean Sign Language"] = "kvk", ["Koreguaje"] = "coe", ["Korku"] = "kfq", ["Korlai Creole Portuguese"] = "vkp", ["Koro (India)"] = "jkr", ["Koro (New Guinea)"] = "kxr", ["Koro (Vanuatu)"] = "krf", ["Koromfé"] = "kfz", ["Koromira"] = "kqj", ["Koroni"] = "xkq", ["Korop"] = "krp", ["Koropó"] = "xxr", ["Koroshi"] = "ktl", ["Korowai"] = "khe", ["Korra Koraga"] = "kfd", ["Korubo"] = "xor", ["Korupun-Sela"] = "kpq", ["Korwa"] = "kfp", ["Kosadle"] = "kiq", ["Kosarek Yale"] = "kkl", ["Kosena"] = "kze", ["Koshin"] = "kid", ["Kota (Gabon)"] = "koq", ["Kota (India)"] = "kfe", ["Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"] = "mqg", ["Kota Marudu Talantang"] = "grm", ["Kota Marudu Tinagas"] = "ktr", ["Kotafon Gbe"] = "kqk", ["Koti"] = "eko", ["Kou"] = "snz", ["Kouya"] = "kyf", ["Kovai"] = "kqb", ["Kove"] = "kvc", ["Kowaki"] = "xow", ["Kowiai"] = "kwh", ["Koy Sanjaq Surat"] = "kqd", ["Koya"] = "kff", ["Koyaga"] = "kga", ["Koyo"] = "koh", ["Koyukon"] = "koy", ["Kpagua"] = "kuw", ["Kpala"] = "kpl", ["Kpan"] = "kpk", ["Kpasam"] = "pbn", ["Kpati"] = "koc", ["Kpatili"] = "kym", ["Kpee"] = "cpo", ["Kpessi"] = "kef", ["Kplang"] = "kph", ["Krache"] = "kye", ["Krahô"] = "xra", ["Kraol"] = "rka", ["Krenak"] = "kqq", ["Kresh"] = "krs", ["Krevinian"] = "zkv", ["Kreye"] = "xre", ["Krikati-Timbira"] = "xri", ["Krim"] = "krm", ["Krisa"] = "ksi", ["Krongo"] = "kgo", ["Kru'ng"] = "krr", ["Kua"] = "tyu", ["Kuan"] = "uan", ["Kuanhua"] = "xnh", ["Kube"] = "kgf", ["Kubi"] = "kof", ["Kubo"] = "jko", ["Kubu"] = "kvb", ["Kucong"] = "lkc", ["Kudiya"] = "kfg", ["Kudu-Camo"] = "kov", ["Kugama"] = "kow", ["Kugbo"] = "kes", ["Kui (India)"] = "kxu", ["Kui (Indonesia)"] = "kvd", ["Kuijau"] = "dkr", ["Kuikúro"] = "kui", ["Kujarge"] = "vkj", ["Kuk"] = "kfn", ["Kukele"] = "kez", ["Kuku-Thaypan"] = "typ", ["Kuku-Ugbanh"] = "ugb", ["Kuku-Uwanh"] = "uwa", ["Kuku-Yalanji"] = "gvn", ["Kula"] = "tpg", ["Kulaal"] = "glj", ["Kulere"] = "kul", ["Kulfa"] = "kxj", ["Kulina"] = "xpk", ["Kulisusu"] = "vkl", ["Kulung"] = "kle", ["Kumak"] = "nee", ["Kumam"] = "kdi", ["Kuman"] = "kue", ["Kumaoni"] = "kfy", ["Kumarbhag Paharia"] = "kmj", ["Kumba"] = "ksm", ["Kumbaran"] = "wkb", ["Kumbewaha"] = "xks", ["Kumeyaay"] = "nai-kum", ["Kumhali"] = "kra", ["Kumu"] = "kmw", ["Kumukio"] = "kuo", ["Kuna"] = "cuk", ["Kunama"] = "kun", ["Kunda"] = "kdn", ["Kunduvadi"] = "wku", ["Kung"] = "kfl", ["Kungarakany"] = "ggk", ["Kungardutyi"] = "gdt", ["Kuni"] = "kse", ["Kuni-Boazi"] = "kvg", ["Kunimaipa"] = "kup", ["Kunja"] = "pep", ["Kunyi"] = "njx", ["Kuo"] = "xuo", ["Kuot"] = "kto", ["Kupa"] = "kug", ["Kupsabiny"] = "kpz", ["Kur"] = "kuv", ["Kura Ede Nago"] = "nqk", ["Kurama"] = "krh", ["Kuranko"] = "knk", ["Kuri"] = "nbn", ["Kuria"] = "kuj", ["Kurichiya"] = "kfh", ["Kurnai"] = "unn", ["Kurti"] = "ktm", ["Kurtjar"] = "gdj", ["Kurudu"] = "kjr", ["Kuruáya"] = "kyr", ["Kusaal"] = "kus", ["Kusaghe"] = "ksg", ["Kushi"] = "kuh", ["Kustenau"] = "awd-kus", ["Kusu"] = "ksv", ["Kutang Ghale"] = "ght", ["Kutep"] = "kub", ["Kutto"] = "kpa", ["Kutu"] = "kdc", ["Kuturmi"] = "khj", ["Kuuk Thaayorre"] = "thd", ["Kuuk Yak"] = "uky", ["Kuvale"] = "olu", ["Kuvi"] = "kxv", ["Kuwaa"] = "blh", ["Kuwaataay"] = "cwt", ["Kuwani"] = "paa-kwn", ["Kuy"] = "kdt", ["Kw'adza"] = "wka", ["Kwa'"] = "bko", ["Kwaami"] = "ksq", ["Kwadi"] = "kwz", ["Kwaio"] = "kwd", ["Kwaja"] = "kdz", ["Kwak"] = "kwq", ["Kwakum"] = "kwu", ["Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"] = "qwt", ["Kwama"] = "kmq", ["Kwambi"] = "kwm", ["Kwamera"] = "tnk", ["Kwami"] = "ktf", ["Kwamtim One"] = "okk", ["Kwang"] = "kvi", ["Kwanga"] = "kwj", ["Kwangali"] = "kwn", ["Kwanja"] = "knp", ["Kwanka"] = "bij", ["Kwaya"] = "kya", ["Kwaza"] = "xwa", ["Kwegu"] = "xwg", ["Kwer"] = "kwr", ["Kwerba"] = "kwe", ["Kwerba Mamberamo"] = "xwr", ["Kwere"] = "cwe", ["Kwerisa"] = "kkb", ["Kwese"] = "kws", ["Kwesten"] = "kwt", ["Kwini"] = "gww", ["Kwinsu"] = "kuc", ["Kwinti"] = "kww", ["Kwoma"] = "kmo", ["Kwomtari"] = "kwo", ["Kyak"] = "bka", ["Kyaka"] = "kyc", ["Kyan-Karyaw Naga"] = "nqq", ["Kyenele"] = "kql", ["Kyenga"] = "tye", ["Kyerung"] = "kgy", ["Kâte"] = "kmg", ["Kélé"] = "keb", ["Kómnzo"] = "paa-kom", ["La'bi"] = "lbi", ["Laal"] = "gdm", ["Laalaa"] = "cae", ["Laba"] = "lau", ["Label"] = "lbb", ["Labir"] = "jku", ["Labo"] = "mwi", ["Labu"] = "lbu", ["Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"] = "dtb", ["Laeko-Libuat"] = "lkl", ["Lafofa"] = "laf", ["Laghu"] = "lgb", ["Laghuu"] = "lgh", ["Lagwan"] = "kot", ["Laha (Indonesia)"] = "lhh", ["Lahanan"] = "lhn", ["Lahta Karen"] = "kvt", ["Lahu Shi"] = "lhi", ["Lai"] = "cnh", ["Laimbue"] = "lmx", ["Laitu Chin"] = "clj", ["Laiyolo"] = "lji", ["Laka"] = "lak", ["Lakalei"] = "lka", ["Lake Miwok"] = "lmw", ["Lakha"] = "lkh", ["Lakon"] = "lkn", ["Lakondê"] = "lkd", ["Lakota Dida"] = "dic", ["Lala-Bisa"] = "leb", ["Lala-Roba"] = "lla", ["Lamaholot"] = "slp", ["Lamalera"] = "lmr", ["Lamang"] = "hia", ["Lamatuka"] = "lmq", ["Lambichhong"] = "lmh", ["Lambya"] = "lai", ["Lame"] = "bma", ["Lamenu"] = "lmu", ["Lamet"] = "lbn", ["Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"] = "ldh", ["Lamkang"] = "lmk", ["Lamma"] = "lev", ["Lamnso'"] = "lns", ["Lamogai"] = "lmg", ["Lamu"] = "llh", ["Lamu-Lamu"] = "lby", ["Lanas Lobu"] = "ruu", ["Landoma"] = "ldm", ["Lang'e"] = "yne", ["Langam"] = "lnm", ["Langbashe"] = "lna", ["Lango (Sudan)"] = "lno", ["Lango (Uganda)"] = "laj", ["Lanima"] = "lnw", ["Lanoh"] = "lnh", ["Lao Naga"] = "nlq", ["Laopang"] = "lbg", ["Lapine"] = "art-lap", ["Larantuka Malay"] = "lrt", ["Larevat"] = "lrv", ["Larike-Wakasihu"] = "alo", ["Laro"] = "lro", ["Larteh"] = "lar", ["Laru"] = "lan", ["Lasalimu"] = "llm", ["Latu"] = "ltu", ["Latundê"] = "ltn", ["Lau"] = "llu", ["Laua"] = "luf", ["Lauan"] = "llx", ["Lauje"] = "law", ["Laura"] = "lur", ["Laurentian"] = "lre", ["Lautu Chin"] = "clt", ["Lavatbura-Lamusong"] = "lbv", ["Lave"] = "brb", ["Laven"] = "lbo", ["Lavukaleve"] = "lvk", ["Lawangan"] = "lbx", ["Lawi"] = "lvi", ["Lawu"] = "lwu", ["Lawunuia"] = "tgi", ["Layakha"] = "lya", ["Laze"] = "tbq-laz", ["Leco"] = "lec", ["Ledo Kaili"] = "lew", ["Leelau"] = "ldk", ["Lefa"] = "lfa", ["Lega-Mwenga"] = "lgm", ["Lega-Shabunda"] = "lea", ["Legbo"] = "agb", ["Legenyem"] = "lcc", ["Lehali"] = "tql", ["Lehalurup"] = "urr", ["Leinong Naga"] = "lzn", ["Leipon"] = "lek", ["Lela"] = "dri", ["Lelak"] = "llk", ["Lele (Chad)"] = "lln", ["Lele (Congo)"] = "lel", ["Lele (Guinea)"] = "llc", ["Lele (New Guinea)"] = "lle", ["Lelemi"] = "lef", ["Lelepa"] = "lpa", ["Lembena"] = "leq", ["Lemerig"] = "lrz", ["Lemio"] = "lei", ["Lemolang"] = "ley", ["Lemoro"] = "ldj", ["Lenakel"] = "tnl", ["Lendu"] = "led", ["Lengilu"] = "lgi", ["Lengo"] = "lgr", ["Lengola"] = "lej", ["Lenkau"] = "ler", ["Lenyima"] = "ldg", ["Lepki"] = "lpe", ["Lere"] = "gnh", ["Lese"] = "les", ["Lesing-Gelimi"] = "let", ["Letemboi"] = "nms", ["Leti (Cameroon)"] = "leo", ["Levuka"] = "lvu", ["Lewo"] = "lww", ["Lewo Eleng"] = "lwe", ["Lewotobi"] = "lwt", ["Leyigha"] = "ayi", ["Lhao Vo"] = "mhx", ["Lhokpu"] = "lhp", ["Li'o"] = "ljl", ["Liabuku"] = "lix", ["Liana-Seti"] = "ste", ["Liangmai Naga"] = "njn", ["Libido"] = "liq", ["Libinza"] = "liz", ["Liburnian"] = "xli", ["Ligbi"] = "lig", ["Ligenza"] = "lgz", ["Lihir"] = "lih", ["Lika"] = "lik", ["Liki"] = "lio", ["Likila"] = "lie", ["Likuba"] = "kxx", ["Likum"] = "lib", ["Likwala"] = "kwc", ["Lilau"] = "lll", ["Lillooet"] = "lil", ["Limassa"] = "bme", ["Limbum"] = "lmp", ["Limi"] = "ylm", ["Lingkhim"] = "lii", ["Linngithigh"] = "lnj", ["Lipan"] = "apl", ["Lisabata-Nuniali"] = "lcs", ["Lisela"] = "lcl", ["Lish"] = "lsh", ["Lishana Deni"] = "lsd", ["Lishanid Noshan"] = "aij", ["Lishán Didán"] = "trg", ["Little Swanport"] = "aus-lsw", ["Litzlitz"] = "lzl", ["Lizu"] = "sit-liz", ["Lo-Toga"] = "lht", ["Lobala"] = "loq", ["Lobi"] = "lob", ["Logba"] = "lgq", ["Logo"] = "log", ["Logol"] = "lof", ["Logooli"] = "rag", ["Logorik"] = "liu", ["Lokaa"] = "yaz", ["Loko"] = "lok", ["Lokoya"] = "lky", ["Lola"] = "lcd", ["Lolak"] = "llq", ["Lole"] = "llg", ["Lolo"] = "llb", ["Loloda"] = "loa", ["Lomaiviti"] = "lmv", ["Lomakka"] = "loi", ["Lombi"] = "lmi", ["Lombo"] = "loo", ["Lomwe"] = "ngl", ["Loncong"] = "lce", ["Long Phuri Naga"] = "lpn", ["Long Wat"] = "ttw", ["Longgu"] = "lgu", ["Longto"] = "wok", ["Longuda"] = "lnu", ["Loniu"] = "los", ["Lonwolwol"] = "crc", ["Loo"] = "ldo", ["Looma"] = "lom", ["Lopa"] = "lop", ["Lopi"] = "lov", ["Lopit"] = "lpx", ["Lorang"] = "lrn", ["Lorediakarkar"] = "lnn", ["Lote"] = "uvl", ["Lotha Naga"] = "njh", ["Lotud"] = "dtr", ["Lotuko"] = "lot", ["Loun"] = "lox", ["Loup A"] = "xlo", ["Loup B"] = "xlb", ["Lovono"] = "vnk", ["Lower Burdekin"] = "xbb", ["Lower Chehalis"] = "cea", ["Lower Grand Valley Dani"] = "dni", ["Lower Nossob"] = "nsb", ["Lower Ta'oih"] = "tto", ["Lower Tanana"] = "taa", ["Luang"] = "lex", ["Lubila"] = "kcc", ["Lubu"] = "lcf", ["Luchazi"] = "lch", ["Lucumi"] = "luq", ["Lufu"] = "ldq", ["Lugbara"] = "lgg", ["Luguru"] = "ruf", ["Luhu"] = "lcq", ["Luimbi"] = "lum", ["Lukpa"] = "dop", ["Lumba-Yakkha"] = "luu", ["Lumbee"] = "lmz", ["Lumbu"] = "lup", ["Lumun"] = "lmd", ["Luna"] = "luj", ["Lunanakha"] = "luk", ["Lungga"] = "lga", ["Luri (Nigeria)"] = "ldd", ["Lusengo"] = "lse", ["Lusi"] = "khl", ["Lutachoni"] = "lts", ["Lutos"] = "ndy", ["Luvale"] = "lue", ["Luwo"] = "lwo", ["Luyana"] = "lyn", ["Lwalu"] = "lwa", ["Lwel"] = "bnt-lwl", ["Lyélé"] = "lee", ["Láá Láá Bwamu"] = "bwj", ["Ma"] = "msj", ["Ma Manda"] = "skc", ["Ma'anyan"] = "mhy", ["Ma'di"] = "mhi", ["Ma'ya"] = "slz", ["Maa"] = "cma", ["Maaka"] = "mew", ["Maale"] = "mdy", ["Maay"] = "ymm", ["Maba"] = "mqa", ["Mabaale"] = "mmz", ["Mabaan"] = "mfz", ["Mabire"] = "muj", ["Maca"] = "mca", ["Macaguaje"] = "mcl", ["Macaguán"] = "mbn", ["Machiguenga"] = "mcb", ["Machinere"] = "mpd", ["Machinga"] = "mvw", ["Macoris"] = "nai-mac", ["Macuna"] = "myy", ["Macushi"] = "mbc", ["Mada (Cameroon)"] = "mxu", ["Mada (Nigeria)"] = "mda", ["Madak"] = "mmx", ["Maden"] = "xmx", ["Madi"] = "grg", ["Madngele"] = "zml", ["Madukayang Kalinga"] = "kmd", ["Mae"] = "mme", ["Maeng Itneg"] = "itt", ["Mafea"] = "mkv", ["Magahat"] = "mtw", ["Magiyi"] = "gmg", ["Magoma"] = "gmx", ["Magori"] = "zgr", ["Magɨ"] = "gkd", ["Mahali"] = "mjx", ["Mahongwe"] = "mhb", ["Mahou"] = "mxx", ["Maia"] = "sks", ["Maiadomu"] = "mzz", ["Maiani"] = "tnh", ["Mailu"] = "mgu", ["Maindo"] = "cwb", ["Mairasi"] = "zrs", ["Maisin"] = "mbq", ["Maiwa (Indonesia)"] = "wmm", ["Maiwa (New Guinea)"] = "mti", ["Maiwala"] = "mum", ["Majera"] = "xmj", ["Majhwar"] = "mmj", ["Mak (Nigeria)"] = "pbl", ["Makaa"] = "mcp", ["Makah"] = "myh", ["Makalero"] = "mjb", ["Makasae"] = "mkz", ["Makayam"] = "aup", ["Makhuwa"] = "vmw", ["Makhuwa-Marrevone"] = "xmc", ["Makhuwa-Moniga"] = "mhm", ["Makhuwa-Saka"] = "xsq", ["Makhuwa-Shirima"] = "vmk", ["Maklew"] = "mgf", ["Makolkol"] = "zmh", ["Maku"] = "xak", ["Maku'a"] = "lva", ["Makuri Naga"] = "jmn", ["Makuráp"] = "mpu", ["Makwe"] = "ymk", ["Makyan Naga"] = "umn", ["Mal"] = "mlf", ["Mala (New Guinea)"] = "ped", ["Mala (Nigeria)"] = "ruy", ["Mala Malasar"] = "ima", ["Malalamai"] = "mmt", ["Malango"] = "mln", ["Malankuravan"] = "mjo", ["Malapandaram"] = "mjp", ["Malaryan"] = "mjq", ["Malas"] = "mkr", ["Malasanga"] = "mqz", ["Malasar"] = "ymr", ["Malavedan"] = "mjr", ["Malawi Lomwe"] = "lon", ["Malaynon"] = "mlz", ["Malba Birifor"] = "bfo", ["Male"] = "mdc", ["Malecite-Passamaquoddy"] = "pqm", ["Maleng"] = "pkt", ["Maleu-Kilenge"] = "mgl", ["Malfaxal"] = "mlx", ["Malgbe"] = "mxf", ["Mali"] = "gcc", ["Malibu"] = "sai-mlb", ["Malila"] = "mgq", ["Malimba"] = "mzd", ["Malimpung"] = "mli", ["Malol"] = "mbk", ["Malua Bay"] = "mll", ["Maléku Jaíka"] = "gut", ["Mama"] = "mma", ["Mamaa"] = "mhf", ["Mamaindé"] = "wmd", ["Mamara Senoufo"] = "myk", ["Mambae"] = "mgm", ["Mambai"] = "mcs", ["Mamboru"] = "mvd", ["Mamuju"] = "mqx", ["Mamulique"] = "emm", ["Mamusi"] = "kdf", ["Mamvu"] = "mdi", ["Man Met"] = "mml", ["Manam"] = "mva", ["Manambu"] = "mle", ["Manangba"] = "nmm", ["Manao"] = "awd-man", ["Mandahuaca"] = "mht", ["Mandan"] = "mhq", ["Mandara"] = "tbf", ["Mandari"] = "mqu", ["Mander"] = "mqr", ["Mandjak"] = "mfv", ["Mandobo Atas"] = "aax", ["Mandobo Bawah"] = "bwp", ["Manem"] = "jet", ["Mang"] = "zng", ["Mangala"] = "mem", ["Mangarevan"] = "mrv", ["Mangas"] = "zns", ["Mangayat"] = "myj", ["Mangbetu"] = "mdj", ["Mangbutu"] = "mdk", ["Mangga Buang"] = "mmo", ["Mangghuer"] = "xgn-mgr", ["Mango"] = "mge", ["Mangole"] = "mqc", ["Mangseng"] = "mbh", ["Manigri-Kambolé Ede Nago"] = "xkb", ["Manikion"] = "mnx", ["Manipa"] = "mqp", ["Mankiyali"] = "nlm", ["Manna-Dora"] = "mju", ["Mannan"] = "mjv", ["Mano"] = "mev", ["Manombai"] = "woo", ["Mansoanka"] = "msw", ["Manta"] = "myg", ["Mantsi"] = "nty", ["Manumanaw Karen"] = "kxf", ["Manusela"] = "wha", ["Manya"] = "mzj", ["Manyawa"] = "mny", ["Manza"] = "mzv", ["Mao Naga"] = "nbi", ["Mape"] = "mlh", ["Mapena"] = "mnm", ["Mapia"] = "mpy", ["Mapidian"] = "mpw", ["Mapos Buang"] = "bzh", ["Mapoyo"] = "mcg", ["Mapun"] = "sjm", ["Maquiritari"] = "mch", ["Mara Chin"] = "mrh", ["Marachi"] = "lri", ["Maragus"] = "mrs", ["Maram Naga"] = "nma", ["Marama"] = "lrm", ["Mararit"] = "mgb", ["Marau"] = "mvr", ["Marawan"] = "awd-mar", ["Marenje"] = "vmr", ["Marfa"] = "mvu", ["Marghi South"] = "mfm", ["Margi"] = "mrt", ["Maria"] = "mds", ["Mariaté"] = "awd-mrt", ["Marik"] = "dad", ["Marind"] = "mrz", ["Maring"] = "mbw", ["Maring Naga"] = "nng", ["Marino"] = "mrb", ["Mariri"] = "mqi", ["Maritsauá"] = "msp", ["Marka"] = "rkm", ["Markweeta"] = "enb", ["Maroon Spirit Language"] = "cpe-mar", ["Marovo"] = "mvo", ["Marti Ke"] = "zmg", ["Marúbo"] = "mzr", ["Masaba"] = "myx", ["Masadiit Itneg"] = "tis", ["Masakará"] = "sai-msk", ["Masalit"] = "mls", ["Masana"] = "mcn", ["Masbate Sorsogon"] = "bks", ["Mashco Piro"] = "cuj", ["Mashi"] = "mho", ["Masimasi"] = "ism", ["Masiwang"] = "bnf", ["Maslam"] = "msv", ["Masmaje"] = "mes", ["Massalat"] = "mdg", ["Massep"] = "mvs", ["Matagalpa"] = "mtn", ["Matengo"] = "mgv", ["Matepi"] = "mqe", ["Matipuhy"] = "mzo", ["Mato"] = "met", ["Mato Grosso Arára"] = "axg", ["Matsés"] = "mcf", ["Mattole"] = "mvb", ["Matukar"] = "mjk", ["Matumbi"] = "mgw", ["Matya Samo"] = "stj", ["Matís"] = "mpq", ["Mauwake"] = "mhl", ["Mawa"] = "mcw", ["Mawak"] = "mjj", ["Mawan"] = "mcz", ["Mawayana"] = "mzx", ["Mawes"] = "mgk", ["Maxakalí"] = "mbl", ["Maxi Gbe"] = "mxl", ["Maya Samo"] = "sym", ["Mayangna"] = "yan", ["Maybrat"] = "ayz", ["Mayeka"] = "myc", ["Maynas"] = "sai-mys", ["Mayogo"] = "mdm", ["Maypure"] = "awd-mpr", ["Mazagway"] = "dkx", ["Mba"] = "mfc", ["Mbabaram"] = "vmb", ["Mbala"] = "mdp", ["Mbalanhu"] = "lnb", ["Mbandja"] = "zmz", ["Mbangala"] = "mxg", ["Mbangi"] = "mgn", ["Mbangwe"] = "zmn", ["Mbati"] = "mdn", ["Mbato"] = "gwa", ["Mbay"] = "myb", ["Mbe"] = "mfo", ["Mbe'"] = "mtk", ["Mbelime"] = "mql", ["Mbere"] = "mdt", ["Mbesa"] = "zms", ["Mbiywom"] = "aus-mbi", ["Mbo (Cameroon)"] = "mbo", ["Mbo (Congo)"] = "zmw", ["Mboi"] = "moi", ["Mboko"] = "mdu", ["Mbole"] = "mdq", ["Mbonga"] = "xmb", ["Mbongno"] = "bgu", ["Mbosi"] = "mdw", ["Mbowe"] = "mxo", ["Mbre"] = "mka", ["Mbu'"] = "muc", ["Mbudum"] = "xmd", ["Mbugu"] = "mhd", ["Mbugwe"] = "mgz", ["Mbuko"] = "mqb", ["Mbukushu"] = "mhw", ["Mbula"] = "mna", ["Mbula-Bwazza"] = "mbu", ["Mbule"] = "mlb", ["Mbulungish"] = "mbv", ["Mbum"] = "mdd", ["Mbunda"] = "mck", ["Mbunga"] = "mgy", ["Mburku"] = "bbt", ["Mbuun"] = "zmp", ["Mbwela"] = "mfu", ["Mbyá Guaraní"] = "gun", ["Me'en"] = "mym", ["Mea"] = "meg", ["Mebu"] = "mjn", ["Medebur"] = "mjm", ["Medefaidrin"] = "dmf", ["Media Lengua"] = "mue", ["Mednyj Aleut"] = "mud", ["Mefele"] = "mfj", ["Megam"] = "mef", ["Mehek"] = "nux", ["Mehináku"] = "mmh", ["Mekmek"] = "mvk", ["Mekwei"] = "msf", ["Mel-Khaonh"] = "hkn", ["Mele-Fila"] = "mxe", ["Melo"] = "mfx", ["Melpa"] = "med", ["Mendalam Kayan"] = "xkd", ["Mendankwe-Nkwen"] = "mfd", ["Mengaka"] = "xmg", ["Mengen"] = "mee", ["Menien"] = "sai-men", ["Menka"] = "mea", ["Menominee"] = "mez", ["Menya"] = "mcr", ["Meoswar"] = "mvx", ["Mer"] = "mnu", ["Meramera"] = "mxm", ["Merei"] = "lmb", ["Merey"] = "meq", ["Meriam"] = "ulk", ["Merlav"] = "mrm", ["Mesaka"] = "iyo", ["Mese"] = "mci", ["Mesme"] = "zim", ["Mesmes"] = "mys", ["Mesqan"] = "mvz", ["Meyah"] = "mej", ["Mfinu"] = "zmf", ["Mfumte"] = "nfu", ["Miami"] = "mia", ["Mian"] = "mpt", ["Miani"] = "pla", ["Michif"] = "crg", ["Michigamea"] = "cmm", ["Mid Grand Valley Dani"] = "dnt", ["Mid-Southern Banda"] = "bjo", ["Middle Watut"] = "mpl", ["Midob"] = "mei", ["Migaama"] = "mmy", ["Migabac"] = "mpp", ["Miji"] = "sjl", ["Milang"] = "und-mil", ["Mili"] = "ymh", ["Millcayac"] = "sai-mil", ["Miltu"] = "mlj", ["Miluk"] = "iml", ["Mimi of Decorse"] = "und-mmd", ["Mimi of Nachtigal"] = "und-mmn", ["Mina"] = "hna", ["Minaean"] = "inm", ["Minanibai"] = "mcv", ["Minaveha"] = "mvn", ["Mindiri"] = "mpn", ["Mingang Doso"] = "mko", ["Minica Huitoto"] = "hto", ["Minidien"] = "wii", ["Minigir"] = "vmg", ["Minkin"] = "xxm", ["Minokok"] = "mqq", ["Minriq"] = "mnq", ["Mintil"] = "mzt", ["Miqie"] = "yiq", ["Miraya Bikol"] = "rbl", ["Mire"] = "mvh", ["Miriti"] = "mmv", ["Miriwoong Sign Language"] = "rsm", ["Miriwung"] = "mep", ["Mirpur Panjabi"] = "pmu", ["Miship"] = "mjs", ["Misima-Paneati"] = "mpx", ["Mising"] = "mrg", ["Mittu"] = "mwu", ["Mituku"] = "zmq", ["Miu"] = "mpo", ["Miwa"] = "vmi", ["Mixifore"] = "mfg", ["Miya"] = "mkf", ["Miyobe"] = "soy", ["Mlabri"] = "mra", ["Mlahsö"] = "lhs", ["Mlap"] = "kja", ["Mlomp"] = "mlo", ["Mmaala"] = "mmu", ["Mmani"] = "buy", ["Mmen"] = "bfm", ["Mo"] = "wkd", ["Mo'da"] = "gbn", ["Moba"] = "mfq", ["Mobilian"] = "mod", ["Mobumrin Aizi"] = "ahm", ["Mochi"] = "old", ["Mochica"] = "omc", ["Mocoví"] = "moc", ["Modang"] = "mxd", ["Modole"] = "mqo", ["Moere"] = "mvq", ["Mofu-Gudur"] = "mif", ["Mogum"] = "mou", ["Mohegan-Pequot"] = "xpq", ["Moi (Congo)"] = "mow", ["Moi (Indonesia)"] = "mxn", ["Moikodi"] = "mkp", ["Moingi"] = "mwz", ["Mojave"] = "mov", ["Moji"] = "ymi", ["Mok"] = "mqt", ["Moken"] = "mwt", ["Mokerang"] = "mft", ["Mokilese"] = "mkj", ["Moklen"] = "mkm", ["Mokole"] = "mkl", ["Mokpwe"] = "bri", ["Molale"] = "mbe", ["Molengue"] = "bxc", ["Molima"] = "mox", ["Molmo One"] = "aun", ["Molo"] = "zmo", ["Molof"] = "msl", ["Moloko"] = "mlw", ["Mom Jango"] = "ver", ["Moma"] = "myl", ["Momare"] = "msz", ["Mombo Dogon"] = "dmb", ["Mombum"] = "mso", ["Momina"] = "mmb", ["Momuna"] = "mqf", ["Mondropolon"] = "npn", ["Mondé"] = "mnd", ["Mongghul"] = "xgn-mgl", ["Mongol"] = "mgt", ["Moni"] = "mnz", ["Monimbo"] = "mom", ["Mono (California)"] = "mnr", ["Mono (Cameroon)"] = "mru", ["Mono (Congo)"] = "mnh", ["Monom"] = "moo", ["Monsang Naga"] = "nmh", ["Montol"] = "mtl", ["Monumbo"] = "mxk", ["Monzombo"] = "moj", ["Moo"] = "gwg", ["Moose Cree"] = "crm", ["Mor (Austronesian)"] = "mhz", ["Mor (Papuan)"] = "moq", ["Moraid"] = "msg", ["Moran"] = "sit-mor", ["Morawa"] = "mze", ["Morerebi"] = "xmo", ["Moresada"] = "msx", ["Mori Atas"] = "mzq", ["Mori Bawah"] = "xmz", ["Morigi"] = "mdb", ["Moro"] = "mor", ["Moroccan Sign Language"] = "xms", ["Morokodo"] = "mgc", ["Morom"] = "bdo", ["Moronene"] = "mqn", ["Morori"] = "mok", ["Morouas"] = "mrp", ["Mortlockese"] = "mrl", ["Moru"] = "mgd", ["Mosimo"] = "mqv", ["Moskona"] = "mtj", ["Mota"] = "mtt", ["Motembo"] = "tmv", ["Mouk-Aria"] = "mwh", ["Mount Iraya Agta"] = "atl", ["Mount Iriga Agta"] = "agz", ["Mountain Koiari"] = "kpx", ["Mouwase"] = "jmw", ["Movima"] = "mzp", ["Moyadan Itneg"] = "ity", ["Moyon Naga"] = "nmo", ["Mpade"] = "mpi", ["Mpi"] = "mpz", ["Mpiemo"] = "mcx", ["Mpiin"] = "bnt-mpi", ["Mpinda"] = "pnd", ["Mpongmpong"] = "mgg", ["Mpoto"] = "mpa", ["Mpotovoro"] = "mvt", ["Mpuono"] = "bnt-mpu", ["Mpur"] = "akc", ["Mro Chin"] = "cmr", ["Mru"] = "mro", ["Mser"] = "kqx", ["Muak Sa-aak"] = "ukk", ["Mualang"] = "mtd", ["Mubami"] = "tsx", ["Mubi"] = "mub", ["Mucuchí"] = "sai-muc", ["Muda"] = "ymd", ["Mudu Koraga"] = "vmd", ["Muduapa"] = "wiv", ["Muduga"] = "udg", ["Muellama"] = "sai-mue", ["Mufian"] = "aoj", ["Muher"] = "sem-mhr", ["Mukha-Dora"] = "mmk", ["Mukulu"] = "moz", ["Mulaha"] = "mfw", ["Mullu Kurumba"] = "kpb", ["Mum"] = "kqa", ["Mumuye"] = "mzm", ["Muna"] = "mnb", ["Munda"] = "unx", ["Mundabli"] = "boe", ["Mundani"] = "mnf", ["Mundat"] = "mmf", ["Mundolinco"] = "art-mun", ["Mundurukú"] = "myu", ["Mungaka"] = "mhk", ["Mungbam"] = "mij", ["Munggui"] = "mth", ["Mungkip"] = "mpv", ["Muniche"] = "myr", ["Munit"] = "mtc", ["Mur Pano"] = "tkv", ["Muratayak"] = "asx", ["Murik (Malaysia)"] = "mxr", ["Murik (New Guinea)"] = "mtf", ["Murkim"] = "rmh", ["Murle"] = "mur", ["Mursi"] = "muz", ["Murui Huitoto"] = "huu", ["Murupi"] = "mqw", ["Musan"] = "mmp", ["Musar"] = "mmi", ["Musey"] = "mse", ["Musgu"] = "mug", ["Musi"] = "mui", ["Muskum"] = "mje", ["Musom"] = "msu", ["Mussau-Emira"] = "emi", ["Muthuvan"] = "muv", ["Mutu"] = "tuc", ["Muya"] = "mvm", ["Muyang"] = "muy", ["Muyuw"] = "myw", ["Muzi"] = "ymz", ["Muzo"] = "sai-muz", ["Mvanip"] = "mcj", ["Mvuba"] = "mxh", ["Mwaghavul"] = "sur", ["Mwali Comorian"] = "wlc", ["Mwan"] = "moa", ["Mwatebu"] = "mwa", ["Mwera"] = "mwe", ["Mwimbi-Muthambi"] = "mws", ["Mwotlap"] = "mlv", ["Mzieme Naga"] = "nme", ["Mághdì"] = "gmd", ["Mün Chin"] = "mwq", ["Mündü"] = "muh", ["Na"] = "nbt", ["Na'vi"] = "art-nav", ["Naaba"] = "nao", ["Naba"] = "mne", ["Nabak"] = "naf", ["Nabi"] = "mty", ["Nachering"] = "ncd", ["Nadruvian"] = "ndf", ["Nadëb"] = "mbj", ["Nafi"] = "srf", ["Nafri"] = "nxx", ["Naga Pidgin"] = "nag", ["Nagarchal"] = "nbg", ["Nage"] = "nxe", ["Nagtipunan Agta"] = "phi-nag", ["Nagu"] = "ngr", ["Nagumi"] = "ngv", ["Nahali"] = "nlx", ["Nahari"] = "nhh", ["Nahavaq"] = "sns", ["Nai"] = "bio", ["Naka'ela"] = "nae", ["Nakai"] = "nkj", ["Nakame"] = "nib", ["Nakanai"] = "nak", ["Nakara"] = "nck", ["Nake"] = "nbk", ["Naki"] = "mff", ["Nakwi"] = "nax", ["Nalca"] = "nlc", ["Nali"] = "nss", ["Nalu"] = "naj", ["Naluo Yi"] = "ylo", ["Nalögo"] = "nlz", ["Namakura"] = "nmk", ["Namat"] = "nkm", ["Nambikwara"] = "nab", ["Nambo"] = "ncm", ["Nambya"] = "nmq", ["Namia"] = "nnm", ["Namiae"] = "nvm", ["Namla"] = "naa", ["Namo"] = "mxw", ["Namonuito"] = "nmt", ["Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"] = "bwb", ["Nancere"] = "nnc", ["Nande"] = "nnb", ["Nandi"] = "niq", ["Nanerigé Sénoufo"] = "sen", ["Nanga Dama Dogon"] = "nzz", ["Nankina"] = "nnk", ["Nanti"] = "cox", ["Nanubae"] = "afk", ["Naolan"] = "nai-nao", ["Napu"] = "npy", ["Nar Phu"] = "npa", ["Nara"] = "nrb", ["Narak"] = "nac", ["Narango"] = "nrg", ["Narau"] = "nxu", ["Narim"] = "loh", ["Narom"] = "nrm", ["Narua"] = "nru", ["Nasal"] = "nsy", ["Nasarian"] = "nvh", ["Nasioi"] = "nas", ["Naskapi"] = "nsk", ["Natagaimas"] = "nts", ["Natchez"] = "ncz", ["Nateni"] = "ntm", ["Nathembo"] = "nte", ["Natioro"] = "nti", ["Natú"] = "sai-nat", ["Natügu"] = "ntu", ["Nauete"] = "nxa", ["Naukanski"] = "ynk", ["Nauna"] = "ncn", ["Nauo"] = "nwo", ["Navut"] = "nsw", ["Nawaru"] = "nwr", ["Nawathinehena"] = "nwa", ["Nawdm"] = "nmz", ["Nawuri"] = "naw", ["Nayi"] = "noz", ["Ncane"] = "ncr", ["Nchumbulu"] = "nlu", ["Nda'nda'"] = "nnz", ["Ndai"] = "gke", ["Ndaka"] = "ndk", ["Ndali"] = "ndh", ["Ndam"] = "ndm", ["Ndamba"] = "ndj", ["Ndambomo"] = "nxo", ["Ndasa"] = "nda", ["Ndau"] = "ndc", ["Nde-Gbite"] = "ned", ["Nde-Nsele-Nta"] = "ndd", ["Ndemli"] = "nml", ["Ndendeule"] = "dne", ["Ndengereko"] = "ndg", ["Nding"] = "eli", ["Ndo"] = "ndp", ["Ndobo"] = "ndw", ["Ndoe"] = "nbb", ["Ndogo"] = "ndz", ["Ndolo"] = "ndl", ["Ndom"] = "nqm", ["Ndombe"] = "ndq", ["Ndoola"] = "ndr", ["Ndrulo"] = "dno", ["Nduga"] = "ndx", ["Ndumu"] = "nmd", ["Ndunda"] = "nuh", ["Ndunga"] = "ndt", ["Ndut"] = "ndv", ["Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"] = "njt", ["Nedebang"] = "nec", ["Nefamese"] = "nef", ["Nefusa"] = "jbn", ["Negerhollands"] = "dcr", ["Nehan"] = "nsn", ["Nek"] = "nif", ["Nekgini"] = "nkg", ["Neko"] = "nej", ["Neku"] = "nek", ["Neme"] = "nex", ["Nemi"] = "nem", ["Nen"] = "nqn", ["Nend"] = "anh", ["Nengone"] = "nen", ["Neo"] = "neu", ["Nepali Kurux"] = "kxl", ["Nete"] = "net", ["Neve'ei"] = "vnm", ["New Caledonian Javanese"] = "jas", ["New River Shasta"] = "nai-nrs", ["Neyo"] = "ney", ["Nez Perce"] = "nez", ["Nga La"] = "hlt", ["Ngaanyatjarra"] = "ntj", ["Ngadha"] = "nxg", ["Ngadjunmaya"] = "nju", ["Ngaing"] = "nnf", ["Ngala"] = "nud", ["Ngalakan"] = "nig", ["Ngalkbun"] = "ngk", ["Ngalum"] = "szb", ["Ngam"] = "nmc", ["Ngamambo"] = "nbv", ["Ngamini"] = "nmv", ["Ngamo"] = "nbh", ["Ngan'gityemerri"] = "nam", ["Ngandi"] = "nid", ["Ngando (Central African Republic)"] = "ngd", ["Ngando (Congo)"] = "nxd", ["Ngandyera"] = "nne", ["Ngangam"] = "gng", ["Ngantangarra"] = "ntg", ["Nganyaywana"] = "nyx", ["Ngardi"] = "rxd", ["Ngarigu"] = "xni", ["Ngarinman"] = "nbj", ["Ngarinyin"] = "ung", ["Ngarla"] = "nrk", ["Ngarluma"] = "nrl", ["Ngas"] = "anc", ["Ngasa"] = "nsg", ["Ngatik Men's Creole"] = "ngm", ["Ngawn Chin"] = "cnw", ["Ngawun"] = "nxn", ["Ngbaka"] = "nga", ["Ngbaka Ma'bo"] = "nbm", ["Ngbaka Manza"] = "ngg", ["Ngbee"] = "jgb", ["Ngbinda"] = "nbd", ["Ngbundu"] = "nuu", ["Ngelima"] = "agh", ["Ngemba"] = "nge", ["Ngen"] = "gnj", ["Ngendelengo"] = "nql", ["Ngeq"] = "ngt", ["Ngete"] = "nnn", ["Nggem"] = "nbq", ["Nggwahyi"] = "ngx", ["Ngie"] = "ngj", ["Ngile"] = "jle", ["Ngindo"] = "nnq", ["Ngiti"] = "niy", ["Ngizim"] = "ngi", ["Ngkoth"] = "aus-ngk", ["Ngkâlmpw Kanum"] = "kcd", ["Ngom"] = "nra", ["Ngombale"] = "nla", ["Ngombe (Central African Republic)"] = "nmj", ["Ngombe (Congo)"] = "ngc", ["Ngong"] = "nnx", ["Ngongo"] = "noq", ["Ngoni"] = "ngo", ["Ngoreme"] = "ngq", ["Ngoshie"] = "nsh", ["Ngul"] = "nlo", ["Ngulu"] = "ngp", ["Nguluwan"] = "nuw", ["Ngumbi"] = "nui", ["Ngunawal"] = "xul", ["Ngundi"] = "ndn", ["Ngundu"] = "nue", ["Ngungwel"] = "ngz", ["Ngurmbur"] = "nrx", ["Nguôn"] = "nuo", ["Ngwaba"] = "ngw", ["Ngwe"] = "nwe", ["Ngwo"] = "ngn", ["Ngäbere"] = "gym", ["Nhanda"] = "nha", ["Nhuwala"] = "nhf", ["Nicola"] = "ath-nic", ["Niellim"] = "nie", ["Nihali"] = "nll", ["Nii"] = "nii", ["Niksek"] = "gbe", ["Nila"] = "nil", ["Nilamba"] = "nim", ["Nimanbur"] = "nmp", ["Nimbari"] = "nmr", ["Nimboran"] = "nir", ["Nimi"] = "nis", ["Nimo"] = "niw", ["Nimoa"] = "nmw", ["Ninam"] = "shb", ["Nindi"] = "nxi", ["Ningera"] = "nby", ["Ninggerum"] = "nxr", ["Ningil"] = "niz", ["Ninzo"] = "nin", ["Nipsan"] = "nps", ["Nisa"] = "njs", ["Nisenan"] = "nsz", ["Nisi"] = "yso", ["Niwer Mil"] = "hrc", ["Niya Prakrit"] = "pra-niy", ["Njalgulgule"] = "njl", ["Njebi"] = "nzb", ["Njen"] = "njj", ["Njerep"] = "njr", ["Njyem"] = "njy", ["Nkangala"] = "nkn", ["Nkari"] = "nkz", ["Nkem-Nkum"] = "isi", ["Nkhumbi"] = "khu", ["Nkongho"] = "nkc", ["Nkonya"] = "nko", ["Nkoroo"] = "nkx", ["Nkukoli"] = "nbo", ["Nkutu"] = "nkw", ["Nnam"] = "nbp", ["Nobiin"] = "fia", ["Nobonob"] = "gaw", ["Nocamán"] = "nom", ["Nocte Naga"] = "njb", ["Noiri"] = "noi", ["Nokuku"] = "nkk", ["Nomaande"] = "lem", ["Nomane"] = "nof", ["Nomatsiguenga"] = "not", ["Nomlaki"] = "nol", ["Nomu"] = "noh", ["Nonuya"] = "noj", ["Nooksack"] = "nok", ["Noone"] = "nhu", ["Noric"] = "nrc", ["North Ambrym"] = "mmg", ["North Asmat"] = "nks", ["North Awyu"] = "yir", ["North Babar"] = "bcd", ["North Boma"] = "boh", ["North Efate"] = "llp", ["North Fali"] = "fll", ["North Giziga"] = "gis", ["North Mofu"] = "mfk", ["North Muyu"] = "kti", ["North Nuaulu"] = "nni", ["North Tairora"] = "tbg", ["North Tanna"] = "tnn", ["North Wahgi"] = "whg", ["North Watut"] = "una", ["Northeast Maidu"] = "nmu", ["Northeast Pashayi"] = "aee", ["Northeastern Dinka"] = "dip", ["Northeastern Pomo"] = "pef", ["Northern Alta"] = "aqn", ["Northern Bontoc"] = "rbk", ["Northern Dagara"] = "dgi", ["Northern Emberá"] = "emp", ["Northern Ghale"] = "ghh", ["Northern Grebo"] = "gbo", ["Northern Kankanay"] = "xnn", ["Northern Kissi"] = "kqs", ["Northern Lorung"] = "lbr", ["Northern Ngbandi"] = "ngb", ["Northern Nisu"] = "yiv", ["Northern Nuni"] = "nuv", ["Northern One"] = "onr", ["Northern Pomo"] = "pej", ["Northern Rengma Naga"] = "nnl", ["Northern Roglai"] = "rog", ["Northern Sierra Miwok"] = "nsq", ["Northern Tidong"] = "ntd", ["Northern Toussian"] = "tsp", ["Northern Valley Yokuts"] = "nai-nvy", ["Northwest Gbaya"] = "gya", ["Northwest Pashayi"] = "glh", ["Northwestern Dinka"] = "diw", ["Northwestern Tamang"] = "tmk", ["Notre"] = "bly", ["Notsi"] = "ncf", ["Nottoway"] = "ntw", ["Nottoway-Meherrin"] = "nwy", ["Noxilo"] = "art-nox", ["Noy"] = "noy", ["Nsari"] = "asj", ["Nsenga"] = "nse", ["Nshi"] = "nsc", ["Nsong"] = "soo", ["Nsongo"] = "nsx", ["Ntcham"] = "bud", ["Ntomba"] = "nto", ["Nubaca"] = "baf", ["Nubi"] = "kcn", ["Nuguria"] = "nur", ["Nuk"] = "noc", ["Nukak Makú"] = "mbr", ["Nukna"] = "klt", ["Nukuini"] = "nuc", ["Nukumanu"] = "nuq", ["Nukunu"] = "nnv", ["Nukunul"] = "xnu", ["Numana"] = "nbr", ["Numanggang"] = "nop", ["Nume"] = "tgs", ["Numee"] = "kdk", ["Numidian"] = "nxm", ["Nungali"] = "nug", ["Nunggubuyu"] = "nuy", ["Nungon"] = "paa-nun", ["Nungu"] = "rin", ["Nupbikha"] = "npb", ["Nusa Laut"] = "nul", ["Nusu"] = "nuf", ["Nutabe"] = "cba-nut", ["Nyabwa"] = "nwb", ["Nyaheun"] = "nev", ["Nyali"] = "nlj", ["Nyam"] = "nmi", ["Nyamal"] = "nly", ["Nyambo"] = "now", ["Nyamusa-Molo"] = "nwm", ["Nyamwanga"] = "mwn", ["Nyaneka"] = "nyk", ["Nyang'i"] = "nyp", ["Nyanga (Congo)"] = "nyj", ["Nyanga (Togo)"] = "ayg", ["Nyanga-li"] = "nyc", ["Nyangatom"] = "nnj", ["Nyangbo"] = "nyb", ["Nyangga"] = "nny", ["Nyangumarta"] = "nna", ["Nyarafolo Senoufo"] = "sev", ["Nyaturu"] = "rim", ["Nyawaygi"] = "nyt", ["Nyemba"] = "nba", ["Nyengo"] = "nye", ["Nyenkha"] = "neh", ["Nyeu"] = "nyl", ["Nyigina"] = "nyh", ["Nyiha"] = "nih", ["Nyika"] = "nkt", ["Nyimang"] = "nyi", ["Nyindrou"] = "lid", ["Nyindu"] = "nyg", ["Nyokon"] = "nvo", ["Nyole (Kenya)"] = "nyd", ["Nyole (Uganda)"] = "nuj", ["Nyong"] = "muo", ["Nyulnyul"] = "nyv", ["Nyungwe"] = "nyu", ["Nyâlayu"] = "yly", ["Nzakambay"] = "nzy", ["Nzakara"] = "nzk", ["Nzanyi"] = "nja", ["Ná-Meo"] = "neo", ["Nüpode Huitoto"] = "hux", ["O'chi'chi'"] = "xoc", ["O'du"] = "tyh", ["Obanliku"] = "bzy", ["Obispeño"] = "obi", ["Oblo"] = "obl", ["Obokuitai"] = "afz", ["Obolo"] = "ann", ["Obulom"] = "obu", ["Ocaina"] = "oca", ["Odiai"] = "bhf", ["Odoodee"] = "kkc", ["Odual"] = "odu", ["Odut"] = "oda", ["Ofayé"] = "opy", ["Ofo"] = "ofo", ["Ogbah"] = "ogc", ["Ogbia"] = "ogb", ["Ogbogolo"] = "ogg", ["Ogbronuagum"] = "ogu", ["Ogea"] = "eri", ["Oirata"] = "oia", ["Okiek"] = "oki", ["Oko-Eni-Osayen"] = "oks", ["Oko-Juwoi"] = "okj", ["Okobo"] = "okb", ["Okodia"] = "okd", ["Okolod"] = "kqv", ["Okpamheri"] = "opa", ["Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"] = "okx", ["Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"] = "oke", ["Okpela"] = "atg", ["Oksapmin"] = "opm", ["Oku"] = "oku", ["Okwanuchu"] = "nai-okw", ["Old Kamta"] = "inc-ork", ["Old Tati"] = "xme-ott", ["Olekha"] = "ole", ["Ollari"] = "gdb", ["Olo"] = "ong", ["Oloma"] = "olm", ["Olrat"] = "olr", ["Olu'bo"] = "lul", ["Olulumo-Ikom"] = "iko", ["Olutsotso"] = "lto", ["Omagua"] = "omg", ["Omaha-Ponca"] = "oma", ["Omba"] = "omb", ["Ombamba"] = "mbm", ["Ombo"] = "oml", ["Omi"] = "omi", ["Omotik"] = "omt", ["Omurano"] = "omu", ["Ong"] = "oog", ["Ongota"] = "bxe", ["Onin"] = "oni", ["Onjob"] = "onj", ["Ono"] = "ons", ["Onobasulu"] = "onn", ["Onondaga"] = "ono", ["Ontenu"] = "ont", ["Ontong Java"] = "ojv", ["Oorlams"] = "oor", ["Opao"] = "opo", ["Opata"] = "opt", ["Opuuo"] = "lgn", ["Opón"] = "sai-opo", ["Orejón"] = "ore", ["Oring"] = "org", ["Ormu"] = "orz", ["Oro"] = "orx", ["Oro Win"] = "orw", ["Oroha"] = "ora", ["Orokaiva"] = "okv", ["Oroko"] = "bdu", ["Orowe"] = "bpk", ["Oruma"] = "orr", ["Orya"] = "ury", ["Osamayi"] = "syx", ["Osatu"] = "ost", ["Osing"] = "osi", ["Ososo"] = "oso", ["Ot Danum"] = "otd", ["Otank"] = "uta", ["Oti"] = "oti", ["Otomaco"] = "sai-oto", ["Otoro"] = "otr", ["Otuke"] = "otu", ["Ouma"] = "oum", ["Oune"] = "oue", ["Owa"] = "stn", ["Owenia"] = "wsr", ["Owiniga"] = "owi", ["Oy"] = "oyb", ["Oya'oya"] = "oyy", ["Oyda"] = "oyd", ["Pa"] = "ppt", ["Pa Di"] = "pdi", ["Pa'a"] = "pqa", ["Pacahuara"] = "pcp", ["Padoe"] = "pdo", ["Pagi"] = "pgi", ["Pagibete"] = "pae", ["Pagu"] = "pgu", ["Pahanan Agta"] = "apf", ["Pahari-Potwari"] = "phr", ["Pahi"] = "lgt", ["Pahlavani"] = "phv", ["Pai Tavytera"] = "pta", ["Paicî"] = "pri", ["Paikoneka"] = "awd-pai", ["Paite"] = "pck", ["Pak-Tong"] = "pkg", ["Pakanha"] = "pkn", ["Paku"] = "pku", ["Paku Karen"] = "kpp", ["Pal"] = "abw", ["Palaic"] = "plq", ["Palaka Senoufo"] = "plr", ["Paleni"] = "pnl", ["Palenquero"] = "pln", ["Palewyami"] = "nai-ply", ["Palikur"] = "plu", ["Paliyan"] = "pcf", ["Pallanganmiddang"] = "pmd", ["Palor"] = "fap", ["Palpa"] = "plp", ["Palta"] = "sai-pal", ["Paluan"] = "plz", ["Pam"] = "pmn", ["Pambia"] = "pmb", ["Pamigua"] = "sai-pam", ["Pamlico"] = "pmk", ["Pamosu"] = "hih", ["Pana (Central Africa)"] = "pnz", ["Pana (West Africa)"] = "pnq", ["Panare"] = "pbh", ["Panará"] = "kre", ["Panasuan"] = "psn", ["Panawa"] = "pwb", ["Pancana"] = "pnp", ["Panchpargania"] = "tdb", ["Pande"] = "bkj", ["Pangseng"] = "pgs", ["Pangwa"] = "pbr", ["Pangwali"] = "pgg", ["Panim"] = "pnr", ["Paniya"] = "pcg", ["Pankararé"] = "pax", ["Pankararú"] = "paz", ["Pankhu"] = "pkh", ["Pannei"] = "pnc", ["Panobo"] = "pno", ["Panyjima"] = "pnw", ["Panzaleo"] = "sai-pnz", ["Pao"] = "ppa", ["Papapana"] = "ppn", ["Papar"] = "dpp", ["Papasena"] = "pas", ["Papel"] = "pbo", ["Papi"] = "ppe", ["Papitalai"] = "pat", ["Papuma"] = "ppm", ["Para Naga"] = "pzn", ["Parachi"] = "prc", ["Parakanã"] = "pak", ["Paranan"] = "prf", ["Paranawát"] = "paf", ["Paratió"] = "sai-par", ["Paraujano"] = "pbg", ["Parauk"] = "prk", ["Parawen"] = "prw", ["Pardhan"] = "pch", ["Pardhi"] = "pcl", ["Pareci"] = "pab", ["Paredarerme"] = "xpd", ["Parenga"] = "pcj", ["Parya"] = "paq", ["Pará Arára"] = "aap", ["Pará Gavião"] = "gvp", ["Pasi"] = "psq", ["Passé"] = "awd-pas", ["Patagón"] = "sai-ptg", ["Patamona"] = "pbc", ["Patani"] = "ptn", ["Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"] = "pth", ["Patep"] = "ptp", ["Pathiya"] = "pty", ["Pattani"] = "lae", ["Pattapu"] = "ptq", ["Patwin"] = "pwi", ["Paumarí"] = "pad", ["Paunaca"] = "pnk", ["Pauserna"] = "psm", ["Pawaia"] = "pwa", ["Pawnee"] = "paw", ["Payaguá"] = "sai-pyg", ["Paynamar"] = "pmr", ["Pe"] = "pai", ["Pear"] = "pcb", ["Pech"] = "pay", ["Peerapper"] = "xpw", ["Peere"] = "pfe", ["Pei"] = "ppq", ["Pekal"] = "pel", ["Pela"] = "bxd", ["Pele-Ata"] = "ata", ["Pelende"] = "ppp", ["Pemon"] = "aoc", ["Penchal"] = "pek", ["Pendau"] = "ums", ["Pengo"] = "peg", ["Penrhyn"] = "pnh", ["Pentlatch"] = "ptw", ["Perai"] = "wet", ["Peranakan Indonesian"] = "pea", ["Perema"] = "wom", ["Pericú"] = "nai-per", ["Pero"] = "pip", ["Petats"] = "pex", ["Petjo"] = "pey", ["Phai"] = "prt", ["Phalura"] = "phl", ["Phana'"] = "phq", ["Phangduwali"] = "phw", ["Phende"] = "pem", ["Philistine"] = "und-phi", ["Phimbi"] = "phm", ["Pholo"] = "yip", ["Phom"] = "nph", ["Phong-Kniang"] = "pnx", ["Phrae Pwo"] = "kjt", ["Phuan"] = "phu", ["Phudagi"] = "phd", ["Phuie"] = "pug", ["Phukha"] = "phh", ["Phunoi"] = "pho", ["Phuong"] = "phg", ["Piamatsina"] = "ptr", ["Piame"] = "pin", ["Piapoco"] = "pio", ["Piaroa"] = "pid", ["Pichis Ashéninka"] = "cpu", ["Picuris"] = "nai-pic", ["Pidgin Iha"] = "ihb", ["Pidgin Onin"] = "onx", ["Pijao"] = "pij", ["Pije"] = "piz", ["Pijin"] = "pis", ["Pilagá"] = "plg", ["Pimbwe"] = "piw", ["Pinai-Hagahai"] = "pnn", ["Pingelapese"] = "pif", ["Pini"] = "pii", ["Pinigura"] = "pnv", ["Pinjarup"] = "pnj", ["Pinji"] = "pic", ["Pintiini"] = "pti", ["Pintupi-Luritja"] = "piu", ["Pinyin"] = "pny", ["Piratapuyo"] = "pir", ["Piro"] = "pie", ["Pisabo"] = "pig", ["Piscataway"] = "psy", ["Pisidian"] = "xps", ["Piti"] = "pcn", ["Pitta-Pitta"] = "pit", ["Piu"] = "pix", ["Piya-Kwonci"] = "piy", ["Plains Miwok"] = "pmw", ["Plapo Krumen"] = "ktj", ["Playero"] = "gob", ["Pochuri Naga"] = "npo", ["Podoko"] = "pbi", ["Pogolo"] = "poy", ["Poitevin-Saintongeais"] = "roa-poi", ["Pokangá"] = "pok", ["Poke"] = "pof", ["Pol"] = "pmm", ["Polci"] = "plj", ["Polonombauk"] = "plb", ["Pom"] = "pmo", ["Ponam"] = "ncc", ["Pongu"] = "png", ["Ponosakan"] = "pns", ["Ponyo"] = "npg", ["Poqomam"] = "poc", ["Poqomchi'"] = "poh", ["Porohanon"] = "prh", ["Port Sandwich"] = "psw", ["Port Vato"] = "ptv", ["Potiguára"] = "pog", ["Poumei Naga"] = "pmx", ["Pouye"] = "bye", ["Powari"] = "pwr", ["Poyanáwa"] = "pyn", ["Prasuni"] = "prn", ["Principense"] = "pre", ["Proto-Amuesha-Chamicuro"] = "awd-amc-pro", ["Proto-Arnhem"] = "aus-arn-pro", ["Proto-Aroid"] = "omv-aro-pro", ["Proto-Bongo-Bagirmi"] = "csu-bba-pro", ["Proto-Boran"] = "sai-bor-pro", ["Proto-Bungku-Tolaki"] = "poz-btk-pro", ["Proto-Caddoan"] = "cdd-pro", ["Proto-Cangin"] = "alv-cng-pro", ["Proto-Central Jê"] = "sai-cje-pro", ["Proto-Cerrado"] = "sai-cer-pro", ["Proto-Chimakuan"] = "chi-pro", ["Proto-Chinookan"] = "nai-ckn-pro", ["Proto-Chumash"] = "nai-chu-pro", ["Proto-Cupan"] = "azc-cup-pro", ["Proto-Daju"] = "sdv-daj-pro", ["Proto-Daly"] = "aus-dal-pro", ["Proto-Dizoid"] = "omv-diz-pro", ["Proto-Eastern Jebel"] = "sdv-eje-pro", ["Proto-Eastern Oti-Volta"] = "nic-eov-pro", ["Proto-Fali"] = "alv-fli-pro", ["Proto-Grassfields"] = "nic-grf-pro", ["Proto-Guang"] = "alv-gng-pro", ["Proto-Gur"] = "nic-gur-pro", ["Proto-Gurunsi"] = "nic-gns-pro", ["Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih"] = "poz-hce-pro", ["Proto-Heiban"] = "alv-hei-pro", ["Proto-Hrusish"] = "sit-hrs-pro", ["Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina"] = "sai-hoc-pro", ["Proto-Igboid"] = "alv-igb-pro", ["Proto-Jukunoid"] = "nic-jkn-pro", ["Proto-Jê"] = "sai-jee-pro", ["Proto-Kadu"] = "qfa-kad-pro", ["Proto-Kalamian"] = "phi-kal-pro", ["Proto-Kampa"] = "awd-kmp-pro", ["Proto-Kham"] = "sit-kha-pro", ["Proto-Koman"] = "ssa-kom-pro", ["Proto-Komisenian"] = "ira-kms-pro", ["Proto-Kuliak"] = "ssa-klk-pro", ["Proto-Kwa"] = "alv-kwa-pro", ["Proto-Lower Cross River"] = "nic-lcr-pro", ["Proto-Luish"] = "sit-luu-pro", ["Proto-Maidun"] = "nai-mdu-pro", ["Proto-Mande"] = "dmn-pro", ["Proto-Mangbetu"] = "csu-maa-pro", ["Proto-Masa"] = "cdc-mas-pro", ["Proto-Mumuye"] = "alv-mum-pro", ["Proto-Nawiki"] = "awd-nwk-pro", ["Proto-Nilotic"] = "sdv-nil-pro", ["Proto-Northern Jê"] = "sai-nje-pro", ["Proto-Nupoid"] = "alv-nup-pro", ["Proto-Nyima"] = "sdv-nyi-pro", ["Proto-Ogoni"] = "nic-ogo-pro", ["Proto-Omotic"] = "omv-pro", ["Proto-Ongan"] = "qfa-ong-pro", ["Proto-Oti-Volta"] = "nic-ovo-pro", ["Proto-Pakanic"] = "mkh-pkn-pro", ["Proto-Paresi-Waura"] = "awd-prw-pro", ["Proto-Plateau"] = "nic-plt-pro", ["Proto-Plateau Penutian"] = "nai-plp-pro", ["Proto-Sara"] = "csu-sar-pro", ["Proto-Southern Jê"] = "sai-sje-pro", ["Proto-Takic"] = "azc-tak-pro", ["Proto-Taman"] = "sdv-tmn-pro", ["Proto-Tatic"] = "xme-ttc-pro", ["Proto-Tsimshianic"] = "nai-tsi-pro", ["Proto-Ubangian"] = "nic-ubg-pro", ["Proto-Utian"] = "nai-utn-pro", ["Proto-Western Mande"] = "dmn-mdw-pro", ["Proto-Witotoan"] = "sai-wit-pro", ["Psikye"] = "kvj", ["Puare"] = "pux", ["Pudtol Atta"] = "atp", ["Puelche"] = "pue", ["Puimei Naga"] = "npu", ["Puinave"] = "pui", ["Puiron"] = "sit-prn", ["Pulabu"] = "pup", ["Puluwat"] = "puw", ["Puma"] = "pum", ["Pumé"] = "yae", ["Punan Aput"] = "pud", ["Punan Bah-Biau"] = "pna", ["Punan Batu"] = "pnm", ["Punan Merah"] = "puf", ["Punan Merap"] = "puc", ["Punan Tubu"] = "puj", ["Punu"] = "puu", ["Puoc"] = "puo", ["Puquina"] = "puq", ["Puragi"] = "pru", ["Purari"] = "iar", ["Puri"] = "prr", ["Purik"] = "prx", ["Purisimeño"] = "puy", ["Puruborá"] = "pur", ["Puruhá"] = "sai-prh", ["Purukotó"] = "sai-pur", ["Purum"] = "pub", ["Putai"] = "mfl", ["Putoh"] = "put", ["Putukwam"] = "afe", ["Puyo-Paekche"] = "xpp", ["Pwaamei"] = "pme", ["Pwapwa"] = "pop", ["Pyapun"] = "pcw", ["Pye Krumen"] = "pye", ["Pyemmairre"] = "xpb", ["Pyen"] = "pyy", ["Pykobjê"] = "sai-pyk", ["Pyu"] = "pby", ["Páez"] = "pbb", ["Pááfang"] = "pfa", ["Päri"] = "lkr", ["Pémono"] = "pev", ["Pévé"] = "lme", ["Pökoot"] = "pko", ["Qaqet"] = "byx", ["Qatabanian"] = "xqt", ["Qimant"] = "ahg", ["Quapaw"] = "qua", ["Quenya"] = "qya", ["Queyu"] = "qvy", ["Quileute"] = "qui", ["Quimbaya"] = "sai-qmb", ["Quinault"] = "qun", ["Quinigua"] = "nai-qng", ["Quinqui"] = "quq", ["Quiripi"] = "qyp", ["Quitemo"] = "sai-qtm", ["Rabona"] = "sai-rab", ["Raga"] = "lml", ["Rahambuu"] = "raz", ["Rajbanshi"] = "rjs", ["Raji"] = "rji", ["Rajong"] = "rjg", ["Rajput Garasia"] = "gra", ["Rakahanga-Manihiki"] = "rkh", ["Ralte"] = "ral", ["Rama"] = "rma", ["Ramandi"] = "tks", ["Ramanos"] = "sai-ram", ["Ramoaaina"] = "rai", ["Ramopa"] = "kjx", ["Rampi"] = "lje", ["Rana Tharu"] = "thr", ["Rang"] = "rax", ["Rangkas"] = "rgk", ["Ranglong"] = "rnl", ["Rao"] = "rao", ["Rapa"] = "ray", ["Rapoisi"] = "kyx", ["Rapting"] = "rpt", ["Rara Bakati'"] = "lra", ["Rasawa"] = "rac", ["Ratahan"] = "rth", ["Rathawi"] = "rtw", ["Raute"] = "rau", ["Ravula"] = "yea", ["Rawa"] = "rwo", ["Rawang"] = "raw", ["Rawat"] = "jnl", ["Rawo"] = "rwa", ["Razajerdi"] = "rat", ["Razihi"] = "rzh", ["Reang"] = "ria", ["Reel"] = "atu", ["Rejang Kayan"] = "ree", ["Reli"] = "rei", ["Rema"] = "bow", ["Rembarunga"] = "rmb", ["Remo"] = "rem", ["Rempi"] = "rmp", ["Remun"] = "lkj", ["Rendille"] = "rel", ["Rengao"] = "ren", ["Repanbitip"] = "rpn", ["Rer Bare"] = "rer", ["Rerau"] = "rea", ["Rerep"] = "pgk", ["Reshe"] = "res", ["Resígaro"] = "rgr", ["Retta"] = "ret", ["Reyesano"] = "rey", ["Riang"] = "ril", ["Riantana"] = "ran", ["Ribun"] = "rir", ["Rigwe"] = "iri", ["Rikbaktsa"] = "rkb", ["Ringgou"] = "rgu", ["Ririo"] = "rri", ["Ritarungo"] = "rit", ["Riung"] = "riu", ["Riverain Sango"] = "snj", ["Rogo"] = "rod", ["Roma"] = "rmm", ["Romam"] = "rmx", ["Romano-Serbian"] = "rsb", ["Romanova"] = "rmv", ["Romkun"] = "rmk", ["Ron"] = "cla", ["Rongga"] = "ror", ["Rongmei Naga"] = "nbu", ["Rongpo"] = "rnp", ["Ronji"] = "roe", ["Roon"] = "rnn", ["Roria"] = "rga", ["Roro"] = "rro", ["Ruching Palaung"] = "pce", ["Rudbari"] = "rdb", ["Rufiji"] = "rui", ["Ruga"] = "ruh", ["Ruma"] = "ruz", ["Rumai Palaung"] = "rbb", ["Rumu"] = "klq", ["Runga"] = "rou", ["Rungtu"] = "rtc", ["Rungus"] = "drg", ["Ruuli"] = "ruc", ["Ruwund"] = "rnd", ["Sa"] = "sax", ["Sa'a"] = "apb", ["Sa'ban"] = "snv", ["Sa'och"] = "scq", ["Saam"] = "raq", ["Saamia"] = "lsm", ["Saare"] = "uss", ["Sabanê"] = "sae", ["Sabaot"] = "spy", ["Sabir"] = "pml", ["Sabu"] = "hvn", ["Sabüm"] = "sbo", ["Sacapulteco"] = "quv", ["Saep"] = "spd", ["Safaitic"] = "sem-saf", ["Safaliba"] = "saf", ["Safeyoka"] = "apz", ["Safwa"] = "sbk", ["Sagala"] = "sbm", ["Sagalla"] = "tga", ["Sahaptin"] = "nai-spt", ["Sajau Basap"] = "sjb", ["Sakam"] = "skm", ["Sakao"] = "sku", ["Sakata"] = "skt", ["Sake"] = "sak", ["Sakirabiá"] = "skf", ["Sala"] = "shq", ["Salampasu"] = "slx", ["Salas"] = "sgu", ["Salchuq"] = "slq", ["Saleman"] = "sau", ["Saliba (Colombia)"] = "slc", ["Saliba (New Guinea)"] = "sbe", ["Salinan"] = "sln", ["Salt-Yui"] = "sll", ["Saluan"] = "loe", ["Salumá"] = "slj", ["Salvadoran Lenca"] = "nai-sln", ["Sam"] = "snx", ["Sama"] = "smd", ["Samarokena"] = "tmj", ["Samba"] = "smx", ["Sambe"] = "xab", ["Samberigi"] = "ssx", ["Samei"] = "smh", ["Samo"] = "smq", ["Samosa"] = "swm", ["Sampang"] = "rav", ["Samre"] = "sxm", ["Samtao"] = "stu", ["San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"] = "trq", ["Sanapaná"] = "spn", ["Sanaviron"] = "sai-san", ["Sanga (Congo)"] = "sng", ["Sanga (Nigeria)"] = "xsn", ["Sanggau"] = "scg", ["Sangil"] = "snl", ["Sangkong"] = "sgk", ["Sangtam Naga"] = "nsa", ["Sangu (Gabon)"] = "snq", ["Saniyo-Hiyewe"] = "sny", ["Sankaran Maninka"] = "msc", ["Santa Teresa Cora"] = "cok", ["Sanumá"] = "xsu", ["Saparua"] = "spr", ["Sapará"] = "sai-sap", ["Sapo"] = "krn", ["Sapuan"] = "spu", ["Sapé"] = "spc", ["Sar"] = "mwm", ["Sara"] = "sre", ["Sara Kaba"] = "sbz", ["Sara Kaba Deme"] = "kwg", ["Sara Kaba Náà"] = "kwv", ["Sarasira"] = "zsa", ["Saraveca"] = "sar", ["Sarcee"] = "srs", ["Sartang"] = "onp", ["Sarua"] = "swy", ["Sarudu"] = "sdu", ["Saruga"] = "sra", ["Sasaru"] = "sxs", ["Satawalese"] = "stw", ["Sateré-Mawé"] = "mav", ["Sathmar Swabian"] = "gmw-stm", ["Sauri"] = "srt", ["Sause"] = "sao", ["Sausi"] = "ssj", ["Savosavo"] = "svs", ["Sawai"] = "szw", ["Saweru"] = "swr", ["Sawi"] = "saw", ["Sawila"] = "swt", ["Sawriya Paharia"] = "mjt", ["Saxwe Gbe"] = "sxw", ["Saya"] = "say", ["Seba"] = "kdg", ["Sebat Bet Gurage"] = "sgw", ["Seberuang"] = "sbx", ["Sebuyau"] = "snb", ["Sechelt"] = "sec", ["Sechura"] = "sai-sec", ["Secoya"] = "sey", ["Sedang"] = "sed", ["Sedoa"] = "tvw", ["Seenku"] = "sos", ["Segeju"] = "seg", ["Seget"] = "sbg", ["Sehwi"] = "sfw", ["Seimat"] = "ssg", ["Seit-Kaitetu"] = "hik", ["Sekani"] = "sek", ["Sekapan"] = "skp", ["Seke"] = "skj", ["Sekele"] = "vaj", ["Seki"] = "syi", ["Seko Padang"] = "skx", ["Seko Tengah"] = "sko", ["Sekpele"] = "lip", ["Selaru"] = "slu", ["Selee"] = "snw", ["Selepet"] = "spl", ["Selk'nam"] = "ona", ["Selungai Murut"] = "slg", ["Seluwasan"] = "sws", ["Sema"] = "nsm", ["Semandang"] = "sdm", ["Semaq Beri"] = "szc", ["Sembakung Murut"] = "sbr", ["Semelai"] = "sza", ["Semimi"] = "etz", ["Semnam"] = "ssm", ["Sempan"] = "xse", ["Senara Sénoufo"] = "seq", ["Senaya"] = "syn", ["Sene"] = "sej", ["Sened"] = "sds", ["Sengele"] = "szg", ["Senggi"] = "snu", ["Sengo"] = "spk", ["Sengseng"] = "ssz", ["Senhaja De Srair"] = "sjs", ["Sensi"] = "sni", ["Sentani"] = "set", ["Senthang Chin"] = "sez", ["Sentinelese"] = "std", ["Sepa (Indonesia)"] = "spb", ["Sepa (New Guinea)"] = "spe", ["Sepen"] = "spm", ["Sepik Iwam"] = "iws", ["Sepik Mari"] = "mbx", ["Sera"] = "sry", ["Sere"] = "swf", ["Serili"] = "sve", ["Seroa"] = "kqu", ["Serrano"] = "ser", ["Seru"] = "szd", ["Serua"] = "srw", ["Serudung Murut"] = "srk", ["Serui-Laut"] = "seu", ["Seta"] = "stf", ["Setaman"] = "stm", ["Seti"] = "sbi", ["Severn Ojibwa"] = "ojs", ["Sewa Bay"] = "sew", ["Seze"] = "sze", ["Sha"] = "scw", ["Shabo"] = "sbf", ["Shall-Zwall"] = "sha", ["Shama-Sambuga"] = "sqa", ["Shamang"] = "xsh", ["Shanenawa"] = "swo", ["Shanga"] = "sho", ["Sharanahua"] = "mcd", ["Shark Bay"] = "ssv", ["Sharwa"] = "swq", ["Shasta"] = "sht", ["Shatt"] = "shj", ["Shau"] = "sqh", ["Shebayo"] = "awd-she", ["Shekkacho"] = "moy", ["Shendu"] = "shl", ["Sheni"] = "scv", ["Sherbro"] = "bun", ["Sheshi Kham"] = "kip", ["Shi"] = "shr", ["Shihhi Arabic"] = "ssh", ["Shiki"] = "gua", ["Shinasha"] = "bwo", ["Sholaga"] = "sle", ["Shoo-Minda-Nye"] = "bcv", ["Shua"] = "shg", ["Shuar"] = "jiv", ["Shuba"] = "cbq", ["Shumcho"] = "scu", ["Shuswap"] = "shs", ["Shuwa-Zamani"] = "ksa", ["Shwai"] = "shw", ["Shwe Palaung"] = "pll", ["Sialum"] = "slw", ["Sian"] = "spg", ["Siane"] = "snp", ["Siang"] = "sya", ["Siar-Lak"] = "sjr", ["Sibe"] = "nco", ["Sibu Melanau"] = "sdx", ["Sicanian"] = "sxc", ["Sicel"] = "scx", ["Sidetic"] = "xsd", ["Sie"] = "erg", ["Sierra Leone Sign Language"] = "sgx", ["Sighu"] = "sxe", ["Sihan"] = "snr", ["Sikaiana"] = "sky", ["Sikaritai"] = "tty", ["Sikule"] = "skh", ["Sila"] = "slt", ["Sileibi"] = "sbq", ["Silimo"] = "wul", ["Siliput"] = "mkc", ["Silopi"] = "xsp", ["Silt'e"] = "stv", ["Simaa"] = "sie", ["Simba"] = "sbw", ["Simbali"] = "smg", ["Simbari"] = "smb", ["Simbo"] = "sbb", ["Simeku"] = "smz", ["Simte"] = "smt", ["Sinacantán"] = "nai-sin", ["Sinagen"] = "siu", ["Sinasina"] = "sst", ["Singa"] = "sgm", ["Singpho"] = "sgp", ["Sininkere"] = "skq", ["Sinyar"] = "sys", ["Sinúfana"] = "sai-sin", ["Sio"] = "xsi", ["Siona"] = "snn", ["Sipakapense"] = "qum", ["Sira"] = "swj", ["Sirenik"] = "ysr", ["Siri"] = "sir", ["Siriano"] = "sri", ["Sirionó"] = "srq", ["Sirmauri"] = "srx", ["Siroi"] = "ssd", ["Sissala"] = "sld", ["Sissano"] = "sso", ["Siuslaw"] = "sis", ["Siwai"] = "siw", ["Siwi"] = "siz", ["Siwu"] = "akp", ["Siyin Chin"] = "csy", ["Skagit"] = "ska", ["Ske"] = "ske", ["Skepi Creole Dutch"] = "skw", ["Skou"] = "skv", ["Smärky Kanum"] = "kxq", ["Snohomish"] = "sno", ["So'a"] = "ssq", ["Sobei"] = "sob", ["Sok"] = "skk", ["Sokna"] = "swn", ["Soko"] = "soc", ["Solano"] = "xso", ["Soli"] = "sby", ["Solong"] = "aaw", ["Som"] = "smc", ["Somba-Siawari"] = "bmu", ["Somra"] = "ntx", ["Somrai"] = "sor", ["Somray"] = "smu", ["Somyev"] = "kgt", ["Sonde"] = "shc", ["Songe"] = "sop", ["Songlai Chin"] = "csj", ["Songomeno"] = "soe", ["Songoora"] = "sod", ["Sonha"] = "soi", ["Sonia"] = "siq", ["Sonsorolese"] = "sov", ["Soo"] = "teu", ["Sop"] = "urw", ["Sora"] = "srb", ["Sorothaptic"] = "sxo", ["Sorsogon Ayta"] = "ays", ["Sos Kundi"] = "sdk", ["Sota Kanum"] = "krz", ["Sou"] = "sqq", ["South Awyu"] = "aws", ["South Boma"] = "bnt-sbo", ["South Central Banda"] = "lnl", ["South Central Dinka"] = "dib", ["South Efate"] = "erk", ["South Fali"] = "fal", ["South Giziga"] = "giz", ["South Lembata"] = "lmf", ["South Muyu"] = "kts", ["South Nuaulu"] = "nxl", ["South Tairora"] = "omw", ["South Ucayali Ashéninka"] = "cpy", ["South Watut"] = "mcy", ["Southeast Ambrym"] = "tvk", ["Southeast Babar"] = "vbb", ["Southeast Ijo"] = "ijs", ["Southeastern Kolami"] = "nit", ["Southeastern Pomo"] = "pom", ["Southern Alta"] = "agy", ["Southern Birifor"] = "biv", ["Southern Bobo"] = "bwq", ["Southern Bontoc"] = "obk", ["Southern Carrier"] = "caf", ["Southern Catanduanes Bicolano"] = "bln", ["Southern Dagaare"] = "dga", ["Southern Ghale"] = "ghe", ["Southern Grebo"] = "grj", ["Southern Kissi"] = "kss", ["Southern Lorung"] = "lrr", ["Southern Ma'di"] = "snm", ["Southern Ngbandi"] = "nbw", ["Southern Nisu"] = "nsd", ["Southern Nuni"] = "nnw", ["Southern One"] = "osu", ["Southern Pomo"] = "peq", ["Southern Rengma Naga"] = "nre", ["Southern Roglai"] = "rgs", ["Southern Sama"] = "ssb", ["Southern Samo"] = "sbd", ["Southern Sierra Miwok"] = "skd", ["Southern Tidong"] = "itd", ["Southern Tiwa"] = "tix", ["Southern Toussian"] = "wib", ["Southern Valley Yokuts"] = "nai-svy", ["Southwest Gbaya"] = "gso", ["Southwest Tanna"] = "nwi", ["Southwestern Bontoc"] = "vbk", ["Southwestern Dinka"] = "dik", ["Southwestern Nisu"] = "nsv", ["Southwestern Tamang"] = "tsf", ["Sowanda"] = "sow", ["Spiti Bhoti"] = "spt", ["Spokane"] = "spo", ["Stod Bhoti"] = "sbu", ["Stoney"] = "sto", ["Suabo"] = "szp", ["Suarmin"] = "seo", ["Suau"] = "swp", ["Suba"] = "sxb", ["Suba-Simbiti"] = "ssc", ["Subi"] = "xsj", ["Subiya"] = "sbs", ["Subtiaba"] = "sut", ["Suga"] = "sgi", ["Suganga"] = "sug", ["Sugut Dusun"] = "kzs", ["Suku"] = "sub", ["Sukurum"] = "zsu", ["Sula"] = "szn", ["Sulka"] = "sua", ["Sulod"] = "srg", ["Sulung"] = "suv", ["Suma"] = "sqm", ["Sumariup"] = "siv", ["Sumau"] = "six", ["Sumbwa"] = "suw", ["Sumtu Chin"] = "csv", ["Sunam"] = "ssk", ["Sunum"] = "ymn", ["Sunwar"] = "suz", ["Suoy"] = "syo", ["Supyire"] = "spp", ["Sur"] = "tdl", ["Surbakhal"] = "sbj", ["Sursurunga"] = "sgz", ["Suruahá"] = "swx", ["Surubu"] = "sde", ["Suruí"] = "sru", ["Suruí Do Pará"] = "mdz", ["Susquehannock"] = "sqn", ["Susuami"] = "ssu", ["Suundi"] = "sdj", ["Suwawa"] = "swu", ["Suyá"] = "suy", ["Swampy Cree"] = "csw", ["Swedish Sign Language"] = "swl", ["Swo"] = "sox", ["Syenara Senoufo"] = "shz", ["Sácata"] = "sai-sac", ["São Paulo Kaingáng"] = "zkp", ["Sìcìté Sénoufo"] = "sep", ["Sô"] = "sss", ["Taabwa"] = "tap", ["Tabancale"] = "sai-tab", ["Tabaru"] = "tby", ["Tabla"] = "tnm", ["Tabo"] = "knv", ["Tabriak"] = "tzx", ["Tacana"] = "tna", ["Tadaksahak"] = "dsq", ["Tadyawan"] = "tdy", ["Tafi"] = "tcd", ["Tafreshi"] = "xme-taf", ["Tagargrent"] = "oua", ["Tagbu"] = "tbm", ["Tagdal"] = "tda", ["Tagoi"] = "tag", ["Tagwana Senoufo"] = "tgw", ["Tahaggart Tamahaq"] = "thv", ["Tahltan"] = "tht", ["Tai"] = "taw", ["Tai Do"] = "tyj", ["Tai Loi"] = "tlq", ["Tai Long"] = "thi", ["Tai Mène"] = "tmp", ["Taiap"] = "gpn", ["Taikat"] = "aos", ["Tainae"] = "ago", ["Tairuma"] = "uar", ["Taje"] = "pee", ["Tajuasohn"] = "tja", ["Takelma"] = "tkm", ["Takia"] = "tbc", ["Takua"] = "tkz", ["Takuu"] = "nho", ["Takwane"] = "tke", ["Tal"] = "tal", ["Tala"] = "tak", ["Talaud"] = "tld", ["Talieng"] = "tdf", ["Talinga-Bwisi"] = "tlj", ["Talise"] = "tlr", ["Tallán"] = "sai-tal", ["Talodi"] = "tlo", ["Taloki"] = "tlk", ["Talondo'"] = "tln", ["Talossan"] = "tzl", ["Tama (Chad)"] = "tma", ["Tama (Colombia)"] = "ten", ["Tamagario"] = "tcg", ["Tamambo"] = "mla", ["Taman (Burma)"] = "tcl", ["Taman (Indonesia)"] = "tmn", ["Tamanaku"] = "tmz", ["Tamasheq"] = "taq", ["Tambas"] = "tdk", ["Tambora"] = "xxt", ["Tambotalo"] = "tls", ["Tambunan Dusun"] = "kzt", ["Tami"] = "tmy", ["Tamki"] = "tax", ["Tamnim Citak"] = "tml", ["Tampias Lobu"] = "low", ["Tampuan"] = "tpu", ["Tampulma"] = "tpm", ["Tanacross"] = "tcb", ["Tanahmerah"] = "tcm", ["Tanapag"] = "tpv", ["Tandia"] = "tni", ["Tanema"] = "tnx", ["Tangale"] = "tan", ["Tangam"] = "sit-tgm", ["Tanggu"] = "tgu", ["Tangkhul Naga"] = "nmf", ["Tangko"] = "tkx", ["Tangoa"] = "tgp", ["Tangsa"] = "nst", ["Tanguat"] = "tbs", ["Tanimbili"] = "tbe", ["Tanimuca-Retuarã"] = "tnc", ["Tanjijili"] = "uji", ["Tapachultec"] = "nai-tap", ["Taparita"] = "sai-tpr", ["Tapayuna"] = "sai-tap", ["Tapeba"] = "tbb", ["Tapei"] = "afp", ["Tapieté"] = "tpj", ["Tapirapé"] = "taf", ["Tar Gula"] = "kcm", ["Tara Baka"] = "bdh", ["Tarairiú"] = "sai-trr", ["Taraon"] = "mhu", ["Tareng"] = "tgr", ["Tariana"] = "tae", ["Tarjumo"] = "txj", ["Tarok"] = "yer", ["Tarpia"] = "tpf", ["Tartessian"] = "txr", ["Taruma"] = "tdm", ["Tasmate"] = "tmt", ["Tatana"] = "txx", ["Tataviam"] = "azc-tat", ["Tatuyo"] = "tav", ["Tauade"] = "ttd", ["Taulil"] = "tuh", ["Taungyo"] = "tco", ["Taupota"] = "tpa", ["Tause"] = "tad", ["Taushiro"] = "trr", ["Taveta"] = "tvs", ["Tavoyan"] = "tvn", ["Tawala"] = "tbo", ["Tawallammat Tamajaq"] = "ttq", ["Tawandê"] = "xtw", ["Tawang Monpa"] = "twm", ["Tawasa"] = "nai-taw", ["Taworta"] = "tbp", ["Tawoyan"] = "twy", ["Tawr Chin"] = "tcp", ["Tay Boi"] = "tas", ["Tayabas Ayta"] = "ayy", ["Tayart Tamajeq"] = "thz", ["Taymanitic"] = "sem-tay", ["Tayo"] = "cks", ["Taznatit"] = "grr", ["Tchitchege"] = "tck", ["Tchumbuli"] = "bqa", ["Te'un"] = "tve", ["Teanu"] = "tkw", ["Tebul Sign Language"] = "tsy", ["Tebul Ure Dogon"] = "dtu", ["Tedaga"] = "tuq", ["Tee"] = "tkq", ["Tefaro"] = "tfo", ["Tegali"] = "ras", ["Tehit"] = "kps", ["Tehuelche"] = "teh", ["Teiwa"] = "twe", ["Teke-Fuumu"] = "ifm", ["Teke-Kukuya"] = "kkw", ["Teke-Laali"] = "lli", ["Teke-Tege"] = "teg", ["Teke-Tsaayi"] = "tyi", ["Teke-Tyee"] = "tyx", ["Tela-Masbuar"] = "tvm", ["Telefol"] = "tlf", ["Teluti"] = "tlt", ["Tem"] = "kdh", ["Temacine Tamazight"] = "tjo", ["Tembé"] = "tqb", ["Teme"] = "tdo", ["Temein"] = "teq", ["Temi"] = "soz", ["Temiar"] = "tea", ["Temoq"] = "tmo", ["Tempasuk Dusun"] = "tdu", ["Ten'edn"] = "tnz", ["Tene Kan Dogon"] = "dtk", ["Tenggarong Kutai Malay"] = "vkt", ["Tengger"] = "tes", ["Tenharim"] = "pah", ["Tenino"] = "tqn", ["Tenis"] = "tns", ["Tennet"] = "tex", ["Teop"] = "tio", ["Teor"] = "tev", ["Tepo Krumen"] = "ted", ["Tequistlatec"] = "nai-teq", ["Tera"] = "ttr", ["Terebu"] = "trb", ["Terei"] = "buo", ["Teressa"] = "tef", ["Tereweng"] = "twg", ["Terik"] = "tec", ["Termanu"] = "twu", ["Ternateño"] = "tmg", ["Tese"] = "keg", ["Teshenawa"] = "twc", ["Tetela"] = "tll", ["Tetete"] = "teb", ["Tetserret"] = "tez", ["Tetun Dili"] = "tdt", ["Teushen"] = "sai-teu", ["Tha"] = "thy", ["Thachanadan"] = "thn", ["Thado Chin"] = "tcz", ["Thaiphum Chin"] = "cth", ["Thakali"] = "ths", ["Thamudic"] = "sem-tha", ["Thangal Naga"] = "nki", ["Thangmi"] = "thf", ["Tharaka"] = "thk", ["Thawa"] = "xtv", ["Tho"] = "tou", ["Thompson"] = "thp", ["Thopho"] = "ytp", ["Thulung"] = "tdh", ["Thurawal"] = "tbh", ["Thuri"] = "thu", ["Tiagbamrin Aizi"] = "ahi", ["Tiale"] = "mnl", ["Tiang"] = "tbj", ["Tibea"] = "ngy", ["Ticuna"] = "tca", ["Tidikelt Tamazight"] = "tia", ["Tidore"] = "tvo", ["Tiemacèwè Bozo"] = "boo", ["Tiene"] = "tii", ["Tifal"] = "tif", ["Tigak"] = "tgc", ["Tii"] = "txq", ["Tikar"] = "tik", ["Tikopia"] = "tkp", ["Tillamook"] = "til", ["Tilung"] = "tij", ["Tima"] = "tms", ["Timbe"] = "tim", ["Timote"] = "sai-tim", ["Timucua"] = "tjm", ["Tinani"] = "lbf", ["Tingui-Boto"] = "tgv", ["Tinigua"] = "tit", ["Tinoc Kallahan"] = "tne", ["Tinputz"] = "tpz", ["Tipai"] = "nai-tip", ["Tippera"] = "tpe", ["Tira"] = "tic", ["Tirahi"] = "tra", ["Tiranige Diga Dogon"] = "tde", ["Tiri"] = "cir", ["Tita"] = "tdq", ["Titan"] = "ttv", ["Tiwi"] = "tiw", ["Tiéfo"] = "tiq", ["Tiéyaxo Bozo"] = "boz", ["Tjurruru"] = "tju", ["Tlacoapa Me'phaa"] = "tpl", ["Tlahuica"] = "ocu", ["To"] = "toz", ["To'abaita"] = "mlu", ["Toaripi"] = "tqo", ["Toba"] = "tob", ["Toba-Maskoy"] = "tmf", ["Tobanga"] = "tng", ["Tobati"] = "tti", ["Tobelo"] = "tlb", ["Tobian"] = "tox", ["Tobilung"] = "tgb", ["Tobo"] = "tbv", ["Tocantins Asurini"] = "asu", ["Tocho"] = "taz", ["Toda"] = "tcx", ["Todrah"] = "tdr", ["Tofanma"] = "tlg", ["Tofin Gbe"] = "tfi", ["Togbo-Vara Banda"] = "tor", ["Togoyo"] = "tgy", ["Toka-Leya"] = "dov", ["Tokano"] = "zuh", ["Tol"] = "jic", ["Tolaki"] = "lbw", ["Tolomako"] = "tlm", ["Tolowa"] = "tol", ["Toma"] = "tod", ["Tomadino"] = "tdi", ["Tombelala"] = "ttp", ["Tombonuo"] = "txa", ["Tombulu"] = "tom", ["Tommeginne"] = "xpv", ["Tommo So"] = "dto", ["Tomo Kan Dogon"] = "dtm", ["Tomoip"] = "tqp", ["Tondano"] = "tdn", ["Tonga (Zambia)"] = "toi", ["Tongwe"] = "tny", ["Tonjon"] = "tjn", ["Tonsawang"] = "tnw", ["Tonsea"] = "txs", ["Toogee"] = "xpx", ["Tooro"] = "ttj", ["Topoiyo"] = "toy", ["Toposa"] = "toq", ["Toram"] = "trj", ["Torau"] = "ttu", ["Toro"] = "tdv", ["Toro So Dogon"] = "dts", ["Toro Tegu Dogon"] = "dtt", ["Toromono"] = "tno", ["Torona"] = "tqr", ["Torricelli"] = "tei", ["Torwali"] = "trw", ["Torá"] = "trz", ["Tosu"] = "sit-tos", ["Totela"] = "ttl", ["Toto"] = "txo", ["Totoli"] = "txe", ["Totoro"] = "ttk", ["Touo"] = "tqu", ["Toura"] = "neb", ["Towei"] = "ttn", ["Tregami"] = "trm", ["Tremembé"] = "tme", ["Trieng"] = "stg", ["Trimuris"] = "tip", ["Tring"] = "tgq", ["Tringgus"] = "trx", ["Trinitario"] = "trn", ["Trió"] = "tri", ["Truká"] = "tka", ["Trumai"] = "tpy", ["Tsaangi"] = "tsa", ["Tsafiki"] = "cof", ["Tsakwambo"] = "kvz", ["Tsamai"] = "tsb", ["Tsetsaut"] = "txc", ["Tshangla"] = "tsj", ["Tshwa"] = "hio", ["Tsikimba"] = "kdl", ["Tsimané"] = "cas", ["Tsishingini"] = "tsw", ["Tso"] = "ldp", ["Tsogo"] = "tsv", ["Tsotsitaal"] = "fly", ["Tsum"] = "ttz", ["Tsuvadi"] = "tvd", ["Tsuvan"] = "tsh", ["Tswa"] = "tsc", ["Tswapong"] = "two", ["Tubar"] = "tbu", ["Tucano"] = "tuo", ["Tugen"] = "tuy", ["Tugun"] = "tzn", ["Tugutil"] = "tuj", ["Tukang Besi North"] = "khc", ["Tukang Besi South"] = "bhq", ["Tuki"] = "bag", ["Tukpa"] = "tpq", ["Tukudede"] = "tkd", ["Tukumanféd"] = "tkf", ["Tula"] = "tul", ["Tule-Kaweah Yokuts"] = "nai-tky", ["Tulehu"] = "tlu", ["Tulishi"] = "tey", ["Tulu-Bohuai"] = "rak", ["Tulua"] = "aus-tul", ["Tuma-Irumu"] = "iou", ["Tumak"] = "tmc", ["Tumi"] = "kku", ["Tumleo"] = "tmq", ["Tumshuqese"] = "xtq", ["Tumtum"] = "tbr", ["Tumzabt"] = "mzb", ["Tunen"] = "tvu", ["Tungag"] = "lcm", ["Tunggare"] = "trt", ["Tunia"] = "tug", ["Tunica"] = "tun", ["Tunjung"] = "tjg", ["Tunni"] = "tqq", ["Tunumiisut"] = "esx-tut", ["Tunzu"] = "dza", ["Tuotomb"] = "ttf", ["Tuparí"] = "tpr", ["Tupinikin"] = "tpk", ["Tupuri"] = "tui", ["Turaka"] = "trh", ["Turi"] = "trd", ["Turiwára"] = "twt", ["Turka"] = "tuz", ["Turkana"] = "tuv", ["Turumsa"] = "tqm", ["Tuscarora"] = "tus", ["Tutelo"] = "tta", ["Tutsa Naga"] = "tvt", ["Tutuba"] = "tmi", ["Tututni"] = "tuu", ["Tuwali Ifugao"] = "ifk", ["Tuwari"] = "tww", ["Tuwuli"] = "bov", ["Tuxináwa"] = "tux", ["Tuxá"] = "tud", ["Tuyuca"] = "tue", ["Twana"] = "twa", ["Twendi"] = "twn", ["Tyaraity"] = "woa", ["Tyerrernotepanner"] = "xph", ["Tz'utujil"] = "tzj", ["Téén"] = "lor", ["Tübatulabal"] = "tub", ["U"] = "uuu", ["Uamué"] = "uam", ["Uare"] = "ksj", ["Ubaghara"] = "byc", ["Ubang"] = "uba", ["Ubi"] = "ubi", ["Ubir"] = "ubr", ["Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"] = "cpb", ["Uduk"] = "udu", ["Ufim"] = "ufi", ["Ugandan Sign Language"] = "ugn", ["Ughele"] = "uge", ["Uhami"] = "uha", ["Uisai"] = "uis", ["Ujir"] = "udj", ["Ukaan"] = "kcf", ["Ukhwejo"] = "ukh", ["Ukit"] = "umi", ["Ukpe-Bayobiri"] = "ukp", ["Ukpet-Ehom"] = "akd", ["Ukue"] = "uku", ["Ukuriguma"] = "ukg", ["Ukwa"] = "ukq", ["Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"] = "ukw", ["Ulau-Suain"] = "svb", ["Uldeme"] = "udl", ["Ulithian"] = "uli", ["Ullatan"] = "ull", ["Ulukwumi"] = "ulb", ["Ulumanda'"] = "ulm", ["Ulwa"] = "ulw", ["Uma' Lasan"] = "xky", ["Uma' Lung"] = "ulu", ["Umanakaina"] = "gdn", ["Umatilla"] = "uma", ["Umbindhamu"] = "umd", ["Umbugarla"] = "umr", ["Umbuygamu"] = "umg", ["Umeda"] = "upi", ["Umiida"] = "xud", ["Umon"] = "umm", ["Umotína"] = "umo", ["Umpila"] = "ump", ["Una"] = "mtg", ["Unas"] = "art-una", ["Unde Kaili"] = "unz", ["Uneapa"] = "bbn", ["Uneme"] = "une", ["Unggaranggu"] = "xun", ["Unggumi"] = "xgu", ["Unua"] = "onu", ["Unubahe"] = "unu", ["Uokha"] = "uok", ["Upper Chehalis"] = "cjh", ["Upper Grand Valley Dani"] = "dna", ["Upper Kuskokwim"] = "kuu", ["Upper Ta'oih"] = "tth", ["Upper Tanana"] = "tau", ["Upper Taromi"] = "tov", ["Upper Umpqua"] = "xup", ["Ura (New Guinea)"] = "uro", ["Ura (Vanuatu)"] = "uur", ["Uradhi"] = "urf", ["Urali"] = "url", ["Urapmin"] = "urm", ["Urarina"] = "ura", ["Urat"] = "urt", ["Uri"] = "uvh", ["Urigina"] = "urg", ["Urim"] = "uri", ["Urimo"] = "urx", ["Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"] = "upv", ["Urningangg"] = "urc", ["Uru"] = "ure", ["Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"] = "urz", ["Uru-Pa-In"] = "urp", ["Uruangnirin"] = "urn", ["Uruava"] = "urv", ["Usaghade"] = "usk", ["Usan"] = "wnu", ["Usarufa"] = "usa", ["Ushojo"] = "ush", ["Uspanteco"] = "usp", ["Usui"] = "usi", ["Utarmbung"] = "omo", ["Utu"] = "utu", ["Uvbie"] = "evh", ["Uwinymil"] = "aus-uwi", ["Uya"] = "usu", ["Uyajitaya"] = "duk", ["Uzekwe"] = "eze", ["Vaghua"] = "tva", ["Vagla"] = "vag", ["Vaiphei"] = "vap", ["Vale"] = "vae", ["Valley Maidu"] = "vmv", ["Valman"] = "van", ["Valpei"] = "vlp", ["Vamale"] = "mkt", ["Vame"] = "mlr", ["Vangunu"] = "mpr", ["Vanji"] = "ira-wnj", ["Vanuma"] = "vau", ["Vao"] = "vao", ["Varisi"] = "vrs", ["Vayu"] = "vay", ["Vehes"] = "val", ["Vemgo-Mabas"] = "vem", ["Ventureño"] = "veo", ["Vera'a"] = "vra", ["Vestinian"] = "xvs", ["Vidunda"] = "vid", ["Viemo"] = "vig", ["Vili"] = "vif", ["Villa Viciosa Agta"] = "dyg", ["Vincentian Creole English"] = "svc", ["Vishavan"] = "vis", ["Viti"] = "vit", ["Vitou"] = "vto", ["Viya"] = "gev", ["Vono"] = "kch", ["Voro"] = "vor", ["Vumbu"] = "vum", ["Vunapu"] = "vnp", ["Vute"] = "vut", ["Wa'ema"] = "wag", ["Waama"] = "wwa", ["Waamwang"] = "wmn", ["Waata"] = "ssn", ["Wab"] = "wab", ["Wabo"] = "wbb", ["Waboda"] = "kmx", ["Waci Gbe"] = "wci", ["Wadaginam"] = "wdg", ["Waddar"] = "wbq", ["Wae Rana"] = "wrx", ["Waffa"] = "waj", ["Wagawaga"] = "wgb", ["Wagaya"] = "wga", ["Wagi"] = "fad", ["Wahau Kayan"] = "whu", ["Wahau Kenyah"] = "whk", ["Wahgi"] = "wgi", ["Waigeo"] = "wgo", ["Waikuri"] = "nai-wai", ["Wailaki"] = "wlk", ["Wailapa"] = "wlr", ["Waima'a"] = "wmh", ["Waimaha"] = "bao", ["Waimiri-Atroari"] = "atr", ["Wainumá"] = "awd-wai", ["Waioli"] = "wli", ["Waitaká"] = "sai-wai", ["Waiwai"] = "waw", ["Waja"] = "wja", ["Waka"] = "wav", ["Wakoná"] = "waf", ["Wala"] = "lgl", ["Walak"] = "wlw", ["Walangama"] = "nlw", ["Wali (Ghana)"] = "wlx", ["Wali (Sudan)"] = "wll", ["Waling"] = "wly", ["Walio"] = "wla", ["Walla Walla"] = "waa", ["Wam"] = "wmo", ["Wamas"] = "wmc", ["Wambon"] = "wms", ["Wambule"] = "wme", ["Wamey"] = "cou", ["Wampar"] = "lbq", ["Wampur"] = "waz", ["Wan"] = "wan", ["Wanambre"] = "wnb", ["Wanap"] = "wnp", ["Wancho"] = "nnp", ["Wanda"] = "wbh", ["Wandala"] = "mfi", ["Wandamen"] = "wad", ["Wandji"] = "wdd", ["Wanga"] = "lwg", ["Wanggom"] = "wng", ["Wangkayutyuru"] = "wky", ["Wangkumara"] = "xwk", ["Wanham"] = "sai-wnm", ["Wanji"] = "wbi", ["Wannu"] = "jub", ["Wano"] = "wno", ["Wantoat"] = "wnc", ["Wanukaka"] = "wnk", ["Wanyi"] = "wny", ["Wané"] = "hwa", ["Wapan"] = "juk", ["Wapishana"] = "wap", ["Wappo"] = "wao", ["War-Jaintia"] = "aml", ["Wara"] = "wbf", ["Warapu"] = "wra", ["Waray Sorsogon"] = "srv", ["Warekena"] = "gae", ["Warembori"] = "wsa", ["Wari'"] = "pav", ["Waritai"] = "wbe", ["Warji"] = "wji", ["Warkay-Bipim"] = "bgv", ["Warluwara"] = "wrb", ["Warnang"] = "wrn", ["Waropen"] = "wrp", ["Warray"] = "wrz", ["Warwar Feni"] = "hrw", ["Wasa"] = "wss", ["Wasco-Wishram"] = "wac", ["Wasembo"] = "gsp", ["Waskia"] = "wsk", ["Wasu"] = "wsu", ["Watakataui"] = "wtk", ["Watam"] = "wax", ["Wathaurong"] = "wth", ["Watiwa"] = "wtf", ["Watubela"] = "wah", ["Waube"] = "kop", ["Wauyai"] = "wuy", ["Wawonii"] = "wow", ["Wayampi"] = "oym", ["Wayana"] = "way", ["Wayanad Chetti"] = "ctt", ["Wayoró"] = "wyr", ["Wayumará"] = "sai-way", ["Wedau"] = "wed", ["Weh"] = "weh", ["Weliki"] = "klh", ["Wemale"] = "weo", ["Weme Gbe"] = "wem", ["Weri"] = "wer", ["Wersing"] = "kvw", ["West Albay Bikol"] = "fbl", ["West Ambae"] = "nnd", ["West Central Banda"] = "bbp", ["West Damar"] = "drn", ["West Lembata"] = "lmj", ["West Masela"] = "mss", ["West Tarangan"] = "txn", ["West-Central Limba"] = "lia", ["Western Bolivian Guaraní"] = "gnw", ["Western Bru"] = "brv", ["Western Dani"] = "dnw", ["Western Gurung"] = "gvr", ["Western Jicaque"] = "und-wji", ["Western Karaboro"] = "kza", ["Western Katu"] = "kuf", ["Western Keres"] = "kjq", ["Western Krahn"] = "krw", ["Western Maninkakan"] = "mlq", ["Western Ojibwa"] = "ojw", ["Western Penan"] = "pne", ["Western Sisaala"] = "ssl", ["Western Tamang"] = "tdg", ["Western Tunebo"] = "tnb", ["Western Xwla Gbe"] = "xwl", ["Wewaw"] = "wea", ["Whitesands"] = "tnp", ["Wiarumus"] = "tua", ["Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"] = "mzh", ["Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"] = "mtp", ["Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"] = "wlv", ["Wik-Iiyanh"] = "wij", ["Wik-Keyangan"] = "wif", ["Wintu"] = "wnw", ["Winyé"] = "kst", ["Wipi"] = "gdr", ["Wiraféd"] = "wir", ["Wiru"] = "wiu", ["Wirö"] = "wpc", ["Wiwa"] = "mbp", ["Wiyot"] = "wiy", ["Woccon"] = "xwc", ["Wogamusin"] = "wog", ["Wogeo"] = "woc", ["Woi"] = "wbw", ["Wojenaka"] = "jod", ["Wolane"] = "wle", ["Wolani"] = "wod", ["Womo"] = "wmx", ["Wong-gie"] = "aus-won", ["Wongo"] = "won", ["Woria"] = "wor", ["Worodougou"] = "jud", ["Worora"] = "wro", ["Wotapuri-Katarqalai"] = "wsv", ["Wotu"] = "wtw", ["Woun Meu"] = "noa", ["Wudu"] = "wud", ["Wulguru"] = "aus-wul", ["Wuliwuli"] = "wlu", ["Wumboko"] = "bqm", ["Wumbvu"] = "wum", ["Wunambal"] = "wub", ["Wurrugu"] = "wur", ["Wushi"] = "bse", ["Wusi"] = "wsi", ["Wutung"] = "wut", ["Wuvulu-Aua"] = "wuv", ["Wára"] = "tci", ["Wãpha"] = "juw", ["Wè Northern"] = "wob", ["Wè Southern"] = "gxx", ["Wè Western"] = "wec", ["Xakriabá"] = "xkr", ["Xamtanga"] = "xan", ["Xavante"] = "xav", ["Xerénte"] = "xer", ["Xetá"] = "xet", ["Xinca"] = "xin", ["Xingú Asuriní"] = "asn", ["Xipaya"] = "xiy", ["Xiri"] = "xii", ["Xiriâna"] = "xir", ["Xocó"] = "sai-xoc", ["Xokleng"] = "xok", ["Xukurú"] = "xoo", ["Xwela Gbe"] = "xwe", ["Yaa"] = "iyx", ["Yaaku"] = "muu", ["Yabarana"] = "yar", ["Yabaâna"] = "ybn", ["Yaben"] = "ybm", ["Yabong"] = "ybo", ["Yace"] = "ekr", ["Yafi"] = "wfg", ["Yagaria"] = "ygr", ["Yagomi"] = "ygm", ["Yagua"] = "yad", ["Yagwoia"] = "ygw", ["Yahadian"] = "ner", ["Yahang"] = "rhp", ["Yahuna"] = "ynu", ["Yaka"] = "yaf", ["Yakaikeke"] = "ykk", ["Yakima"] = "yak", ["Yakoma"] = "yky", ["Yala"] = "yba", ["Yalahatan"] = "jal", ["Yalakalore"] = "xyl", ["Yale"] = "nce", ["Yaleba"] = "ylb", ["Yalunka"] = "yal", ["Yamap"] = "ymp", ["Yamba"] = "yam", ["Yambes"] = "ymb", ["Yambeta"] = "yat", ["Yameo"] = "yme", ["Yamongeri"] = "ymg", ["Yamphu"] = "ybi", ["Yan-nhangu"] = "jay", ["Yana"] = "ynn", ["Yanda Dogon"] = "dym", ["Yanesha'"] = "ame", ["Yangkaal"] = "aus-ynk", ["Yangkam"] = "bsx", ["Yango"] = "yng", ["Yangulam"] = "ynl", ["Yangum Dey"] = "yde", ["Yangum Gel"] = "ygl", ["Yangum Mon"] = "ymo", ["Yanomamö"] = "guu", ["Yanomámi"] = "wca", ["Yansi"] = "yns", ["Yao (South America)"] = "sai-yao", ["Yaosakor Asmat"] = "asy", ["Yaouré"] = "yre", ["Yapunda"] = "yev", ["Yaqay"] = "jaq", ["Yarawata"] = "yrw", ["Yareba"] = "yrb", ["Yaroamë"] = "yro", ["Yarumá"] = "sai-yar", ["Yasa"] = "yko", ["Yaul"] = "yla", ["Yaur"] = "jau", ["Yavapai"] = "nai-yav", ["Yavitero"] = "yvt", ["Yawa"] = "yva", ["Yawalapití"] = "yaw", ["Yawanawa"] = "ywn", ["Yawarawarga"] = "yww", ["Yaweyuha"] = "yby", ["Yawijibaya"] = "jbw", ["Yawiyo"] = "ybx", ["Yei"] = "jei", ["Yekhee"] = "ets", ["Yekora"] = "ykr", ["Yelmek"] = "jel", ["Yelogu"] = "ylg", ["Yemsa"] = "jnj", ["Yendang"] = "yen", ["Yeni"] = "yei", ["Yerakai"] = "yra", ["Yeretuar"] = "gop", ["Yerukula"] = "yeu", ["Yeskwa"] = "yes", ["Yessan-Mayo"] = "yss", ["Yetfa"] = "yet", ["Yeyi"] = "yey", ["Yidiny"] = "yii", ["Yil"] = "yll", ["Yimas"] = "yee", ["Yimchungru Naga"] = "yim", ["Yinbaw Karen"] = "kvu", ["Yinchia"] = "yin", ["Yindjilandji"] = "yil", ["Yine"] = "pib", ["Yintale Karen"] = "kvy", ["Yirandali"] = "ljw", ["Yis"] = "yis", ["Yitha Yitha"] = "xth", ["Yoba"] = "yob", ["Yocoboué Dida"] = "gud", ["Yoidik"] = "ydk", ["Yoke"] = "yki", ["Yom"] = "pil", ["Yombe"] = "yom", ["Yongkom"] = "yon", ["Yopno"] = "yut", ["Yora"] = "mts", ["Yorta Yorta"] = "xyy", ["Youle Jinuo"] = "jiu", ["Yout Wam"] = "ytw", ["Yuaga"] = "nua", ["Yuchi"] = "yuc", ["Yucuna"] = "ycn", ["Yuhup"] = "yab", ["Yuki"] = "yuk", ["Yukpa"] = "yup", ["Yukuben"] = "ybl", ["Yulu"] = "yul", ["Yuma"] = "yum", ["Yumana"] = "awd-yum", ["Yupiltepeque"] = "nai-yup", ["Yupua"] = "sai-yup", ["Yuqui"] = "yuq", ["Yuracare"] = "yuz", ["Yuri"] = "sai-yri", ["Yurumanguí"] = "sai-yur", ["Yurutí"] = "yui", ["Yuwana"] = "yau", ["Zabana"] = "kji", ["Zakhring"] = "zkr", ["Zambian Sign Language"] = "zsl", ["Zan Gula"] = "zna", ["Zanaki"] = "zak", ["Zande"] = "zne", ["Zangskari"] = "zau", ["Zangwal"] = "zah", ["Zaramo"] = "zaj", ["Zari"] = "zaz", ["Zayein Karen"] = "kxk", ["Zayse-Zergulla"] = "zay", ["Zazao"] = "jaj", ["Zbu"] = "sit-zbu", ["Zeem"] = "zua", ["Zemba"] = "dhm", ["Zeme Naga"] = "nzm", ["Zemgalian"] = "xzm", ["Zenag"] = "zeg", ["Zhaba"] = "zhb", ["Zhire"] = "zhi", ["Zhoa"] = "zhw", ["Zhár"] = "jjr", ["Zia"] = "zia", ["Zialo"] = "zil", ["Zigula"] = "ziw", ["Zimakani"] = "zik", ["Zinza"] = "zin", ["Zipser German"] = "gmw-zps", ["Zirenkel"] = "zrn", ["Ziriya"] = "zir", ["Zizilivakan"] = "ziz", ["Zo'é"] = "pto", ["Zulgo-Gemzek"] = "gnd", ["Zumaya"] = "zuy", ["Zumbun"] = "jmb", ["Zyphe"] = "zyp", ["Záparo"] = "zro", ["Àhàn"] = "ahn", ["Áncá"] = "acb", ["Ömie"] = "aom", ["ǁAni"] = "hnh", ["ǁGana"] = "gnk", ["ǁXegwi"] = "xeg", ["ǂHoan"] = "huc", ["⿰亻革家語"] = "hmj", ["丁卡語"] = "din", ["三描語"] = "xsb", ["上京那巴當岸語"] = "dmg", ["上內卡克薩托托納克語"] = "tku", ["上古努比亞語"] = "onw", ["上古匈牙利語"] = "ohu", ["上古奧塞提亞語"] = "oos", ["上古孟語"] = "omx", ["上古布列塔尼語"] = "obt", ["上古康沃爾語"] = "oco", ["上古曼尼普爾語"] = "omp", ["上古朝鮮語"] = "oko", ["上古格魯吉亞語"] = "oge", ["上古泰米爾語"] = "oty", ["上古漢語"] = "och", ["上古米底語"] = "xme-old", ["上古緬甸語"] = "obr", ["上古馬拉地語"] = "omr", ["上寨語"] = "jih", ["上索布語"] = "hsb", ["下索布語"] = "dsb", ["下薩克森荷蘭語"] = "nds-nl", ["世俗埃及語"] = "egx-dem", ["世界語"] = "eo", ["丘赫語"] = "cac", ["中世紀西班牙語"] = "osp", ["中北部米塞語"] = "neq", ["中古亞美尼亞語"] = "axm", ["中古低地德語"] = "gml", ["中古卡納達語"] = "dra-mkn", ["中古古吉拉特語"] = "inc-mgu", ["中古奧里亞語"] = "inc-mor", ["中古威爾士語"] = "wlm", ["中古孟加拉語"] = "inc-mbn", ["中古孟語"] = "mkh-mmn", ["中古尼瓦爾語"] = "nwx", ["中古布列塔尼語"] = "xbm", ["中古康沃爾語"] = "cnx", ["中古愛爾蘭語"] = "mga", ["中古挪威語"] = "gmq-mno", ["中古朝鮮語"] = "okm", ["中古法語"] = "frm", ["中古波斯語"] = "pal", ["中古漢語"] = "ltc", ["中古米底語"] = "xme-mid", ["中古英語"] = "enm", ["中古荷蘭語"] = "dum", ["中古蒙古語"] = "xng", ["中古赫梯語"] = "htx", ["中古越南語"] = "mkh-mvi", ["中古阿薩姆語"] = "inc-mas", ["中古高地德語"] = "gmh", ["中古高棉語"] = "xhm", ["中國手語"] = "csl", ["中塔拉烏馬拉語"] = "tar", ["中塔格巴努瓦語"] = "tgt", ["中墨儂語"] = "cmo", ["中奧吉布瓦語"] = "ojc", ["中尼科巴語"] = "ncb", ["中巴拉望語"] = "plc", ["中帕梅語"] = "pbs", ["中庫爾德語"] = "ckb", ["中普埃布拉納瓦特爾語"] = "ncx", ["中東部德語"] = "gmw-ecg", ["中比科爾語"] = "bcl", ["中瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語"] = "nch", ["中納瓦特爾語"] = "nhn", ["中臘羅語"] = "ywt", ["中蘇巴農語"] = "syb", ["中西伯利亞尤皮克語"] = "ess", ["中邦托克語"] = "lbk", ["中部山地米沃克語"] = "csm", ["中部惠水苗語"] = "hmc", ["中部杜順語"] = "dtp", ["中部法蘭克尼亞語"] = "gmw-cfr", ["中部白語"] = "bca", ["中部麻山苗語"] = "hmm", ["中阿拉斯加尤皮克語"] = "esu", ["中阿斯馬特語"] = "cns", ["中阿特拉斯柏柏爾語"] = "tzm", ["中馬來語"] = "pse", ["中馬薩瓦語"] = "maz", ["中馬蘭諾語"] = "mel", ["丹基語"] = "dhn", ["丹尼語"] = "dny", ["丹麥手語"] = "dsl", ["丹麥語"] = "da", ["乍得手語"] = "cds", ["乍得阿拉伯語"] = "shu", ["也門阿拉伯語"] = "ayn", ["于默薩米語"] = "sju", ["五屯話"] = "wuh", ["亞他-馬諾博語"] = "atd", ["亞加拉語"] = "yxg", ["亞坎語"] = "yka", ["亞基語"] = "yaq", ["亞布拉亞布拉語"] = "yxy", ["亞拉姆語"] = "arc", ["亞拉巴馬語"] = "akz", ["亞拉拉格薩波特克語"] = "zpu", ["亞捫語"] = "sem-amm", ["亞本連埃塔語"] = "abp", ["亞松森-米斯特佩克薩波特克語"] = "zoo", ["亞查奇薩波特克語"] = "zav", ["亞泰語"] = "yty", ["亞烏特佩克薩波特克語"] = "zpb", ["亞爾利語"] = "yxl", ["亞米納瓦語"] = "yaa", ["亞罕語"] = "agq", ["亞美尼亞手語"] = "aen", ["亞美尼亞語"] = "hy", ["亞蒂薩波特克語"] = "zty", ["亞蘭加語"] = "ylr", ["亞述新亞拉姆語"] = "aii", ["亞里語"] = "yri", ["亞雷尼薩波特克語"] = "zae", ["亞齊語"] = "ace", ["亢語"] = "khi-kun", ["什魯克語"] = "shk", ["他加祿語"] = "tl", ["他文語"] = "thm", ["他留語"] = "yta", ["仡佬語"] = "gio", ["仡隆語"] = "cuq", ["代里巴塔克語"] = "btd", ["以東語"] = "xdm", ["以色列手語"] = "isr", ["仫佬語"] = "mlm", ["仲語"] = "cog", ["伊什卡什米語"] = "isk", ["伊克西爾語"] = "ixl", ["伊內塞諾語"] = "inz", ["伊利亞農-馬諾博語"] = "mbi", ["伊利米語"] = "xly", ["伊利里亞語"] = "xil", ["伊努皮克語"] = "ik", ["伊博語"] = "ig", ["伊卡蘭加爾語"] = "ikr", ["伊基祖語"] = "ikz", ["伊多語"] = "io", ["伊宗語"] = "ijc", ["伊寧蓋語"] = "ygi", ["伊巴丹語"] = "ivb", ["伊巴洛伊語"] = "ibl", ["伊巴納格語"] = "ibg", ["伊帕拉帕阿穆茲戈語"] = "azm", ["伊拉努語"] = "ill", ["伊拉語"] = "ilb", ["伊拉雅語"] = "iry", ["伊捷爾緬語"] = "itl", ["伊斯卡特蘭馬薩特克語"] = "mzi", ["伊斯卡特語"] = "ixc", ["伊斯坦科奧托米語"] = "otz", ["伊斯塔尤特拉米斯特克語"] = "vmj", ["伊斯特拉語"] = "ist", ["伊斯特羅-羅馬尼亞語"] = "ruo", ["伊桑語"] = "tts", ["伊比利亞語"] = "xib", ["伊比利吉普賽語"] = "rmq", ["伊比比奧語"] = "ibb", ["伊洛卡諾語"] = "ilo", ["伊爾-約龍特語"] = "yiy", ["伊特扎語"] = "itz", ["伊特拉斯坎語"] = "ett", ["伊特格哈語"] = "ydg", ["伊班語"] = "iba", ["伊瓦加語"] = "ibd", ["伊納里薩米語"] = "smn", ["伊萬特語"] = "ivv", ["伊蒂克語"] = "itx", ["伊蒙達語"] = "imn", ["伊迪語"] = "idi", ["伊通杜希亞米斯特克語"] = "mce", ["伊魯拉語"] = "iru", ["伍勒納語"] = "wux", ["伏爾加德語"] = "gmw-vog", ["休休尼語"] = "shh", ["伯利茲克里奧爾語"] = "bzj", ["伯塔維語"] = "bew", ["伯比斯克里奧爾荷蘭語"] = "brc", ["伽耶語"] = "zra", ["低地塔拉烏馬拉語"] = "tac", ["低地德語"] = "nds", ["低地瓦哈卡瓊塔爾語"] = "clo", ["低地蘇格蘭語"] = "sco", ["佐通語"] = "czt", ["佐齊爾語"] = "tzo", ["佛得角克里奧爾語"] = "kea", ["佛羅語"] = "vro", ["佛蘭德手語"] = "vgt", ["佤語"] = "wbm", ["佩切涅格"] = "xpc", ["佩勒內阿舍寧卡語"] = "prq", ["佩塔帕薩波特克語"] = "zpe", ["佩諾布斯科特語"] = "aaq", ["佩諾爾斯米斯特克語"] = "mil", ["佯僙語"] = "tct", ["依汪都語"] = "ewo", ["俄羅斯手語"] = "rsl", ["俄語"] = "ru", ["保加利亞手語"] = "bqn", ["保加利亞語"] = "bg", ["保加爾語"] = "xbo", ["保安語"] = "peh", ["保洛希語"] = "plh", ["信德比爾語"] = "sbn", ["信德語"] = "sd", ["修納語"] = "sn", ["修道院手語"] = "mzg", ["俾路支語"] = "bal", ["倫巴底語"] = "lmo", ["倫杰語"] = "leh", ["倮倮潑語"] = "ycl", ["傈僳語"] = "lis", ["傣亮語"] = "tyr", ["傣仂語"] = "khb", ["傣允語"] = "yno", ["傣包語"] = "thc", ["傣奈語"] = "tmm", ["傣痕語"] = "kkh", ["傣端語"] = "twh", ["傣納語"] = "tdd", ["傣雅語"] = "cuu", ["傣黯語"] = "blt", ["僥語"] = "nyw", ["僧加羅語"] = "si", ["儂壯語"] = "zhn", ["儂語"] = "nut", ["優諾語"] = "buh", ["克丘亞語"] = "qu", ["克什米爾語"] = "ks", ["克佩列語"] = "kpe", ["克倫地語"] = "rn", ["克列克語"] = "krk", ["克拉勒姆語"] = "clm", ["克文語"] = "fkv", ["克木語"] = "kjg", ["克林貢語"] = "tlh", ["克派納拉索克語"] = "zoc", ["克爾曼語"] = "xme-ker", ["克特拉尼語"] = "xhe", ["克羅地亞手語"] = "csq", ["克羅布語"] = "kxb", ["克里克語"] = "mus", ["克里姆查克語"] = "jct", ["克里米亞哥特語"] = "gme-cgo", ["克里米亞韃靼語"] = "crh", ["克里茨語"] = "kry", ["克里語"] = "cr", ["克雷塔羅奧托米語"] = "otq", ["克馬克語"] = "kem", ["內志阿拉伯語"] = "ars", ["內格拉山區納瓦特爾語"] = "nsu", ["八重山語"] = "rys", ["冰島手語"] = "icl", ["冰島語"] = "is", ["凍原埃涅茨語"] = "enh", ["凍原涅涅茨語"] = "yrk", ["凡那伽羅語"] = "fng", ["凱克奇語"] = "kek", ["凱帕拉語"] = "khz", ["凱爾特伊比利亞語"] = "xce", ["凱特語"] = "ket", ["凱米薩米語"] = "sjk", ["凱達格蘭語"] = "kae", ["切克霍羅語"] = "mrn", ["切彭語"] = "cdm", ["切羅基語"] = "chr", ["列茲金語"] = "lez", ["別姆巴語"] = "bem", ["別日塔語"] = "kap", ["利古里亞語"] = "lij", ["利姆尼亞語"] = "xle", ["利富語"] = "dhv", ["利比亞手語"] = "lbs", ["利比亞阿拉伯語"] = "ayl", ["利比里亞克佩列語"] = "xpe", ["利比里亞英語"] = "lir", ["利米爾甘語"] = "lmc", ["利維卡累利阿語"] = "olo", ["利莫斯卡林阿語"] = "kmk", ["利邦比科爾語"] = "lbl", ["剛果語"] = "kg", ["加利西亞語"] = "gl", ["加勒比印度斯坦語"] = "hns", ["加勒比爪哇語"] = "jvn", ["加勒比語"] = "car", ["加勞語"] = "kyj", ["加告茲語"] = "gag", ["加拉提亞語"] = "xga", ["加拉瓦語"] = "wrk", ["加族語"] = "gaa", ["加林巴爾語"] = "xgi", ["加泰羅尼亞手語"] = "csc", ["加泰羅尼亞語"] = "ca", ["加洛瓦語"] = "anq", ["加爾華利語"] = "gbm", ["加盧拉語"] = "sdn", ["加約語"] = "gay", ["加納手語"] = "gse", ["加羅林語"] = "cal", ["加羅語"] = "roa-gal", ["加茂語"] = "jio", ["加里富納語"] = "cab", ["努佩語"] = "nup", ["努埃爾語"] = "nus", ["努庫奧羅語"] = "nkr", ["努特卡語"] = "nuk", ["努語"] = "ngh", ["勃歐語"] = "blk", ["勃艮第語"] = "roa-brg", ["勉語"] = "ium", ["勒姆邦語"] = "reb", ["勒姜語"] = "rej", ["勒期語"] = "lsi", ["勒蒂語"] = "lti", ["包利雅語"] = "bge", ["匈人語"] = "xhc", ["匈牙利手語"] = "hsh", ["匈牙利語"] = "hu", ["北侗語"] = "doc", ["北卡坦端內斯比科拉諾語"] = "cts", ["北卡拉普亞語"] = "nrt", ["北塔拉烏馬拉語"] = "thh", ["北塔穹語"] = "ttm", ["北大年馬來語"] = "mfa", ["北奄美大島語"] = "ryn", ["北奧龍尼語"] = "cst", ["北尤卡吉爾語"] = "ykg", ["北帕梅語"] = "pmq", ["北庫爾德語"] = "kmr", ["北弗里斯蘭語"] = "frr", ["北恩德貝勒語"] = "nd", ["北摩鹿加馬來語"] = "max", ["北斯拉維語"] = "scs", ["北普埃布拉納瓦特爾語"] = "ncj", ["北普米語"] = "pmi", ["北木吉語"] = "ymx", ["北桑海語"] = "twq", ["北波克倫語"] = "pww", ["北派伍特語"] = "pao", ["北海達語"] = "hdn", ["北特佩瓦語"] = "ntp", ["北特拉夏科米斯特克語"] = "xtn", ["北瓦哈卡納瓦特爾語"] = "nhy", ["北甘馬粦阿埃塔語"] = "abd", ["北皮賽恩語"] = "nrp", ["北盧里語"] = "lrc", ["北索托語"] = "nso", ["北羌語"] = "cng", ["北美索不達米亞阿拉伯語"] = "ayp", ["北薩米語"] = "se", ["北蘇巴農語"] = "stb", ["北辛德科語"] = "hno", ["北部土家語"] = "tji", ["北部惠水苗語"] = "hmi", ["北部東克里語"] = "crl", ["北部泰語"] = "nod", ["北部白語"] = "bfc", ["北部貴陽苗語"] = "huj", ["北部高棉語"] = "kxm", ["北部麻山苗語"] = "hmp", ["北部黔東苗語"] = "hea", ["北阿拉斯加伊努皮克語"] = "esi", ["北阿爾泰語"] = "atv", ["北馬克薩斯語"] = "mrq", ["北黎凡特阿拉伯語"] = "apc", ["千里達克里奧爾英語"] = "trf", ["千里達及托巴哥手語"] = "lst", ["半摩揭陀俗語"] = "pka", ["卑南語"] = "pyu", ["卓米語"] = "zom", ["南侗語"] = "kmc", ["南倮倮潑語"] = "ysp", ["南卡拉普亞語"] = "sxk", ["南卡林阿語"] = "ksc", ["南基瓦伊語"] = "kjd", ["南塔穹語"] = "tce", ["南墨儂語"] = "mnn", ["南奄美大島語"] = "ams", ["南奧龍尼語"] = "css", ["南尤卡吉爾語"] = "yux", ["南尼科巴語"] = "nik", ["南帕梅語"] = "pmz", ["南庫爾德語"] = "sdh", ["南恩德貝勒語"] = "nr", ["南斯拉夫手語"] = "ysl", ["南斯拉維語"] = "xsl", ["南普吉特海灣薩利希語"] = "slh", ["南普埃布拉米斯特克語"] = "mit", ["南普米語"] = "pmj", ["南木吉語"] = "ymc", ["南林松薩波特克語"] = "zsr", ["南海達語"] = "hax", ["南皮賽恩語"] = "spx", ["南盧里語"] = "luz", ["南羌語"] = "qxs", ["南蒂科克語"] = "nnt", ["南薩米語"] = "sma", ["南辛德科語"] = "hnd", ["南部土家語"] = "tjs", ["南部東克里語"] = "crj", ["南部泰語"] = "sou", ["南部白語"] = "bfs", ["南部貴陽苗語"] = "hmy", ["南部麻山苗語"] = "hma", ["南部黔東苗語"] = "hms", ["南阿爾卑斯高盧語"] = "xlp", ["南阿爾泰語"] = "alt", ["南阿蘭達語"] = "axl", ["南非手語"] = "sfs", ["南非語"] = "af", ["南馬克薩斯語"] = "mqm", ["南黎凡特阿拉伯語"] = "ajp", ["博利瑙語"] = "smk", ["博多帕爾賈語"] = "bdv", ["博多語(印度)"] = "brx", ["博杰普爾語"] = "bho", ["博特-邁希語"] = "bmj", ["博特利赫語"] = "bph", ["博羅克語"] = "trp", ["博羅洛語"] = "bor", ["博雷語"] = "bol", ["卜老語"] = "tsl", ["卡亞帕卡拉漢語"] = "kak", ["卡倫金語"] = "kln", ["卡列爾語"] = "crx", ["卡加揚語"] = "cgc", ["卡努里語"] = "kr", ["卡卡拜語"] = "kqf", ["卡卡洛斯特佩克米斯特克語"] = "miu", ["卡塔布語"] = "kcg", ["卡姆巴塔語"] = "ktb", ["卡姆巴語"] = "kam", ["卡姆語"] = "xam", ["卡尤加語"] = "cay", ["卡巴爾達語"] = "kbd", ["卡巴特伊語"] = "xkp", ["卡布特拉語"] = "kbu", ["卡帕多細亞希臘語"] = "cpg", ["卡平阿馬朗伊語"] = "kpg", ["卡庫語"] = "kkj", ["卡托巴語"] = "chc", ["卡拉什語"] = "kls", ["卡拉伊姆語"] = "kdr", ["卡拉卡爾帕克語"] = "kaa", ["卡拉塔語"] = "kpt", ["卡拉布里亞希臘語"] = "grk-cal", ["卡拉恰伊-巴爾卡爾語"] = "krc", ["卡拉拉高雅語"] = "mwp", ["卡拉普亞語"] = "kyl", ["卡拉爾科語"] = "kba", ["卡拉甘語"] = "kqe", ["卡拉米-塔格巴努瓦語"] = "tbk", ["卡拉莫瓊語"] = "kdj", ["卡拉馬雅語"] = "lkm", ["卡拜爾語"] = "kab", ["卡捷語"] = "kaj", ["卡斯卡語"] = "kkz", ["卡林加里語"] = "kgn", ["卡沙亞語"] = "kju", ["卡爾尼科巴語"] = "caq", ["卡爾庫通語"] = "ktg", ["卡爾梅克衛拉特語"] = "xal", ["卡爾科提語"] = "xka", ["卡片片甘語"] = "pam", ["卡特卡里語"] = "kfu", ["卡瓦斯卡爾語"] = "alc", ["卡皮塞尼奧語"] = "cps", ["卡米拉瑞語"] = "kld", ["卡納達語"] = "kn", ["卡累利阿語"] = "krl", ["卡維拉語"] = "chl", ["卡羅巴塔克語"] = "btx", ["卡翁德語"] = "kqn", ["卡舒比語"] = "csb", ["卡莫尼語"] = "xcc", ["卡薩俗語"] = "inc-kha", ["卡蘭加語"] = "xrq", ["卡西古蘭杜馬加特阿埃塔語"] = "dgc", ["卡西語"] = "kha", ["卡賈里語"] = "xkj", ["卡那卡那富語"] = "xnb", ["卡里亞塔爾語"] = "ksy", ["卡里亞拉語"] = "vka", ["卡里亞語"] = "khr", ["卡霍諾斯薩波特克語"] = "zad", ["卡馬尤語"] = "kyk", ["卡馬斯語"] = "xas", ["卡馬爾語"] = "keq", ["印古什語"] = "inh", ["印地多格拉語"] = "dgo", ["印地語"] = "hi", ["印尼手語"] = "inl", ["印尼語"] = "id", ["印度手語"] = "ins", ["印度河科希斯坦語"] = "mvy", ["印度葡萄牙語"] = "idb", ["危地馬拉手語"] = "gsm", ["厄爾茲亞語"] = "myv", ["厄瓜多爾手語"] = "ecs", ["原始上克羅斯河語"] = "nic-ucr-pro", ["原始中-東部馬來-波利尼西亞語"] = "poz-cet-pro", ["原始中乍得語"] = "cdc-cbm-pro", ["原始中印度-雅利安語"] = "inc-cen-pro", ["原始中多哥語"] = "alv-gtm-pro", ["原始中新南威爾士語"] = "aus-cww-pro", ["原始中蘇丹語"] = "csu-pro", ["原始乍得語"] = "cdc-pro", ["原始亞斯里語"] = "mkh-asl-pro", ["原始亞美尼亞語"] = "hyx-pro", ["原始亞非語"] = "afa-pro", ["原始仡佬語"] = "qfa-kra-pro", ["原始伊朗語"] = "ira-pro", ["原始伊爵語"] = "ijo-pro", ["原始伊瓦伊賈語"] = "aus-wdj-pro", ["原始佤德昂語"] = "mkh-pal-pro", ["原始侗台語"] = "qfa-tak-pro", ["原始侗水語"] = "qfa-kms-pro", ["原始克倫語"] = "kar-pro", ["原始克木語"] = "mkh-khm-pro", ["原始克魯語"] = "kro-pro", ["原始凱爾特語"] = "cel-pro", ["原始切爾克斯語"] = "cau-cir-pro", ["原始列茲金語"] = "cau-lzg-pro", ["原始努利斯坦語"] = "iir-nur-pro", ["原始努姆語"] = "azc-num-pro", ["原始努比亞語"] = "nub-pro", ["原始北沙撈越語"] = "poz-swa-pro", ["原始北高加索語"] = "ccn-pro", ["原始南亞語"] = "aav-pro", ["原始南島語"] = "map-pro", ["原始南蘇拉威西語"] = "poz-ssw-pro", ["原始南高加索語"] = "ccs-pro", ["原始博多-加羅語"] = "tbq-bdg-pro", ["原始占語"] = "cmc-pro", ["原始卡拉普亞語"] = "nai-klp-pro", ["原始卡西語"] = "aav-khs-pro", ["原始印度-伊朗語"] = "iir-pro", ["原始印度-雅利安語"] = "inc-pro", ["原始印歐語"] = "ine-pro", ["原始台語"] = "tai-pro", ["原始吐火羅語"] = "ine-toc-pro", ["原始因紐特語"] = "esx-inu-pro", ["原始圖皮-瓜拉尼語"] = "tup-gua-pro", ["原始圖皮語"] = "tup-pro", ["原始塞-瓦罕語"] = "xsc-skw-pro", ["原始塞語"] = "xsc-sak-pro", ["原始大安達曼語"] = "qfa-adm-pro", ["原始大洋洲語"] = "poz-oce-pro", ["原始大西洋-剛果語"] = "alv-pro", ["原始奇布查語"] = "cba-pro", ["原始奧塞提亞語"] = "os-pro", ["原始奧托米語"] = "oto-otm-pro", ["原始孟-高棉語"] = "mkh-pro", ["原始孟語"] = "mkh-mnc-pro", ["原始安納托利亞語"] = "ine-ana-pro", ["原始尤卡吉爾語"] = "qfa-yuk-pro", ["原始尤皮克語"] = "ypk-pro", ["原始尼日爾-剛果語"] = "nic-pro", ["原始尼科巴語"] = "aav-nic-pro", ["原始尼羅-撒哈拉語"] = "ssa-pro", ["原始巴塔克語"] = "btk-pro", ["原始巴拿語"] = "mkh-ban-pro", ["原始巴斯克語"] = "euq-pro", ["原始巽他-蘇拉威西語"] = "poz-sus-pro", ["原始布立吞語"] = "cel-bry-pro", ["原始布那-卡西-林甘語"] = "aav-pkl-pro", ["原始布阿語"] = "alv-bua-pro", ["原始希臘語"] = "grk-pro", ["原始帕馬-恩永甘語"] = "aus-pam-pro", ["原始庫基-欽語"] = "tbq-kuk-pro", ["原始庫希特語"] = "cus-pro", ["原始庫爾德語"] = "ku-pro", ["原始彝語"] = "tbq-lol-pro", ["原始彼爾姆語"] = "urj-prm-pro", ["原始德內語"] = "ath-pro", ["原始恩古尼語"] = "bnt-ngu-pro", ["原始意大利語"] = "itc-pro", ["原始愛斯基摩-阿留申語"] = "esx-pro", ["原始愛斯基摩語"] = "esx-esk-pro", ["原始愛爾蘭語"] = "pgl", ["原始戈都語"] = "mkh-kat-pro", ["原始扎扎其古拉尼語"] = "ira-zgr-pro", ["原始托托索克語"] = "nai-tot-pro", ["原始斯基泰語"] = "xsc-pro", ["原始斯拉夫語"] = "sla-pro", ["原始日耳曼語"] = "gem-pro", ["原始日語"] = "jpx-pro", ["原始易洛魁語"] = "iro-pro", ["原始普什圖語"] = "ira-pat-pro", ["原始朝鮮語"] = "qfa-kor-pro", ["原始東北高加索語"] = "cau-nec-pro", ["原始東部波利尼西亞語"] = "poz-pep-pro", ["原始東部馬來-波利尼西亞語"] = "pqe-pro", ["原始柏柏爾語"] = "ber-pro", ["原始查蒂諾語"] = "omq-cha-pro", ["原始核心波利尼西亞語"] = "poz-pnp-pro", ["原始格貝語"] = "alv-gbe-pro", ["原始格魯吉亞-贊語"] = "ccs-gzn-pro", ["原始桑格萊奇伊什卡什米語"] = "ira-sgi-pro", ["原始桑海語"] = "son-pro", ["原始楚科奇-堪察加語"] = "qfa-cka-pro", ["原始楠榜語"] = "poz-lgx-pro", ["原始歐托-帕梅語"] = "omq-otp-pro", ["原始歐托-曼格語"] = "omq-pro", ["原始比爾語"] = "mkh-pea-pro", ["原始沃爾特-剛果語"] = "nic-vco-pro", ["原始波利尼西亞語"] = "poz-pol-pro", ["原始波羅的-斯拉夫語"] = "ine-bsl-pro", ["原始波莫語"] = "nai-pom-pro", ["原始泰諾-阿拉瓦克語"] = "awd-taa-pro", ["原始泰雅語"] = "map-ata-pro", ["原始漢藏語"] = "sit-pro", ["原始烏戈爾語"] = "urj-ugr-pro", ["原始烏拉爾語"] = "urj-pro", ["原始特里基語"] = "omq-tri-pro", ["原始猶他-阿茲特克語"] = "azc-pro", ["原始班圖語"] = "bnt-pro", ["原始琉球語"] = "jpx-ryu-pro", ["原始瑤語"] = "hmx-mie-pro", ["原始瑪雅語"] = "myn-pro", ["原始科伊語"] = "khi-kho-pro", ["原始突厥語"] = "trk-pro", ["原始米塞-索克語"] = "nai-miz-pro", ["原始米底-安息語"] = "ira-mpr-pro", ["原始米斯特克語"] = "omq-mxt-pro", ["原始粟特語"] = "ira-sgc-pro", ["原始納-德內語"] = "xnd-pro", ["原始納克語"] = "cau-nkh-pro", ["原始納瓦語"] = "azc-nah-pro", ["原始紐爾紐爾語"] = "aus-nyu-pro", ["原始索托-茨瓦納語"] = "bnt-sts-pro", ["原始緬彝語"] = "tbq-lob-pro", ["原始胡里安-烏拉爾圖語"] = "qfa-hur-pro", ["原始臘羅語"] = "tbq-lal-pro", ["原始舒格南羅尚語"] = "ira-shr-pro", ["原始舒格南雅茲古拉米蒙賈尼語"] = "ira-sym-pro", ["原始舒格南雅茲古拉米語"] = "ira-shy-pro", ["原始芬蘭語"] = "fiu-fin-pro", ["原始苗瑤語"] = "hmx-pro", ["原始苗語"] = "hmn-pro", ["原始莫爾多瓦語"] = "urj-mdv-pro", ["原始菲律賓語"] = "phi-pro", ["原始葉尼塞語"] = "qfa-yen-pro", ["原始蒙古語"] = "xgn-pro", ["原始蒙賈尼伊特格哈語"] = "ira-mny-pro", ["原始蒙達語"] = "mun-pro", ["原始薩利希語"] = "sal-pro", ["原始薩波特克語"] = "omq-zpc-pro", ["原始薩米語"] = "smi-pro", ["原始薩莫耶德語"] = "syd-pro", ["原始蘇-卡托巴語"] = "nai-sca-pro", ["原始蘇語"] = "sio-pro", ["原始西北高加索語"] = "cau-nwc-pro", ["原始西南台語"] = "tai-swe-pro", ["原始西日耳曼語"] = "gmw-pro", ["原始西閃米特語"] = "sem-wes-pro", ["原始諾爾斯語"] = "gmq-pro", ["原始貝努埃-剛果語"] = "nic-bco-pro", ["原始貝台語"] = "qfa-bet-pro", ["原始貝語"] = "qfa-onb-pro", ["原始越語"] = "mkh-vie-pro", ["原始跨新幾內亞語"] = "ngf-pro", ["原始通古斯語"] = "tuw-pro", ["原始達尼語"] = "sit-tan-pro", ["原始達爾德語"] = "inc-dar-pro", ["原始達爾金語"] = "cau-drg-pro", ["原始達羅毗荼語"] = "dra-pro", ["原始采茲語"] = "cau-tsz-pro", ["原始閃米特語"] = "sem-pro", ["原始閩語"] = "zhx-min-pro", ["原始阿布哈茲-阿巴扎語"] = "cau-abz-pro", ["原始阿帕契語"] = "apa-pro", ["原始阿拉瓦克語"] = "awd-pro", ["原始阿拉萬語"] = "auf-pro", ["原始阿爾吉克語"] = "aql-pro", ["原始阿爾岡昆語"] = "alg-pro", ["原始阿爾巴尼亞語"] = "sqj-pro", ["原始阿瓦爾-安迪語"] = "cau-ava-pro", ["原始類埃多語"] = "alv-edo-pro", ["原始類奧托米語"] = "oto-pro", ["原始類班圖語"] = "nic-bod-pro", ["原始類米斯特克語"] = "omq-mix-pro", ["原始類薩波特克語"] = "omq-zap-pro", ["原始馬來-占語"] = "poz-mcm-pro", ["原始馬來-松巴哇語"] = "poz-msa-pro", ["原始馬來-波利尼西亞語"] = "poz-pro", ["原始馬來語"] = "poz-mly-pro", ["原始馬薩特克語"] = "omq-maz-pro", ["原始高棉語"] = "mkh-kmr-pro", ["原始魯凱語"] = "dru-pro", ["原始黎語"] = "qfa-lic-pro", ["古丹麥語"] = "gmq-oda", ["古伊拉薩波特克語"] = "ztu", ["古典亞美尼亞語"] = "xcl", ["古典克丘亞語"] = "qwc", ["古典尼瓦爾語"] = "nwc", ["古典敘利亞語"] = "syc", ["古典日語"] = "ojp", ["古典納瓦特爾語"] = "nci", ["古典蒙古語"] = "cmg", ["古典藏語"] = "xct", ["古典馬雅語"] = "emy", ["古利古里亞語"] = "xlg", ["古加泰羅尼亞語"] = "roa-oca", ["古勃艮第語"] = "gem-bur", ["古北阿拉伯語"] = "xna", ["古南阿拉伯語"] = "sem-srb", ["古卡納達語"] = "dra-okn", ["古印地語"] = "inc-ohi", ["古古-貝拉語"] = "kkp", ["古古吉拉特語"] = "inc-ogu", ["古吉拉特語"] = "gu", ["古回鶻語"] = "oui", ["古圖皮語"] = "tpw", ["古奧克語"] = "pro", ["古奧里亞語"] = "inc-oor", ["古威爾士語"] = "owl", ["古孟加拉語"] = "inc-obn", ["古安納托利亞土耳其語"] = "trk-oat", ["古尼揚迪語"] = "gni", ["古巴手語"] = "csf", ["古希臘語"] = "grc", ["古弗里斯蘭語"] = "ofs", ["古愛爾蘭語"] = "sga", ["古拉丁語"] = "itc-ola", ["古拉尼語"] = "hac", ["古拉語"] = "gul", ["古捷克語"] = "zlw-ocs", ["古撒克遜語"] = "osx", ["古旁遮普語"] = "inc-opa", ["古普魯士語"] = "prg", ["古東斯拉夫語"] = "orv", ["古法語"] = "fro", ["古波斯語"] = "peo", ["古波蘭語"] = "zlw-opl", ["古爪哇語"] = "kaw", ["古爾扎爾阿帕布拉姆沙語"] = "inc-gup", ["古爾拉瑪語"] = "las", ["古瑞典語"] = "gmq-osw", ["古瓦語"] = "xgw", ["古當語"] = "xgd", ["古盧森尼亞語"] = "zle-ort", ["古突厥語"] = "otk", ["古立陶宛語"] = "olt", ["古肯特手語"] = "okl", ["古英語"] = "ang", ["古荷蘭語"] = "odt", ["古萊昂語"] = "roa-ole", ["古葡萄牙語"] = "roa-opt", ["古薩波特克語"] = "xzp", ["古西語"] = "guz", ["古諾夫哥羅德語"] = "zle-ono", ["古諾爾斯語"] = "non", ["古邦馬來語"] = "mkn", ["古阿瓦爾語"] = "oav", ["古阿薩姆語"] = "inc-oas", ["古馬其頓語"] = "xmk", ["古高地德語"] = "goh", ["古高棉語"] = "mkh-okm", ["可薩語"] = "zkz", ["台塔語"] = "dav", ["台山話"] = "zhx-tai", ["史瓦濟語"] = "ss", ["史興語"] = "sxg", ["吉伯特語"] = "gil", ["吉土巴語"] = "ktu", ["吉大港語"] = "ctg", ["吉打馬來語"] = "meo", ["吉拉基語"] = "glk", ["吉爾吉斯語"] = "ky", ["吉瓦利語"] = "djl", ["吉茲語"] = "gez", ["吉阿吉阿語"] = "cia", ["吐火羅語A"] = "xto", ["吐火羅語B"] = "txb", ["吳語"] = "wuu", ["呂勒薩米語"] = "smj", ["呂基亞語"] = "xlc", ["呂底亞語"] = "xld", ["呼羅珊尼土耳其語"] = "kmz", ["和闐語"] = "kho", ["哈努諾語"] = "hnn", ["哈勒爾語"] = "har", ["哈卡斯語"] = "kjh", ["哈扎語"] = "hts", ["哈拉佩德迪亞茲馬薩特克語"] = "maj", ["哈拉古雷語"] = "axx", ["哈拉吉語"] = "klj", ["哈拉楚語"] = "ane", ["哈木尼干蒙古語"] = "xgn-kha", ["哈札拉語"] = "haz", ["哈桑語"] = "mey", ["哈梯語"] = "xht", ["哈爾彥維語"] = "bgc", ["哈爾札尼語"] = "hrz", ["哈爾比語"] = "hlb", ["哈爾魁梅林語"] = "hur", ["哈瓊語"] = "haj", ["哈科語"] = "hao", ["哈米爾特佩克米斯特克語"] = "mxt", ["哈薩克語"] = "kk", ["哈里詹金瑙里語"] = "kjo", ["哥倫打洛語"] = "gor", ["哥倫比亞手語"] = "csn", ["哥打巴托-馬諾博語"] = "mta", ["哥斯達黎加手語"] = "csr", ["哥特蘭語"] = "gmq-gut", ["哥特語"] = "got", ["哥里布安-蘇巴農語"] = "skn", ["唔奈語"] = "bwn", ["喀喇汗語"] = "xqa", ["喀多語"] = "cad", ["喀奇語"] = "kfr", ["喀爾巴阡羅姆語"] = "rmc", ["喀靈語"] = "klr", ["喀麥隆皮欽語"] = "wes", ["喜界語"] = "kzg", ["喬亞潘薩波特克語"] = "zpc", ["喬克托語"] = "cho", ["喬喬特克語"] = "coz", ["喬爾蒂語"] = "caa", ["嘉安語"] = "bgi", ["嘉萊語"] = "jra", ["嘎洛語"] = "grt", ["噶哈巫語"] = "map-kxv", ["噶瑪蘭語"] = "ckv", ["四土話"] = "sit-sit", ["回輝語"] = "huq", ["因吉班迪語"] = "yij", ["因哈旺卡語"] = "ywg", ["因溫語"] = "yxm", ["因特語"] = "ia", ["因紐特手語"] = "iks", ["因紐特語"] = "iu", ["國家山谷奇南特克語"] = "cvn", ["國際手語"] = "ils", ["國頭語"] = "xug", ["圖圖特佩克米斯特克語"] = "mtu", ["圖法語"] = "kim", ["圖瓦盧語"] = "tvl", ["圖瓦語"] = "tyv", ["圖皮南巴語"] = "tpn", ["圖羅尤語"] = "tru", ["圖蘭格語"] = "roa-tou", ["圖阿雷格語"] = "tmh", ["圖陸語"] = "tcy", ["土僚"] = "tyl", ["土庫曼語"] = "tk", ["土族語"] = "mjg", ["土耳其手語"] = "tsm", ["土耳其語"] = "tr", ["土阿莫土語"] = "pmt", ["土隆語"] = "try", ["圪勒頗普佤語"] = "yhl", ["圭亞那克里奧爾語"] = "gcr", ["圭契語"] = "gwi", ["地峽米塞語"] = "mir", ["地峽薩波特克語"] = "zai", ["坎伯蘭語"] = "xcb", ["坎佯語"] = "ksu", ["坎剛語"] = "kgp", ["坎卡奈語"] = "kne", ["坎底語"] = "kht", ["坎朱語"] = "kbe", ["坎貝拉語"] = "xbr", ["坎賈里語"] = "kft", ["坎霍瓦爾語"] = "kjb", ["坤扎語"] = "kuz", ["坦昌雅語"] = "tnv", ["坦桑尼亞手語"] = "tza", ["坦達加農語"] = "tgn", ["埃勃拉語"] = "xeb", ["埃及手語"] = "esl", ["埃及語"] = "egy", ["埃及阿拉伯語"] = "arz", ["埃地語"] = "rad", ["埃塞俄比亞手語"] = "eth", ["埃塞語"] = "mcq", ["埃多皮語"] = "dbf", ["埃多語"] = "bin", ["埃斯卡亞語"] = "esy", ["埃斯特哈爾迪語"] = "esh", ["埃斯特雷馬杜拉語"] = "ext", ["埃桂語"] = "xae", ["埃桑語"] = "ish", ["埃洛特佩克薩波特克語"] = "zte", ["埃爾夫達利安語"] = "ovd", ["埃爾語"] = "aeq", ["埃維語"] = "ee", ["埃菲克語"] = "efi", ["埃蘭語"] = "elx", ["埃里泰語"] = "ert", ["培奧尼亞語"] = "ine-pae", ["基亞維庫薩斯薩波特克語"] = "zpj", ["基切語"] = "quc", ["基奧基塔尼-基耶里薩波特克語"] = "ztq", ["基奧基特佩克奇南特克語"] = "chq", ["基庫尤語"] = "ki", ["基普特語"] = "kyi", ["基爾丁薩米語"] = "sjd", ["基那來阿語"] = "krj", ["基里維納語"] = "kij", ["基馬拉岡語"] = "kqr", ["堂郎語"] = "ytl", ["堪德斯語"] = "khn", ["堯依語"] = "yoy", ["塔倫蒂諾語"] = "roa-tar", ["塔利亞布語"] = "tlv", ["塔利什語"] = "tly", ["塔加巴瓦語"] = "bgs", ["塔勞語"] = "tro", ["塔卡瓦米斯特克語"] = "xtt", ["塔古拉語"] = "tgo", ["塔吉什語"] = "tgx", ["塔吉克語"] = "tg", ["塔吉克阿拉伯語"] = "abh", ["塔埃語"] = "rob", ["塔基歐語"] = "tdj", ["塔塔爾特佩克查蒂諾語"] = "cta", ["塔巴斯科瓊塔爾語"] = "chf", ["塔巴斯科納瓦特爾語"] = "nhc", ["塔巴斯科索克語"] = "zoq", ["塔巴薩波特克語"] = "zat", ["塔巴薩蘭語"] = "tab", ["塔戈爾語"] = "mvv", ["塔斯馬尼亞語"] = "xtz", ["塔查維特語"] = "shy", ["塔格巴努瓦語"] = "tbw", ["塔特語"] = "ttt", ["塔馬索拉米斯特克語"] = "vmx", ["塞卡爾語"] = "skz", ["塞拉亞語"] = "sly", ["塞拉利昂克里奧爾語"] = "kri", ["塞波普語"] = "sib", ["塞浦路斯阿拉伯語"] = "acy", ["塞爾庫普語"] = "sel", ["塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語"] = "sh", ["塞索托語"] = "st", ["塞舌爾克里奧爾語"] = "crs", ["塞訥卡語"] = "see", ["塞邁語"] = "sea", ["塞雷爾語"] = "srr", ["墨西哥州奧托米語"] = "ots", ["墨西哥手語"] = "mfs", ["壯語"] = "za", ["夏威夷皮欽手語"] = "hps", ["夏威夷英語"] = "hwc", ["夏威夷語"] = "haw", ["夏延語"] = "chy", ["夏爾巴語"] = "xsr", ["多巴哥克里奧爾英語"] = "tgh", ["多斯拉克語"] = "art-dtk", ["多格拉語"] = "doi", ["多格里布語"] = "dgr", ["多法爾阿拉伯語"] = "adf", ["多爾干語"] = "dlg", ["多爾澤語"] = "doz", ["多迪亞語"] = "dho", ["多馬基語"] = "dmk", ["大努丹卡林阿語"] = "kml", ["大武壠語"] = "tvx", ["大溪地語"] = "ty", ["大科摩羅語"] = "zdj", ["大聖米蓋爾米斯特克語"] = "mig", ["太魯閣語"] = "map-trv", ["夸加特爾語"] = "kwk", ["夸拉阿埃語"] = "kwf", ["夸西奧語"] = "nmg", ["奇加語"] = "cgg", ["奇卡索語"] = "cic", ["奇危特蘭馬薩特克語"] = "maq", ["奇奇卡潘薩波特克語"] = "zpv", ["奇奇梅克-喬納斯語"] = "pei", ["奇布查語"] = "chb", ["奇格梅卡蒂特蘭米斯特克語"] = "mii", ["奇爾特佩克奇南特克語"] = "csa", ["奇特庫利金瑙里語"] = "cik", ["奇科穆塞爾特克語"] = "cob", ["奇納里語"] = "cih", ["奇納魯格語"] = "kjj", ["奇蒂馬查語"] = "ctm", ["奇馬拉帕索克語"] = "zoh", ["奈恩加圖語"] = "yrl", ["契丹語"] = "zkt", ["契努克語"] = "chn", ["契帕瓦語"] = "chp", ["奧克語"] = "oc", ["奧利亞語"] = "or", ["奧吉布瓦語"] = "oj", ["奧吉拉語"] = "auj", ["奧地利手語"] = "asq", ["奧塞梯語"] = "os", ["奧希特蘭奇南特克語"] = "chj", ["奧德語"] = "odk", ["奧拉昂薩達里語"] = "sdr", ["奧斯坎語"] = "osc", ["奧朗勞特語"] = "urk", ["奧梅特佩克納瓦特爾語"] = "nht", ["奧沙格語"] = "osa", ["奧爾穆里語"] = "oru", ["奧爾良語"] = "roa-orl", ["奧科特佩克米斯特克語"] = "mie", ["奧科特蘭薩波特克語"] = "zac", ["奧索洛特佩克薩波特克語"] = "zao", ["奧羅奇語"] = "oac", ["奧羅莫語"] = "om", ["奧莫克語"] = "omk", ["奧蘇馬辛奇南特克語"] = "chz", ["奧赫拉瓦語"] = "kud", ["奧里薩巴納瓦特爾語"] = "nlv", ["奧魯塔波波魯卡語"] = "plo", ["女真語"] = "juc", ["姆巴拉語(乍得)"] = "mpk", ["姆巴拉語(澳洲)"] = "mvl", ["姆巴里曼-古丁馬語"] = "zmv", ["姆帕利詹語"] = "xpj", ["姆班杜語"] = "umb", ["姆瓦尼語"] = "wmw", ["姆耶內語"] = "mye", ["委內瑞拉手語"] = "vsl", ["威奇塔語"] = "wic", ["威尼托語"] = "xve", ["威尼斯語"] = "vec", ["威拉祖利語"] = "wrh", ["威爾士羅姆語"] = "rmw", ["威爾士語"] = "cy", ["孔卡尼語"] = "kok", ["孔喬語"] = "kjc", ["孔尼語"] = "kma", ["孔扎里語"] = "zum", ["孟加拉語"] = "bn", ["孟語"] = "mnw", ["安加塔哈語"] = "agm", ["安加米語"] = "njm", ["安卡維語"] = "aak", ["安古蒂姆里語"] = "awg", ["安哥拉克里奧爾語"] = "aoa", ["安地列斯克里奧爾語"] = "gcf", ["安塔卡林亞語"] = "ant", ["安多藏語"] = "adx", ["安巴拉埃塔語"] = "abc", ["安布拉克語"] = "aag", ["安德格雷賓哈語"] = "adg", ["安德赫語"] = "anr", ["安息語"] = "xpr", ["安提瓜和巴布達克里奧爾英語"] = "aig", ["安汶馬來語"] = "abs", ["安茹語"] = "roa-ang", ["安諾本語"] = "fab", ["安迪語"] = "ani", ["安達曼克里奧爾印地語"] = "hca", ["安達盧斯阿拉伯語"] = "xaa", ["宋傣語"] = "soa", ["宏語"] = "nmn", ["宗喀語"] = "dz", ["官話"] = "cmn", ["客家語"] = "hak", ["宮古語"] = "mvi", ["宿霧語"] = "ceb", ["密克馬克語"] = "mic", ["密卡蘇奇語"] = "mik", ["密細亞語"] = "yms", ["富匝語"] = "ypz", ["富圖納語"] = "fud", ["富巴語"] = "ypp", ["富帕語"] = "yph", ["富拉語"] = "ff", ["富特語"] = "bfd", ["富馬語"] = "ypm", ["寒溪語"] = "crp-ykx", ["察合臺語"] = "chg", ["寬亞瑪語"] = "kj", ["小花苗語"] = "sfm", ["尚巴拉語"] = "ksb", ["尤克斯特拉瓦卡米斯特克語"] = "vmc", ["尤加德語"] = "yog", ["尤卡坦瑪雅語"] = "yua", ["尤古爾語"] = "ygu", ["尤坦杜奇米斯特克語"] = "mab", ["尤夸涅米斯特克語"] = "mvg", ["尤尤語"] = "yxu", ["尤斯拉奇南特克語"] = "cuc", ["尤格語"] = "yug", ["尤比克語"] = "uby", ["尤特語"] = "ute", ["尤甘巴爾語"] = "yub", ["尤羅克語"] = "yur", ["尤魯語"] = "ljx", ["尼亞帕里語"] = "xny", ["尼亞庫薩語"] = "nyy", ["尼亞斯語"] = "nia", ["尼加拉瓜克里奧爾語"] = "bzk", ["尼加拉瓜手語"] = "ncs", ["尼夫赫語"] = "niv", ["尼奧囉語"] = "nyo", ["尼尼亞亞利語"] = "nlk", ["尼揚加語"] = "nys", ["尼揚科萊語"] = "nyn", ["尼揚韋齊語"] = "nym", ["尼斯加亞語"] = "ncg", ["尼日利亞手語"] = "nsi", ["尼日利亞曼比拉語"] = "mzk", ["尼日利亞皮欽語"] = "pcm", ["尼泊爾手語"] = "nsp", ["尼泊爾語"] = "ne", ["尼瓦克萊語"] = "cag", ["尼瓦爾語"] = "new", ["尼茲馬語"] = "nzi", ["尼西語"] = "njz", ["尼馬迪語"] = "noe", ["山地語"] = "shv", ["山地馬里語"] = "mrj", ["山蘇語"] = "hle", ["岡德語"] = "gon", ["岱依語"] = "tyz", ["岱康語"] = "tnu", ["峇峇馬來語"] = "mbf", ["峇里馬來語"] = "mhp", ["峨馬布央語"] = "yzg", ["島嶼克里奧爾英語"] = "icr", ["川黔滇苗語"] = "cqd", ["左江壯語"] = "zzj", ["巴丹埃塔語"] = "ayt", ["巴什基爾語"] = "ba", ["巴伐利亞語"] = "bar", ["巴傑蘭語"] = "bjm", ["巴克特里亞語"] = "xbc", ["巴利語"] = "bfa", ["巴厘語"] = "ban", ["巴哈語"] = "yha", ["巴哈馬克里奧爾語"] = "bah", ["巴哼語"] = "pha", ["巴基斯坦手語"] = "pks", ["巴姆穆語"] = "bax", ["巴宰語"] = "pzh", ["巴尼瓦語"] = "bwi", ["巴布亞紐幾內亞手語"] = "pgz", ["巴布亞馬來語"] = "pmy", ["巴布薩語"] = "bzg", ["巴庫語"] = "xkl", ["巴德拉瓦希語"] = "bhd", ["巴德斯語"] = "bdz", ["巴拉圭手語"] = "pys", ["巴拉圭瓜拉尼語"] = "gug", ["巴拉望巴塔克語"] = "bya", ["巴拿語"] = "bdq", ["巴拿馬手語"] = "lsp", ["巴斯克羅姆語"] = "emx", ["巴斯克語"] = "eu", ["巴斯卡爾迪語"] = "bsg", ["巴林阿拉伯語"] = "abv", ["巴格瓦拉爾語"] = "kva", ["巴格里語"] = "bfy", ["巴梯亞里語"] = "bht", ["巴永古語"] = "bxj", ["巴爾幹加告茲土耳其語"] = "bgx", ["巴爾幹羅姆語"] = "rmn", ["巴爾恩加爾拉語"] = "bjb", ["巴爾蒂語"] = "bft", ["巴特克語"] = "btq", ["巴特里語"] = "bgw", ["巴羅角語"] = "bpt", ["巴茨語"] = "bbl", ["巴菲亞語"] = "ksf", ["巴萊語"] = "bhx", ["巴薩語"] = "bsq", ["巴西手語"] = "bzs", ["巴賴語"] = "bbb", ["巴賽語"] = "byq", ["巴赫蒂亞里語"] = "bqi", ["巴迪馬亞語"] = "bia", ["巴達加語"] = "bfq", ["巴邦基語"] = "bbk", ["巴阿甘吉語"] = "drl", ["巴雅語"] = "bhe", ["巴魯加語"] = "bjz", ["巽他語"] = "su", ["布依語"] = "pcc", ["布列塔尼語"] = "br", ["布努語"] = "bwx", ["布匿語"] = "xpu", ["布吉語"] = "bug", ["布圖阿農語"] = "btw", ["布基語"] = "bkd", ["布希德語"] = "bku", ["布恩德里語"] = "bns", ["布拉加爾語"] = "beu", ["布拉拉語"] = "bvr", ["布拉灰語"] = "brh", ["布拉語"] = "bwr", ["布撒語"] = "bqp", ["布爾杜納語"] = "bxn", ["布納巴語"] = "bck", ["布羅克斯卡特語"] = "bkk", ["布萊語"] = "bra", ["布貢語"] = "bgg", ["布農語"] = "bnn", ["布那語"] = "pbv", ["布都赫語"] = "bdk", ["布里亞特語"] = "bua", ["布魯克波因特巴拉望語"] = "plw", ["布魯夏斯基語"] = "bsk", ["布魯語(喀麥隆)"] = "bum", ["希伯來語"] = "he", ["希利蓋農語"] = "hil", ["希努赫語"] = "gin", ["希卡利亞納語"] = "hix", ["希皮博-科尼博語"] = "shp", ["希納語"] = "scl", ["希臘手語"] = "gss", ["希臘語"] = "el", ["希達摩語"] = "sid", ["希達沙語"] = "hid", ["希里摩圖語"] = "ho", ["希高農語"] = "mba", ["帕伊帕伊語"] = "ppi", ["帕克傣語"] = "phk", ["帕勞語"] = "pau", ["帕卡里科里語"] = "kvx", ["帕哈潘納瓦特爾語"] = "nhp", ["帕埃利尼語"] = "pgn", ["帕姆普羅納-阿塔語"] = "att", ["帕戈語"] = "pac", ["帕拉語"] = "ypa", ["帕斯谷亞利語"] = "yac", ["帕潘特拉托托納克語"] = "top", ["帕爾雅巴雷里語"] = "bpx", ["帕特帕塔爾語"] = "gfk", ["帕皮阿門托語"] = "pap", ["帕盧厄語"] = "ple", ["帕納明特語"] = "par", ["帕胡納爾-阿舍寧卡語"] = "cjo", ["帕莫納語"] = "pmf", ["帕蘭特拉奇南特克語"] = "cpa", ["帕馬語"] = "pma", ["帝汶皮欽語"] = "tvy", ["平原克里語"] = "crk", ["平原印第安手語"] = "psd", ["平原阿帕契語"] = "apk", ["幾內亞手語"] = "gus", ["幾內亞比紹克里奧爾語"] = "pov", ["幾熱爾語"] = "jul", ["庫亞梅卡爾科米斯特克語"] = "xtu", ["庫佩諾語"] = "cup", ["庫克納語"] = "kex", ["庫卡吉語"] = "kux", ["庫坦特語"] = "xut", ["庫庫-亞烏語"] = "kuy", ["庫庫-穆因語"] = "xmp", ["庫庫-穆敏赫語"] = "xmh", ["庫庫-芒克語"] = "xmq", ["庫德馬里語"] = "kyw", ["庫拉馬語"] = "vku", ["庫松達語"] = "kgg", ["庫梅克語"] = "kum", ["庫爾德語"] = "ku", ["庫爾托普語"] = "xkz", ["庫爾穆卡爾語"] = "kfv", ["庫爾蘭語"] = "xcu", ["庫特奈語"] = "kut", ["庫皮亞語"] = "key", ["庫米欽語"] = "cnk", ["庫約農語"] = "cyo", ["庫阿努阿語"] = "ksd", ["庫馬爾語"] = "ksl", ["庫魯克語"] = "kru", ["庫魯帕哈里語"] = "kfx", ["康姆語(喀麥隆)"] = "bkm", ["康巴藏語"] = "khg", ["康格里語"] = "xnr", ["康沃爾語"] = "kw", ["延德納語"] = "jmd", ["廷迪語"] = "tin", ["弄巴灣語"] = "lnd", ["弗拉赫羅姆語"] = "rmy", ["弗朗西斯科里昂索克語"] = "zos", ["弗留利語"] = "fur", ["弗里吉亞語"] = "xpg", ["彌呂亞語"] = "imy", ["彝語"] = "ii", ["彼爾姆科米語"] = "koi", ["待定語言"] = "und", ["德之島語"] = "tkn", ["德國低地德語"] = "nds-de", ["德國手語"] = "gsg", ["德地傣語"] = "tyt", ["德拉瓦皮欽語"] = "dep", ["德維斯萊語"] = "dwz", ["德西雅語"] = "dso", ["德語"] = "de", ["德赫瓦里語"] = "deh", ["德頓語"] = "tet", ["徽語"] = "czh", ["恩傑巴納語"] = "djj", ["恩加朱語"] = "nij", ["恩加朱里語"] = "jui", ["恩加林杰里語"] = "nay", ["恩加納卡爾蒂語"] = "xnk", ["恩加納桑語"] = "nio", ["恩卡米語"] = "nkq", ["恩吉亞姆巴語"] = "wyb", ["恩布語"] = "ebu", ["恩希爾皮語"] = "hrp", ["恩德拉恩吉特語"] = "dgt", ["恩扎迪語"] = "nzd", ["恩敦加語"] = "ng", ["恩格姆巴語"] = "jgo", ["恩甘澎語"] = "nnh", ["恩科亞語"] = "nka", ["恩語"] = "enc", ["恰喀拉語"] = "tuw-kkl", ["恰帕內克語"] = "cip", ["恰蒂斯加爾語"] = "hne", ["惠喬爾語"] = "hch", ["惠特佩克米斯特克語"] = "mxs", ["意大利希臘語"] = "grk-ita", ["意大利手語"] = "ise", ["意大利語"] = "it", ["意第緒語"] = "yi", ["愛沙尼亞手語"] = "eso", ["愛沙尼亞語"] = "et", ["愛爾蘭手語"] = "isg", ["愛爾蘭語"] = "ga", ["懷安多特語"] = "wya", ["戈倫語"] = "xgg", ["戈多貝里語"] = "gdo", ["戈馬拉語'"] = "bbj", ["扎伊語"] = "zwa", ["扎卡特蘭-阿華卡特蘭-特佩欽特拉-納瓦特爾語"] = "nhi", ["扎扎其語"] = "zza", ["扎爾馬語"] = "dje", ["托克勞語"] = "tkl", ["托克皮辛語"] = "tpi", ["托巴巴塔克語"] = "bbc", ["托托馬查潘薩波特克語"] = "zph", ["托拉查-薩達語"] = "sda", ["托米尼語"] = "txm", ["托里切利堯語"] = "yyu", ["托雷斯海峽克里奧爾語"] = "tcs", ["托霍拉瓦爾語"] = "toj", ["扶餘語"] = "xpy", ["拉丁語"] = "la", ["拉丹語"] = "ldn", ["拉克語"] = "lbe", ["拉包爾克里奧德語"] = "uln", ["拉吉拉吉語"] = "llj", ["拉哈語(越南)"] = "lha", ["拉坎敦語"] = "lac", ["拉基語"] = "lbt", ["拉奇吉里薩波特克語"] = "zpa", ["拉奇西奧薩波特克語"] = "zpl", ["拉姆博亞語"] = "lmy", ["拉巴語"] = "rah", ["拉布揚-蘇巴農語"] = "laa", ["拉帕努伊語"] = "rap", ["拉拉吉亞語"] = "lrg", ["拉拉納奇南特克語"] = "cnl", ["拉拉語(南非)"] = "bnt-lal", ["拉拉語(新幾內亞)"] = "nrz", ["拉斯格爾迪語"] = "lsa", ["拉永索克語"] = "zor", ["拉波普佤語"] = "ypb", ["拉爾迪爾語"] = "lbz", ["拉特加萊語"] = "ltg", ["拉特維巴雷里語"] = "bgd", ["拉珈語"] = "lbc", ["拉瑪白語"] = "lay", ["拉登語"] = "lld", ["拉祜語"] = "lhu", ["拉科塔語"] = "lkt", ["拉科語"] = "lki", ["拉納爾語"] = "mnv", ["拉羅湯加語"] = "rar", ["拉胡爾洛哈爾語"] = "lhl", ["拉脫維亞手語"] = "lsl", ["拉脫維亞語"] = "lv", ["拉茲語"] = "lzz", ["拉蒂諾語"] = "lad", ["拉賈卡本選-馬諾博語"] = "mqk", ["拉賈斯坦語"] = "raj", ["拉達克語"] = "lbj", ["拉達農語"] = "btn", ["拉里語"] = "lrl", ["拉阿魯哇語"] = "sxr", ["拍瀑拉語"] = "ppu", ["拜語"] = "bdj", ["挪威俄語"] = "crp-rsn", ["挪威手語"] = "nsl", ["挪威語"] = "no", ["捷克手語"] = "cse", ["捷克語"] = "cs", ["排灣語"] = "pwn", ["提姆語"] = "tem", ["提格里尼亞語"] = "ti", ["提格雷語"] = "tig", ["提瓦語"] = "lax", ["揚吉巴拉語"] = "xyb", ["揚尤瓦語"] = "jao", ["揚德魯萬塔語"] = "ynd", ["揚昆塔賈拉語"] = "kdd", ["揚曼語"] = "jng", ["揚達語"] = "yda", ["摩押語"] = "obm", ["摩揭陀俗語"] = "inc-mgd", ["摩洛哥阿拉伯語"] = "ary", ["摩爾多瓦手語"] = "vsi", ["撒丁語"] = "sc", ["撒奇萊雅語"] = "szy", ["撒尼語"] = "ysn", ["撒慕語"] = "ysd", ["撒拉語"] = "slr", ["撒涅語"] = "ysy", ["撒馬利亞亞拉姆語"] = "sam", ["撒馬利亞希伯來語"] = "smp", ["撣語"] = "shn", ["教會斯拉夫語"] = "cu", ["敦加羅語"] = "dhx", ["敦格拉比爾語"] = "duh", ["文言文"] = "lzh", ["文達語"] = "ve", ["斐濟印地語"] = "hif", ["斐濟語"] = "fj", ["斯凡語"] = "sva", ["斯凡迪語"] = "siy", ["斯卡洛維亞語"] = "svx", ["斯堪地羅姆語"] = "rmu", ["斯堪尼亞語"] = "gmq-scy", ["斯拉夫莫利塞語"] = "svm", ["斯拉維語"] = "den", ["斯洛伐克手語"] = "svk", ["斯洛伐克語"] = "sk", ["斯洛文尼亞語"] = "sl", ["斯洛溫語"] = "zlw-slv", ["斯瓦希里語"] = "sw", ["斯科爾特薩米語"] = "sms", ["斯里蘭卡克里奧爾馬來語"] = "sci", ["斯里蘭卡手語"] = "sqs", ["斯闊米什語"] = "squ", ["斯高克倫語"] = "ksw", ["新共同語言"] = "lfn", ["新加坡手語"] = "sls", ["新挪威語"] = "nn", ["新西蘭手語"] = "nzs", ["施瓦本語"] = "swg", ["施盧赫語"] = "shi", ["旁普科爾語"] = "xpm", ["旁狄希臘語"] = "pnt", ["旁遮普語"] = "pa", ["旅行者丹麥語"] = "rmd", ["旅行者挪威語"] = "rmg", ["旅行者蘇格蘭語"] = "trl", ["日德蘭語"] = "jut", ["日本手語"] = "jsl", ["日語"] = "ja", ["旺加馬拉語"] = "wnm", ["旺甘古魯語"] = "wgg", ["昂儒昂科摩羅語"] = "wni", ["昂加語"] = "anp", ["昂卡穆蒂語"] = "avm", ["昂古魯克亞利語"] = "yli", ["昂科拉巴塔克語"] = "akb", ["昆加里語"] = "kgl", ["昆卡里語"] = "lku", ["昆堅語"] = "kjn", ["昆巴朗語"] = "wlg", ["昆達爾-沙希語"] = "shd", ["昌貝阿里語"] = "cdh", ["明德里科語"] = "drc", ["明戈語"] = "iro-min", ["明打威語"] = "mwv", ["明格列爾語"] = "xmf", ["明瓊巴爾語"] = "xjb", ["晉語"] = "cjy", ["普什圖語"] = "ps", ["普卡普卡語"] = "pkp", ["普埃布拉馬薩特克語"] = "pbm", ["普拉克里特語"] = "inc-pra", ["普拉語"] = "ypg", ["普提語"] = "bnt-phu", ["普標語"] = "laq", ["普泰語"] = "pht", ["普羅維登西亞手語"] = "prz", ["普雷佩查語"] = "pua", ["景頗語"] = "kac", ["智利手語"] = "csg", ["書面挪威語"] = "nb", ["書面衛拉特語"] = "xwo", ["曼丁哥語"] = "mnk", ["曼丹達尼語"] = "zmk", ["曼加拉伊語"] = "mpc", ["曼卡尼亞語"] = "knf", ["曼尼普爾語"] = "mni", ["曼島語"] = "gv", ["曼布韋-倫古語"] = "mgr", ["曼德文字"] = "nqo", ["曼普魯西語"] = "maw", ["曼格爾語"] = "zme", ["曼特寧語"] = "btm", ["曼薩卡語"] = "msk", ["曼西語"] = "mns", ["曼迪阿里語"] = "mjl", ["曼達安語"] = "mid", ["曼達洛語"] = "art-man", ["曼達爾語"] = "mdr", ["曼達語(印度)"] = "mha", ["曼達語(坦桑尼亞)"] = "mgs", ["曼達語(澳洲)"] = "zma", ["朗吉語"] = "lag", ["朗布隆語"] = "rol", ["望加錫語"] = "mak", ["望加錫馬來語"] = "mfp", ["朝鮮語"] = "ko", ["期臘木吉語"] = "ymq", ["木佬語"] = "giu", ["本甘迪茲語"] = "xbg", ["本賈語"] = "bhu", ["札加瓦語"] = "zag", ["朱巴阿拉伯語"] = "pga", ["朱洪語"] = "ktz", ["杜亞拉語"] = "dua", ["杜巴尼南阿埃塔語"] = "duo", ["杜布里語"] = "dub", ["杜瓦爾語"] = "dwu", ["東克耶語"] = "eky", ["東加拿大伊努克提圖特語"] = "ike", ["東北基瓦伊語"] = "kiw", ["東南丁卡語"] = "dks", ["東南伊斯特蘭薩波特克語"] = "zpd", ["東南塔拉烏馬拉語"] = "tcu", ["東南塔斯馬尼亞語"] = "xpf", ["東南帕沙伊語"] = "psi", ["東南普埃布拉納瓦特爾語"] = "npl", ["東南特佩瓦語"] = "stp", ["東南諾奇斯特蘭米斯特克語"] = "mxy", ["東占語"] = "cjm", ["東塔烏碧語"] = "bnj", ["東墨儂語"] = "mng", ["東奧吉布瓦語"] = "ojg", ["東山壩臘羅語"] = "yik", ["東干語"] = "dng", ["東拉威語"] = "lwl", ["東杜蘭戈納瓦特爾語"] = "azd", ["東桑海語"] = "ses", ["東梅瓦杭語"] = "emg", ["東法蘭克尼亞語"] = "vmf", ["東波克倫語"] = "kjp", ["東瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語"] = "nhe", ["東穆里亞語"] = "emu", ["東紅水河壯語"] = "zeh", ["東臘魯語"] = "yit", ["東邦圖克語"] = "ebk", ["東部惠水苗語"] = "hme", ["東部裕固語"] = "yuy", ["東部高地奧托米語"] = "otm", ["東部高地查蒂諾語"] = "cly", ["東部黔東苗語"] = "hmq", ["東鄉語"] = "sce", ["東阿蘭達語"] = "aer", ["東馬嘉爾語"] = "mgp", ["松巴哇語"] = "smw", ["林加拉克語"] = "lgk", ["林加拉語"] = "ln", ["林堡語"] = "li", ["林布語"] = "lif", ["林杜語"] = "klw", ["林松薩波特克語"] = "zar", ["林甘語"] = "lyg", ["柔若語"] = "zal", ["查克馬語"] = "ccp", ["查尤科米斯特克語"] = "mih", ["查庫爾語"] = "tkr", ["查格依語"] = "sne", ["查瓦卡諾語"] = "cbk", ["查米庫羅語"] = "ccc", ["查茨語"] = "cbi", ["查莫羅語"] = "ch", ["查蘇姆巴米斯特克語"] = "xtb", ["查馬拉爾語"] = "cji", ["格列博語"] = "grb", ["格恩語"] = "gej", ["格曼語"] = "mxj", ["格瑞那達克里奧爾英語"] = "gcl", ["格賀語"] = "kpm", ["格陵蘭語"] = "kl", ["格雷羅納瓦特爾語"] = "ngu", ["格雷羅阿穆茲戈語"] = "amu", ["格韋亞德洪堡薩波特克語"] = "zpg", ["格魯吉亞語"] = "ka", ["桂北平話"] = "cnp", ["桂南平話"] = "csp", ["桑加薩爾語"] = "sgr", ["桑古語"] = "sbp", ["桑塔利語"] = "sat", ["桑巴爾普里語"] = "spv", ["桑戈語"] = "sg", ["桑斯語"] = "ssi", ["桑格萊奇語"] = "sgy", ["桑格語"] = "sxn", ["桑維蒂語"] = "smv", ["桑達韋語"] = "sad", ["梅凱奧語"] = "mek", ["梅卡亞潘納瓦特爾語"] = "nhx", ["梅安語"] = "fit", ["梅戈來諾-羅馬尼亞語"] = "ruq", ["梅敦巴語"] = "byv", ["梅斯基塔爾奧托米語"] = "ote", ["梅松特拉波波洛卡語"] = "pbe", ["梅特拉托諾克米斯特克語"] = "mxv", ["梅瓦爾語"] = "mtr", ["梅瓦蒂語"] = "wtm", ["梅莫尼語"] = "mby", ["梅薩比語"] = "cms", ["梅魯語"] = "mer", ["梯貢-姆本貝語"] = "nza", ["梯頂語"] = "ctd", ["梵語"] = "sa", ["森南尼語"] = "smy", ["森松特佩克查蒂諾語"] = "czn", ["森林克里語"] = "cwd", ["森林埃涅茨語"] = "enf", ["森林涅涅茨語"] = "syd-fne", ["森美蘭馬來語"] = "zmi", ["楚克語"] = "chk", ["楚凡語"] = "xcv", ["楚利姆語"] = "clw", ["楚德里語"] = "cdi", ["楚拉希語"] = "cdj", ["楚瓦什語"] = "cv", ["楚科奇語"] = "ckt", ["楠榜阿皮語"] = "ljp", ["標敏語"] = "bje", ["標曼語"] = "bmt", ["標準摩洛哥柏柏爾語"] = "zgh", ["標話"] = "byk", ["檳城手語"] = "psg", ["欣杜里語"] = "hii", ["欽察語"] = "qwm", ["歐內達語"] = "one", ["歐波-馬諾博語"] = "obo", ["歐罕語"] = "ood", ["歐肯納根語"] = "oka", ["比什奴普萊利亞-曼尼普爾語"] = "bpy", ["比加姆巴爾語"] = "xbe", ["比哈爾語"] = "bh", ["比布爾曼語"] = "xbp", ["比拉斯普里語"] = "kfs", ["比拉里語"] = "bhi", ["比斯拉馬語"] = "bi", ["比林語"] = "byn", ["比爾巴語"] = "bpz", ["比薩佛洛勒斯特佩瓦語"] = "tpp", ["比賈拉語"] = "bym", ["比里語"] = "bhb", ["毛利語"] = "mi", ["毛南語"] = "mmd", ["毛翁語"] = "mph", ["毛里求斯克里奧爾語"] = "mfe", ["毛里求斯手語"] = "lsy", ["民講"] = "zgm", ["民都魯語"] = "bny", ["水語"] = "swi", ["汪達爾語"] = "xvn", ["汶萊米沙鄢語"] = "bsb", ["汶萊馬來語"] = "kxd", ["沃伊伍龍語"] = "wyi", ["沃拉恰達阿帕布拉姆沙語"] = "inc-vra", ["沃拉普克語"] = "vo", ["沃洛夫語"] = "wo", ["沃爾西語"] = "xvo", ["沃特語"] = "vot", ["沃里米語"] = "kda", ["沃雅語"] = "wau", ["沃雷埃語"] = "woe", ["沖永良部語"] = "okn", ["沖繩語"] = "ryu", ["沙巴克語"] = "sdb", ["沙巴米沙鄢語"] = "bsy", ["沙巴馬來語"] = "msi", ["沙拉基語"] = "skr", ["沙烏地阿拉伯手語"] = "sdl", ["沙爬語"] = "tys", ["沙維語"] = "sdg", ["沙赫米爾扎迪語"] = "srz", ["沙赫魯迪語"] = "shm", ["河內手語"] = "hab", ["河東彝語"] = "ykn", ["法利斯克語"] = "xfa", ["法國手語"] = "fsl", ["法國比利時手語"] = "sfb", ["法塔魯庫語"] = "ddg", ["法拉法拉語"] = "gur", ["法拉語"] = "fax", ["法羅語"] = "fo", ["法蘭克-普羅旺斯語"] = "frp", ["法語"] = "fr", ["波丘特克語"] = "xpo", ["波多蘭三描語"] = "sbl", ["波多黎各手語"] = "psl", ["波拉布語"] = "pox", ["波斯手語"] = "psc", ["波斯語"] = "fa", ["波瓦坦語"] = "pim", ["波納佩語"] = "pon", ["波羅的羅姆語"] = "rml", ["波美拉尼亞語"] = "zlw-pom", ["波蘭手語"] = "pso", ["波蘭語"] = "pl", ["泰國手語"] = "tsq", ["泰梅爾皮欽俄語"] = "crp-tpr", ["泰盧固語"] = "te", ["泰米爾語"] = "ta", ["泰語"] = "th", ["泰諾語"] = "tnq", ["泰雅語"] = "tay", ["泰雷諾語"] = "tiv", ["洋卞語"] = "yav", ["洋涇浜英語"] = "cpi", ["洛亞基語"] = "lrk", ["洛希查薩波特克語"] = "ztp", ["洛林語"] = "roa-lor", ["洛迪語"] = "lbm", ["洛馬夫倫語"] = "rmi", ["洛齊語"] = "loz", ["津巴布韋手語"] = "zib", ["津巴語"] = "zmb", ["洪濟布語"] = "huz", ["洪都拉斯手語"] = "hds", ["海事手語"] = "nsr", ["海地克里奧爾語"] = "ht", ["海地巫毒文化語"] = "hvc", ["海奧姆語"] = "hgm", ["海灣阿拉伯語"] = "afb", ["海爾蘇克語"] = "hei", ["海達語"] = "hai", ["海防手語"] = "haf", ["涅吉達爾語"] = "neg", ["涅固爾語"] = "cbn", ["混合大安達曼語"] = "gac", ["清邁手語"] = "csd", ["渥太華語"] = "otw", ["湘語"] = "hsn", ["湯加語"] = "to", ["溝通語"] = "art-com", ["溫尼貝戈語"] = "win", ["溫巴溫巴語"] = "xww", ["溫舊語"] = "vun", ["滇東北苗語"] = "hmd", ["滿語"] = "mnc", ["漢志阿拉伯語"] = "acw", ["漢斯立克語"] = "hrx", ["漢特語"] = "kca", ["漢苗語"] = "hmz", ["漢語"] = "zh", ["潘古塔蘭巴瑤語"] = "slm", ["潮州話"] = "zhx-teo", ["澤納加語"] = "zen", ["澤蘭語"] = "zea", ["澤西荷蘭語"] = "gmw-jdt", ["澳洲克里奧爾語"] = "rop", ["澳洲原住民手語"] = "asw", ["澳洲手語"] = "asf", ["澳門土生葡語"] = "mzs", ["澳門皮欽葡萄牙語"] = "crp-mpp", ["濊貊語"] = "hmk", ["濟州語"] = "jje", ["炯奈語"] = "pnu", ["烏克蘭手語"] = "ukl", ["烏克蘭語"] = "uk", ["烏加里特語"] = "uga", ["烏得穆爾特語"] = "udm", ["烏德蓋語"] = "ude", ["烏拉圭手語"] = "ugy", ["烏拉爾圖語"] = "xur", ["烏撒納蘇語"] = "yig", ["烏爾奇語"] = "ulc", ["烏爾都語"] = "ur", ["烏爾霍博語"] = "urh", ["烏米萊杜馬加特阿埃塔語"] = "due", ["烏納米語"] = "unm", ["烏茲別克語"] = "uz", ["烏茲別克阿拉伯語"] = "auz", ["烏蒙彝語"] = "ywu", ["烏迪語"] = "udi", ["烏達語"] = "uda", ["烏雷斯語"] = "msn", ["烏馬語"] = "ppk", ["烏魯姆語"] = "uum", ["烏魯布-卡波爾語"] = "urb", ["烏魯米語"] = "uru", ["焦恩沙里語"] = "jns", ["爪哇語"] = "jv", ["爾蘇語"] = "ers", ["牙買加克里奧爾語"] = "jam", ["特佩卡諾語"] = "tep", ["特佩托圖特拉奇南特克語"] = "cnt", ["特佩烏希拉奎卡特克語"] = "cux", ["特克帕特蘭托托納克語"] = "tcw", ["特克提特克語"] = "ttc", ["特克斯和凱科斯群島克里奧爾英語"] = "tch", ["特南戈奧托米語"] = "otn", ["特哈拉潘薩波特克語"] = "ztt", ["特奧霍姆爾科查蒂諾語"] = "omq-teo", ["特拉奇奇爾科特佩瓦語"] = "tpt", ["特拉惠托爾特佩克米塞語"] = "mxp", ["特拉科亞津特佩克奇南特克語"] = "ctl", ["特拉科盧利塔薩波特克語"] = "zpk", ["特拉索亞爾特佩克米斯特克語"] = "mqh", ["特拉馬卡薩帕納瓦特爾語"] = "nuz", ["特斯卡特佩克奧托米語"] = "otx", ["特斯梅盧坎薩波特克語"] = "zpz", ["特林吉特語"] = "tli", ["特波斯科盧拉米斯特克語"] = "omq-tel", ["特波里語"] = "tbl", ["特烏蒂拉奎卡特克語"] = "cut", ["特爾納特語"] = "tft", ["特爾薩米語"] = "sjt", ["特瓦語"] = "tew", ["特皮納帕奇南特克語"] = "cte", ["特索亞特蘭米斯特克語"] = "mxb", ["特索語"] = "teo", ["特莫亞雅奧托米語"] = "ott", ["特萊爾辛戈納瓦特爾語"] = "nhg", ["特薩克尼恩語"] = "tsd", ["特蘭西瓦尼亞薩克森語"] = "gmw-tsx", ["特西斯特佩克波波魯卡語"] = "poq", ["特通特佩克米塞語"] = "mto", ["特里貝語"] = "tfr", ["特馬斯卡爾特佩克納瓦特爾語"] = "nhv", ["猶加敦瑪雅手語"] = "msd", ["猶太-塔特語"] = "jdt", ["猶太-希臘語"] = "yej", ["猶太-意大利語"] = "itk", ["猶太-柏柏爾語"] = "jbe", ["猶太-格魯吉亞語"] = "jge", ["猶太-波斯語"] = "jpr", ["猶太-葉門阿拉伯語"] = "jye", ["猶太-阿拉伯語"] = "jrb", ["猶太伊拉克阿拉伯語"] = "yhd", ["猶太摩洛哥阿拉伯語"] = "aju", ["猶太的黎波里塔尼亞阿拉伯語"] = "yud", ["猶太突尼西亞阿拉伯語"] = "ajt", ["獨龍語"] = "duu", ["玻利維亞手語"] = "bvl", ["珀塔瓦托米語"] = "pot", ["班塔瓦語"] = "bap", ["班尤馬山語"] = "map-bms", ["班巴拉語"] = "bm", ["班查語"] = "bjn", ["班詩蘭語"] = "pag", ["班賈朗語"] = "bdy", ["班達-班達語"] = "bpd", ["班達-馬來語"] = "bpq", ["班達語"] = "bnd", ["班頓語"] = "bno", ["瑙魯語"] = "na", ["瑞典語"] = "sv", ["瑞士德語手語"] = "sgg", ["瑞士意大利語手語"] = "slf", ["瑞士法國手語"] = "ssr", ["瑟羅尼亞語"] = "sxl", ["瑟里語"] = "sei", ["瑤語"] = "yao", ["瑪巴佳卡林阿語"] = "kkg", ["瑪拉語"] = "mec", ["瑪曼瓦語"] = "mmn", ["瑪莎葡萄園島手語"] = "mre", ["瓊里語"] = "jml", ["瓜加加拉語"] = "gub", ["瓜拉尼語"] = "gn", ["瓜拉語"] = "alv-gwa", ["瓦伊語"] = "vai", ["瓦修語"] = "was", ["瓦倫西亞手語"] = "vsv", ["瓦內茨語"] = "wne", ["瓦利斯語"] = "wls", ["瓦加里博里語"] = "vaa", ["瓦勞語"] = "wba", ["瓦卡瓦卡語"] = "wkw", ["瓦吉古語"] = "wdu", ["瓦吉吉尼語"] = "wdj", ["瓦吉曼語"] = "waq", ["瓦奧語"] = "auc", ["瓦尤語"] = "guc", ["瓦尼莫語"] = "vam", ["瓦布梅托語"] = "aoz", ["瓦戈里語"] = "vgr", ["瓦拉莫語"] = "wal", ["瓦斯卡勒卡納瓦特爾語"] = "nhq", ["瓦斯特克語"] = "hus", ["瓦明語"] = "wmi", ["瓦朱克語"] = "xwj", ["瓦格迪語"] = "wbr", ["瓦烏特拉馬薩特克語"] = "mau", ["瓦爾丹迪語"] = "wxw", ["瓦爾加馬伊語"] = "wgy", ["瓦爾哈迪語"] = "vah", ["瓦爾曼帕語"] = "wrl", ["瓦爾瓦語"] = "wwr", ["瓦爾皮瑞語"] = "wbp", ["瓦爾達曼語"] = "wrr", ["瓦爾里語"] = "vav", ["瓦爾馬賈里語"] = "wmt", ["瓦瑞瓦瑞語"] = "war", ["瓦瓦語"] = "www", ["瓦罕語"] = "wbl", ["瓦薩維語"] = "vas", ["瓦賈班蓋語"] = "wdy", ["瓦賈里語"] = "wbv", ["瓦迪瓦迪語"] = "xwd", ["瓦迪雅拉科里語"] = "kxp", ["瓦鄉話"] = "wxa", ["瓦里揚加語"] = "wri", ["瓦里斯語"] = "wrs", ["瓦隆語"] = "wa", ["瓦魯孟古語"] = "wrm", ["瓦魯納語"] = "wrv", ["瓦魯語"] = "wru", ["瓦龍古語"] = "wrg", ["甘拜語"] = "sba", ["甘米銀-馬諾博語"] = "mkx", ["留尼旺克里奧爾法語"] = "rcf", ["畲語"] = "shx", ["登迪語"] = "ddn", ["白仡佬語"] = "giw", ["白俄羅斯語"] = "be", ["白夏基普拉克里特語"] = "inc-psc", ["白拉基語"] = "lwh", ["白狼語"] = "tbq-plg", ["白苗語"] = "mww", ["百濟語"] = "pkc", ["皮克特語"] = "xpi", ["皮勒尼語"] = "piv", ["皮卡第語"] = "pcd", ["皮埃蒙特語"] = "pms", ["皮拉罕語"] = "myp", ["皮欽利斯語"] = "fpe", ["皮爾拉塔帕語"] = "bxi", ["皮特凱恩語"] = "pih", ["皮特薩米語"] = "sje", ["皮皮爾語"] = "ppl", ["皮詹加加拉語"] = "pjt", ["皮諾特帕納雄耐爾米斯特克語"] = "mio", ["皮里亞語"] = "xpa", ["皮馬巴霍語"] = "pia", ["盎格魯羅姆語"] = "rme", ["盧巴卡丹加語"] = "lu", ["盧布阿甘卡林阿語"] = "knb", ["盧希亞語"] = "luy", ["盧干達語"] = "lg", ["盧恩達語"] = "lun", ["盧旺達語"] = "rw", ["盧森堡語"] = "lb", ["盧森尼亞語"] = "rue", ["盧歐語"] = "luo", ["盧紹錫德語"] = "lut", ["盧維語"] = "xlu", ["盧萊語"] = "ule", ["盧西坦尼亞語"] = "xls", ["盧迪茨語"] = "lud", ["石語"] = "skb", ["磔迦阿帕布拉姆沙語"] = "inc-tak", ["祖尼語"] = "zun", ["祖魯語"] = "zu", ["科亞佐斯潘米斯特克語"] = "miz", ["科亞特卡斯阿特拉斯薩波特克語"] = "zca", ["科亞特蘭薩波特克語"] = "zps", ["科伊因語"] = "xkc", ["科伊巴爾語"] = "zkb", ["科伊科伊語"] = "naq", ["科卡塔語"] = "ktd", ["科塔瓦語"] = "avk", ["科奇語"] = "kdq", ["科尤特拉托托納克語"] = "toc", ["科扎爾特佩克米塞語"] = "pxm", ["科拉米語"] = "kfb", ["科斯雷恩語"] = "kos", ["科普特語"] = "cop", ["科曼奇語"] = "com", ["科梵語"] = "con", ["科特語"] = "zko", ["科瓦語"] = "khw", ["科科斯馬來語"] = "coa", ["科約特佩克波波洛卡語"] = "pbf", ["科索萊阿克納瓦特爾語"] = "nhk", ["科羅斯語"] = "inc-kho", ["科羅納達爾-布拉安語"] = "bpr", ["科羅語(西非)"] = "kfo", ["科莫克斯語"] = "coo", ["科莫多語"] = "kvh", ["科薩語"] = "xh", ["科西嘉語"] = "co", ["科邦語"] = "kpw", ["科里亞克語"] = "kpy", ["科阿特佩克納瓦特爾語"] = "naz", ["科阿特蘭米塞語"] = "mco", ["科阿薩提語"] = "cku", ["科雷斯埃羅斯塔姆語"] = "okh", ["科馬爾特佩克-奇南特克語"] = "cco", ["秘魯手語"] = "prl", ["稿語"] = "gqu", ["穆伊納內語"] = "bmr", ["穆德布拉語"] = "dmw", ["穆林帕塔語"] = "mwf", ["穆盧利吉語"] = "vmu", ["穆薩薩語"] = "smm", ["穆魯瓦里語"] = "zmu", ["突尼斯阿拉伯語"] = "aeb", ["突尼西亞手語"] = "tse", ["窩里沃語"] = "wlo", ["立窩尼亞語"] = "liv", ["立陶宛手語"] = "lls", ["立陶宛語"] = "lt", ["策爾塔爾語"] = "tzh", ["米亞瓦特蘭薩波特克語"] = "zam", ["米佐語"] = "lus", ["米南佳保語"] = "min", ["米南語"] = "xrg", ["米卻肯納瓦特爾語"] = "ncl", ["米卻肯馬薩瓦語"] = "mmc", ["米斯基托語"] = "miq", ["米斯特佩克米斯特克語"] = "mix", ["米斯特佩克薩波特克語"] = "zpm", ["米爾甘語"] = "zrg", ["米特拉薩波特克語"] = "zaw", ["米特拉通戈米斯特克語"] = "vmm", ["米蘭德斯語"] = "mwl", ["米諾斯語"] = "omn", ["粟特語"] = "sog", ["粵語"] = "yue", ["約拉語"] = "yol", ["約松杜亞米斯特克語"] = "mpm", ["約洛索奇特爾米斯特克語"] = "xty", ["約爾莫語"] = "scp", ["約魯巴語"] = "yo", ["紅仡佬語"] = "gir", ["紅金傣語"] = "tiz", ["納倫加語"] = "nnr", ["納凡拉語"] = "nfr", ["納利克語"] = "nal", ["納拉甘塞特語"] = "xnt", ["納木依語"] = "nmy", ["納瓦拉-阿拉貢語"] = "roa-oan", ["納瓦特爾語"] = "nah", ["納瓦霍語"] = "nv", ["納米比亞手語"] = "nbs", ["納羅語"] = "nhr", ["納蘇語"] = "ywq", ["納西語"] = "nxq", ["紐埃語"] = "niu", ["紐阿富語"] = "num", ["紐阿托普塔普語"] = "nkp", ["索亞爾特佩克米斯特克語"] = "vmq", ["索亞爾特佩克馬薩特克語"] = "vmp", ["索倫語"] = "tuw-sol", ["索加語"] = "xog", ["索奇亞帕姆奇南特克語"] = "cso", ["索尼基語"] = "snk", ["索拉什特拉語"] = "saz", ["索拉塞尼阿帕布拉姆沙語"] = "inc-sap", ["索拉塞那語"] = "psu", ["索洛斯語"] = "sol", ["索爾赫伊語"] = "sqo", ["索瓦語"] = "sww", ["索科特拉語"] = "sqt", ["索科羅語"] = "sok", ["索里-哈林甘語"] = "sbh", ["索雷爾港語"] = "xpl", ["索馬里語"] = "so", ["紹爾語"] = "cjs", ["絨巴語"] = "lep", ["維克-埃帕語"] = "wie", ["維克-梅安哈語"] = "wih", ["維克-蒙坎語"] = "wim", ["維克-雅塔納語"] = "wig", ["維克恩根切拉語"] = "wua", ["維加里語"] = "wbk", ["維卡爾坎語"] = "wik", ["維吾爾語"] = "ug", ["維拉維拉語"] = "wil", ["維拉莫維安語"] = "wym", ["維普斯語"] = "vep", ["維萊拉語"] = "vil", ["維蘭古語"] = "wgu", ["維達語"] = "ved", ["綽闊語"] = "yzk", ["線形文字A"] = "lab", ["緬甸語"] = "my", ["羅圖馬語"] = "rtm", ["羅姆希臘語"] = "rge", ["羅姆語"] = "rom", ["羅托卡特語"] = "roo", ["羅曼什語"] = "rm", ["羅泊河苗語"] = "hml", ["羅瓦語"] = "rwk", ["羅維阿納語"] = "rug", ["羅興亞語"] = "rhg", ["羅馬尼亞手語"] = "rms", ["羅馬尼亞語"] = "ro", ["羅馬涅語"] = "rgn", ["美國手語"] = "ase", ["美塔語"] = "mgo", ["美屬維爾京群島克里奧爾語"] = "vic", ["美索不達米亞阿拉伯語"] = "acm", ["翁奇語"] = "oon", ["翁布里亞語"] = "xum", ["老撾手語"] = "lso", ["老撾語"] = "lo", ["老緬語"] = "lwm", ["考爾納語"] = "zku", ["考蓋爾語"] = "ubu", ["耶姆巴語"] = "ybb", ["耶姆特蘭語"] = "gmq-jmk", ["耶容語"] = "yrn", ["耶庫阿特拉托托納克語"] = "tlc", ["耶里多涅語"] = "yle", ["聖伊內斯亞切奇薩波特克語"] = "zpn", ["聖伊內斯阿瓦特姆潘波波洛卡語"] = "pca", ["聖佩德羅基亞托尼薩波特克語"] = "zpf", ["聖卡塔里納阿爾巴拉達斯薩波特克語"] = "ztn", ["聖地亞哥拉帕吉亞薩波特克語"] = "ztl", ["聖地亞哥薩尼卡薩波特克語"] = "zpr", ["聖多明各阿爾巴拉達斯薩波特克語"] = "zas", ["聖多美語"] = "cri", ["聖巴爾塔扎洛希查薩波特克語"] = "zpx", ["聖彼德羅阿穆茲戈語"] = "azg", ["聖比森特科亞特蘭薩波特克語"] = "zpt", ["聖瑪利亞基耶戈拉尼薩波特克語"] = "zpi", ["聖瑪利亞山區納瓦特爾語"] = "nhz", ["聖瑪利亞薩卡特佩克米斯特克語"] = "mza", ["聖盧西亞蒙泰韋爾米斯特克語"] = "mdv", ["聖米格爾克里奧爾法語"] = "scf", ["聖米格爾彼德拉斯-米斯特克語"] = "xtp", ["聖胡安基阿伊赫查蒂諾語"] = "ctp-san", ["聖胡安格拉維亞薩波特克語"] = "zab", ["聖胡安泰塔米斯特克語"] = "xtj", ["聖胡安科羅拉多米斯特克語"] = "mjc", ["聖胡安阿欽戈波波洛卡語"] = "poe", ["聖費利佩奧特拉特佩克波波洛卡語"] = "pow", ["聖赫羅尼莫特科阿特爾馬薩特克語"] = "maa", ["聖路易特馬拉卡約卡波波洛卡語"] = "pps", ["聖阿古斯丁米斯特佩克薩波特克語"] = "ztm", ["聖馬科斯特拉爾科亞爾科波波洛卡語"] = "pls", ["聰加語"] = "ts", ["肖尼語"] = "sjw", ["肯尼亞手語"] = "xki", ["肯托赫-巴蘭塔語"] = "ble", ["肯揚語"] = "ken", ["胡亞雷斯山薩波特克語"] = "zaa", ["胡基拉米塞語"] = "mxq", ["胡帕語"] = "hup", ["胡志明市手語"] = "hos", ["胡里安語"] = "xhu", ["腓尼基語"] = "phn", ["臘斯語"] = "lss", ["臨高語"] = "onb", ["臺灣手語"] = "tss", ["與論語"] = "yox", ["與那國語"] = "yoi", ["舍朱奔語"] = "sdp", ["舒格南語"] = "sgh", ["舒馬斯梯語"] = "sts", ["色蓋語"] = "sge", ["色雷斯語"] = "txh", ["艾努語"] = "aib", ["艾卡朱克語"] = "eka", ["艾米利亞語"] = "egl", ["艾西語"] = "mmq", ["艾通語"] = "aio", ["艾馬拉語"] = "ay", ["芒加萊語"] = "mqy", ["芒戈語"] = "lol", ["芒語"] = "mtq", ["芬蘭-瑞典手語"] = "fss", ["芬蘭手語"] = "fse", ["芬蘭羅姆語"] = "rmf", ["芬蘭語"] = "fi", ["花剌子模突厥語"] = "zkh", ["花剌子模語"] = "xco", ["芳語"] = "fan", ["若開語"] = "rki", ["英加爾達語"] = "yia", ["英國手語"] = "bfi", ["英格里亞語"] = "izh", ["英語"] = "en", ["茂奇語"] = "mke", ["茨姆錫安語"] = "tsi", ["茨瓦納語"] = "tn", ["茲梁科米語"] = "kpv", ["茶堡話"] = "sit-jap", ["茶洞語"] = "cdy", ["草原馬里語"] = "chm", ["草登話"] = "sit-tsh", ["草苗語"] = "cov", ["荷蘭語"] = "nl", ["莆仙語"] = "cpx", ["莫克沙語"] = "mdf", ["莫卡納語"] = "sai-mcn", ["莫喬語"] = "mhc", ["莫圖語"] = "meu", ["莫希干語"] = "mjy", ["莫札拉布語"] = "mxi", ["莫桑比克手語"] = "mzy", ["莫潘瑪雅語"] = "mop", ["莫爾伯語"] = "pwm", ["莫西語"] = "mos", ["莫語"] = "mkg", ["莫雷洛斯納瓦特爾語"] = "nhm", ["莫霍克語"] = "moh", ["菲帕語"] = "fip", ["菲律賓手語"] = "psp", ["菲洛梅納-馬塔-科阿維特蘭托托納克語"] = "tlp", ["萊勞奇南特克語"] = "cle", ["萊昂語"] = "roa-leo", ["萊茵法蘭克尼亞語"] = "gmw-rfr", ["萬巴亞語"] = "wmb", ["萬曼語"] = "wbt", ["萬達朗語"] = "wnd", ["萬鴉老馬來語"] = "xmm", ["葉尼什語"] = "yec", ["葛巴亞語"] = "gba", ["葡萄牙手語"] = "psr", ["葡萄牙語"] = "pt", ["蒂哈爾特佩克米斯特克語"] = "xtl", ["蒂拉帕奧托米語"] = "otl", ["蒂爾基亞潘薩波特克語"] = "zts", ["蒂穆貢穆魯特語"] = "tih", ["蒂達亞米斯特克語"] = "mtx", ["蒂魯賴語"] = "tiy", ["蒙古手語"] = "msr", ["蒙古語"] = "mn", ["蒙大拿薩利希語"] = "fla", ["蒙大拿語"] = "moe", ["蒙戈勒語"] = "mhj", ["蒙當語"] = "mua", ["蒙貢多語"] = "mog", ["蒙賈尼語"] = "mnj", ["蒙達里語"] = "unr", ["蓋亞那克里奧爾英語"] = "gyn", ["薩卡特佩克查蒂諾語"] = "ctz", ["薩卡車普語"] = "sch", ["薩奇拉薩波特克語"] = "ztx", ["薩尼奇語"] = "str", ["薩尼薩薩波特克語"] = "zpw", ["薩巴語"] = "saa", ["薩布魯語"] = "saq", ["薩拉馬卡語"] = "srm", ["薩摩亞種植園皮欽語"] = "cpe-spp", ["薩摩亞語"] = "sm", ["薩比尼語"] = "sbv", ["薩波尼語"] = "spi", ["薩波特克語"] = "zap", ["薩波薩語"] = "sps", ["薩爾瓦多手語"] = "esn", ["薩爾里語"] = "sdf", ["薩特弗里斯蘭語"] = "stq", ["薩約拉波波魯卡語"] = "pos", ["薩胡語"] = "saj", ["薩莫吉提亞語"] = "sgs", ["薩菲薩菲語"] = "sav", ["薩薩克語"] = "sas", ["薩薩里語"] = "sdc", ["薩蘭加尼-馬諾博語"] = "mbs", ["薩蘭尼加-布拉安語"] = "bps", ["薩達尼薩波特克語"] = "zax", ["薩達里語"] = "sck", ["薩那吉亞薩波特克語"] = "ztg", ["薩里庫爾語"] = "srh", ["薩霍語"] = "ssy", ["藏語"] = "bo", ["藻敏語"] = "bpn", ["蘇丹阿拉伯語"] = "apd", ["蘇埃納語"] = "sue", ["蘇基語"] = "sui", ["蘇多維亞語"] = "xsv", ["蘇庫爾語"] = "syk", ["蘇庫馬語"] = "suk", ["蘇戈喬薩波特克語"] = "zpq", ["蘇格蘭蓋爾語"] = "gd", ["蘇爾賈普里語"] = "sjp", ["蘇美爾語"] = "sux", ["蘇蘇語"] = "sus", ["蘇里南湯加語"] = "srn", ["蘇里語"] = "suq", ["蘇里高農語"] = "sgd", ["蘭博語"] = "rof", ["蘭巴蒂語"] = "lmn", ["蘭巴語"] = "lam", ["蘭達語"] = "lah", ["行彤傣語"] = "tpo", ["衛朗語"] = "weu", ["西伯利亞韃靼語"] = "sty", ["西佛蘭德語"] = "vls", ["西克耶語"] = "kyu", ["西北奧吉布瓦語"] = "ojb", ["西北法爾斯語"] = "faz", ["西北瓦哈卡米斯特克語"] = "mxa", ["西北邁杜語"] = "mjd", ["西北阿拉斯加伊努皮克語"] = "esk", ["西南塔拉烏馬拉語"] = "twr", ["西南巴拉望語"] = "plv", ["西南帕沙伊語"] = "psh", ["西南惠水苗語"] = "hmh", ["西南法爾斯語"] = "fay", ["西南特佩瓦語"] = "tla", ["西南特拉夏科米斯特克語"] = "meh", ["西南貴陽苗語"] = "hmg", ["西博滕語"] = "gmq-bot", ["西占語"] = "cja", ["西卡語"] = "ski", ["西塔烏碧語"] = "twb", ["西夏語"] = "txg", ["西尤斯特拉瓦卡米斯特克語"] = "jmx", ["西尼卡瓦米斯特克語"] = "xti", ["西布基農-馬諾博語"] = "mbb", ["西庫爾阿拉伯語"] = "sqr", ["西弗里斯蘭語"] = "fy", ["西托托納克語"] = "tqt", ["西拉卡約亞潘米斯特克語"] = "mks", ["西拉威語"] = "lcp", ["西拉雅語"] = "fos", ["西斐濟語"] = "wyy", ["西方國際語"] = "ie", ["西旁遮普語"] = "pnb", ["西杜蘭戈納瓦特爾語"] = "azn", ["西格陵蘭皮欽語"] = "crp-gep", ["西桑海語"] = "khq", ["西梅瓦杭語"] = "raf", ["西波克倫語"] = "pwo", ["西海岸巴瑤語"] = "bdr", ["西烏韋阿語"] = "uve", ["西班牙手語"] = "ssp", ["西班牙語"] = "es", ["西現代亞拉姆語"] = "amw", ["西瑙高羅語"] = "snc", ["西瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語"] = "nhw", ["西科特佩克-德華雷斯托托納克語"] = "too", ["西穆里亞語"] = "mut", ["西臘魯語"] = "ywl", ["西蘇巴農語"] = "suc", ["西西里語"] = "scn", ["西部湘西苗語"] = "mmr", ["西部裕固語"] = "ybe", ["西部高地查蒂諾語"] = "ctp", ["西部麻山苗語"] = "hmw", ["西里西亞語"] = "szl", ["西阿帕契語"] = "apw", ["西阿蘭達語"] = "are", ["西馬嘉爾語"] = "mrd", ["西馬基安語"] = "mqs", ["西馬隆貢巴塔克語"] = "bts", ["角苗語"] = "hrm", ["詹貢語"] = "djf", ["諾帕拉查蒂諾語"] = "cya", ["諾恩語"] = "snf", ["諾拉語"] = "nrr", ["諾曼語"] = "nrf", ["諾維亞語"] = "nov", ["諾蓋語"] = "nog", ["謝科語"] = "she", ["豐語"] = "fon", ["象雄語"] = "xzh", ["豪薩手語"] = "hsl", ["豪薩語"] = "ha", ["貝內拉夫語"] = "bnv", ["貝扎語"] = "bej", ["貝納語"] = "bez", ["貝里克語"] = "bkl", ["貢語"] = "ugo", ["貢邦加爾語"] = "kgs", ["貴瓊語"] = "gqi", ["費蓮達島語"] = "fln", ["賈德加里語"] = "jdg", ["賈明瓊語"] = "djd", ["賈維語"] = "djw", ["賈萬語"] = "djn", ["賈賈伍龍語"] = "dja", ["賈魯語"] = "ddj", ["賓夕法尼亞德語"] = "pdc", ["賓達爾語"] = "xbd", ["賽伯伊語"] = "xsa", ["賽夏語"] = "xsy", ["賽德克語"] = "trv", ["賽納語"] = "seh", ["贛語"] = "gan", ["赫哲語"] = "gld", ["赫梯語"] = "hit", ["赫爾尼基語"] = "xhr", ["赫瓦爾什語"] = "khv", ["赫雷羅語"] = "hz", ["越南語"] = "vi", ["跨瑪斯話"] = "yku", ["跨語言"] = "mul", ["路易塞諾語"] = "lui", ["路易斯安納克里奧爾法語"] = "lou", ["車臣語"] = "ce", ["載瓦語"] = "atb", ["辛布里語"] = "cim", ["辛特羅姆語"] = "rmo", ["辛迪維米斯特克語"] = "xts", ["辛達林語"] = "sjn", ["辜古依密舍語"] = "kky", ["農巴米語"] = "sij", ["近世朝鮮語"] = "ko-ear", ["迦勒底新亞拉姆語"] = "cld", ["迦摩縷波俗語"] = "inc-kam", ["迪亞貝爾迪亞貝爾語"] = "dyb", ["迪內奧爾語"] = "mrx", ["迪埃里語"] = "dif", ["迪奧迪奧語"] = "ddi", ["迪尤拉語"] = "dyu", ["迪尤貢語"] = "dyd", ["迪巴巴旺-馬諾博語"] = "mbd", ["迪揚加迪語"] = "dyn", ["迪烏斯-蒂蘭通戈米斯特克語"] = "xtd", ["迪爾巴爾語"] = "dbl", ["迪維希語"] = "dv", ["通加語(莫桑比克)"] = "toh", ["通加語(馬拉維)"] = "tog", ["通卡瓦語"] = "tqw", ["通布卡語"] = "tum", ["通瓦語"] = "xgf", ["通騰博安語"] = "tnt", ["道卡斯語"] = "map-twk", ["道恩烏隆語"] = "dgw", ["道本語"] = "tok", ["達加巴尼語"] = "dag", ["達努瓦里語"] = "dhw", ["達契亞語"] = "xdc", ["達悟語"] = "tao", ["達拉格語"] = "xdk", ["達斡爾語"] = "dta", ["達格曼語"] = "dgn", ["達梅里語"] = "dml", ["達爾加里語"] = "dhr", ["達爾金語"] = "dar", ["達爾馬提亞語"] = "dlm", ["達特基語"] = "mki", ["達科他語"] = "dak", ["達萊語"] = "dry", ["達薩語"] = "dzg", ["達蘭吉語"] = "dhl", ["達迪-達迪語"] = "dda", ["達金容語"] = "xda", ["達金語"] = "dcc", ["達雅高路加拉岸語"] = "klg", ["達龍巴爾語"] = "xgm", ["遠西穆里亞語"] = "fmu", ["邁伊語"] = "mmm", ["邁希語"] = "mjz", ["邁蒂利語"] = "mai", ["邁赫拉語"] = "gdq", ["邁錫尼希臘語"] = "gmy", ["邏輯語"] = "jbo", ["那不勒斯語"] = "nap", ["邦代語"] = "bou", ["邦蓋語"] = "bgz", ["邵將語"] = "zhx-sjc", ["邵語"] = "ssf", ["郎念布央語"] = "yln", ["都東語"] = "ttg", ["都特利語"] = "dty", ["鄂倫春語"] = "orh", ["鄂圖曼土耳其語"] = "ota", ["鄂溫克語"] = "evn", ["鄂溫語"] = "eve", ["鄂羅克語"] = "oaa", ["鄒語"] = "tsu", ["采茲語"] = "ddo", ["里潑語"] = "lpo", ["里菲安語"] = "rif", ["金瑙里語"] = "kfk", ["金邦杜語"] = "kmb", ["金門語"] = "mji", ["錦語"] = "aih", ["錫伯語"] = "sjo", ["錫爾赫特語"] = "syl", ["錫金語"] = "sip", ["錫默盧語"] = "smr", ["鎖內嘎話"] = "ysg", ["門德語"] = "men", ["門西語"] = "umu", ["門諾低地德語"] = "pdt", ["閩中語"] = "czo", ["閩北語"] = "mnp", ["閩南語"] = "nan", ["閩東語"] = "cdo", ["阿亞烏特拉馬薩特克語"] = "vmy", ["阿什昆語"] = "ask", ["阿伊努語"] = "ain", ["阿佤語"] = "vwa", ["阿克蘭語"] = "akl", ["阿克隆語"] = "acz", ["阿利亞瓦拉語"] = "aly", ["阿加萬語"] = "alg-aga", ["阿努基語"] = "aui", ["阿勒卡諾語"] = "gah", ["阿勒曼尼語"] = "gsw", ["阿包語"] = "aau", ["阿卡德語"] = "akk", ["阿卡拉薩米語"] = "sia", ["阿卡特佩克-梅帕語"] = "tpx", ["阿古塔農語"] = "agn", ["阿古桑-馬諾博語"] = "msm", ["阿古爾語"] = "agx", ["阿哲拉語"] = "adz", ["阿喬利語"] = "ach", ["阿坎語"] = "ak", ["阿坦帕雅語"] = "amz", ["阿塔特拉烏卡米斯特克語"] = "mib", ["阿塞拜疆語"] = "az", ["阿奇語"] = "aqc", ["阿姆哈拉語"] = "am", ["阿富汗手語"] = "afg", ["阿寧迪爾雅夸語"] = "aoi", ["阿尤特拉米斯特克語"] = "miy", ["阿尼普佤語"] = "ypn", ["阿巴克農語"] = "abx", ["阿巴扎語"] = "abq", ["阿布哈茲語"] = "ab", ["阿布語"] = "ado", ["阿希拉尼語"] = "ahr", ["阿帕塔尼語"] = "apt", ["阿帕斯科-阿波亞拉米斯特克語"] = "mip", ["阿帕萊語"] = "apy", ["阿庫色語"] = "bss", ["阿弗里希利語"] = "afh", ["阿彝子語"] = "yyz", ["阿德尼亞馬塔納語"] = "adt", ["阿拉伯島阿埃塔語"] = "dul", ["阿拉伯語"] = "ar", ["阿拉克語"] = "alk", ["阿拉卡特拉扎拉米斯特克語"] = "mim", ["阿拉基語"] = "akr", ["阿拉奧納語"] = "aro", ["阿拉巴納語"] = "ard", ["阿拉帕霍語"] = "arp", ["阿拉瓜爾語"] = "rkw", ["阿拉瓦克語"] = "arw", ["阿拉瓦語"] = "alh", ["阿拉貢語"] = "an", ["阿提卡梅克語"] = "atj", ["阿斯圖里亞斯語"] = "ast", ["阿昌語"] = "acn", ["阿曼阿拉伯語"] = "acx", ["阿查瓦卡語"] = "atc", ["阿根廷手語"] = "aed", ["阿歐語"] = "aou", ["阿比亞語"] = "aby", ["阿比諾姆語"] = "bsa", ["阿沃卡雅語"] = "avu", ["阿沃那加語"] = "njo", ["阿法爾語"] = "aa", ["阿洛普拉語"] = "ypo", ["阿洛阿帕姆薩波特克語"] = "zaq", ["阿洪姆語"] = "aho", ["阿溫語"] = "awi", ["阿燦語"] = "cch", ["阿爾及利亞手語"] = "asp", ["阿爾及利亞阿拉伯語"] = "arq", ["阿爾吉特語"] = "aid", ["阿爾岡昆語"] = "alq", ["阿爾巴尼亞語"] = "sq", ["阿爾托薩波特克語"] = "zpp", ["阿爾科紹卡米斯特克語"] = "xta", ["阿爾維里-維達里語"] = "avd", ["阿瑪納卜語"] = "amn", ["阿瑪語"] = "amm", ["阿瓜魯那語"] = "agr", ["阿瓦巴卡爾語"] = "awk", ["阿瓦德語"] = "awa", ["阿瓦拉語"] = "awx", ["阿瓦爾語"] = "av", ["阿留特語"] = "alr", ["阿留申語"] = "ale", ["阿當梅語"] = "ada", ["阿米語"] = "amy", ["阿約克斯科薩波特克語"] = "zaf", ["阿納爾語"] = "anm", ["阿維斯陀語"] = "ae", ["阿羅馬尼亞語"] = "rup", ["阿美語"] = "ami", ["阿莫爾特佩卡米斯特克語"] = "mbz", ["阿薩姆語"] = "as", ["阿薩羅奧語"] = "mtv", ["阿蘇語"] = "asa", ["阿蘭岡語"] = "alj", ["阿西內本語"] = "asb", ["阿西魯魯語"] = "asl", ["阿貝納基語"] = "abe", ["阿賈語"] = "ajg", ["阿赫瓦赫語"] = "akv", ["阿車語"] = "yif", ["阿輸迦普拉克里特語"] = "inc-ash", ["阿迪廷吉蒂格語"] = "dth", ["阿迪格語"] = "ady", ["阿迪語"] = "adi", ["阿通語(印度)"] = "aot", ["阿邁蒙語"] = "ali", ["阿雅巴德胡語"] = "ayd", ["阿雷巴語"] = "aea", ["阿馬拉斯語"] = "aaz", ["阿馬特蘭薩波特克語"] = "zpo", ["阿魯尼語"] = "alp", ["阿魯提克語"] = "ems", ["陶亞語"] = "tya", ["陶斯語"] = "twf", ["陶蘇格語"] = "tsg", ["雅伊吉爾語"] = "xya", ["雅加語"] = "yag", ["雅卡語"] = "ybh", ["雅庫特語"] = "sah", ["雅格諾比語"] = "yai", ["雅浦語"] = "yap", ["雅烏魯語"] = "ywr", ["雅爾魯延迪語"] = "yry", ["雅茲古拉米語"] = "yah", ["雅西克語"] = "ysc", ["雍古手語"] = "ygs", ["雪爾塔語"] = "sth", ["雪蘭莪手語"] = "kgi", ["雷蒂亞語"] = "xrr", ["雷蒙達道阿埃塔語"] = "agv", ["霍皮語"] = "hop", ["霍語"] = "hoc", ["露語"] = "loj", ["青仡佬語"] = "giq", ["青苗語"] = "hnj", ["韃靼語"] = "tt", ["韋耶瓦語"] = "wew", ["韋韋特拉特佩瓦語"] = "tee", ["韶州土話"] = "zhx-sht", ["類約魯巴語支"] = "alv-yor-pro", ["香檳語"] = "roa-cha", ["香港手語"] = "hks", ["馬亞瓦利語"] = "yxa", ["馬京達瑙語"] = "mdh", ["馬伊-他庫爾蒂語"] = "xyt", ["馬伊庫蘭語"] = "mnt", ["馬來奕語"] = "beg", ["馬來西亞手語"] = "xml", ["馬來語"] = "ms", ["馬來達雅語"] = "xdy", ["馬六甲克里奧爾葡萄牙語"] = "mcm", ["馬六甲克里奧爾馬來語"] = "ccm", ["馬其頓語"] = "mk", ["馬利亞穆語"] = "xru", ["馬利納爾特佩克特拉帕克語"] = "tcf", ["馬加希語"] = "mag", ["馬南卡利語"] = "znk", ["馬哈拉施特拉俗語"] = "pmh", ["馬哈蘇帕哈里語"] = "bfz", ["馬圖汪加語"] = "mpj", ["馬圖蘇利那語"] = "vma", ["馬塔納維語"] = "sai-mat", ["馬夸語"] = "mgh", ["馬姆語"] = "mam", ["馬孔德語"] = "kde", ["馬尤瑤-伊富高語"] = "ifu", ["馬巴語"] = "mde", ["馬恰美語"] = "jmc", ["馬托爾語"] = "mtm", ["馬拉克馬拉克語"] = "mpb", ["馬拉利語"] = "sai-mal", ["馬拉加斯語"] = "mg", ["馬拉地語"] = "mr", ["馬拉威手語"] = "lws", ["馬拉格伊語"] = "vmh", ["馬拉瑙語"] = "mrw", ["馬拉蒂諾語"] = "sai-mar", ["馬拉農庫語"] = "zmr", ["馬拉雅拉姆語"] = "ml", ["馬斯克林斯語"] = "klv", ["馬斯巴特語"] = "msb", ["馬普切語"] = "arn", ["馬林加爾語"] = "zmt", ["馬格達萊納佩尼亞斯科米斯特克語"] = "xtm", ["馬江語"] = "mpe", ["馬法語"] = "maf", ["馬爾他手語"] = "mdl", ["馬爾他語"] = "mt", ["馬爾加尼語"] = "zmc", ["馬爾加納語"] = "vml", ["馬爾古語"] = "mhg", ["馬爾巴語"] = "mpg", ["馬爾帕哈里亞語"] = "mkb", ["馬爾瓦語"] = "mup", ["馬爾西語"] = "ims", ["馬爾馬語"] = "rmz", ["馬特巴特語"] = "xmt", ["馬特拉爾辛卡語"] = "mat", ["馬特爾語"] = "mfh", ["馬瓦里語"] = "mwr", ["馬約特科摩羅語"] = "swb", ["馬約語"] = "mfy", ["馬紹爾語"] = "mh", ["馬蒂沙祿-馬諾博語"] = "mbt", ["馬蒂馬蒂語"] = "dmd", ["馬薩爾特佩克薩波特克語"] = "zpy", ["馬薩特蘭米塞語"] = "mzl", ["馬薩特蘭馬薩特克語"] = "vmz", ["馬賽語"] = "mas", ["馬贊德蘭語"] = "mzn", ["馬達加斯加手語"] = "mzc", ["馬都拉語"] = "mad", ["馬里丹語"] = "zmd", ["馬里提亞賓語"] = "zmj", ["馬里烏波爾希臘語"] = "grk-mar", ["馬里科帕語"] = "mrc", ["馬里耶迪語"] = "zmy", ["馬里蒂爾語"] = "mfr", ["馬里馬寧迪語"] = "zmm", ["馬雅古杜納語"] = "xmy", ["馬馬薩語"] = "mqj", ["馬魯西尼語"] = "umc", ["驃語"] = "pyx", ["高加索阿爾巴尼亞語"] = "xag", ["高句麗語"] = "zkg", ["高地孔喬語"] = "kjk", ["高地托托納克語"] = "tos", ["高地普埃布拉納瓦特爾語"] = "azz", ["高地波波魯卡語"] = "poi", ["高地瓦哈卡瓊塔爾語"] = "chd", ["高棉語"] = "km", ["高欄語"] = "mlc", ["高盧語"] = "cel-gau", ["魁北克手語"] = "fcs", ["魯凱語"] = "dru", ["魯圖爾語"] = "rut", ["魯巴魯魯亞語"] = "lua", ["魯瓦蒂語"] = "luv", ["鮑里巴雷里語"] = "bfb", ["麥因迪埃塔語"] = "blx", ["麥安契埃塔語"] = "sgb", ["麥羅埃語"] = "xmr", ["麻薩諸塞語"] = "wam", ["黎語"] = "lic", ["黑暗語"] = "art-bsp", ["黑木吉語"] = "ybk", ["黑腳語"] = "bla", ["默切諾語"] = "mhn", ["齊切瓦語"] = "ny", ["齊瓊依-齊基哈納-奇考瑪語"] = "coh", ["龍加語"] = "rng", ["龍瓦語"] = "rnw", ["龜崙-巴宰語"] = "uun", ["龜崙語"] = "uon", } itwidiv3ppvnyjqxbwoifjo77sx0pad Module:Languages/code to canonical name 828 1368468 7270822 7267023 2022-07-27T15:14:24Z TongcyDai 53191 [[MediaWiki:UpdateLanguageNameAndCode.js|updated]] Scribunto text/plain return { ["aa"] = "阿法爾語", ["aaa"] = "Ghotuo", ["aab"] = "Alumu-Tesu", ["aac"] = "Ari", ["aad"] = "Amal", ["aaf"] = "Aranadan", ["aag"] = "安布拉克語", ["aah"] = "Abu' Arapesh", ["aai"] = "Arifama-Miniafia", ["aak"] = "安卡維語", ["aal"] = "Afade", ["aan"] = "Anambé", ["aap"] = "Pará Arára", ["aaq"] = "佩諾布斯科特語", ["aas"] = "Aasax", ["aau"] = "阿包語", ["aav-khs-pro"] = "原始卡西語", ["aav-nic-pro"] = "原始尼科巴語", ["aav-pkl-pro"] = "原始布那-卡西-林甘語", ["aav-pro"] = "原始南亞語", ["aaw"] = "Solong", ["aax"] = "Mandobo Atas", ["aaz"] = "阿馬拉斯語", ["ab"] = "阿布哈茲語", ["aba"] = "Abé", ["abb"] = "Bankon", ["abc"] = "安巴拉埃塔語", ["abd"] = "北甘馬粦阿埃塔語", ["abe"] = "阿貝納基語", ["abf"] = "Abai Sungai", ["abg"] = "Abaga", ["abh"] = "塔吉克阿拉伯語", ["abi"] = "Abidji", ["abj"] = "Aka-Bea", ["abl"] = "Abung", ["abm"] = "Abanyom", ["abn"] = "Abua", ["abo"] = "Abon", ["abp"] = "亞本連埃塔語", ["abq"] = "阿巴扎語", ["abr"] = "Abron", ["abs"] = "安汶馬來語", ["abt"] = "Ambulas", ["abu"] = "Abure", ["abv"] = "巴林阿拉伯語", ["abw"] = "Pal", ["abx"] = "阿巴克農語", ["aby"] = "阿比亞語", ["abz"] = "Abui", ["aca"] = "Achagua", ["acb"] = "Áncá", ["acd"] = "Gikyode", ["ace"] = "亞齊語", ["ach"] = "阿喬利語", ["aci"] = "Aka-Cari", ["ack"] = "Aka-Kora", ["acl"] = "Akar-Bale", ["acm"] = "美索不達米亞阿拉伯語", ["acn"] = "阿昌語", ["acp"] = "Eastern Acipa", ["acr"] = "Achi", ["acs"] = "Acroá", ["acu"] = "Achuar", ["acv"] = "Achumawi", ["acw"] = "漢志阿拉伯語", ["acx"] = "阿曼阿拉伯語", ["acy"] = "塞浦路斯阿拉伯語", ["acz"] = "阿克隆語", ["ada"] = "阿當梅語", ["adb"] = "Adabe", ["add"] = "Dzodinka", ["ade"] = "Adele", ["adf"] = "多法爾阿拉伯語", ["adg"] = "安德格雷賓哈語", ["adh"] = "Adhola", ["adi"] = "阿迪語", ["adj"] = "Adioukrou", ["adl"] = "Galo", ["adn"] = "Adang", ["ado"] = "阿布語", ["adp"] = "Adap", ["adq"] = "Adangbe", ["adr"] = "Adonara", ["ads"] = "Adamorobe Sign Language", ["adt"] = "阿德尼亞馬塔納語", ["adu"] = "Aduge", ["adw"] = "Amondawa", ["adx"] = "安多藏語", ["ady"] = "阿迪格語", ["adz"] = "阿哲拉語", ["ae"] = "阿維斯陀語", ["aea"] = "阿雷巴語", ["aeb"] = "突尼斯阿拉伯語", ["aed"] = "阿根廷手語", ["aee"] = "Northeast Pashayi", ["aek"] = "Haeke", ["ael"] = "Ambele", ["aem"] = "Arem", ["aen"] = "亞美尼亞手語", ["aeq"] = "埃爾語", ["aer"] = "東阿蘭達語", ["aes"] = "Alsea", ["aeu"] = "Akeu", ["aew"] = "Ambakich", ["aey"] = "Amele", ["aez"] = "Aeka", ["af"] = "南非語", ["afa-pro"] = "原始亞非語", ["afb"] = "海灣阿拉伯語", ["afd"] = "Andai", ["afe"] = "Putukwam", ["afg"] = "阿富汗手語", ["afh"] = "阿弗里希利語", ["afi"] = "Akrukay", ["afk"] = "Nanubae", ["afn"] = "Defaka", ["afo"] = "Eloyi", ["afp"] = "Tapei", ["afs"] = "Afro-Seminole Creole", ["aft"] = "Afitti", ["afu"] = "Awutu", ["afz"] = "Obokuitai", ["aga"] = "Aguano", ["agb"] = "Legbo", ["agc"] = "Agatu", ["agd"] = "Agarabi", ["age"] = "Angal", ["agf"] = "Arguni", ["agg"] = "Angor", ["agh"] = "Ngelima", ["agi"] = "Agariya", ["agj"] = "Argobba", ["agk"] = "Isarog Agta", ["agl"] = "Fembe", ["agm"] = "安加塔哈語", ["agn"] = "阿古塔農語", ["ago"] = "Tainae", ["agq"] = "亞罕語", ["agr"] = "阿瓜魯那語", ["ags"] = "Esimbi", ["agt"] = "Central Cagayan Agta", ["agu"] = "Aguacateca", ["agv"] = "雷蒙達道阿埃塔語", ["agw"] = "Kahua", ["agx"] = "阿古爾語", ["agy"] = "Southern Alta", ["agz"] = "Mount Iriga Agta", ["aha"] = "Ahanta", ["ahb"] = "Axamb", ["ahg"] = "Qimant", ["ahh"] = "Aghu", ["ahi"] = "Tiagbamrin Aizi", ["ahk"] = "Akha", ["ahl"] = "Igo", ["ahm"] = "Mobumrin Aizi", ["ahn"] = "Àhàn", ["aho"] = "阿洪姆語", ["ahp"] = "Aproumu Aizi", ["ahr"] = "阿希拉尼語", ["ahs"] = "Ashe", ["aht"] = "Ahtna", ["aia"] = "Arosi", ["aib"] = "艾努語", ["aic"] = "Ainbai", ["aid"] = "阿爾吉特語", ["aie"] = "Amara", ["aif"] = "Agi", ["aig"] = "安提瓜和巴布達克里奧爾英語", ["aih"] = "錦語", ["aii"] = "亞述新亞拉姆語", ["aij"] = "Lishanid Noshan", ["aik"] = "Ake", ["ail"] = "Aimele", ["aim"] = "Aimol", ["ain"] = "阿伊努語", ["aio"] = "艾通語", ["aip"] = "Burumakok", ["air"] = "Airoran", ["ait"] = "Arikem", ["aiw"] = "Aari", ["aix"] = "Aighon", ["aiy"] = "Ali", ["aja"] = "Aja", ["ajg"] = "阿賈語", ["aji"] = "Ajië", ["ajn"] = "Andajin", ["ajp"] = "南黎凡特阿拉伯語", ["ajt"] = "猶太突尼西亞阿拉伯語", ["aju"] = "猶太摩洛哥阿拉伯語", ["ajw"] = "Ajawa", ["ajz"] = "Amri Karbi", ["ak"] = "阿坎語", ["akb"] = "昂科拉巴塔克語", ["akc"] = "Mpur", ["akd"] = "Ukpet-Ehom", ["ake"] = "Akawaio", ["akf"] = "Akpa", ["akg"] = "Anakalangu", ["akh"] = "Angal Heneng", ["aki"] = "Aiome", ["akj"] = "Jeru", ["akk"] = "阿卡德語", ["akl"] = "阿克蘭語", ["akm"] = "Aka-Bo", ["ako"] = "Akurio", ["akp"] = "Siwu", ["akq"] = "Ak", ["akr"] = "阿拉基語", ["aks"] = "Akaselem", ["akt"] = "Akolet", ["aku"] = "Akum", ["akv"] = "阿赫瓦赫語", ["akw"] = "Akwa", ["akx"] = "Aka-Kede", ["aky"] = "Aka-Kol", ["akz"] = "亞拉巴馬語", ["ala"] = "Alago", ["alc"] = "卡瓦斯卡爾語", ["ald"] = "Alladian", ["ale"] = "阿留申語", ["alf"] = "Alege", ["alg-aga"] = "阿加萬語", ["alg-pro"] = "原始阿爾岡昆語", ["alh"] = "阿拉瓦語", ["ali"] = "阿邁蒙語", ["alj"] = "阿蘭岡語", ["alk"] = "阿拉克語", ["all"] = "Allar", ["alm"] = "Amblong", ["alo"] = "Larike-Wakasihu", ["alp"] = "阿魯尼語", ["alq"] = "阿爾岡昆語", ["alr"] = "阿留特語", ["alt"] = "南阿爾泰語", ["alu"] = "'Are'are", ["alv-ama"] = "Amasi", ["alv-bgu"] = "Baïnounk Gubëeher", ["alv-bua-pro"] = "原始布阿語", ["alv-cng-pro"] = "Proto-Cangin", ["alv-edo-pro"] = "原始類埃多語", ["alv-fli-pro"] = "Proto-Fali", ["alv-gbe-pro"] = "原始格貝語", ["alv-gng-pro"] = "Proto-Guang", ["alv-gtm-pro"] = "原始中多哥語", ["alv-gwa"] = "瓜拉語", ["alv-hei-pro"] = "Proto-Heiban", ["alv-igb-pro"] = "Proto-Igboid", ["alv-kwa-pro"] = "Proto-Kwa", ["alv-mum-pro"] = "Proto-Mumuye", ["alv-nup-pro"] = "Proto-Nupoid", ["alv-pro"] = "原始大西洋-剛果語", ["alv-yor-pro"] = "類約魯巴語支", ["alw"] = "Alaba", ["alx"] = "Amol", ["aly"] = "阿利亞瓦拉語", ["alz"] = "Alur", ["am"] = "阿姆哈拉語", ["ama"] = "Amanayé", ["amb"] = "Ambo", ["amc"] = "Amahuaca", ["ame"] = "Yanesha'", ["amf"] = "Hamer-Banna", ["amg"] = "Amurdag", ["ami"] = "阿美語", ["amj"] = "Amdang", ["amk"] = "Ambai", ["aml"] = "War-Jaintia", ["amm"] = "阿瑪語", ["amn"] = "阿瑪納卜語", ["amo"] = "Amo", ["amp"] = "Alamblak", ["amq"] = "Amahai", ["amr"] = "Amarakaeri", ["ams"] = "南奄美大島語", ["amt"] = "Amto", ["amu"] = "格雷羅阿穆茲戈語", ["amv"] = "Ambelau", ["amw"] = "西現代亞拉姆語", ["amx"] = "Anmatyerre", ["amy"] = "阿米語", ["amz"] = "阿坦帕雅語", ["an"] = "阿拉貢語", ["ana"] = "Andaqui", ["anb"] = "Andoa", ["anc"] = "Ngas", ["and"] = "Ansus", ["ane"] = "哈拉楚語", ["anf"] = "Animere", ["ang"] = "古英語", ["anh"] = "Nend", ["ani"] = "安迪語", ["anj"] = "Anor", ["ank"] = "Goemai", ["anl"] = "Anu", ["anm"] = "阿納爾語", ["ann"] = "Obolo", ["ano"] = "Andoque", ["anp"] = "昂加語", ["anq"] = "加洛瓦語", ["anr"] = "安德赫語", ["ans"] = "Anserma", ["ant"] = "安塔卡林亞語", ["anu"] = "Anuak", ["anv"] = "Denya", ["anw"] = "Anaang", ["anx"] = "Andra-Hus", ["any"] = "Anyi", ["anz"] = "Anem", ["aoa"] = "安哥拉克里奧爾語", ["aob"] = "Abom", ["aoc"] = "Pemon", ["aod"] = "Andarum", ["aoe"] = "Angal Enen", ["aof"] = "Bragat", ["aog"] = "Angoram", ["aoi"] = "阿寧迪爾雅夸語", ["aoj"] = "Mufian", ["aok"] = "Arhö", ["aol"] = "Alor", ["aom"] = "Ömie", ["aon"] = "Bumbita Arapesh", ["aor"] = "Aore", ["aos"] = "Taikat", ["aot"] = "阿通語(印度)", ["aou"] = "阿歐語", ["aox"] = "Atorada", ["aoz"] = "瓦布梅托語", ["apa-pro"] = "原始阿帕契語", ["apb"] = "Sa'a", ["apc"] = "北黎凡特阿拉伯語", ["apd"] = "蘇丹阿拉伯語", ["ape"] = "Bukiyip", ["apf"] = "Pahanan Agta", ["apg"] = "Ampanang", ["aph"] = "Athpare", ["api"] = "Apiaká", ["apj"] = "Jicarilla", ["apk"] = "平原阿帕契語", ["apl"] = "Lipan", ["apm"] = "Chiricahua", ["apn"] = "Apinayé", ["apo"] = "Ambul", ["app"] = "Apma", ["apq"] = "A-Pucikwar", ["apr"] = "Arop-Lokep", ["aps"] = "Arop-Sissano", ["apt"] = "阿帕塔尼語", ["apu"] = "Apurinã", ["apv"] = "Alapmunte", ["apw"] = "西阿帕契語", ["apx"] = "Aputai", ["apy"] = "阿帕萊語", ["apz"] = "Safeyoka", ["aqc"] = "阿奇語", ["aqd"] = "Ampari Dogon", ["aqg"] = "Arigidi", ["aql-pro"] = "原始阿爾吉克語", ["aqm"] = "Atohwaim", ["aqn"] = "Northern Alta", ["aqp"] = "Atakapa", ["aqr"] = "Arhâ", ["aqt"] = "Angaité", ["aqz"] = "Akuntsu", ["ar"] = "阿拉伯語", ["arc"] = "亞拉姆語", ["ard"] = "阿拉巴納語", ["are"] = "西阿蘭達語", ["arh"] = "Arhuaco", ["ari"] = "Arikara", ["arj"] = "Arapaso", ["ark"] = "Arikapú", ["arl"] = "Arabela", ["arn"] = "馬普切語", ["aro"] = "阿拉奧納語", ["arp"] = "阿拉帕霍語", ["arq"] = "阿爾及利亞阿拉伯語", ["arr"] = "Arara-Karo", ["ars"] = "內志阿拉伯語", ["art-blk"] = "Bolak", ["art-bsp"] = "黑暗語", ["art-com"] = "溝通語", ["art-dtk"] = "多斯拉克語", ["art-elo"] = "Eloi", ["art-gld"] = "Goa'uld", ["art-lap"] = "Lapine", ["art-man"] = "曼達洛語", ["art-mun"] = "Mundolinco", ["art-nav"] = "Na'vi", ["art-nox"] = "Noxilo", ["art-una"] = "Unas", ["aru"] = "Arua", ["arv"] = "Arbore", ["arw"] = "阿拉瓦克語", ["arx"] = "Aruá", ["ary"] = "摩洛哥阿拉伯語", ["arz"] = "埃及阿拉伯語", ["as"] = "阿薩姆語", ["asa"] = "阿蘇語", ["asb"] = "阿西內本語", ["asc"] = "Casuarina Coast Asmat", ["ase"] = "美國手語", ["asf"] = "澳洲手語", ["asg"] = "Cishingini", ["ash"] = "Abishira", ["asi"] = "Buruwai", ["asj"] = "Nsari", ["ask"] = "阿什昆語", ["asl"] = "阿西魯魯語", ["asn"] = "Xingú Asuriní", ["aso"] = "Dano", ["asp"] = "阿爾及利亞手語", ["asq"] = "奧地利手語", ["asr"] = "Asuri", ["ass"] = "Ipulo", ["ast"] = "阿斯圖里亞斯語", ["asu"] = "Tocantins Asurini", ["asv"] = "Asoa", ["asw"] = "澳洲原住民手語", ["asx"] = "Muratayak", ["asy"] = "Yaosakor Asmat", ["asz"] = "As", ["ata"] = "Pele-Ata", ["atb"] = "載瓦語", ["atc"] = "阿查瓦卡語", ["atd"] = "亞他-馬諾博語", ["ate"] = "Atemble", ["atg"] = "Okpela", ["ath-nic"] = "Nicola", ["ath-pro"] = "原始德內語", ["ati"] = "Attié", ["atj"] = "阿提卡梅克語", ["atk"] = "Ati", ["atl"] = "Mount Iraya Agta", ["atm"] = "Ata", ["ato"] = "Atong (Cameroon)", ["atp"] = "Pudtol Atta", ["atq"] = "Aralle-Tabulahan", ["atr"] = "Waimiri-Atroari", ["ats"] = "Gros Ventre", ["att"] = "帕姆普羅納-阿塔語", ["atu"] = "Reel", ["atv"] = "北阿爾泰語", ["atw"] = "Atsugewi", ["atx"] = "Arutani", ["aty"] = "Aneityum", ["atz"] = "Arta", ["aua"] = "Asumboa", ["aub"] = "Alugu", ["auc"] = "瓦奧語", ["aud"] = "Anuta", ["auf-pro"] = "原始阿拉萬語", ["aug"] = "Aguna", ["auh"] = "Aushi", ["aui"] = "阿努基語", ["auj"] = "奧吉拉語", ["auk"] = "Heyo", ["aul"] = "Aulua", ["aum"] = "Asu", ["aun"] = "Molmo One", ["auo"] = "Auyokawa", ["aup"] = "Makayam", ["auq"] = "Anus", ["aur"] = "Aruek", ["aus-alu"] = "Alungul", ["aus-and"] = "Andjingith", ["aus-ang"] = "Angkula", ["aus-arn-pro"] = "Proto-Arnhem", ["aus-bra"] = "Barranbinya", ["aus-brm"] = "Barunggam", ["aus-cww-pro"] = "原始中新南威爾士語", ["aus-dal-pro"] = "Proto-Daly", ["aus-guw"] = "Guwar", ["aus-lsw"] = "Little Swanport", ["aus-mbi"] = "Mbiywom", ["aus-ngk"] = "Ngkoth", ["aus-nyu-pro"] = "原始紐爾紐爾語", ["aus-pam-pro"] = "原始帕馬-恩永甘語", ["aus-tul"] = "Tulua", ["aus-uwi"] = "Uwinymil", ["aus-wdj-pro"] = "原始伊瓦伊賈語", ["aus-won"] = "Wong-gie", ["aus-wul"] = "Wulguru", ["aus-ynk"] = "Yangkaal", ["aut"] = "Austral", ["auu"] = "Auye", ["auw"] = "Awyi", ["aux"] = "Aurá", ["auy"] = "Auyana", ["auz"] = "烏茲別克阿拉伯語", ["av"] = "阿瓦爾語", ["avb"] = "Avau", ["avd"] = "阿爾維里-維達里語", ["avi"] = "Avikam", ["avk"] = "科塔瓦語", ["avm"] = "昂卡穆蒂語", ["avn"] = "Avatime", ["avo"] = "Agavotaguerra", ["avs"] = "Aushiri", ["avt"] = "Au", ["avu"] = "阿沃卡雅語", ["avv"] = "Avá-Canoeiro", ["awa"] = "阿瓦德語", ["awb"] = "Awa (New Guinea)", ["awc"] = "Cicipu", ["awd-ama"] = "Amarizana", ["awd-amc-pro"] = "Proto-Amuesha-Chamicuro", ["awd-ana"] = "Anauyá", ["awd-apo"] = "Apolista", ["awd-cav"] = "Cavere", ["awd-gnu"] = "Guinau", ["awd-kar"] = "Cariay", ["awd-kaw"] = "Kawishana", ["awd-kmp-pro"] = "Proto-Kampa", ["awd-kus"] = "Kustenau", ["awd-man"] = "Manao", ["awd-mar"] = "Marawan", ["awd-mpr"] = "Maypure", ["awd-mrt"] = "Mariaté", ["awd-nwk-pro"] = "Proto-Nawiki", ["awd-pai"] = "Paikoneka", ["awd-pas"] = "Passé", ["awd-pro"] = "原始阿拉瓦克語", ["awd-prw-pro"] = "Proto-Paresi-Waura", ["awd-she"] = "Shebayo", ["awd-taa-pro"] = "原始泰諾-阿拉瓦克語", ["awd-wai"] = "Wainumá", ["awd-yum"] = "Yumana", ["awe"] = "Awetí", ["awg"] = "安古蒂姆里語", ["awh"] = "Awbono", ["awi"] = "阿溫語", ["awk"] = "阿瓦巴卡爾語", ["awm"] = "Arawum", ["awn"] = "Awngi", ["awo"] = "Awak", ["awr"] = "Awera", ["aws"] = "South Awyu", ["awt"] = "Araweté", ["awu"] = "Central Awyu", ["awv"] = "Jair Awyu", ["aww"] = "Awun", ["awx"] = "阿瓦拉語", ["awy"] = "Edera Awyu", ["axb"] = "Abipon", ["axe"] = "Ayerrerenge", ["axg"] = "Mato Grosso Arára", ["axk"] = "Aka (Central Africa)", ["axl"] = "南阿蘭達語", ["axm"] = "中古亞美尼亞語", ["axx"] = "哈拉古雷語", ["ay"] = "艾馬拉語", ["aya"] = "Awar", ["ayb"] = "Ayizo", ["ayd"] = "阿雅巴德胡語", ["aye"] = "Ayere", ["ayg"] = "Nyanga (Togo)", ["ayi"] = "Leyigha", ["ayk"] = "Akuku", ["ayl"] = "利比亞阿拉伯語", ["ayn"] = "也門阿拉伯語", ["ayo"] = "Ayoreo", ["ayp"] = "北美索不達米亞阿拉伯語", ["ayq"] = "Ayi", ["ays"] = "Sorsogon Ayta", ["ayt"] = "巴丹埃塔語", ["ayu"] = "Ayu", ["ayy"] = "Tayabas Ayta", ["ayz"] = "Maybrat", ["az"] = "阿塞拜疆語", ["aza"] = "Azha", ["azc-caz"] = "Cazcan", ["azc-cup-pro"] = "Proto-Cupan", ["azc-ktn"] = "Kitanemuk", ["azc-nah-pro"] = "原始納瓦語", ["azc-num-pro"] = "原始努姆語", ["azc-pro"] = "原始猶他-阿茲特克語", ["azc-tak-pro"] = "Proto-Takic", ["azc-tat"] = "Tataviam", ["azd"] = "東杜蘭戈納瓦特爾語", ["azg"] = "聖彼德羅阿穆茲戈語", ["azm"] = "伊帕拉帕阿穆茲戈語", ["azn"] = "西杜蘭戈納瓦特爾語", ["azo"] = "Awing", ["azt"] = "Faire Atta", ["azz"] = "高地普埃布拉納瓦特爾語", ["ba"] = "巴什基爾語", ["baa"] = "Babatana", ["bab"] = "Bainouk-Gunyuño", ["bac"] = "Badui", ["bae"] = "Baré", ["baf"] = "Nubaca", ["bag"] = "Tuki", ["bah"] = "巴哈馬克里奧爾語", ["baj"] = "Barakai", ["bal"] = "俾路支語", ["ban"] = "巴厘語", ["bao"] = "Waimaha", ["bap"] = "班塔瓦語", ["bar"] = "巴伐利亞語", ["bas"] = "巴薩語", ["bau"] = "Badanchi", ["bav"] = "Babungo", ["baw"] = "Bambili-Bambui", ["bax"] = "巴姆穆語", ["bay"] = "Batuley", ["bba"] = "Baatonum", ["bbb"] = "巴賴語", ["bbc"] = "托巴巴塔克語", ["bbd"] = "Bau", ["bbe"] = "Bangba", ["bbf"] = "Baibai", ["bbg"] = "Barama", ["bbh"] = "Bugan", ["bbi"] = "Barombi", ["bbj"] = "戈馬拉語'", ["bbk"] = "巴邦基語", ["bbl"] = "巴茨語", ["bbm"] = "Babango", ["bbn"] = "Uneapa", ["bbo"] = "Konabéré", ["bbp"] = "West Central Banda", ["bbq"] = "Bamali", ["bbr"] = "Girawa", ["bbs"] = "Bakpinka", ["bbt"] = "Mburku", ["bbu"] = "Bakulung", ["bbv"] = "Karnai", ["bbw"] = "Baba", ["bbx"] = "Bubia", ["bby"] = "Befang", ["bca"] = "中部白語", ["bcb"] = "Bainouk-Samik", ["bcd"] = "North Babar", ["bce"] = "Bamenyam", ["bcf"] = "Bamu", ["bcg"] = "Baga Pokur", ["bch"] = "Bariai", ["bci"] = "Baoule", ["bcj"] = "Bardi", ["bck"] = "布納巴語", ["bcl"] = "中比科爾語", ["bcm"] = "Banoni", ["bcn"] = "Bibaali", ["bco"] = "Kaluli", ["bcp"] = "Bali", ["bcq"] = "Bench", ["bcr"] = "Babine-Witsuwit'en", ["bcs"] = "Kohumono", ["bct"] = "Bendi", ["bcu"] = "Biliau", ["bcv"] = "Shoo-Minda-Nye", ["bcw"] = "Bana", ["bcy"] = "Bacama", ["bcz"] = "Bainouk-Gunyaamolo", ["bda"] = "Bayot", ["bdb"] = "Basap", ["bdc"] = "Emberá-Baudó", ["bdd"] = "Bunama", ["bde"] = "Bade", ["bdf"] = "Biage", ["bdg"] = "Bonggi", ["bdh"] = "Tara Baka", ["bdi"] = "Burun", ["bdj"] = "拜語", ["bdk"] = "布都赫語", ["bdl"] = "Indonesian Bajau", ["bdm"] = "Buduma", ["bdn"] = "Baldemu", ["bdo"] = "Morom", ["bdp"] = "Bende", ["bdq"] = "巴拿語", ["bdr"] = "西海岸巴瑤語", ["bds"] = "Burunge", ["bdt"] = "Bokoto", ["bdu"] = "Oroko", ["bdv"] = "博多帕爾賈語", ["bdw"] = "Baham", ["bdx"] = "Budong-Budong", ["bdy"] = "班賈朗語", ["bdz"] = "巴德斯語", ["be"] = "白俄羅斯語", ["bea"] = "Beaver", ["beb"] = "Bebele", ["bec"] = "Iceve-Maci", ["bed"] = "Bedoanas", ["bee"] = "Byangsi", ["bef"] = "Benabena", ["beg"] = "馬來奕語", ["beh"] = "Biali", ["bei"] = "Bekati'", ["bej"] = "貝扎語", ["bek"] = "Bebeli", ["bem"] = "別姆巴語", ["beo"] = "Beami", ["bep"] = "Besoa", ["beq"] = "Beembe", ["ber-pro"] = "原始柏柏爾語", ["bes"] = "Besme", ["bet"] = "Guiberoua Bété", ["beu"] = "布拉加爾語", ["bev"] = "Daloa Bété", ["bew"] = "伯塔維語", ["bex"] = "Jur Modo", ["bey"] = "Akuwagel", ["bez"] = "貝納語", ["bfa"] = "巴利語", ["bfb"] = "鮑里巴雷里語", ["bfc"] = "北部白語", ["bfd"] = "富特語", ["bfe"] = "Betaf", ["bff"] = "Bofi", ["bfg"] = "Busang Kayan", ["bfh"] = "Blafe", ["bfi"] = "英國手語", ["bfj"] = "Bafanji", ["bfk"] = "Ban Khor Sign Language", ["bfl"] = "Banda-Ndélé", ["bfm"] = "Mmen", ["bfn"] = "Bunak", ["bfo"] = "Malba Birifor", ["bfp"] = "Beba", ["bfq"] = "巴達加語", ["bfr"] = "Bazigar", ["bfs"] = "南部白語", ["bft"] = "巴爾蒂語", ["bfu"] = "Gahri", ["bfw"] = "Bondo", ["bfx"] = "Bantayanon", ["bfy"] = "巴格里語", ["bfz"] = "馬哈蘇帕哈里語", ["bg"] = "保加利亞語", ["bga"] = "Gwamhi-Wuri", ["bgb"] = "Bobongko", ["bgc"] = "哈爾彥維語", ["bgd"] = "拉特維巴雷里語", ["bge"] = "包利雅語", ["bgf"] = "Bangandu", ["bgg"] = "布貢語", ["bgi"] = "嘉安語", ["bgj"] = "Bangolan", ["bgk"] = "Bit", ["bgl"] = "Bo", ["bgo"] = "Baga Koga", ["bgq"] = "巴格里語", ["bgr"] = "Bawm Chin", ["bgs"] = "塔加巴瓦語", ["bgt"] = "Bughotu", ["bgu"] = "Mbongno", ["bgv"] = "Warkay-Bipim", ["bgw"] = "巴特里語", ["bgx"] = "巴爾幹加告茲土耳其語", ["bgy"] = "Benggoi", ["bgz"] = "邦蓋語", ["bh"] = "比哈爾語", ["bha"] = "Bharia", ["bhb"] = "比里語", ["bhc"] = "Biga", ["bhd"] = "巴德拉瓦希語", ["bhe"] = "巴雅語", ["bhf"] = "Odiai", ["bhg"] = "Binandere", ["bhh"] = "Bukhari", ["bhi"] = "比拉里語", ["bhj"] = "Bahing", ["bhl"] = "Bimin", ["bhm"] = "Bathari", ["bhn"] = "Bohtan Neo-Aramaic", ["bho"] = "博杰普爾語", ["bhp"] = "Bima", ["bhq"] = "Tukang Besi South", ["bhs"] = "Buwal", ["bht"] = "巴梯亞里語", ["bhu"] = "本賈語", ["bhv"] = "Bahau", ["bhw"] = "Biak", ["bhx"] = "巴萊語", ["bhy"] = "Bhele", ["bhz"] = "Bada", ["bi"] = "比斯拉馬語", ["bia"] = "巴迪馬亞語", ["bib"] = "Bissa", ["bic"] = "Bikaru", ["bid"] = "Bidiyo", ["bie"] = "Bepour", ["bif"] = "Biafada", ["big"] = "Biangai", ["bij"] = "Kwanka", ["bil"] = "Bile", ["bim"] = "Bimoba", ["bin"] = "埃多語", ["bio"] = "Nai", ["bip"] = "Bila", ["biq"] = "Bipi", ["bir"] = "Bisorio", ["bit"] = "Berinomo", ["biu"] = "Biete", ["biv"] = "Southern Birifor", ["biw"] = "Kol (Cameroon)", ["bix"] = "Bijori", ["biy"] = "Birhor", ["biz"] = "Baloi", ["bja"] = "Budza", ["bjb"] = "巴爾恩加爾拉語", ["bjc"] = "Bariji", ["bje"] = "標敏語", ["bjf"] = "Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic", ["bjg"] = "Bidyogo", ["bjh"] = "Bahinemo", ["bji"] = "Burji", ["bjj"] = "Kannauji", ["bjk"] = "Barok", ["bjl"] = "Bulu (New Guinea)", ["bjm"] = "巴傑蘭語", ["bjn"] = "班查語", ["bjo"] = "Mid-Southern Banda", ["bjp"] = "Fanamaket", ["bjr"] = "Binumarien", ["bjs"] = "Bajan", ["bjt"] = "Balanta-Ganja", ["bju"] = "Busuu", ["bjv"] = "Bedjond", ["bjw"] = "Bakwé", ["bjx"] = "Banao Itneg", ["bjy"] = "Bayali", ["bjz"] = "巴魯加語", ["bka"] = "Kyak", ["bkc"] = "Baka", ["bkd"] = "布基語", ["bkf"] = "Beeke", ["bkg"] = "Buraka", ["bkh"] = "Bakoko", ["bki"] = "Baki", ["bkj"] = "Pande", ["bkk"] = "布羅克斯卡特語", ["bkl"] = "貝里克語", ["bkm"] = "康姆語(喀麥隆)", ["bkn"] = "Bukitan", ["bko"] = "Kwa'", ["bkp"] = "Iboko", ["bkq"] = "Bakairí", ["bkr"] = "Bakumpai", ["bks"] = "Masbate Sorsogon", ["bkt"] = "Boloki", ["bku"] = "布希德語", ["bkv"] = "Bekwarra", ["bkw"] = "Bekwel", ["bkx"] = "Baikeno", ["bky"] = "Bokyi", ["bkz"] = "Bungku", ["bla"] = "黑腳語", ["blb"] = "Bilua", ["blc"] = "Bella Coola", ["bld"] = "Bolango", ["ble"] = "肯托赫-巴蘭塔語", ["blf"] = "Buol", ["blg"] = "Balau", ["blh"] = "Kuwaa", ["bli"] = "Bolia", ["blj"] = "Bolongan", ["blk"] = "勃歐語", ["bll"] = "Biloxi", ["blm"] = "Beli", ["bln"] = "Southern Catanduanes Bicolano", ["blo"] = "Anii", ["blp"] = "Blablanga", ["blq"] = "Baluan-Pam", ["blr"] = "Blang", ["bls"] = "Balaesang", ["blt"] = "傣黯語", ["blv"] = "Kibala", ["blw"] = "Balangao", ["blx"] = "麥因迪埃塔語", ["bly"] = "Notre", ["blz"] = "Balantak", ["bm"] = "班巴拉語", ["bma"] = "Lame", ["bmb"] = "Bembe", ["bmc"] = "Biem", ["bmd"] = "Baga Manduri", ["bme"] = "Limassa", ["bmf"] = "Bom", ["bmg"] = "Bamwe", ["bmh"] = "Kein", ["bmi"] = "Bagirmi", ["bmj"] = "博特-邁希語", ["bmk"] = "Ghayavi", ["bml"] = "Bomboli", ["bmn"] = "Bina", ["bmo"] = "Bambalang", ["bmp"] = "Bulgebi", ["bmq"] = "Bomu", ["bmr"] = "穆伊納內語", ["bmt"] = "標曼語", ["bmu"] = "Somba-Siawari", ["bmv"] = "Bum", ["bmw"] = "Bomwali", ["bmx"] = "Baimak", ["bmz"] = "Baramu", ["bn"] = "孟加拉語", ["bna"] = "Bonerate", ["bnb"] = "Bookan", ["bnd"] = "班達語", ["bne"] = "Bintauna", ["bnf"] = "Masiwang", ["bng"] = "Benga", ["bni"] = "Bangi", ["bnj"] = "東塔烏碧語", ["bnk"] = "Bierebo", ["bnl"] = "Boon", ["bnm"] = "Batanga", ["bnn"] = "布農語", ["bno"] = "班頓語", ["bnp"] = "Bola", ["bnq"] = "Bantik", ["bnr"] = "Butmas-Tur", ["bns"] = "布恩德里語", ["bnt-bal"] = "Balong", ["bnt-bon"] = "Boma Nkuu", ["bnt-boy"] = "Boma Yumu", ["bnt-cmw"] = "Chimwiini", ["bnt-ind"] = "Indanga", ["bnt-lal"] = "拉拉語(南非)", ["bnt-lwl"] = "Lwel", ["bnt-mpi"] = "Mpiin", ["bnt-mpu"] = "Mpuono", ["bnt-ngu-pro"] = "原始恩古尼語", ["bnt-phu"] = "普提語", ["bnt-pro"] = "原始班圖語", ["bnt-sbo"] = "South Boma", ["bnt-sts-pro"] = "原始索托-茨瓦納語", ["bnu"] = "Bentong", ["bnv"] = "貝內拉夫語", ["bnw"] = "Bisis", ["bnx"] = "Bangubangu", ["bny"] = "民都魯語", ["bnz"] = "Beezen", ["bo"] = "藏語", ["boa"] = "Bora", ["bob"] = "Aweer", ["boe"] = "Mundabli", ["bof"] = "Bolon", ["bog"] = "Bamako Sign Language", ["boh"] = "North Boma", ["boi"] = "Barbareño", ["boj"] = "Anjam", ["bok"] = "Bonjo", ["bol"] = "博雷語", ["bom"] = "Berom", ["bon"] = "Bine", ["boo"] = "Tiemacèwè Bozo", ["bop"] = "Bonkiman", ["boq"] = "Bogaya", ["bor"] = "博羅洛語", ["bot"] = "Bongo", ["bou"] = "邦代語", ["bov"] = "Tuwuli", ["bow"] = "Rema", ["box"] = "Buamu", ["boy"] = "Bodo (Central Africa)", ["boz"] = "Tiéyaxo Bozo", ["bpa"] = "Dakaka", ["bpd"] = "班達-班達語", ["bpg"] = "Bonggo", ["bph"] = "博特利赫語", ["bpi"] = "Bagupi", ["bpj"] = "Binji", ["bpk"] = "Orowe", ["bpl"] = "Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin", ["bpm"] = "Biyom", ["bpn"] = "藻敏語", ["bpo"] = "Anasi", ["bpp"] = "Kaure", ["bpq"] = "班達-馬來語", ["bpr"] = "科羅納達爾-布拉安語", ["bps"] = "薩蘭尼加-布拉安語", ["bpt"] = "巴羅角語", ["bpu"] = "Bongu", ["bpv"] = "Bian Marind", ["bpx"] = "帕爾雅巴雷里語", ["bpy"] = "比什奴普萊利亞-曼尼普爾語", ["bpz"] = "比爾巴語", ["bqa"] = "Tchumbuli", ["bqb"] = "Bagusa", ["bqc"] = "Boko", ["bqd"] = "Bung", ["bqf"] = "Baga Kaloum", ["bqg"] = "Bago-Kusuntu", ["bqh"] = "Baima", ["bqi"] = "巴赫蒂亞里語", ["bqj"] = "Bandial", ["bqk"] = "Banda-Mbrès", ["bql"] = "Bilakura", ["bqm"] = "Wumboko", ["bqn"] = "保加利亞手語", ["bqo"] = "Balo", ["bqp"] = "布撒語", ["bqq"] = "Biritai", ["bqr"] = "Burusu", ["bqs"] = "Bosngun", ["bqt"] = "Bamukumbit", ["bqu"] = "Boguru", ["bqv"] = "Begbere-Ejar", ["bqw"] = "Buru (Nigeria)", ["bqx"] = "Baangi", ["bqy"] = "Bengkala Sign Language", ["bqz"] = "Bakaka", ["br"] = "布列塔尼語", ["bra"] = "布萊語", ["brb"] = "Lave", ["brc"] = "伯比斯克里奧爾荷蘭語", ["brd"] = "Baraamu", ["brf"] = "Bera", ["brg"] = "Baure", ["brh"] = "布拉灰語", ["bri"] = "Mokpwe", ["brj"] = "Bieria", ["brk"] = "Birgid", ["brl"] = "Birwa", ["brm"] = "Barambu", ["brn"] = "Boruca", ["bro"] = "Brokkat", ["brp"] = "Barapasi", ["brq"] = "Breri", ["brr"] = "Birao", ["brs"] = "Baras", ["brt"] = "Bitare", ["bru"] = "Eastern Bru", ["brv"] = "Western Bru", ["brw"] = "Bellari", ["brx"] = "博多語(印度)", ["bry"] = "Burui", ["brz"] = "Bilbil", ["bsa"] = "阿比諾姆語", ["bsb"] = "汶萊米沙鄢語", ["bsc"] = "Bassari", ["bse"] = "Wushi", ["bsf"] = "Bauchi", ["bsg"] = "巴斯卡爾迪語", ["bsh"] = "Kamkata-viri", ["bsi"] = "Bassossi", ["bsj"] = "Bangwinji", ["bsk"] = "布魯夏斯基語", ["bsl"] = "Basa-Gumna", ["bsm"] = "Busami", ["bsn"] = "Barasana", ["bso"] = "Buso", ["bsp"] = "Baga Sitemu", ["bsq"] = "巴薩語", ["bsr"] = "Bassa-Kontagora", ["bss"] = "阿庫色語", ["bst"] = "Basketo", ["bsu"] = "Bahonsuai", ["bsv"] = "Baga Sobané", ["bsw"] = "Baiso", ["bsx"] = "Yangkam", ["bsy"] = "沙巴米沙鄢語", ["bta"] = "Bata", ["btc"] = "Bati (Cameroon)", ["btd"] = "代里巴塔克語", ["bte"] = "Gamo-Ningi", ["btf"] = "Birgit", ["btg"] = "Gagnoa Bété", ["bth"] = "Biatah Bidayuh", ["bti"] = "Burate", ["btj"] = "Bacanese Malay", ["btk-pro"] = "原始巴塔克語", ["btm"] = "曼特寧語", ["btn"] = "拉達農語", ["bto"] = "Iriga Bicolano", ["btp"] = "Budibud", ["btq"] = "巴特克語", ["btr"] = "Baetora", ["bts"] = "西馬隆貢巴塔克語", ["btt"] = "Bete-Bendi", ["btu"] = "Batu", ["btv"] = "巴特里語", ["btw"] = "布圖阿農語", ["btx"] = "卡羅巴塔克語", ["bty"] = "Bobot", ["btz"] = "Alas-Kluet Batak", ["bua"] = "布里亞特語", ["bub"] = "Bua", ["bud"] = "Ntcham", ["bue"] = "Beothuk", ["buf"] = "Bushoong", ["bug"] = "布吉語", ["buh"] = "優諾語", ["bui"] = "Bongili", ["buj"] = "Basa-Gurmana", ["buk"] = "Bukawa", ["bum"] = "布魯語(喀麥隆)", ["bun"] = "Sherbro", ["buo"] = "Terei", ["bup"] = "Busoa", ["buq"] = "Brem", ["bus"] = "Bokobaru", ["but"] = "Bungain", ["buu"] = "Budu", ["buv"] = "Bun", ["buw"] = "Bubi", ["bux"] = "Boghom", ["buy"] = "Mmani", ["bva"] = "Barein", ["bvb"] = "Bube", ["bvc"] = "Baelelea", ["bvd"] = "Baeggu", ["bve"] = "Berau Malay", ["bvf"] = "Boor", ["bvg"] = "Bonkeng", ["bvh"] = "Bure", ["bvi"] = "Belanda Viri", ["bvj"] = "Baan", ["bvk"] = "Bukat", ["bvl"] = "玻利維亞手語", ["bvm"] = "Bamunka", ["bvn"] = "Buna", ["bvo"] = "Bolgo", ["bvp"] = "Bumang", ["bvq"] = "Birri", ["bvr"] = "布拉拉語", ["bvt"] = "Bati (Indonesia)", ["bvu"] = "Bukit Malay", ["bvv"] = "Baniva", ["bvw"] = "Boga", ["bvx"] = "Babole", ["bvy"] = "Baybayanon", ["bvz"] = "Bauzi", ["bwa"] = "Bwatoo", ["bwb"] = "Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua", ["bwc"] = "Bwile", ["bwd"] = "Bwaidoka", ["bwe"] = "Bwe Karen", ["bwf"] = "Boselewa", ["bwg"] = "Barwe", ["bwh"] = "Bishuo", ["bwi"] = "巴尼瓦語", ["bwj"] = "Láá Láá Bwamu", ["bwk"] = "Bauwaki", ["bwl"] = "Bwela", ["bwm"] = "Biwat", ["bwn"] = "唔奈語", ["bwo"] = "Shinasha", ["bwp"] = "Mandobo Bawah", ["bwq"] = "Southern Bobo", ["bwr"] = "布拉語", ["bws"] = "Bomboma", ["bwt"] = "Bafaw", ["bwu"] = "Buli (Ghana)", ["bww"] = "Bwa", ["bwx"] = "布努語", ["bwy"] = "Cwi Bwamu", ["bwz"] = "Bwisi", ["bxa"] = "Bauro", ["bxb"] = "Belanda Bor", ["bxc"] = "Molengue", ["bxd"] = "Pela", ["bxe"] = "Ongota", ["bxf"] = "Bilur", ["bxg"] = "Bangala", ["bxh"] = "Buhutu", ["bxi"] = "皮爾拉塔帕語", ["bxj"] = "巴永古語", ["bxk"] = "Bukusu", ["bxl"] = "Jalkunan", ["bxn"] = "布爾杜納語", ["bxo"] = "Barikanchi", ["bxp"] = "Bebil", ["bxq"] = "Beele", ["bxs"] = "Busam", ["bxv"] = "Berakou", ["bxw"] = "Banka", ["bxz"] = "Binahari", ["bya"] = "巴拉望巴塔克語", ["byb"] = "Bikya", ["byc"] = "Ubaghara", ["byd"] = "Benyadu'", ["bye"] = "Pouye", ["byf"] = "Bete", ["byg"] = "Baygo", ["byh"] = "Bujhyal", ["byi"] = "Buyu", ["byj"] = "Binawa", ["byk"] = "標話", ["byl"] = "Bayono", ["bym"] = "比賈拉語", ["byn"] = "比林語", ["byo"] = "Biyo", ["byp"] = "Bumaji", ["byq"] = "巴賽語", ["byr"] = "Baruya", ["bys"] = "Burak", ["byt"] = "Berti", ["byv"] = "梅敦巴語", ["byw"] = "Belhariya", ["byx"] = "Qaqet", ["byz"] = "Banaro", ["bza"] = "Bandi", ["bzb"] = "Andio", ["bzd"] = "Bribri", ["bze"] = "Jenaama Bozo", ["bzf"] = "Boikin", ["bzg"] = "巴布薩語", ["bzh"] = "Mapos Buang", ["bzi"] = "Bisu", ["bzj"] = "伯利茲克里奧爾語", ["bzk"] = "尼加拉瓜克里奧爾語", ["bzl"] = "Boano (Sulawesi)", ["bzm"] = "Bolondo", ["bzn"] = "Boano (Maluku)", ["bzo"] = "Bozaba", ["bzp"] = "Kemberano", ["bzq"] = "Buli (Indonesia)", ["bzr"] = "比里語", ["bzs"] = "巴西手語", ["bzu"] = "Burmeso", ["bzv"] = "Bebe", ["bzw"] = "Basa", ["bzx"] = "Hainyaxo Bozo", ["bzy"] = "Obanliku", ["bzz"] = "Evant", ["ca"] = "加泰羅尼亞語", ["caa"] = "喬爾蒂語", ["cab"] = "加里富納語", ["cac"] = "丘赫語", ["cad"] = "喀多語", ["cae"] = "Laalaa", ["caf"] = "Southern Carrier", ["cag"] = "尼瓦克萊語", ["cah"] = "Cahuarano", ["caj"] = "Chané", ["cak"] = "Kaqchikel", ["cal"] = "加羅林語", ["cam"] = "Cemuhî", ["can"] = "Chambri", ["cao"] = "Chácobo", ["cap"] = "Chipaya", ["caq"] = "卡爾尼科巴語", ["car"] = "加勒比語", ["cas"] = "Tsimané", ["cau-abz-pro"] = "原始阿布哈茲-阿巴扎語", ["cau-ava-pro"] = "原始阿瓦爾-安迪語", ["cau-cir-pro"] = "原始切爾克斯語", ["cau-drg-pro"] = "原始達爾金語", ["cau-lzg-pro"] = "原始列茲金語", ["cau-nec-pro"] = "原始東北高加索語", ["cau-nkh-pro"] = "原始納克語", ["cau-nwc-pro"] = "原始西北高加索語", ["cau-tsz-pro"] = "原始采茲語", ["cav"] = "Cavineña", ["caw"] = "Callawalla", ["cax"] = "Chiquitano", ["cay"] = "卡尤加語", ["caz"] = "Canichana", ["cba-ata"] = "Atanques", ["cba-cat"] = "Catío Chibcha", ["cba-dor"] = "Dorasque", ["cba-dui"] = "Duit", ["cba-hue"] = "Huetar", ["cba-nut"] = "Nutabe", ["cba-pro"] = "原始奇布查語", ["cbb"] = "Cabiyarí", ["cbc"] = "Carapana", ["cbd"] = "Carijona", ["cbg"] = "Chimila", ["cbi"] = "查茨語", ["cbj"] = "Ede Cabe", ["cbk"] = "查瓦卡諾語", ["cbl"] = "Bualkhaw Chin", ["cbn"] = "涅固爾語", ["cbo"] = "Izora", ["cbq"] = "Shuba", ["cbr"] = "Cashibo-Cacataibo", ["cbs"] = "Cashinahua", ["cbt"] = "Chayahuita", ["cbu"] = "Candoshi-Shapra", ["cbv"] = "Cacua", ["cbw"] = "Kinabalian", ["cby"] = "Carabayo", ["cca"] = "Cauca", ["ccc"] = "查米庫羅語", ["ccd"] = "Cafundó", ["cce"] = "Chopi", ["ccg"] = "Chamba Daka", ["cch"] = "阿燦語", ["ccj"] = "Kasanga", ["ccl"] = "Cutchi-Swahili", ["ccm"] = "馬六甲克里奧爾馬來語", ["ccn-pro"] = "原始北高加索語", ["cco"] = "科馬爾特佩克-奇南特克語", ["ccp"] = "查克馬語", ["ccr"] = "Cacaopera", ["ccs-gzn-pro"] = "原始格魯吉亞-贊語", ["ccs-pro"] = "原始南高加索語", ["cda"] = "Choni", ["cdc-cbm-pro"] = "原始中乍得語", ["cdc-mas-pro"] = "Proto-Masa", ["cdc-pro"] = "原始乍得語", ["cdd-pro"] = "Proto-Caddoan", ["cde"] = "Chenchu", ["cdf"] = "Chiru", ["cdh"] = "昌貝阿里語", ["cdi"] = "楚德里語", ["cdj"] = "楚拉希語", ["cdm"] = "切彭語", ["cdn"] = "Chaudangsi", ["cdo"] = "閩東語", ["cdr"] = "Cinda-Regi-Tiyal", ["cds"] = "乍得手語", ["cdy"] = "茶洞語", ["cdz"] = "Koda", ["ce"] = "車臣語", ["cea"] = "Lower Chehalis", ["ceb"] = "宿霧語", ["ceg"] = "Chamacoco", ["cel-bry-pro"] = "原始布立吞語", ["cel-gal"] = "Gallaecian", ["cel-gau"] = "高盧語", ["cel-pro"] = "原始凱爾特語", ["cen"] = "Cen", ["cet"] = "Centúúm", ["cfa"] = "Dijim-Bwilim", ["cfd"] = "Cara", ["cfg"] = "Como Karim", ["cfm"] = "Falam Chin", ["cga"] = "Changriwa", ["cgc"] = "卡加揚語", ["cgg"] = "奇加語", ["cgk"] = "Chocangaca", ["ch"] = "查莫羅語", ["chb"] = "奇布查語", ["chc"] = "卡托巴語", ["chd"] = "高地瓦哈卡瓊塔爾語", ["chf"] = "塔巴斯科瓊塔爾語", ["chg"] = "察合臺語", ["chh"] = "Chinook", ["chi-pro"] = "Proto-Chimakuan", ["chj"] = "奧希特蘭奇南特克語", ["chk"] = "楚克語", ["chl"] = "卡維拉語", ["chm"] = "草原馬里語", ["chn"] = "契努克語", ["cho"] = "喬克托語", ["chp"] = "契帕瓦語", ["chq"] = "基奧基特佩克奇南特克語", ["chr"] = "切羅基語", ["cht"] = "Cholón", ["chw"] = "Chuabo", ["chx"] = "Chantyal", ["chy"] = "夏延語", ["chz"] = "奧蘇馬辛奇南特克語", ["cia"] = "吉阿吉阿語", ["cib"] = "Ci Gbe", ["cic"] = "奇卡索語", ["cid"] = "Chimariko", ["cie"] = "Cineni", ["cih"] = "奇納里語", ["cik"] = "奇特庫利金瑙里語", ["cim"] = "辛布里語", ["cin"] = "Cinta Larga", ["cip"] = "恰帕內克語", ["cir"] = "Tiri", ["ciy"] = "Chaima", ["cja"] = "西占語", ["cje"] = "Chru", ["cjh"] = "Upper Chehalis", ["cji"] = "查馬拉爾語", ["cjk"] = "Chokwe", ["cjm"] = "東占語", ["cjn"] = "Chenapian", ["cjo"] = "帕胡納爾-阿舍寧卡語", ["cjp"] = "Cabécar", ["cjs"] = "紹爾語", ["cjv"] = "Chuave", ["cjy"] = "晉語", ["ckb"] = "中庫爾德語", ["ckh"] = "Chak", ["ckl"] = "Cibak", ["ckn"] = "Kaang Chin", ["cko"] = "Anufo", ["ckq"] = "Kajakse", ["ckr"] = "Kairak", ["cks"] = "Tayo", ["ckt"] = "楚科奇語", ["cku"] = "科阿薩提語", ["ckv"] = "噶瑪蘭語", ["ckx"] = "Caka", ["cky"] = "Cakfem-Mushere", ["ckz"] = "Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language", ["cla"] = "Ron", ["clc"] = "Chilcotin", ["cld"] = "迦勒底新亞拉姆語", ["cle"] = "萊勞奇南特克語", ["clh"] = "Chilisso", ["cli"] = "Chakali", ["clj"] = "Laitu Chin", ["clk"] = "Idu", ["cll"] = "Chala", ["clm"] = "克拉勒姆語", ["clo"] = "低地瓦哈卡瓊塔爾語", ["clt"] = "Lautu Chin", ["clu"] = "Caluyanun", ["clw"] = "楚利姆語", ["cly"] = "東部高地查蒂諾語", ["cma"] = "Maa", ["cmc-pro"] = "原始占語", ["cme"] = "Cerma", ["cmg"] = "古典蒙古語", ["cmi"] = "Emberá-Chamí", ["cml"] = "Campalagian", ["cmm"] = "Michigamea", ["cmn"] = "官話", ["cmo"] = "中墨儂語", ["cmr"] = "Mro Chin", ["cms"] = "梅薩比語", ["cmt"] = "Camtho", ["cna"] = "Changthang", ["cnb"] = "Chinbon Chin", ["cnc"] = "Côông", ["cng"] = "北羌語", ["cnh"] = "Lai", ["cni"] = "Asháninka", ["cnk"] = "庫米欽語", ["cnl"] = "拉拉納奇南特克語", ["cno"] = "Con", ["cnp"] = "桂北平話", ["cns"] = "中阿斯馬特語", ["cnt"] = "特佩托圖特拉奇南特克語", ["cnu"] = "Chenoua", ["cnw"] = "Ngawn Chin", ["cnx"] = "中古康沃爾語", ["co"] = "科西嘉語", ["coa"] = "科科斯馬來語", ["cob"] = "奇科穆塞爾特克語", ["coc"] = "Cocopa", ["cod"] = "Cocama", ["coe"] = "Koreguaje", ["cof"] = "Tsafiki", ["cog"] = "仲語", ["coh"] = "齊瓊依-齊基哈納-奇考瑪語", ["coj"] = "Cochimi", ["cok"] = "Santa Teresa Cora", ["col"] = "Columbia-Wenatchi", ["com"] = "科曼奇語", ["con"] = "科梵語", ["coo"] = "科莫克斯語", ["cop"] = "科普特語", ["coq"] = "Coquille", ["cot"] = "Caquinte", ["cou"] = "Wamey", ["cov"] = "草苗語", ["cow"] = "Cowlitz", ["cox"] = "Nanti", ["coy"] = "Coyaima", ["coz"] = "喬喬特克語", ["cpa"] = "帕蘭特拉奇南特克語", ["cpb"] = "Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka", ["cpc"] = "Ajyíninka Apurucayali", ["cpe-mar"] = "Maroon Spirit Language", ["cpe-spp"] = "薩摩亞種植園皮欽語", ["cpg"] = "卡帕多細亞希臘語", ["cpi"] = "洋涇浜英語", ["cpn"] = "Cherepon", ["cpo"] = "Kpee", ["cps"] = "卡皮塞尼奧語", ["cpu"] = "Pichis Ashéninka", ["cpx"] = "莆仙語", ["cpy"] = "South Ucayali Ashéninka", ["cqd"] = "川黔滇苗語", ["cr"] = "克里語", ["cra"] = "Chara", ["crb"] = "Island Carib", ["crc"] = "Lonwolwol", ["crd"] = "Coeur d'Alene", ["crf"] = "Caramanta", ["crg"] = "Michif", ["crh"] = "克里米亞韃靼語", ["cri"] = "聖多美語", ["crj"] = "南部東克里語", ["crk"] = "平原克里語", ["crl"] = "北部東克里語", ["crm"] = "Moose Cree", ["crn"] = "Cora", ["cro"] = "Crow", ["crp-gep"] = "西格陵蘭皮欽語", ["crp-mpp"] = "澳門皮欽葡萄牙語", ["crp-rsn"] = "挪威俄語", ["crp-tpr"] = "泰梅爾皮欽俄語", ["crp-ykx"] = "寒溪語", ["crq"] = "Iyo'wujwa Chorote", ["crr"] = "Carolina Algonquian", ["crs"] = "塞舌爾克里奧爾語", ["crt"] = "Iyojwa'ja Chorote", ["crv"] = "Chaura", ["crw"] = "Chrau", ["crx"] = "卡列爾語", ["cry"] = "Cori", ["crz"] = "Cruzeño", ["cs"] = "捷克語", ["csa"] = "奇爾特佩克奇南特克語", ["csb"] = "卡舒比語", ["csc"] = "加泰羅尼亞手語", ["csd"] = "清邁手語", ["cse"] = "捷克手語", ["csf"] = "古巴手語", ["csg"] = "智利手語", ["csh"] = "Asho Chin", ["csi"] = "Coast Miwok", ["csj"] = "Songlai Chin", ["csk"] = "Jola-Kasa", ["csl"] = "中國手語", ["csm"] = "中部山地米沃克語", ["csn"] = "哥倫比亞手語", ["cso"] = "索奇亞帕姆奇南特克語", ["csp"] = "桂南平話", ["csq"] = "克羅地亞手語", ["csr"] = "哥斯達黎加手語", ["css"] = "南奧龍尼語", ["cst"] = "北奧龍尼語", ["csu-bba-pro"] = "Proto-Bongo-Bagirmi", ["csu-maa-pro"] = "Proto-Mangbetu", ["csu-pro"] = "原始中蘇丹語", ["csu-sar-pro"] = "Proto-Sara", ["csv"] = "Sumtu Chin", ["csw"] = "Swampy Cree", ["csy"] = "Siyin Chin", ["csz"] = "Coos", ["cta"] = "塔塔爾特佩克查蒂諾語", ["ctc"] = "Chetco-Tolowa", ["ctd"] = "梯頂語", ["cte"] = "特皮納帕奇南特克語", ["ctg"] = "吉大港語", ["cth"] = "Thaiphum Chin", ["ctl"] = "特拉科亞津特佩克奇南特克語", ["ctm"] = "奇蒂馬查語", ["ctn"] = "Chhintange", ["cto"] = "Emberá-Catío", ["ctp"] = "西部高地查蒂諾語", ["ctp-san"] = "聖胡安基阿伊赫查蒂諾語", ["cts"] = "北卡坦端內斯比科拉諾語", ["ctt"] = "Wayanad Chetti", ["ctu"] = "Chol", ["ctz"] = "薩卡特佩克查蒂諾語", ["cu"] = "教會斯拉夫語", ["cua"] = "Cua", ["cub"] = "Cubeo", ["cuc"] = "尤斯拉奇南特克語", ["cug"] = "Cung", ["cuh"] = "Chuka", ["cui"] = "Cuiba", ["cuj"] = "Mashco Piro", ["cuk"] = "Kuna", ["cul"] = "Culina", ["cuo"] = "Cumanagoto", ["cup"] = "庫佩諾語", ["cuq"] = "仡隆語", ["cur"] = "Chhulung", ["cus-ash"] = "Ashraaf", ["cus-pro"] = "原始庫希特語", ["cut"] = "特烏蒂拉奎卡特克語", ["cuu"] = "傣雅語", ["cuv"] = "Cuvok", ["cuw"] = "Chukwa", ["cux"] = "特佩烏希拉奎卡特克語", ["cuy"] = "Cuitlatec", ["cv"] = "楚瓦什語", ["cvg"] = "Chug", ["cvn"] = "國家山谷奇南特克語", ["cwa"] = "Kabwa", ["cwb"] = "Maindo", ["cwd"] = "森林克里語", ["cwe"] = "Kwere", ["cwg"] = "Chewong", ["cwt"] = "Kuwaataay", ["cy"] = "威爾士語", ["cya"] = "諾帕拉查蒂諾語", ["cyb"] = "Cayubaba", ["cyo"] = "庫約農語", ["czh"] = "徽語", ["czk"] = "Knaanic", ["czn"] = "森松特佩克查蒂諾語", ["czo"] = "閩中語", ["czt"] = "佐通語", ["da"] = "丹麥語", ["daa"] = "Dangaléat", ["dac"] = "Dambi", ["dad"] = "Marik", ["dae"] = "Duupa", ["dag"] = "達加巴尼語", ["dah"] = "Gwahatike", ["dai"] = "Day", ["daj"] = "Dar Fur Daju", ["dak"] = "達科他語", ["dal"] = "Dahalo", ["dam"] = "Damakawa", ["dao"] = "Daai Chin", ["daq"] = "Dandami Maria", ["dar"] = "達爾金語", ["das"] = "Daho-Doo", ["dau"] = "Dar Sila Daju", ["dav"] = "台塔語", ["daw"] = "Davawenyo", ["dax"] = "Dayi", ["daz"] = "Dao", ["dba"] = "Bangi Me", ["dbb"] = "Deno", ["dbd"] = "Dadiya", ["dbe"] = "Dabe", ["dbf"] = "埃多皮語", ["dbg"] = "Dogul Dom", ["dbi"] = "Doka", ["dbj"] = "Ida'an", ["dbl"] = "迪爾巴爾語", ["dbm"] = "Duguri", ["dbn"] = "Duriankere", ["dbo"] = "Dulbu", ["dbp"] = "Duwai", ["dbq"] = "Daba", ["dbr"] = "Dabarre", ["dbt"] = "Ben Tey", ["dbu"] = "Bondum Dom Dogon", ["dbv"] = "Dungu", ["dbw"] = "Bankan Tey Dogon", ["dby"] = "Dibiyaso", ["dcc"] = "達金語", ["dcr"] = "Negerhollands", ["dda"] = "達迪-達迪語", ["ddd"] = "Dongotono", ["dde"] = "Doondo", ["ddg"] = "法塔魯庫語", ["ddi"] = "迪奧迪奧語", ["ddj"] = "賈魯語", ["ddn"] = "登迪語", ["ddo"] = "采茲語", ["ddr"] = "Dhudhuroa", ["dds"] = "Donno So Dogon", ["ddw"] = "Dawera-Daweloor", ["de"] = "德語", ["dec"] = "Dagik", ["ded"] = "Dedua", ["dee"] = "Dewoin", ["def"] = "Dezfuli", ["deg"] = "Degema", ["deh"] = "德赫瓦里語", ["dei"] = "Demisa", ["dek"] = "Dek", ["dem"] = "Dem", ["den"] = "斯拉維語", ["dep"] = "德拉瓦皮欽語", ["der"] = "Deori", ["des"] = "Desano", ["dev"] = "Domung", ["dez"] = "Dengese", ["dga"] = "Southern Dagaare", ["dgb"] = "Bunoge", ["dgc"] = "卡西古蘭杜馬加特阿埃塔語", ["dgd"] = "Dagaari Dioula", ["dge"] = "Degenan", ["dgg"] = "Doga", ["dgh"] = "Dghwede", ["dgi"] = "Northern Dagara", ["dgk"] = "Dagba", ["dgn"] = "達格曼語", ["dgo"] = "印地多格拉語", ["dgr"] = "多格里布語", ["dgs"] = "Dogoso", ["dgt"] = "恩德拉恩吉特語", ["dgw"] = "道恩烏隆語", ["dgx"] = "Doghoro", ["dgz"] = "Daga", ["dhg"] = "Dhangu", ["dhi"] = "Dhimal", ["dhl"] = "達蘭吉語", ["dhm"] = "Zemba", ["dhn"] = "丹基語", ["dho"] = "多迪亞語", ["dhr"] = "達爾加里語", ["dhs"] = "Dhaiso", ["dhu"] = "Dhurga", ["dhv"] = "利富語", ["dhw"] = "達努瓦里語", ["dhx"] = "敦加羅語", ["dia"] = "Dia", ["dib"] = "South Central Dinka", ["dic"] = "Lakota Dida", ["did"] = "Didinga", ["dif"] = "迪埃里語", ["dig"] = "Digo", ["dii"] = "Dimbong", ["dij"] = "Dai", ["dik"] = "Southwestern Dinka", ["dil"] = "Dilling", ["dim"] = "Dime", ["din"] = "丁卡語", ["dio"] = "Dibo", ["dip"] = "Northeastern Dinka", ["dir"] = "Dirim", ["dis"] = "Dimasa", ["diu"] = "Gciriku", ["diw"] = "Northwestern Dinka", ["dix"] = "Dixon Reef", ["diy"] = "Diuwe", ["diz"] = "Ding", ["dja"] = "賈賈伍龍語", ["djb"] = "Djinba", ["djc"] = "Dar Daju Daju", ["djd"] = "賈明瓊語", ["dje"] = "扎爾馬語", ["djf"] = "詹貢語", ["dji"] = "Djinang", ["djj"] = "恩傑巴納語", ["djk"] = "Aukan", ["djl"] = "吉瓦利語", ["djm"] = "Jamsay", ["djn"] = "賈萬語", ["djo"] = "Jangkang", ["djr"] = "Djambarrpuyngu", ["dju"] = "Kapriman", ["djw"] = "賈維語", ["dka"] = "Dakpa", ["dkk"] = "Dakka", ["dkr"] = "Kuijau", ["dks"] = "東南丁卡語", ["dkx"] = "Mazagway", ["dlg"] = "多爾干語", ["dlk"] = "Dahalik", ["dlm"] = "達爾馬提亞語", ["dln"] = "Darlong", ["dma"] = "Duma", ["dmb"] = "Mombo Dogon", ["dmc"] = "Gavak", ["dmd"] = "馬蒂馬蒂語", ["dme"] = "Dugwor", ["dmf"] = "Medefaidrin", ["dmg"] = "上京那巴當岸語", ["dmk"] = "多馬基語", ["dml"] = "達梅里語", ["dmm"] = "Dama (Nigeria)", ["dmn-dam"] = "Dama (Sierra Leone)", ["dmn-mdw-pro"] = "Proto-Western Mande", ["dmn-pro"] = "Proto-Mande", ["dmo"] = "Kemezung", ["dmr"] = "East Damar", ["dms"] = "Dampelas", ["dmu"] = "Dubu", ["dmv"] = "Dumpas", ["dmw"] = "穆德布拉語", ["dmx"] = "Dema", ["dmy"] = "Demta", ["dna"] = "Upper Grand Valley Dani", ["dnd"] = "Daonda", ["dne"] = "Ndendeule", ["dng"] = "東干語", ["dni"] = "Lower Grand Valley Dani", ["dnj"] = "Dan", ["dnk"] = "Dengka", ["dnn"] = "Dzuun", ["dno"] = "Ndrulo", ["dnr"] = "Danaru", ["dnt"] = "Mid Grand Valley Dani", ["dnu"] = "Danau", ["dnv"] = "Danu", ["dnw"] = "Western Dani", ["dny"] = "丹尼語", ["doa"] = "Dom", ["dob"] = "Dobu", ["doc"] = "北侗語", ["doe"] = "Doe", ["dof"] = "Domu", ["doh"] = "Dong", ["doi"] = "多格拉語", ["dok"] = "Dondo", ["dol"] = "Doso", ["don"] = "Doura", ["doo"] = "Dongo", ["dop"] = "Lukpa", ["doq"] = "Dominican Sign Language", ["dor"] = "Dori'o", ["dos"] = "Dogosé", ["dot"] = "Dass", ["dov"] = "Toka-Leya", ["dow"] = "Doyayo", ["dox"] = "Bussa", ["doy"] = "Dompo", ["doz"] = "多爾澤語", ["dpp"] = "Papar", ["dra-mkn"] = "中古卡納達語", ["dra-okn"] = "古卡納達語", ["dra-pro"] = "原始達羅毗荼語", ["drb"] = "Dair", ["drc"] = "明德里科語", ["drd"] = "Darmiya", ["drg"] = "Rungus", ["dri"] = "Lela", ["drl"] = "巴阿甘吉語", ["drn"] = "West Damar", ["dro"] = "Daro-Matu Melanau", ["drq"] = "Dura", ["drs"] = "Gedeo", ["dru"] = "魯凱語", ["dru-pro"] = "原始魯凱語", ["dry"] = "達萊語", ["dsb"] = "下索布語", ["dse"] = "Dutch Sign Language", ["dsh"] = "Daasanach", ["dsi"] = "Disa", ["dsl"] = "丹麥手語", ["dsn"] = "Dusner", ["dso"] = "德西雅語", ["dsq"] = "Tadaksahak", ["dta"] = "達斡爾語", ["dtb"] = "Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan", ["dtd"] = "Ditidaht", ["dth"] = "阿迪廷吉蒂格語", ["dti"] = "Ana Tinga Dogon", ["dtk"] = "Tene Kan Dogon", ["dtm"] = "Tomo Kan Dogon", ["dto"] = "Tommo So", ["dtp"] = "中部杜順語", ["dtr"] = "Lotud", ["dts"] = "Toro So Dogon", ["dtt"] = "Toro Tegu Dogon", ["dtu"] = "Tebul Ure Dogon", ["dty"] = "都特利語", ["dua"] = "杜亞拉語", ["dub"] = "杜布里語", ["duc"] = "Duna", ["due"] = "烏米萊杜馬加特阿埃塔語", ["duf"] = "Dumbea", ["dug"] = "Chiduruma", ["duh"] = "敦格拉比爾語", ["dui"] = "Dumun", ["duk"] = "Uyajitaya", ["dul"] = "阿拉伯島阿埃塔語", ["dum"] = "中古荷蘭語", ["dun"] = "Dusun Deyah", ["duo"] = "杜巴尼南阿埃塔語", ["dup"] = "Duano", ["duq"] = "Dusun Malang", ["dur"] = "Dii", ["dus"] = "Dumi", ["duu"] = "獨龍語", ["duv"] = "Duvle", ["duw"] = "Dusun Witu", ["dux"] = "Duun", ["duy"] = "Dicamay Agta", ["duz"] = "Duli", ["dv"] = "迪維希語", ["dva"] = "Duau", ["dwa"] = "Diri", ["dwr"] = "Dawro", ["dwu"] = "杜瓦爾語", ["dww"] = "Dawawa", ["dwy"] = "Dhuwaya", ["dwz"] = "德維斯萊語", ["dya"] = "Dyan", ["dyb"] = "迪亞貝爾迪亞貝爾語", ["dyd"] = "迪尤貢語", ["dyg"] = "Villa Viciosa Agta", ["dyi"] = "Djimini", ["dym"] = "Yanda Dogon", ["dyn"] = "迪揚加迪語", ["dyo"] = "Jola-Fonyi", ["dyu"] = "迪尤拉語", ["dyy"] = "Dyaabugay", ["dz"] = "宗喀語", ["dza"] = "Tunzu", ["dzg"] = "達薩語", ["dzl"] = "Dzala", ["dzn"] = "Dzando", ["ebg"] = "Ebughu", ["ebk"] = "東邦圖克語", ["ebr"] = "Ebrié", ["ebu"] = "恩布語", ["ecr"] = "Eteocretan", ["ecs"] = "厄瓜多爾手語", ["ecy"] = "Eteocypriot", ["ee"] = "埃維語", ["eee"] = "E", ["efa"] = "Efai", ["efe"] = "Efe", ["efi"] = "埃菲克語", ["ega"] = "Ega", ["egl"] = "艾米利亞語", ["ego"] = "Eggon", ["egx-dem"] = "世俗埃及語", ["egy"] = "埃及語", ["ehu"] = "Ehueun", ["eip"] = "Eipomek", ["eit"] = "Eitiep", ["eiv"] = "Askopan", ["eja"] = "Ejamat", ["eka"] = "艾卡朱克語", ["eke"] = "Ekit", ["ekg"] = "Ekari", ["eki"] = "Eki", ["ekl"] = "Kolhe", ["ekm"] = "Elip", ["eko"] = "Koti", ["ekp"] = "Ekpeye", ["ekr"] = "Yace", ["eky"] = "東克耶語", ["el"] = "希臘語", ["ele"] = "Elepi", ["elh"] = "El Hugeirat", ["eli"] = "Nding", ["elk"] = "Elkei", ["elm"] = "Eleme", ["elo"] = "El Molo", ["elu"] = "Elu", ["elu-prk"] = "Helu", ["elx"] = "埃蘭語", ["ema"] = "Emai", ["emb"] = "Embaloh", ["eme"] = "Emerillon", ["emg"] = "東梅瓦杭語", ["emi"] = "Mussau-Emira", ["emk"] = "Eastern Maninkakan", ["emm"] = "Mamulique", ["emn"] = "Eman", ["emp"] = "Northern Emberá", ["ems"] = "阿魯提克語", ["emu"] = "東穆里亞語", ["emw"] = "Emplawas", ["emx"] = "巴斯克羅姆語", ["emy"] = "古典馬雅語", ["en"] = "英語", ["ena"] = "Apali", ["enb"] = "Markweeta", ["enc"] = "恩語", ["end"] = "Ende", ["enf"] = "森林埃涅茨語", ["enh"] = "凍原埃涅茨語", ["enl"] = "Enlhet", ["enm"] = "中古英語", ["enn"] = "Engenni", ["eno"] = "Enggano", ["enq"] = "Enga", ["enr"] = "Emem", ["enu"] = "Enu", ["env"] = "Enwan", ["enw"] = "Enwang", ["enx"] = "Enxet", ["eo"] = "世界語", ["eot"] = "Eotile", ["epi"] = "Epie", ["era"] = "Eravallan", ["erg"] = "Sie", ["erh"] = "Eruwa", ["eri"] = "Ogea", ["erk"] = "South Efate", ["ero"] = "Horpa", ["err"] = "Erre", ["ers"] = "爾蘇語", ["ert"] = "埃里泰語", ["erw"] = "Erokwanas", ["es"] = "西班牙語", ["ese"] = "Ese Ejja", ["esh"] = "埃斯特哈爾迪語", ["esi"] = "北阿拉斯加伊努皮克語", ["esk"] = "西北阿拉斯加伊努皮克語", ["esl"] = "埃及手語", ["esm"] = "Esuma", ["esn"] = "薩爾瓦多手語", ["eso"] = "愛沙尼亞手語", ["esq"] = "Esselen", ["ess"] = "中西伯利亞尤皮克語", ["esu"] = "中阿拉斯加尤皮克語", ["esx-esk-pro"] = "原始愛斯基摩語", ["esx-ink"] = "Inuktun", ["esx-inq"] = "Inuinnaqtun", ["esx-inu-pro"] = "原始因紐特語", ["esx-pro"] = "原始愛斯基摩-阿留申語", ["esx-tut"] = "Tunumiisut", ["esy"] = "埃斯卡亞語", ["et"] = "愛沙尼亞語", ["etb"] = "Etebi", ["etc"] = "Etchemin", ["eth"] = "埃塞俄比亞手語", ["etn"] = "Eton (Vanuatu)", ["eto"] = "Eton (Cameroon)", ["etr"] = "Edolo", ["ets"] = "Yekhee", ["ett"] = "伊特拉斯坎語", ["etu"] = "Ejagham", ["etx"] = "Eten", ["etz"] = "Semimi", ["eu"] = "巴斯克語", ["euq-pro"] = "原始巴斯克語", ["eve"] = "鄂溫語", ["evh"] = "Uvbie", ["evn"] = "鄂溫克語", ["ewo"] = "依汪都語", ["ext"] = "埃斯特雷馬杜拉語", ["eya"] = "Eyak", ["eyo"] = "Keiyo", ["eza"] = "Ezaa", ["eze"] = "Uzekwe", ["fa"] = "波斯語", ["faa"] = "Fasu", ["fab"] = "安諾本語", ["fad"] = "Wagi", ["faf"] = "Fagani", ["fag"] = "Finongan", ["fah"] = "Baissa Fali", ["fai"] = "Faiwol", ["faj"] = "Faita", ["fak"] = "Fang (Beboid)", ["fal"] = "South Fali", ["fam"] = "Fam", ["fan"] = "芳語", ["fap"] = "Palor", ["far"] = "Fataleka", ["fau"] = "Fayu", ["fax"] = "法拉語", ["fay"] = "西南法爾斯語", ["faz"] = "西北法爾斯語", ["fbl"] = "West Albay Bikol", ["fcs"] = "魁北克手語", ["fer"] = "Feroge", ["ff"] = "富拉語", ["ffi"] = "Foia Foia", ["fgr"] = "Fongoro", ["fi"] = "芬蘭語", ["fia"] = "Nobiin", ["fie"] = "Fyer", ["fip"] = "菲帕語", ["fir"] = "Firan", ["fit"] = "梅安語", ["fiu-fin-pro"] = "原始芬蘭語", ["fiw"] = "Fiwaga", ["fj"] = "斐濟語", ["fkk"] = "Kirya-Konzel", ["fkv"] = "克文語", ["fla"] = "蒙大拿薩利希語", ["flh"] = "Foau", ["fli"] = "Fali", ["fll"] = "North Fali", ["fln"] = "費蓮達島語", ["flr"] = "Fuliiru", ["fly"] = "Tsotsitaal", ["fmp"] = "Fe'fe'", ["fmu"] = "遠西穆里亞語", ["fng"] = "凡那伽羅語", ["fni"] = "Fania", ["fo"] = "法羅語", ["fod"] = "Foodo", ["foi"] = "Foi", ["fom"] = "Foma", ["fon"] = "豐語", ["for"] = "Fore", ["fos"] = "西拉雅語", ["fpe"] = "皮欽利斯語", ["fqs"] = "Fas", ["fr"] = "法語", ["frd"] = "Fordata", ["frm"] = "中古法語", ["fro"] = "古法語", ["frp"] = "法蘭克-普羅旺斯語", ["frq"] = "Forak", ["frr"] = "北弗里斯蘭語", ["frt"] = "Fortsenal", ["fse"] = "芬蘭手語", ["fsl"] = "法國手語", ["fss"] = "芬蘭-瑞典手語", ["fud"] = "富圖納語", ["fuj"] = "Ko", ["fum"] = "Fum", ["fun"] = "Fulniô", ["fur"] = "弗留利語", ["fut"] = "Futuna-Aniwa", ["fuu"] = "Furu", ["fuy"] = "Fuyug", ["fvr"] = "Fur", ["fwa"] = "Fwâi", ["fwe"] = "Fwe", ["fy"] = "西弗里斯蘭語", ["ga"] = "愛爾蘭語", ["gaa"] = "加族語", ["gab"] = "Gabri", ["gac"] = "混合大安達曼語", ["gad"] = "Gaddang", ["gae"] = "Warekena", ["gaf"] = "Gende", ["gag"] = "加告茲語", ["gah"] = "阿勒卡諾語", ["gai"] = "Borei", ["gaj"] = "Gadsup", ["gak"] = "Gamkonora", ["gal"] = "Galoli", ["gam"] = "Kandawo", ["gan"] = "贛語", ["gao"] = "Gants", ["gap"] = "Gal", ["gaq"] = "Gata'", ["gar"] = "Galeya", ["gas"] = "Adiwasi Garasia", ["gat"] = "Kenati", ["gau"] = "Kondekor", ["gaw"] = "Nobonob", ["gay"] = "加約語", ["gba"] = "葛巴亞語", ["gbb"] = "Kaytetye", ["gbd"] = "Karadjeri", ["gbe"] = "Niksek", ["gbf"] = "Gaikundi", ["gbg"] = "Gbanziri", ["gbh"] = "Defi Gbe", ["gbi"] = "Galela", ["gbj"] = "Bodo Gadaba", ["gbk"] = "Gaddi", ["gbl"] = "Gamit", ["gbm"] = "加爾華利語", ["gbn"] = "Mo'da", ["gbo"] = "Northern Grebo", ["gbp"] = "Gbaya-Bossangoa", ["gbq"] = "Gbaya-Bozoum", ["gbr"] = "Gbagyi", ["gbs"] = "Gbesi Gbe", ["gbu"] = "Gagadu", ["gbv"] = "Gbanu", ["gbw"] = "Gabi", ["gbx"] = "Eastern Xwla Gbe", ["gby"] = "Gbari", ["gcc"] = "Mali", ["gcd"] = "Ganggalida", ["gce"] = "Galice", ["gcf"] = "安地列斯克里奧爾語", ["gcl"] = "格瑞那達克里奧爾英語", ["gcn"] = "Gaina", ["gcr"] = "圭亞那克里奧爾語", ["gct"] = "Colonia Tovar German", ["gd"] = "蘇格蘭蓋爾語", ["gdb"] = "Ollari", ["gdc"] = "Gugu Badhun", ["gdd"] = "Gedaged", ["gde"] = "Gude", ["gdf"] = "Guduf-Gava", ["gdg"] = "Ga'dang", ["gdh"] = "Gadjerawang", ["gdi"] = "Gundi", ["gdj"] = "Kurtjar", ["gdk"] = "Gadang", ["gdl"] = "Dirasha", ["gdm"] = "Laal", ["gdn"] = "Umanakaina", ["gdo"] = "戈多貝里語", ["gdq"] = "邁赫拉語", ["gdr"] = "Wipi", ["gds"] = "Ghandruk Sign Language", ["gdt"] = "Kungardutyi", ["gdu"] = "Gudu", ["gdx"] = "Godwari", ["gea"] = "Geruma", ["geb"] = "Kire", ["gec"] = "Gboloo Grebo", ["ged"] = "Gade", ["geg"] = "Gengle", ["geh"] = "Hutterisch", ["gei"] = "Gebe", ["gej"] = "格恩語", ["gek"] = "Gerka", ["gel"] = "Fakkanci", ["gem-bur"] = "古勃艮第語", ["gem-pro"] = "原始日耳曼語", ["geq"] = "Geme", ["ges"] = "Geser-Gorom", ["gev"] = "Viya", ["gew"] = "Gera", ["gex"] = "Garre", ["gey"] = "Enya", ["gez"] = "吉茲語", ["gfk"] = "帕特帕塔爾語", ["gft"] = "Gafat", ["gga"] = "Gao", ["ggb"] = "Gbii", ["ggd"] = "Gugadj", ["gge"] = "Guragone", ["ggg"] = "Gurgula", ["ggk"] = "Kungarakany", ["ggl"] = "Ganglau", ["ggn"] = "Eastern Gurung", ["ggt"] = "Gitua", ["ggu"] = "Gban", ["ggw"] = "Gogodala", ["gha"] = "Ghadames", ["ghe"] = "Southern Ghale", ["ghh"] = "Northern Ghale", ["ghk"] = "Geko Karen", ["ghl"] = "Ghulfan", ["ghn"] = "Ghanongga", ["gho"] = "Ghomara", ["ghr"] = "Ghera", ["ghs"] = "Guhu-Samane", ["ght"] = "Kutang Ghale", ["gia"] = "Kitja", ["gib"] = "Gibanawa", ["gid"] = "Gidar", ["gie"] = "Guébie", ["gig"] = "Goaria", ["gih"] = "Githabul", ["gil"] = "吉伯特語", ["gim"] = "Gimi (Goroka)", ["gin"] = "希努赫語", ["gio"] = "仡佬語", ["gip"] = "Gimi (Austronesian)", ["giq"] = "青仡佬語", ["gir"] = "紅仡佬語", ["gis"] = "North Giziga", ["git"] = "Gitxsan", ["giu"] = "木佬語", ["giw"] = "白仡佬語", ["gix"] = "Gilima", ["giy"] = "Giyug", ["giz"] = "South Giziga", ["gji"] = "Geji", ["gjk"] = "Kachi Koli", ["gjm"] = "Gunditjmara", ["gjn"] = "Gonja", ["gju"] = "Gojri", ["gka"] = "Guya", ["gkd"] = "Magɨ", ["gke"] = "Ndai", ["gkn"] = "Gokana", ["gko"] = "Kok-Nar", ["gkp"] = "Guinea Kpelle", ["gl"] = "加利西亞語", ["glc"] = "Bon Gula", ["gld"] = "赫哲語", ["glh"] = "Northwest Pashayi", ["glj"] = "Kulaal", ["glk"] = "吉拉基語", ["glo"] = "Galambu", ["glr"] = "Glaro-Twabo", ["glu"] = "Gula", ["glw"] = "Glavda", ["gly"] = "Gule", ["gma"] = "Gambera", ["gmb"] = "Gula'alaa", ["gmd"] = "Mághdì", ["gme-cgo"] = "克里米亞哥特語", ["gmg"] = "Magiyi", ["gmh"] = "中古高地德語", ["gml"] = "中古低地德語", ["gmm"] = "Gbaya-Mbodomo", ["gmn"] = "Gimnime", ["gmq-bot"] = "西博滕語", ["gmq-gut"] = "哥特蘭語", ["gmq-jmk"] = "耶姆特蘭語", ["gmq-mno"] = "中古挪威語", ["gmq-oda"] = "古丹麥語", ["gmq-osw"] = "古瑞典語", ["gmq-pro"] = "原始諾爾斯語", ["gmq-scy"] = "斯堪尼亞語", ["gmu"] = "Gumalu", ["gmv"] = "Gamo", ["gmw-cfr"] = "中部法蘭克尼亞語", ["gmw-ecg"] = "中東部德語", ["gmw-gts"] = "Gottscheerish", ["gmw-jdt"] = "澤西荷蘭語", ["gmw-pro"] = "原始西日耳曼語", ["gmw-rfr"] = "萊茵法蘭克尼亞語", ["gmw-stm"] = "Sathmar Swabian", ["gmw-tsx"] = "特蘭西瓦尼亞薩克森語", ["gmw-vog"] = "伏爾加德語", ["gmw-zps"] = "Zipser German", ["gmx"] = "Magoma", ["gmy"] = "邁錫尼希臘語", ["gn"] = "瓜拉尼語", ["gna"] = "Kaansa", ["gnb"] = "Gangte", ["gnc"] = "Guanche", ["gnd"] = "Zulgo-Gemzek", ["gne"] = "Ganang", ["gng"] = "Ngangam", ["gnh"] = "Lere", ["gni"] = "古尼揚迪語", ["gnj"] = "Ngen", ["gnk"] = "ǁGana", ["gnl"] = "Gangulu", ["gnm"] = "Ginuman", ["gnn"] = "Gumatj", ["gnq"] = "Gana", ["gnr"] = "Gureng Gureng", ["gnt"] = "Guntai", ["gnu"] = "Gnau", ["gnw"] = "Western Bolivian Guaraní", ["gnz"] = "Ganzi", ["goa"] = "Guro", ["gob"] = "Playero", ["goc"] = "Gorakor", ["god"] = "Godié", ["goe"] = "Gongduk", ["gof"] = "Gofa", ["gog"] = "Gogo", ["goh"] = "古高地德語", ["goi"] = "Gobasi", ["goj"] = "Gowlan", ["gol"] = "Gola", ["gon"] = "岡德語", ["goo"] = "Gone Dau", ["gop"] = "Yeretuar", ["goq"] = "Gorap", ["gor"] = "哥倫打洛語", ["got"] = "哥特語", ["gou"] = "Gavar", ["gow"] = "Gorowa", ["gox"] = "Gobu", ["goy"] = "Goundo", ["goz"] = "Gozarkhani", ["gpa"] = "Gupa-Abawa", ["gpn"] = "Taiap", ["gqa"] = "Ga'anda", ["gqi"] = "貴瓊語", ["gqn"] = "Kinikinao", ["gqr"] = "Gor", ["gqu"] = "稿語", ["gra"] = "Rajput Garasia", ["grb"] = "格列博語", ["grc"] = "古希臘語", ["grd"] = "Guruntum", ["grg"] = "Madi", ["grh"] = "Gbiri-Niragu", ["gri"] = "Ghari", ["grj"] = "Southern Grebo", ["grk-cal"] = "卡拉布里亞希臘語", ["grk-ita"] = "意大利希臘語", ["grk-mar"] = "馬里烏波爾希臘語", ["grk-pro"] = "原始希臘語", ["grm"] = "Kota Marudu Talantang", ["gro"] = "Groma", ["grq"] = "Gorovu", ["grr"] = "Taznatit", ["grs"] = "Gresi", ["grt"] = "嘎洛語", ["gru"] = "Kistane", ["grv"] = "Central Grebo", ["grw"] = "Gweda", ["grx"] = "Guriaso", ["gry"] = "Barclayville Grebo", ["grz"] = "Guramalum", ["gse"] = "加納手語", ["gsg"] = "德國手語", ["gsl"] = "Gusilay", ["gsm"] = "危地馬拉手語", ["gsn"] = "Gusan", ["gso"] = "Southwest Gbaya", ["gsp"] = "Wasembo", ["gss"] = "希臘手語", ["gsw"] = "阿勒曼尼語", ["gta"] = "Guató", ["gtu"] = "Aghu Tharrnggala", ["gu"] = "古吉拉特語", ["gua"] = "Shiki", ["gub"] = "瓜加加拉語", ["guc"] = "瓦尤語", ["gud"] = "Yocoboué Dida", ["gue"] = "Gurindji", ["guf"] = "Gupapuyngu", ["gug"] = "巴拉圭瓜拉尼語", ["guh"] = "Guahibo", ["gui"] = "Eastern Bolivian Guaraní", ["guk"] = "Gumuz", ["gul"] = "古拉語", ["gum"] = "Guambiano", ["gun"] = "Mbyá Guaraní", ["guo"] = "Guayabero", ["gup"] = "Gunwinggu", ["guq"] = "Aché", ["gur"] = "法拉法拉語", ["gus"] = "幾內亞手語", ["gut"] = "Maléku Jaíka", ["guu"] = "Yanomamö", ["guv"] = "Gey", ["guw"] = "Gun", ["gux"] = "Gourmanchéma", ["guz"] = "古西語", ["gv"] = "曼島語", ["gva"] = "Kaskihá", ["gvc"] = "Guanano", ["gve"] = "Duwet", ["gvf"] = "Golin", ["gvj"] = "Guajá", ["gvl"] = "Gulay", ["gvm"] = "Gurmana", ["gvn"] = "Kuku-Yalanji", ["gvo"] = "Gavião do Jiparaná", ["gvp"] = "Pará Gavião", ["gvr"] = "Western Gurung", ["gvs"] = "Gumawana", ["gvy"] = "Guyani", ["gwa"] = "Mbato", ["gwb"] = "Gwa", ["gwc"] = "Kalami", ["gwd"] = "Gawwada", ["gwe"] = "Gweno", ["gwf"] = "Gowro", ["gwg"] = "Moo", ["gwi"] = "圭契語", ["gwj"] = "Gcwi", ["gwm"] = "Awngthim", ["gwn"] = "Gwandara", ["gwr"] = "Gwere", ["gwt"] = "Gawar-Bati", ["gwu"] = "Guwamu", ["gww"] = "Kwini", ["gwx"] = "Gua", ["gxx"] = "Wè Southern", ["gya"] = "Northwest Gbaya", ["gyb"] = "Garus", ["gyd"] = "Kayardild", ["gye"] = "Gyem", ["gyf"] = "Gungabula", ["gyg"] = "Gbayi", ["gyi"] = "Gyele", ["gyl"] = "Gayil", ["gym"] = "Ngäbere", ["gyn"] = "蓋亞那克里奧爾英語", ["gyo"] = "Gyalsumdo", ["gyr"] = "Guarayu", ["gyy"] = "Gunya", ["gza"] = "Ganza", ["gzn"] = "Gane", ["ha"] = "豪薩語", ["haa"] = "Hän", ["hab"] = "河內手語", ["hac"] = "古拉尼語", ["had"] = "Hatam", ["haf"] = "海防手語", ["hag"] = "Hanga", ["hah"] = "Hahon", ["hai"] = "海達語", ["haj"] = "哈瓊語", ["hak"] = "客家語", ["hal"] = "Halang", ["ham"] = "Hewa", ["hao"] = "哈科語", ["hap"] = "Hupla", ["har"] = "哈勒爾語", ["has"] = "Haisla", ["hav"] = "Havu", ["haw"] = "夏威夷語", ["hax"] = "南海達語", ["hay"] = "Haya", ["haz"] = "哈札拉語", ["hba"] = "Hamba", ["hbb"] = "Huba", ["hbn"] = "Heiban", ["hbu"] = "Habu", ["hca"] = "安達曼克里奧爾印地語", ["hch"] = "惠喬爾語", ["hdn"] = "北海達語", ["hds"] = "洪都拉斯手語", ["hdy"] = "Hadiyya", ["he"] = "希伯來語", ["hea"] = "北部黔東苗語", ["hed"] = "Herdé", ["heg"] = "Helong", ["heh"] = "Hehe", ["hei"] = "海爾蘇克語", ["hem"] = "Hemba", ["hgm"] = "海奧姆語", ["hgw"] = "Haigwai", ["hhi"] = "Hoia Hoia", ["hhr"] = "Kerak", ["hhy"] = "Hoyahoya", ["hi"] = "印地語", ["hia"] = "Lamang", ["hib"] = "Hibito", ["hid"] = "希達沙語", ["hif"] = "斐濟印地語", ["hig"] = "Kamwe", ["hih"] = "Pamosu", ["hii"] = "欣杜里語", ["hij"] = "Hijuk", ["hik"] = "Seit-Kaitetu", ["hil"] = "希利蓋農語", ["hio"] = "Tshwa", ["hir"] = "Himarimã", ["hit"] = "赫梯語", ["hiw"] = "Hiw", ["hix"] = "希卡利亞納語", ["hji"] = "Haji", ["hka"] = "Kahe", ["hke"] = "Hunde", ["hkk"] = "Hunjara-Kaina Ke", ["hkn"] = "Mel-Khaonh", ["hks"] = "香港手語", ["hla"] = "Halia", ["hlb"] = "哈爾比語", ["hld"] = "Halang Doan", ["hle"] = "山蘇語", ["hlt"] = "Nga La", ["hma"] = "南部麻山苗語", ["hmb"] = "Humburi Senni", ["hmc"] = "中部惠水苗語", ["hmd"] = "滇東北苗語", ["hme"] = "東部惠水苗語", ["hmf"] = "Hmong Don", ["hmg"] = "西南貴陽苗語", ["hmh"] = "西南惠水苗語", ["hmi"] = "北部惠水苗語", ["hmj"] = "⿰亻革家語", ["hmk"] = "濊貊語", ["hml"] = "羅泊河苗語", ["hmm"] = "中部麻山苗語", ["hmn-pro"] = "原始苗語", ["hmp"] = "北部麻山苗語", ["hmq"] = "東部黔東苗語", ["hmr"] = "Hmar", ["hms"] = "南部黔東苗語", ["hmt"] = "Hamtai", ["hmu"] = "Hamap", ["hmv"] = "Hmong Dô", ["hmw"] = "西部麻山苗語", ["hmx-mie-pro"] = "原始瑤語", ["hmx-pro"] = "原始苗瑤語", ["hmy"] = "南部貴陽苗語", ["hmz"] = "漢苗語", ["hna"] = "Mina", ["hnd"] = "南辛德科語", ["hne"] = "恰蒂斯加爾語", ["hnh"] = "ǁAni", ["hni"] = "Hani", ["hnj"] = "青苗語", ["hnn"] = "哈努諾語", ["hno"] = "北辛德科語", ["hns"] = "加勒比印度斯坦語", ["hnu"] = "Hung", ["ho"] = "希里摩圖語", ["hoa"] = "Hoava", ["hob"] = "Austronesian Mari", ["hoc"] = "霍語", ["hod"] = "Holma", ["hoe"] = "Horom", ["hoh"] = "Hobyót", ["hoi"] = "Holikachuk", ["hoj"] = "Hadothi", ["hol"] = "Holu", ["hom"] = "Homa", ["hoo"] = "Holoholo", ["hop"] = "霍皮語", ["hor"] = "Horo", ["hos"] = "胡志明市手語", ["hot"] = "Hote", ["hov"] = "Hovongan", ["how"] = "Honi", ["hoy"] = "Holiya", ["hoz"] = "Hozo", ["hpo"] = "Hpon", ["hps"] = "夏威夷皮欽手語", ["hra"] = "Hrangkhol", ["hrc"] = "Niwer Mil", ["hre"] = "Hre", ["hrk"] = "Haruku", ["hrm"] = "角苗語", ["hro"] = "Haroi", ["hrp"] = "恩希爾皮語", ["hrt"] = "Hértevin", ["hru"] = "Hruso", ["hrw"] = "Warwar Feni", ["hrx"] = "漢斯立克語", ["hrz"] = "哈爾札尼語", ["hsb"] = "上索布語", ["hsh"] = "匈牙利手語", ["hsl"] = "豪薩手語", ["hsn"] = "湘語", ["hss"] = "Harsusi", ["ht"] = "海地克里奧爾語", ["hti"] = "Hoti", ["hto"] = "Minica Huitoto", ["hts"] = "哈扎語", ["htu"] = "Hitu", ["htx"] = "中古赫梯語", ["hu"] = "匈牙利語", ["hub"] = "Huambisa", ["huc"] = "ǂHoan", ["hud"] = "Huaulu", ["huf"] = "Humene", ["hug"] = "Huachipaeri", ["huh"] = "Huilliche", ["hui"] = "Huli", ["huj"] = "北部貴陽苗語", ["huk"] = "Hulung", ["hul"] = "Hula", ["hum"] = "Hungana", ["huo"] = "Hu", ["hup"] = "胡帕語", ["huq"] = "回輝語", ["hur"] = "哈爾魁梅林語", ["hus"] = "瓦斯特克語", ["huu"] = "Murui Huitoto", ["huv"] = "Huave", ["huw"] = "Hukumina", ["hux"] = "Nüpode Huitoto", ["huy"] = "Hulaulá", ["huz"] = "洪濟布語", ["hvc"] = "海地巫毒文化語", ["hvk"] = "Haveke", ["hvn"] = "Sabu", ["hwa"] = "Wané", ["hwc"] = "夏威夷英語", ["hwo"] = "Hwana", ["hy"] = "亞美尼亞語", ["hya"] = "Hya", ["hyx-pro"] = "原始亞美尼亞語", ["hz"] = "赫雷羅語", ["ia"] = "因特語", ["iai"] = "Iaai", ["ian"] = "Iatmul", ["iar"] = "Purari", ["iba"] = "伊班語", ["ibb"] = "伊比比奧語", ["ibd"] = "伊瓦加語", ["ibe"] = "Akpes", ["ibg"] = "伊巴納格語", ["ibh"] = "Bih", ["ibl"] = "伊巴洛伊語", ["ibm"] = "Agoi", ["ibn"] = "Ibino", ["ibr"] = "Ibuoro", ["ibu"] = "Ibu", ["iby"] = "Ibani", ["ica"] = "Ede Ica", ["ich"] = "Etkywan", ["icl"] = "冰島手語", ["icr"] = "島嶼克里奧爾英語", ["id"] = "印尼語", ["ida"] = "Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", ["idb"] = "印度葡萄牙語", ["idc"] = "Idon", ["idd"] = "Ede Idaca", ["ide"] = "Idere", ["idi"] = "伊迪語", ["idr"] = "Indri", ["ids"] = "Idesa", ["idt"] = "Idaté", ["idu"] = "Idoma", ["ie"] = "西方國際語", ["ifa"] = "Amganad Ifugao", ["ifb"] = "Batad Ifugao", ["ife"] = "Ifè", ["iff"] = "Ifo", ["ifk"] = "Tuwali Ifugao", ["ifm"] = "Teke-Fuumu", ["ifu"] = "馬尤瑤-伊富高語", ["ify"] = "Keley-I Kallahan", ["ig"] = "伊博語", ["igb"] = "Ebira", ["ige"] = "Igede", ["igg"] = "Igana", ["igl"] = "Igala", ["igm"] = "Kanggape", ["ign"] = "Ignaciano", ["igo"] = "Isebe", ["igs"] = "Glosa", ["igw"] = "Igwe", ["ihb"] = "Pidgin Iha", ["ihi"] = "Ihievbe", ["ihp"] = "Iha", ["ii"] = "彝語", ["iir-nur-pro"] = "原始努利斯坦語", ["iir-pro"] = "原始印度-伊朗語", ["ijc"] = "伊宗語", ["ije"] = "Biseni", ["ijj"] = "Ede Ije", ["ijn"] = "Kalabari", ["ijo-pro"] = "原始伊爵語", ["ijs"] = "Southeast Ijo", ["ik"] = "伊努皮克語", ["ike"] = "東加拿大伊努克提圖特語", ["iki"] = "Iko", ["ikk"] = "Ika", ["ikl"] = "Ikulu", ["iko"] = "Olulumo-Ikom", ["ikp"] = "Ikpeshi", ["ikr"] = "伊卡蘭加爾語", ["iks"] = "因紐特手語", ["ikt"] = "Inuvialuktun", ["ikv"] = "Iku-Gora-Ankwa", ["ikw"] = "Ikwere", ["ikx"] = "Ik", ["ikz"] = "伊基祖語", ["ila"] = "Ile Ape", ["ilb"] = "伊拉語", ["ilg"] = "Ilgar", ["ili"] = "Ili Turki", ["ilk"] = "Ilongot", ["ill"] = "伊拉努語", ["ilo"] = "伊洛卡諾語", ["ils"] = "國際手語", ["ilu"] = "Ili'uun", ["ilv"] = "Ilue", ["ima"] = "Mala Malasar", ["imi"] = "Anamgura", ["iml"] = "Miluk", ["imn"] = "伊蒙達語", ["imo"] = "Imbongu", ["imr"] = "Imroing", ["ims"] = "馬爾西語", ["imy"] = "彌呂亞語", ["inb"] = "Inga", ["inc-ash"] = "阿輸迦普拉克里特語", ["inc-cen-pro"] = "原始中印度-雅利安語", ["inc-dar-pro"] = "原始達爾德語", ["inc-gup"] = "古爾扎爾阿帕布拉姆沙語", ["inc-kam"] = "迦摩縷波俗語", ["inc-kha"] = "卡薩俗語", ["inc-kho"] = "科羅斯語", ["inc-mas"] = "中古阿薩姆語", ["inc-mbn"] = "中古孟加拉語", ["inc-mgd"] = "摩揭陀俗語", ["inc-mgu"] = "中古古吉拉特語", ["inc-mor"] = "中古奧里亞語", ["inc-oas"] = "古阿薩姆語", ["inc-obn"] = "古孟加拉語", ["inc-ogu"] = "古古吉拉特語", ["inc-ohi"] = "古印地語", ["inc-oor"] = "古奧里亞語", ["inc-opa"] = "古旁遮普語", ["inc-ork"] = "Old Kamta", ["inc-pra"] = "普拉克里特語", ["inc-pro"] = "原始印度-雅利安語", ["inc-psc"] = "白夏基普拉克里特語", ["inc-sap"] = "索拉塞尼阿帕布拉姆沙語", ["inc-tak"] = "磔迦阿帕布拉姆沙語", ["inc-vra"] = "沃拉恰達阿帕布拉姆沙語", ["ine-ana-pro"] = "原始安納托利亞語", ["ine-bsl-pro"] = "原始波羅的-斯拉夫語", ["ine-pae"] = "培奧尼亞語", ["ine-pro"] = "原始印歐語", ["ine-toc-pro"] = "原始吐火羅語", ["ing"] = "Deg Xinag", ["inh"] = "印古什語", ["inj"] = "Jungle Inga", ["inl"] = "印尼手語", ["inm"] = "Minaean", ["inn"] = "Isinai", ["ino"] = "Inoke-Yate", ["inp"] = "Iñapari", ["ins"] = "印度手語", ["int"] = "Intha", ["inz"] = "伊內塞諾語", ["io"] = "伊多語", ["ior"] = "Inor", ["iou"] = "Tuma-Irumu", ["iow"] = "Chiwere", ["ipi"] = "Ipili", ["ipo"] = "Ipiko", ["iqu"] = "Iquito", ["iqw"] = "Ikwo", ["ira-kms-pro"] = "Proto-Komisenian", ["ira-mny-pro"] = "原始蒙賈尼伊特格哈語", ["ira-mpr-pro"] = "原始米底-安息語", ["ira-pat-pro"] = "原始普什圖語", ["ira-pro"] = "原始伊朗語", ["ira-sgc-pro"] = "原始粟特語", ["ira-sgi-pro"] = "原始桑格萊奇伊什卡什米語", ["ira-shr-pro"] = "原始舒格南羅尚語", ["ira-shy-pro"] = "原始舒格南雅茲古拉米語", ["ira-sym-pro"] = "原始舒格南雅茲古拉米蒙賈尼語", ["ira-wnj"] = "Vanji", ["ira-zgr-pro"] = "原始扎扎其古拉尼語", ["ire"] = "Iresim", ["irh"] = "Irarutu", ["iri"] = "Rigwe", ["irk"] = "Iraqw", ["irn"] = "Irantxe", ["iro-ere"] = "Erie", ["iro-min"] = "明戈語", ["iro-pro"] = "原始易洛魁語", ["irr"] = "Ir", ["iru"] = "伊魯拉語", ["irx"] = "Kamberau", ["iry"] = "伊拉雅語", ["is"] = "冰島語", ["isa"] = "Isabi", ["isc"] = "Isconahua", ["isd"] = "Isnag", ["ise"] = "意大利手語", ["isg"] = "愛爾蘭手語", ["ish"] = "埃桑語", ["isi"] = "Nkem-Nkum", ["isk"] = "伊什卡什米語", ["ism"] = "Masimasi", ["isn"] = "Isanzu", ["iso"] = "Isoko", ["isr"] = "以色列手語", ["ist"] = "伊斯特拉語", ["isu"] = "Isu", ["it"] = "意大利語", ["itb"] = "Binongan Itneg", ["itc-ola"] = "古拉丁語", ["itc-pro"] = "原始意大利語", ["itd"] = "Southern Tidong", ["ite"] = "Itene", ["iti"] = "Inlaod Itneg", ["itk"] = "猶太-意大利語", ["itl"] = "伊捷爾緬語", ["itm"] = "Itu Mbon Uzo", ["ito"] = "Itonama", ["itr"] = "Iteri", ["its"] = "Isekiri", ["itt"] = "Maeng Itneg", ["itv"] = "Itawit", ["itw"] = "Ito", ["itx"] = "伊蒂克語", ["ity"] = "Moyadan Itneg", ["itz"] = "伊特扎語", ["iu"] = "因紐特語", ["ium"] = "勉語", ["ivb"] = "伊巴丹語", ["ivv"] = "伊萬特語", ["iwk"] = "I-Wak", ["iwm"] = "Iwam", ["iwo"] = "Iwur", ["iws"] = "Sepik Iwam", ["ixc"] = "伊斯卡特語", ["ixl"] = "伊克西爾語", ["iya"] = "Iyayu", ["iyo"] = "Mesaka", ["iyx"] = "Yaa", ["izh"] = "英格里亞語", ["izi"] = "Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo", ["izr"] = "Izere", ["izz"] = "Izi", ["ja"] = "日語", ["jaa"] = "Jamamadí", ["jab"] = "Hyam", ["jac"] = "Jakaltek", ["jad"] = "Jahanka", ["jae"] = "Jabem", ["jaf"] = "Jara", ["jah"] = "Jah Hut", ["jaj"] = "Zazao", ["jal"] = "Yalahatan", ["jam"] = "牙買加克里奧爾語", ["jan"] = "Janday", ["jao"] = "揚尤瓦語", ["jaq"] = "Yaqay", ["jas"] = "New Caledonian Javanese", ["jat"] = "Jakati", ["jau"] = "Yaur", ["jax"] = "Jambi Malay", ["jay"] = "Yan-nhangu", ["jaz"] = "Jawe", ["jbe"] = "猶太-柏柏爾語", ["jbj"] = "Arandai", ["jbk"] = "Barikewa", ["jbn"] = "Nefusa", ["jbo"] = "邏輯語", ["jbr"] = "Jofotek-Bromnya", ["jbt"] = "Jabutí", ["jbu"] = "Jukun Takum", ["jbw"] = "Yawijibaya", ["jcs"] = "Jamaican Country Sign Language", ["jct"] = "克里姆查克語", ["jda"] = "Jad", ["jdg"] = "賈德加里語", ["jdt"] = "猶太-塔特語", ["jeb"] = "Jebero", ["jee"] = "Jerung", ["jeg"] = "Jeng", ["jeh"] = "Jeh", ["jei"] = "Yei", ["jek"] = "Jeri Kuo", ["jel"] = "Yelmek", ["jen"] = "Dza", ["jer"] = "Jere", ["jet"] = "Manem", ["jeu"] = "Jonkor Bourmataguil", ["jgb"] = "Ngbee", ["jge"] = "猶太-格魯吉亞語", ["jgk"] = "Gwak", ["jgo"] = "恩格姆巴語", ["jhi"] = "Jehai", ["jhs"] = "Jhankot Sign Language", ["jia"] = "Jina", ["jib"] = "Jibu", ["jic"] = "Tol", ["jid"] = "Bu", ["jie"] = "Jilbe", ["jig"] = "Jingulu", ["jih"] = "上寨語", ["jii"] = "Jiiddu", ["jil"] = "Jilim", ["jim"] = "Jimjimen", ["jio"] = "加茂語", ["jiq"] = "Guanyinqiao", ["jit"] = "Jita", ["jiu"] = "Youle Jinuo", ["jiv"] = "Shuar", ["jiy"] = "Buyuan Jinuo", ["jje"] = "濟州語", ["jjr"] = "Zhár", ["jka"] = "Kaera", ["jko"] = "Kubo", ["jkr"] = "Koro (India)", ["jku"] = "Labir", ["jle"] = "Ngile", ["jls"] = "Jamaican Sign Language", ["jma"] = "Dima", ["jmb"] = "Zumbun", ["jmc"] = "馬恰美語", ["jmd"] = "延德納語", ["jmi"] = "Jimi", ["jml"] = "瓊里語", ["jmn"] = "Makuri Naga", ["jmr"] = "Kamara", ["jmw"] = "Mouwase", ["jmx"] = "西尤斯特拉瓦卡米斯特克語", ["jna"] = "Jangshung", ["jnd"] = "Jandavra", ["jng"] = "揚曼語", ["jni"] = "Janji", ["jnj"] = "Yemsa", ["jnl"] = "Rawat", ["jns"] = "焦恩沙里語", ["job"] = "Joba", ["jod"] = "Wojenaka", ["jor"] = "Jorá", ["jos"] = "Jordanian Sign Language", ["jow"] = "Jowulu", ["jpr"] = "猶太-波斯語", ["jpx-pro"] = "原始日語", ["jpx-ryu-pro"] = "原始琉球語", ["jqr"] = "Jaqaru", ["jra"] = "嘉萊語", ["jrb"] = "猶太-阿拉伯語", ["jrr"] = "Jiru", ["jru"] = "Japrería", ["jsl"] = "日本手語", ["jua"] = "Júma", ["jub"] = "Wannu", ["juc"] = "女真語", ["jud"] = "Worodougou", ["juh"] = "Hone", ["jui"] = "恩加朱里語", ["juk"] = "Wapan", ["jul"] = "幾熱爾語", ["jum"] = "Jumjum", ["jun"] = "Juang", ["juo"] = "Jiba", ["jup"] = "Hupdë", ["jur"] = "Jurúna", ["jus"] = "Jumla Sign Language", ["jut"] = "日德蘭語", ["juu"] = "Ju", ["juw"] = "Wãpha", ["juy"] = "Juray", ["jv"] = "爪哇語", ["jvd"] = "Javindo", ["jvn"] = "加勒比爪哇語", ["jwi"] = "Jwira-Pepesa", ["jye"] = "猶太-葉門阿拉伯語", ["jyy"] = "Jaya", ["ka"] = "格魯吉亞語", ["kaa"] = "卡拉卡爾帕克語", ["kab"] = "卡拜爾語", ["kac"] = "景頗語", ["kad"] = "Kadara", ["kae"] = "凱達格蘭語", ["kaf"] = "Katso", ["kag"] = "Kajaman", ["kah"] = "Fer", ["kai"] = "Karekare", ["kaj"] = "卡捷語", ["kak"] = "卡亞帕卡拉漢語", ["kam"] = "卡姆巴語", ["kao"] = "Kassonke", ["kap"] = "別日塔語", ["kaq"] = "Capanahua", ["kar-pro"] = "原始克倫語", ["kaw"] = "古爪哇語", ["kax"] = "Kao", ["kay"] = "Kamayurá", ["kba"] = "卡拉爾科語", ["kbb"] = "Kaxuyana", ["kbc"] = "Kadiwéu", ["kbd"] = "卡巴爾達語", ["kbe"] = "坎朱語", ["kbh"] = "Camsá", ["kbi"] = "Kaptiau", ["kbj"] = "Kari", ["kbk"] = "Grass Koiari", ["kbm"] = "Iwal", ["kbn"] = "Kare (Africa)", ["kbo"] = "Keliko", ["kbp"] = "Kabiyé", ["kbq"] = "Kamano", ["kbr"] = "Kafa", ["kbs"] = "Kande", ["kbt"] = "Gabadi", ["kbu"] = "卡布特拉語", ["kbv"] = "Kamberataro", ["kbw"] = "Kaiep", ["kbx"] = "Ap Ma", ["kbz"] = "Duhwa", ["kca"] = "漢特語", ["kcb"] = "Kawacha", ["kcc"] = "Lubila", ["kcd"] = "Ngkâlmpw Kanum", ["kce"] = "Kaivi", ["kcf"] = "Ukaan", ["kcg"] = "卡塔布語", ["kch"] = "Vono", ["kci"] = "Kamantan", ["kcj"] = "Kobiana", ["kck"] = "Kalanga", ["kcl"] = "Kala", ["kcm"] = "Tar Gula", ["kcn"] = "Nubi", ["kco"] = "Kinalakna", ["kcp"] = "Kanga", ["kcq"] = "Kamo", ["kcr"] = "Katla", ["kcs"] = "Koenoem", ["kct"] = "Kaian", ["kcu"] = "Kikami", ["kcv"] = "Kete", ["kcw"] = "Kabwari", ["kcx"] = "Kachama-Ganjule", ["kcy"] = "Korandje", ["kcz"] = "Konongo", ["kda"] = "沃里米語", ["kdc"] = "Kutu", ["kdd"] = "揚昆塔賈拉語", ["kde"] = "馬孔德語", ["kdf"] = "Mamusi", ["kdg"] = "Seba", ["kdh"] = "Tem", ["kdi"] = "Kumam", ["kdj"] = "卡拉莫瓊語", ["kdk"] = "Numee", ["kdl"] = "Tsikimba", ["kdm"] = "Kagoma", ["kdn"] = "Kunda", ["kdp"] = "Kaningdon-Nindem", ["kdq"] = "科奇語", ["kdr"] = "卡拉伊姆語", ["kdt"] = "Kuy", ["kdu"] = "Kadaru", ["kdv"] = "Kado", ["kdw"] = "Koneraw", ["kdx"] = "Kam", ["kdy"] = "Keder", ["kdz"] = "Kwaja", ["kea"] = "佛得角克里奧爾語", ["keb"] = "Kélé", ["kec"] = "Keiga", ["ked"] = "Kerewe", ["kee"] = "Eastern Keres", ["kef"] = "Kpessi", ["keg"] = "Tese", ["keh"] = "Keak", ["kei"] = "Kei", ["kej"] = "Kadar", ["kek"] = "凱克奇語", ["kel"] = "Kela-Yela", ["kem"] = "克馬克語", ["ken"] = "肯揚語", ["keo"] = "Kakwa", ["kep"] = "Kaikadi", ["keq"] = "卡馬爾語", ["ker"] = "Kera", ["kes"] = "Kugbo", ["ket"] = "凱特語", ["keu"] = "Akebu", ["kev"] = "Kanikkaran", ["kew"] = "Kewa", ["kex"] = "庫克納語", ["key"] = "庫皮亞語", ["kez"] = "Kukele", ["kfa"] = "Kodava", ["kfb"] = "科拉米語", ["kfc"] = "Konda-Dora", ["kfd"] = "Korra Koraga", ["kfe"] = "Kota (India)", ["kff"] = "Koya", ["kfg"] = "Kudiya", ["kfh"] = "Kurichiya", ["kfi"] = "Kannada Kurumba", ["kfj"] = "Kemiehua", ["kfk"] = "金瑙里語", ["kfl"] = "Kung", ["kfn"] = "Kuk", ["kfo"] = "科羅語(西非)", ["kfp"] = "Korwa", ["kfq"] = "Korku", ["kfr"] = "喀奇語", ["kfs"] = "比拉斯普里語", ["kft"] = "坎賈里語", ["kfu"] = "卡特卡里語", ["kfv"] = "庫爾穆卡爾語", ["kfw"] = "Kharam Naga", ["kfx"] = "庫魯帕哈里語", ["kfy"] = "Kumaoni", ["kfz"] = "Koromfé", ["kg"] = "剛果語", ["kga"] = "Koyaga", ["kgb"] = "Kawe", ["kgd"] = "Kataang", ["kge"] = "Komering", ["kgf"] = "Kube", ["kgg"] = "庫松達語", ["kgi"] = "雪蘭莪手語", ["kgj"] = "Gamale Kham", ["kgk"] = "Kaiwá", ["kgl"] = "昆加里語", ["kgm"] = "Karipúna", ["kgn"] = "卡林加里語", ["kgo"] = "Krongo", ["kgp"] = "坎剛語", ["kgq"] = "Kamoro", ["kgr"] = "Abun", ["kgs"] = "貢邦加爾語", ["kgt"] = "Somyev", ["kgu"] = "Kobol", ["kgv"] = "Karas", ["kgw"] = "Karon Dori", ["kgx"] = "Kamaru", ["kgy"] = "Kyerung", ["kha"] = "卡西語", ["khb"] = "傣仂語", ["khc"] = "Tukang Besi North", ["khd"] = "Bädi Kanum", ["khe"] = "Korowai", ["khf"] = "Khuen", ["khg"] = "康巴藏語", ["khh"] = "Kehu", ["khi-kho-pro"] = "原始科伊語", ["khi-kun"] = "亢語", ["khj"] = "Kuturmi", ["khl"] = "Lusi", ["khn"] = "堪德斯語", ["kho"] = "和闐語", ["khp"] = "Kapauri", ["khq"] = "西桑海語", ["khr"] = "卡里亞語", ["khs"] = "Kasua", ["kht"] = "坎底語", ["khu"] = "Nkhumbi", ["khv"] = "赫瓦爾什語", ["khw"] = "科瓦語", ["khy"] = "Ekele", ["khz"] = "凱帕拉語", ["ki"] = "基庫尤語", ["kia"] = "Kim", ["kib"] = "Koalib", ["kic"] = "Kickapoo", ["kid"] = "Koshin", ["kie"] = "Kibet", ["kif"] = "Eastern Parbate Kham", ["kig"] = "Kimaama", ["kih"] = "Kilmeri", ["kii"] = "Kitsai", ["kij"] = "基里維納語", ["kil"] = "Kariya", ["kim"] = "圖法語", ["kio"] = "Kiowa", ["kip"] = "Sheshi Kham", ["kiq"] = "Kosadle", ["kis"] = "Kis", ["kit"] = "Agob", ["kiv"] = "Kimbu", ["kiw"] = "東北基瓦伊語", ["kix"] = "Khiamniungan Naga", ["kiy"] = "Kirikiri", ["kiz"] = "Kisi", ["kj"] = "寬亞瑪語", ["kja"] = "Mlap", ["kjb"] = "坎霍瓦爾語", ["kjc"] = "孔喬語", ["kjd"] = "南基瓦伊語", ["kje"] = "Kisar", ["kjg"] = "克木語", ["kjh"] = "哈卡斯語", ["kji"] = "Zabana", ["kjj"] = "奇納魯格語", ["kjk"] = "高地孔喬語", ["kjl"] = "Kham", ["kjm"] = "Kháng", ["kjn"] = "昆堅語", ["kjo"] = "哈里詹金瑙里語", ["kjp"] = "東波克倫語", ["kjq"] = "Western Keres", ["kjr"] = "Kurudu", ["kjs"] = "East Kewa", ["kjt"] = "Phrae Pwo", ["kju"] = "卡沙亞語", ["kjx"] = "Ramopa", ["kjy"] = "Erave", ["kjz"] = "Bumthangkha", ["kk"] = "哈薩克語", ["kka"] = "Kakanda", ["kkb"] = "Kwerisa", ["kkc"] = "Odoodee", ["kkd"] = "Kinuku", ["kke"] = "Kakabe", ["kkf"] = "Kalaktang Monpa", ["kkg"] = "瑪巴佳卡林阿語", ["kkh"] = "傣痕語", ["kki"] = "Kagulu", ["kkj"] = "卡庫語", ["kkk"] = "Kokota", ["kkl"] = "Kosarek Yale", ["kkm"] = "Kiong", ["kkn"] = "Kon Keu", ["kko"] = "Karko", ["kkp"] = "古古-貝拉語", ["kkq"] = "Kaiku", ["kkr"] = "Kir-Balar", ["kks"] = "Kirfi", ["kkt"] = "Koi", ["kku"] = "Tumi", ["kkv"] = "Kangean", ["kkw"] = "Teke-Kukuya", ["kkx"] = "Kohin", ["kky"] = "辜古依密舍語", ["kkz"] = "卡斯卡語", ["kl"] = "格陵蘭語", ["kla"] = "Klamath-Modoc", ["klb"] = "Kiliwa", ["klc"] = "Kolbila", ["kld"] = "卡米拉瑞語", ["kle"] = "Kulung", ["klf"] = "Kendeje", ["klg"] = "達雅高路加拉岸語", ["klh"] = "Weliki", ["kli"] = "Kalumpang", ["klj"] = "哈拉吉語", ["klk"] = "Kono (Nigeria)", ["kll"] = "Kagan Kalagan", ["klm"] = "Kolom", ["kln"] = "卡倫金語", ["klo"] = "Kapya", ["klp"] = "Kamasa", ["klq"] = "Rumu", ["klr"] = "喀靈語", ["kls"] = "卡拉什語", ["klt"] = "Nukna", ["klu"] = "Klao", ["klv"] = "馬斯克林斯語", ["klw"] = "林杜語", ["klx"] = "Koluwawa", ["kly"] = "Kalao", ["klz"] = "Kabola", ["km"] = "高棉語", ["kma"] = "孔尼語", ["kmb"] = "金邦杜語", ["kmc"] = "南侗語", ["kmd"] = "Madukayang Kalinga", ["kme"] = "Bakole", ["kmf"] = "Kare (New Guinea)", ["kmg"] = "Kâte", ["kmh"] = "Kalam", ["kmi"] = "Kami", ["kmj"] = "Kumarbhag Paharia", ["kmk"] = "利莫斯卡林阿語", ["kml"] = "大努丹卡林阿語", ["kmm"] = "Kom (India)", ["kmn"] = "Awtuw", ["kmo"] = "Kwoma", ["kmp"] = "Gimme", ["kmq"] = "Kwama", ["kmr"] = "北庫爾德語", ["kms"] = "Kamasau", ["kmt"] = "Kemtuik", ["kmu"] = "Kanite", ["kmv"] = "Karipúna Creole French", ["kmw"] = "Kumu", ["kmx"] = "Waboda", ["kmy"] = "Koma", ["kmz"] = "呼羅珊尼土耳其語", ["kn"] = "卡納達語", ["kna"] = "Kanakuru", ["knb"] = "盧布阿甘卡林阿語", ["knd"] = "Konda", ["kne"] = "坎卡奈語", ["knf"] = "曼卡尼亞語", ["kni"] = "Kanufi", ["knj"] = "Akatek", ["knk"] = "Kuranko", ["knl"] = "Keninjal", ["knm"] = "Kanamari", ["kno"] = "Kono (Sierra Leone)", ["knp"] = "Kwanja", ["knq"] = "Kintaq", ["knr"] = "Kaningra", ["kns"] = "Kensiu", ["knt"] = "Katukina", ["knu"] = "Kono (Guinea)", ["knv"] = "Tabo", ["knx"] = "Kendayan", ["kny"] = "Kanyok", ["knz"] = "Kalamsé", ["ko"] = "朝鮮語", ["ko-ear"] = "近世朝鮮語", ["koa"] = "Konomala", ["koc"] = "Kpati", ["kod"] = "Kodi", ["koe"] = "Kacipo-Balesi", ["kof"] = "Kubi", ["kog"] = "Cogui", ["koh"] = "Koyo", ["koi"] = "彼爾姆科米語", ["kok"] = "孔卡尼語", ["kol"] = "Kol (New Guinea)", ["koo"] = "Konzo", ["kop"] = "Waube", ["koq"] = "Kota (Gabon)", ["kos"] = "科斯雷恩語", ["kot"] = "Lagwan", ["kou"] = "Koke", ["kov"] = "Kudu-Camo", ["kow"] = "Kugama", ["koy"] = "Koyukon", ["koz"] = "Korak", ["kpa"] = "Kutto", ["kpb"] = "Mullu Kurumba", ["kpc"] = "Curripaco", ["kpd"] = "Koba", ["kpe"] = "克佩列語", ["kpf"] = "Komba", ["kpg"] = "卡平阿馬朗伊語", ["kph"] = "Kplang", ["kpi"] = "Kofei", ["kpj"] = "Karajá", ["kpk"] = "Kpan", ["kpl"] = "Kpala", ["kpm"] = "格賀語", ["kpn"] = "Kepkiriwát", ["kpo"] = "Ikposo", ["kpp"] = "Paku Karen", ["kpq"] = "Korupun-Sela", ["kpr"] = "Korafe-Yegha", ["kps"] = "Tehit", ["kpt"] = "卡拉塔語", ["kpu"] = "Kafoa", ["kpv"] = "茲梁科米語", ["kpw"] = "科邦語", ["kpx"] = "Mountain Koiari", ["kpy"] = "科里亞克語", ["kpz"] = "Kupsabiny", ["kqa"] = "Mum", ["kqb"] = "Kovai", ["kqc"] = "Doromu-Koki", ["kqd"] = "Koy Sanjaq Surat", ["kqe"] = "卡拉甘語", ["kqf"] = "卡卡拜語", ["kqg"] = "Khe", ["kqh"] = "Kisankasa", ["kqi"] = "Koitabu", ["kqj"] = "Koromira", ["kqk"] = "Kotafon Gbe", ["kql"] = "Kyenele", ["kqm"] = "Khisa", ["kqn"] = "卡翁德語", ["kqo"] = "Eastern Krahn", ["kqp"] = "Kimré", ["kqq"] = "Krenak", ["kqr"] = "基馬拉岡語", ["kqs"] = "Northern Kissi", ["kqt"] = "Klias River Kadazan", ["kqu"] = "Seroa", ["kqv"] = "Okolod", ["kqw"] = "Kandas", ["kqx"] = "Mser", ["kqy"] = "Koorete", ["kqz"] = "Korana", ["kr"] = "卡努里語", ["kra"] = "Kumhali", ["krb"] = "Karkin", ["krc"] = "卡拉恰伊-巴爾卡爾語", ["krd"] = "Kairui-Midiki", ["kre"] = "Panará", ["krf"] = "Koro (Vanuatu)", ["krh"] = "Kurama", ["kri"] = "塞拉利昂克里奧爾語", ["krj"] = "基那來阿語", ["krk"] = "克列克語", ["krl"] = "卡累利阿語", ["krm"] = "Krim", ["krn"] = "Sapo", ["kro-pro"] = "原始克魯語", ["krp"] = "Korop", ["krr"] = "Kru'ng", ["krs"] = "Kresh", ["kru"] = "庫魯克語", ["krv"] = "Kavet", ["krw"] = "Western Krahn", ["krx"] = "Karon", ["kry"] = "克里茨語", ["krz"] = "Sota Kanum", ["ks"] = "克什米爾語", ["ksa"] = "Shuwa-Zamani", ["ksb"] = "尚巴拉語", ["ksc"] = "南卡林阿語", ["ksd"] = "庫阿努阿語", ["kse"] = "Kuni", ["ksf"] = "巴菲亞語", ["ksg"] = "Kusaghe", ["ksi"] = "Krisa", ["ksj"] = "Uare", ["ksk"] = "Kansa", ["ksl"] = "庫馬爾語", ["ksm"] = "Kumba", ["ksn"] = "Kasiguranin", ["kso"] = "Kofa", ["ksp"] = "Kaba", ["ksq"] = "Kwaami", ["ksr"] = "Borong", ["kss"] = "Southern Kissi", ["kst"] = "Winyé", ["ksu"] = "坎佯語", ["ksv"] = "Kusu", ["ksw"] = "斯高克倫語", ["ksx"] = "Kedang", ["ksy"] = "卡里亞塔爾語", ["ksz"] = "Kodaku", ["kta"] = "Katua", ["ktb"] = "卡姆巴塔語", ["ktc"] = "Kholok", ["ktd"] = "科卡塔語", ["ktf"] = "Kwami", ["ktg"] = "卡爾庫通語", ["kth"] = "Karanga", ["kti"] = "North Muyu", ["ktj"] = "Plapo Krumen", ["ktk"] = "Kaniet", ["ktl"] = "Koroshi", ["ktm"] = "Kurti", ["ktn"] = "Karitiâna", ["kto"] = "Kuot", ["ktp"] = "Kaduo", ["ktq"] = "Katabaga", ["ktr"] = "Kota Marudu Tinagas", ["kts"] = "South Muyu", ["ktt"] = "Ketum", ["ktu"] = "吉土巴語", ["ktv"] = "Eastern Katu", ["ktw"] = "Kato", ["ktx"] = "Kaxararí", ["kty"] = "Kango", ["ktz"] = "朱洪語", ["ku"] = "庫爾德語", ["ku-pro"] = "原始庫爾德語", ["kub"] = "Kutep", ["kuc"] = "Kwinsu", ["kud"] = "奧赫拉瓦語", ["kue"] = "Kuman", ["kuf"] = "Western Katu", ["kug"] = "Kupa", ["kuh"] = "Kushi", ["kui"] = "Kuikúro", ["kuj"] = "Kuria", ["kuk"] = "Kepo'", ["kul"] = "Kulere", ["kum"] = "庫梅克語", ["kun"] = "Kunama", ["kuo"] = "Kumukio", ["kup"] = "Kunimaipa", ["kuq"] = "Karipuna", ["kus"] = "Kusaal", ["kut"] = "庫特奈語", ["kuu"] = "Upper Kuskokwim", ["kuv"] = "Kur", ["kuw"] = "Kpagua", ["kux"] = "庫卡吉語", ["kuy"] = "庫庫-亞烏語", ["kuz"] = "坤扎語", ["kva"] = "巴格瓦拉爾語", ["kvb"] = "Kubu", ["kvc"] = "Kove", ["kvd"] = "Kui (Indonesia)", ["kve"] = "Kalabakan", ["kvf"] = "Kabalai", ["kvg"] = "Kuni-Boazi", ["kvh"] = "科莫多語", ["kvi"] = "Kwang", ["kvj"] = "Psikye", ["kvk"] = "Korean Sign Language", ["kvl"] = "Brek Karen", ["kvm"] = "Kendem", ["kvn"] = "Border Kuna", ["kvo"] = "Dobel", ["kvp"] = "Kompane", ["kvq"] = "Geba Karen", ["kvr"] = "Kerinci", ["kvt"] = "Lahta Karen", ["kvu"] = "Yinbaw Karen", ["kvv"] = "Kola", ["kvw"] = "Wersing", ["kvx"] = "帕卡里科里語", ["kvy"] = "Yintale Karen", ["kvz"] = "Tsakwambo", ["kw"] = "康沃爾語", ["kwa"] = "Dâw", ["kwb"] = "Baa", ["kwc"] = "Likwala", ["kwd"] = "Kwaio", ["kwe"] = "Kwerba", ["kwf"] = "夸拉阿埃語", ["kwg"] = "Sara Kaba Deme", ["kwh"] = "Kowiai", ["kwi"] = "Awa-Cuaiquer", ["kwj"] = "Kwanga", ["kwk"] = "夸加特爾語", ["kwl"] = "Kofyar", ["kwm"] = "Kwambi", ["kwn"] = "Kwangali", ["kwo"] = "Kwomtari", ["kwp"] = "Kodia", ["kwq"] = "Kwak", ["kwr"] = "Kwer", ["kws"] = "Kwese", ["kwt"] = "Kwesten", ["kwu"] = "Kwakum", ["kwv"] = "Sara Kaba Náà", ["kww"] = "Kwinti", ["kwx"] = "Khirwar", ["kwz"] = "Kwadi", ["kxa"] = "Kairiru", ["kxb"] = "克羅布語", ["kxc"] = "Khonso", ["kxd"] = "汶萊馬來語", ["kxe"] = "Kakihum", ["kxf"] = "Manumanaw Karen", ["kxh"] = "Karo", ["kxi"] = "Keningau Murut", ["kxj"] = "Kulfa", ["kxk"] = "Zayein Karen", ["kxl"] = "Nepali Kurux", ["kxm"] = "北部高棉語", ["kxn"] = "Kanowit", ["kxo"] = "Kanoé", ["kxp"] = "瓦迪雅拉科里語", ["kxq"] = "Smärky Kanum", ["kxr"] = "Koro (New Guinea)", ["kxs"] = "Kangjia", ["kxt"] = "Koiwat", ["kxu"] = "Kui (India)", ["kxv"] = "Kuvi", ["kxw"] = "Konai", ["kxx"] = "Likuba", ["kxy"] = "Kayong", ["kxz"] = "Kerewo", ["ky"] = "吉爾吉斯語", ["kya"] = "Kwaya", ["kyb"] = "Butbut Kalinga", ["kyc"] = "Kyaka", ["kyd"] = "Karey", ["kye"] = "Krache", ["kyf"] = "Kouya", ["kyg"] = "Keyagana", ["kyh"] = "Karok", ["kyi"] = "基普特語", ["kyj"] = "加勞語", ["kyk"] = "卡馬尤語", ["kyl"] = "卡拉普亞語", ["kym"] = "Kpatili", ["kyn"] = "Karolanos", ["kyo"] = "Kelon", ["kyp"] = "Kang", ["kyq"] = "Kenga", ["kyr"] = "Kuruáya", ["kys"] = "Baram Kayan", ["kyt"] = "Kayagar", ["kyu"] = "西克耶語", ["kyv"] = "Kayort", ["kyw"] = "庫德馬里語", ["kyx"] = "Rapoisi", ["kyy"] = "Kambaira", ["kyz"] = "Kayabí", ["kza"] = "Western Karaboro", ["kzb"] = "Kaibobo", ["kzc"] = "Bondoukou Kulango", ["kzd"] = "Kadai", ["kze"] = "Kosena", ["kzf"] = "Da'a Kaili", ["kzg"] = "喜界語", ["kzh"] = "Dongolawi", ["kzi"] = "Kelabit", ["kzj"] = "Coastal Kadazan", ["kzk"] = "Kazukuru", ["kzl"] = "Kayeli", ["kzm"] = "Kais", ["kzn"] = "Kokola", ["kzo"] = "Kaningi", ["kzp"] = "Kaidipang", ["kzq"] = "Kaike", ["kzr"] = "Karang", ["kzs"] = "Sugut Dusun", ["kzt"] = "Tambunan Dusun", ["kzu"] = "Kayupulau", ["kzv"] = "Komyandaret", ["kzw"] = "Kariri", ["kzx"] = "Kamarian", ["kzy"] = "Kango-Sua", ["kzz"] = "Kalabra", ["la"] = "拉丁語", ["laa"] = "拉布揚-蘇巴農語", ["lab"] = "線形文字A", ["lac"] = "拉坎敦語", ["lad"] = "拉蒂諾語", ["lae"] = "Pattani", ["laf"] = "Lafofa", ["lag"] = "朗吉語", ["lah"] = "蘭達語", ["lai"] = "Lambya", ["laj"] = "Lango (Uganda)", ["lak"] = "Laka", ["lam"] = "蘭巴語", ["lan"] = "Laru", ["lap"] = "Kabba-Laka", ["laq"] = "普標語", ["lar"] = "Larteh", ["las"] = "古爾拉瑪語", ["lau"] = "Laba", ["law"] = "Lauje", ["lax"] = "提瓦語", ["lay"] = "拉瑪白語", ["laz"] = "Aribwatsa", ["lb"] = "盧森堡語", ["lbb"] = "Label", ["lbc"] = "拉珈語", ["lbe"] = "拉克語", ["lbf"] = "Tinani", ["lbg"] = "Laopang", ["lbi"] = "La'bi", ["lbj"] = "拉達克語", ["lbk"] = "中邦托克語", ["lbl"] = "利邦比科爾語", ["lbm"] = "洛迪語", ["lbn"] = "Lamet", ["lbo"] = "Laven", ["lbq"] = "Wampar", ["lbr"] = "Northern Lorung", ["lbs"] = "利比亞手語", ["lbt"] = "拉基語", ["lbu"] = "Labu", ["lbv"] = "Lavatbura-Lamusong", ["lbw"] = "Tolaki", ["lbx"] = "Lawangan", ["lby"] = "Lamu-Lamu", ["lbz"] = "拉爾迪爾語", ["lcc"] = "Legenyem", ["lcd"] = "Lola", ["lce"] = "Loncong", ["lcf"] = "Lubu", ["lch"] = "Luchazi", ["lcl"] = "Lisela", ["lcm"] = "Tungag", ["lcp"] = "西拉威語", ["lcq"] = "Luhu", ["lcs"] = "Lisabata-Nuniali", ["lda"] = "Kla", ["ldb"] = "Idun", ["ldd"] = "Luri (Nigeria)", ["ldg"] = "Lenyima", ["ldh"] = "Lamja-Dengsa-Tola", ["ldj"] = "Lemoro", ["ldk"] = "Leelau", ["ldl"] = "Kaan", ["ldm"] = "Landoma", ["ldn"] = "拉丹語", ["ldo"] = "Loo", ["ldp"] = "Tso", ["ldq"] = "Lufu", ["lea"] = "Lega-Shabunda", ["leb"] = "Lala-Bisa", ["lec"] = "Leco", ["led"] = "Lendu", ["lee"] = "Lyélé", ["lef"] = "Lelemi", ["leh"] = "倫杰語", ["lei"] = "Lemio", ["lej"] = "Lengola", ["lek"] = "Leipon", ["lel"] = "Lele (Congo)", ["lem"] = "Nomaande", ["len"] = "Honduran Lenca", ["leo"] = "Leti (Cameroon)", ["lep"] = "絨巴語", ["leq"] = "Lembena", ["ler"] = "Lenkau", ["les"] = "Lese", ["let"] = "Lesing-Gelimi", ["leu"] = "Kara (New Guinea)", ["lev"] = "Lamma", ["lew"] = "Ledo Kaili", ["lex"] = "Luang", ["ley"] = "Lemolang", ["lez"] = "列茲金語", ["lfa"] = "Lefa", ["lfn"] = "新共同語言", ["lg"] = "盧干達語", ["lga"] = "Lungga", ["lgb"] = "Laghu", ["lgg"] = "Lugbara", ["lgh"] = "Laghuu", ["lgi"] = "Lengilu", ["lgk"] = "林加拉克語", ["lgl"] = "Wala", ["lgm"] = "Lega-Mwenga", ["lgn"] = "Opuuo", ["lgq"] = "Logba", ["lgr"] = "Lengo", ["lgt"] = "Pahi", ["lgu"] = "Longgu", ["lgz"] = "Ligenza", ["lha"] = "拉哈語(越南)", ["lhh"] = "Laha (Indonesia)", ["lhi"] = "Lahu Shi", ["lhl"] = "拉胡爾洛哈爾語", ["lhn"] = "Lahanan", ["lhp"] = "Lhokpu", ["lhs"] = "Mlahsö", ["lht"] = "Lo-Toga", ["lhu"] = "拉祜語", ["li"] = "林堡語", ["lia"] = "West-Central Limba", ["lib"] = "Likum", ["lic"] = "黎語", ["lid"] = "Nyindrou", ["lie"] = "Likila", ["lif"] = "林布語", ["lig"] = "Ligbi", ["lih"] = "Lihir", ["lii"] = "Lingkhim", ["lij"] = "利古里亞語", ["lik"] = "Lika", ["lil"] = "Lillooet", ["lio"] = "Liki", ["lip"] = "Sekpele", ["liq"] = "Libido", ["lir"] = "利比里亞英語", ["lis"] = "傈僳語", ["liu"] = "Logorik", ["liv"] = "立窩尼亞語", ["liw"] = "Col", ["lix"] = "Liabuku", ["liy"] = "Banda-Bambari", ["liz"] = "Libinza", ["lja"] = "Golpa", ["lje"] = "Rampi", ["lji"] = "Laiyolo", ["ljl"] = "Li'o", ["ljp"] = "楠榜阿皮語", ["ljw"] = "Yirandali", ["ljx"] = "尤魯語", ["lka"] = "Lakalei", ["lkb"] = "Kabras", ["lkc"] = "Kucong", ["lkd"] = "Lakondê", ["lke"] = "Kenyi", ["lkh"] = "Lakha", ["lki"] = "拉科語", ["lkj"] = "Remun", ["lkl"] = "Laeko-Libuat", ["lkm"] = "卡拉馬雅語", ["lkn"] = "Lakon", ["lko"] = "Khayo", ["lkr"] = "Päri", ["lks"] = "Kisa", ["lkt"] = "拉科塔語", ["lku"] = "昆卡里語", ["lky"] = "Lokoya", ["lla"] = "Lala-Roba", ["llb"] = "Lolo", ["llc"] = "Lele (Guinea)", ["lld"] = "拉登語", ["lle"] = "Lele (New Guinea)", ["llf"] = "Hermit", ["llg"] = "Lole", ["llh"] = "Lamu", ["lli"] = "Teke-Laali", ["llj"] = "拉吉拉吉語", ["llk"] = "Lelak", ["lll"] = "Lilau", ["llm"] = "Lasalimu", ["lln"] = "Lele (Chad)", ["llo"] = "Khlor", ["llp"] = "North Efate", ["llq"] = "Lolak", ["lls"] = "立陶宛手語", ["llu"] = "Lau", ["llx"] = "Lauan", ["lma"] = "East Limba", ["lmb"] = "Merei", ["lmc"] = "利米爾甘語", ["lmd"] = "Lumun", ["lme"] = "Pévé", ["lmf"] = "South Lembata", ["lmg"] = "Lamogai", ["lmh"] = "Lambichhong", ["lmi"] = "Lombi", ["lmj"] = "West Lembata", ["lmk"] = "Lamkang", ["lml"] = "Raga", ["lmn"] = "蘭巴蒂語", ["lmo"] = "倫巴底語", ["lmp"] = "Limbum", ["lmq"] = "Lamatuka", ["lmr"] = "Lamalera", ["lmu"] = "Lamenu", ["lmv"] = "Lomaiviti", ["lmw"] = "Lake Miwok", ["lmx"] = "Laimbue", ["lmy"] = "拉姆博亞語", ["lmz"] = "Lumbee", ["ln"] = "林加拉語", ["lna"] = "Langbashe", ["lnb"] = "Mbalanhu", ["lnd"] = "弄巴灣語", ["lnh"] = "Lanoh", ["lni"] = "Daantanai'", ["lnj"] = "Linngithigh", ["lnl"] = "South Central Banda", ["lnm"] = "Langam", ["lnn"] = "Lorediakarkar", ["lno"] = "Lango (Sudan)", ["lns"] = "Lamnso'", ["lnu"] = "Longuda", ["lnw"] = "Lanima", ["lo"] = "老撾語", ["loa"] = "Loloda", ["lob"] = "Lobi", ["loc"] = "Inonhan", ["lod"] = "Berawan", ["loe"] = "Saluan", ["lof"] = "Logol", ["log"] = "Logo", ["loh"] = "Narim", ["loi"] = "Lomakka", ["loj"] = "露語", ["lok"] = "Loko", ["lol"] = "芒戈語", ["lom"] = "Looma", ["lon"] = "Malawi Lomwe", ["loo"] = "Lombo", ["lop"] = "Lopa", ["loq"] = "Lobala", ["lor"] = "Téén", ["los"] = "Loniu", ["lot"] = "Lotuko", ["lou"] = "路易斯安納克里奧爾法語", ["lov"] = "Lopi", ["low"] = "Tampias Lobu", ["lox"] = "Loun", ["loz"] = "洛齊語", ["lpa"] = "Lelepa", ["lpe"] = "Lepki", ["lpn"] = "Long Phuri Naga", ["lpo"] = "里潑語", ["lpx"] = "Lopit", ["lra"] = "Rara Bakati'", ["lrc"] = "北盧里語", ["lre"] = "Laurentian", ["lrg"] = "拉拉吉亞語", ["lri"] = "Marachi", ["lrk"] = "洛亞基語", ["lrl"] = "拉里語", ["lrm"] = "Marama", ["lrn"] = "Lorang", ["lro"] = "Laro", ["lrr"] = "Southern Lorung", ["lrt"] = "Larantuka Malay", ["lrv"] = "Larevat", ["lrz"] = "Lemerig", ["lsa"] = "拉斯格爾迪語", ["lsd"] = "Lishana Deni", ["lse"] = "Lusengo", ["lsh"] = "Lish", ["lsi"] = "勒期語", ["lsl"] = "拉脫維亞手語", ["lsm"] = "Saamia", ["lso"] = "老撾手語", ["lsp"] = "巴拿馬手語", ["lsr"] = "Aruop", ["lss"] = "臘斯語", ["lst"] = "千里達及托巴哥手語", ["lsy"] = "毛里求斯手語", ["lt"] = "立陶宛語", ["ltc"] = "中古漢語", ["ltg"] = "拉特加萊語", ["lti"] = "勒蒂語", ["ltn"] = "Latundê", ["lto"] = "Olutsotso", ["lts"] = "Lutachoni", ["ltu"] = "Latu", ["lu"] = "盧巴卡丹加語", ["lua"] = "魯巴魯魯亞語", ["luc"] = "Aringa", ["lud"] = "盧迪茨語", ["lue"] = "Luvale", ["luf"] = "Laua", ["lui"] = "路易塞諾語", ["luj"] = "Luna", ["luk"] = "Lunanakha", ["lul"] = "Olu'bo", ["lum"] = "Luimbi", ["lun"] = "盧恩達語", ["luo"] = "盧歐語", ["lup"] = "Lumbu", ["luq"] = "Lucumi", ["lur"] = "Laura", ["lus"] = "米佐語", ["lut"] = "盧紹錫德語", ["luu"] = "Lumba-Yakkha", ["luv"] = "魯瓦蒂語", ["luy"] = "盧希亞語", ["luz"] = "南盧里語", ["lv"] = "拉脫維亞語", ["lva"] = "Maku'a", ["lvi"] = "Lawi", ["lvk"] = "Lavukaleve", ["lvu"] = "Levuka", ["lwa"] = "Lwalu", ["lwe"] = "Lewo Eleng", ["lwg"] = "Wanga", ["lwh"] = "白拉基語", ["lwl"] = "東拉威語", ["lwm"] = "老緬語", ["lwo"] = "Luwo", ["lws"] = "馬拉威手語", ["lwt"] = "Lewotobi", ["lwu"] = "Lawu", ["lww"] = "Lewo", ["lya"] = "Layakha", ["lyg"] = "林甘語", ["lyn"] = "Luyana", ["lzh"] = "文言文", ["lzl"] = "Litzlitz", ["lzn"] = "Leinong Naga", ["lzz"] = "拉茲語", ["maa"] = "聖赫羅尼莫特科阿特爾馬薩特克語", ["mab"] = "尤坦杜奇米斯特克語", ["mad"] = "馬都拉語", ["mae"] = "Bo-Rukul", ["maf"] = "馬法語", ["mag"] = "馬加希語", ["mai"] = "邁蒂利語", ["maj"] = "哈拉佩德迪亞茲馬薩特克語", ["mak"] = "望加錫語", ["mam"] = "馬姆語", ["man"] = "曼丁哥語", ["map-ata-pro"] = "原始泰雅語", ["map-bms"] = "班尤馬山語", ["map-kxv"] = "噶哈巫語", ["map-pro"] = "原始南島語", ["map-trv"] = "太魯閣語", ["map-twk"] = "道卡斯語", ["maq"] = "奇危特蘭馬薩特克語", ["mas"] = "馬賽語", ["mat"] = "馬特拉爾辛卡語", ["mau"] = "瓦烏特拉馬薩特克語", ["mav"] = "Sateré-Mawé", ["maw"] = "曼普魯西語", ["max"] = "北摩鹿加馬來語", ["maz"] = "中馬薩瓦語", ["mba"] = "希高農語", ["mbb"] = "西布基農-馬諾博語", ["mbc"] = "Macushi", ["mbd"] = "迪巴巴旺-馬諾博語", ["mbe"] = "Molale", ["mbf"] = "峇峇馬來語", ["mbh"] = "Mangseng", ["mbi"] = "伊利亞農-馬諾博語", ["mbj"] = "Nadëb", ["mbk"] = "Malol", ["mbl"] = "Maxakalí", ["mbm"] = "Ombamba", ["mbn"] = "Macaguán", ["mbo"] = "Mbo (Cameroon)", ["mbp"] = "Wiwa", ["mbq"] = "Maisin", ["mbr"] = "Nukak Makú", ["mbs"] = "薩蘭加尼-馬諾博語", ["mbt"] = "馬蒂沙祿-馬諾博語", ["mbu"] = "Mbula-Bwazza", ["mbv"] = "Mbulungish", ["mbw"] = "Maring", ["mbx"] = "Sepik Mari", ["mby"] = "梅莫尼語", ["mbz"] = "阿莫爾特佩卡米斯特克語", ["mca"] = "Maca", ["mcb"] = "Machiguenga", ["mcc"] = "Bitur", ["mcd"] = "Sharanahua", ["mce"] = "伊通杜希亞米斯特克語", ["mcf"] = "Matsés", ["mcg"] = "Mapoyo", ["mch"] = "Maquiritari", ["mci"] = "Mese", ["mcj"] = "Mvanip", ["mck"] = "Mbunda", ["mcl"] = "Macaguaje", ["mcm"] = "馬六甲克里奧爾葡萄牙語", ["mcn"] = "Masana", ["mco"] = "科阿特蘭米塞語", ["mcp"] = "Makaa", ["mcq"] = "埃塞語", ["mcr"] = "Menya", ["mcs"] = "Mambai", ["mcu"] = "Cameroon Mambila", ["mcv"] = "Minanibai", ["mcw"] = "Mawa", ["mcx"] = "Mpiemo", ["mcy"] = "South Watut", ["mcz"] = "Mawan", ["mda"] = "Mada (Nigeria)", ["mdb"] = "Morigi", ["mdc"] = "Male", ["mdd"] = "Mbum", ["mde"] = "馬巴語", ["mdf"] = "莫克沙語", ["mdg"] = "Massalat", ["mdh"] = "馬京達瑙語", ["mdi"] = "Mamvu", ["mdj"] = "Mangbetu", ["mdk"] = "Mangbutu", ["mdl"] = "馬爾他手語", ["mdm"] = "Mayogo", ["mdn"] = "Mbati", ["mdp"] = "Mbala", ["mdq"] = "Mbole", ["mdr"] = "曼達爾語", ["mds"] = "Maria", ["mdt"] = "Mbere", ["mdu"] = "Mboko", ["mdv"] = "聖盧西亞蒙泰韋爾米斯特克語", ["mdw"] = "Mbosi", ["mdx"] = "Dizin", ["mdy"] = "Maale", ["mdz"] = "Suruí Do Pará", ["mea"] = "Menka", ["meb"] = "Ikobi-Mena", ["mec"] = "瑪拉語", ["med"] = "Melpa", ["mee"] = "Mengen", ["mef"] = "Megam", ["meg"] = "Mea", ["meh"] = "西南特拉夏科米斯特克語", ["mei"] = "Midob", ["mej"] = "Meyah", ["mek"] = "梅凱奧語", ["mel"] = "中馬蘭諾語", ["mem"] = "Mangala", ["men"] = "門德語", ["meo"] = "吉打馬來語", ["mep"] = "Miriwung", ["meq"] = "Merey", ["mer"] = "梅魯語", ["mes"] = "Masmaje", ["met"] = "Mato", ["meu"] = "莫圖語", ["mev"] = "Mano", ["mew"] = "Maaka", ["mey"] = "哈桑語", ["mez"] = "Menominee", ["mfa"] = "北大年馬來語", ["mfb"] = "Bangka", ["mfc"] = "Mba", ["mfd"] = "Mendankwe-Nkwen", ["mfe"] = "毛里求斯克里奧爾語", ["mff"] = "Naki", ["mfg"] = "Mixifore", ["mfh"] = "馬特爾語", ["mfi"] = "Wandala", ["mfj"] = "Mefele", ["mfk"] = "North Mofu", ["mfl"] = "Putai", ["mfm"] = "Marghi South", ["mfn"] = "Cross River Mbembe", ["mfo"] = "Mbe", ["mfp"] = "望加錫馬來語", ["mfq"] = "Moba", ["mfr"] = "馬里蒂爾語", ["mfs"] = "墨西哥手語", ["mft"] = "Mokerang", ["mfu"] = "Mbwela", ["mfv"] = "Mandjak", ["mfw"] = "Mulaha", ["mfx"] = "Melo", ["mfy"] = "馬約語", ["mfz"] = "Mabaan", ["mg"] = "馬拉加斯語", ["mga"] = "中古愛爾蘭語", ["mgb"] = "Mararit", ["mgc"] = "Morokodo", ["mgd"] = "Moru", ["mge"] = "Mango", ["mgf"] = "Maklew", ["mgg"] = "Mpongmpong", ["mgh"] = "馬夸語", ["mgi"] = "Jili", ["mgj"] = "Abureni", ["mgk"] = "Mawes", ["mgl"] = "Maleu-Kilenge", ["mgm"] = "Mambae", ["mgn"] = "Mbangi", ["mgo"] = "美塔語", ["mgp"] = "東馬嘉爾語", ["mgq"] = "Malila", ["mgr"] = "曼布韋-倫古語", ["mgs"] = "曼達語(坦桑尼亞)", ["mgt"] = "Mongol", ["mgu"] = "Mailu", ["mgv"] = "Matengo", ["mgw"] = "Matumbi", ["mgy"] = "Mbunga", ["mgz"] = "Mbugwe", ["mh"] = "馬紹爾語", ["mha"] = "曼達語(印度)", ["mhb"] = "Mahongwe", ["mhc"] = "莫喬語", ["mhd"] = "Mbugu", ["mhe"] = "Besisi", ["mhf"] = "Mamaa", ["mhg"] = "馬爾古語", ["mhi"] = "Ma'di", ["mhj"] = "蒙戈勒語", ["mhk"] = "Mungaka", ["mhl"] = "Mauwake", ["mhm"] = "Makhuwa-Moniga", ["mhn"] = "默切諾語", ["mho"] = "Mashi", ["mhp"] = "峇里馬來語", ["mhq"] = "Mandan", ["mhs"] = "Buru (Indonesia)", ["mht"] = "Mandahuaca", ["mhu"] = "Taraon", ["mhw"] = "Mbukushu", ["mhx"] = "Lhao Vo", ["mhy"] = "Ma'anyan", ["mhz"] = "Mor (Austronesian)", ["mi"] = "毛利語", ["mia"] = "Miami", ["mib"] = "阿塔特拉烏卡米斯特克語", ["mic"] = "密克馬克語", ["mid"] = "曼達安語", ["mie"] = "奧科特佩克米斯特克語", ["mif"] = "Mofu-Gudur", ["mig"] = "大聖米蓋爾米斯特克語", ["mih"] = "查尤科米斯特克語", ["mii"] = "奇格梅卡蒂特蘭米斯特克語", ["mij"] = "Mungbam", ["mik"] = "密卡蘇奇語", ["mil"] = "佩諾爾斯米斯特克語", ["mim"] = "阿拉卡特拉扎拉米斯特克語", ["min"] = "米南佳保語", ["mio"] = "皮諾特帕納雄耐爾米斯特克語", ["mip"] = "阿帕斯科-阿波亞拉米斯特克語", ["miq"] = "米斯基托語", ["mir"] = "地峽米塞語", ["mit"] = "南普埃布拉米斯特克語", ["miu"] = "卡卡洛斯特佩克米斯特克語", ["miw"] = "Akoye", ["mix"] = "米斯特佩克米斯特克語", ["miy"] = "阿尤特拉米斯特克語", ["miz"] = "科亞佐斯潘米斯特克語", ["mjb"] = "Makalero", ["mjc"] = "聖胡安科羅拉多米斯特克語", ["mjd"] = "西北邁杜語", ["mje"] = "Muskum", ["mjg"] = "土族語", ["mji"] = "金門語", ["mjj"] = "Mawak", ["mjk"] = "Matukar", ["mjl"] = "曼迪阿里語", ["mjm"] = "Medebur", ["mjn"] = "Mebu", ["mjo"] = "Malankuravan", ["mjp"] = "Malapandaram", ["mjq"] = "Malaryan", ["mjr"] = "Malavedan", ["mjs"] = "Miship", ["mjt"] = "Sawriya Paharia", ["mju"] = "Manna-Dora", ["mjv"] = "Mannan", ["mjw"] = "Karbi", ["mjx"] = "Mahali", ["mjy"] = "莫希干語", ["mjz"] = "邁希語", ["mk"] = "馬其頓語", ["mka"] = "Mbre", ["mkb"] = "馬爾帕哈里亞語", ["mkc"] = "Siliput", ["mke"] = "茂奇語", ["mkf"] = "Miya", ["mkg"] = "莫語", ["mkh-asl-pro"] = "原始亞斯里語", ["mkh-ban-pro"] = "原始巴拿語", ["mkh-kat-pro"] = "原始戈都語", ["mkh-khm-pro"] = "原始克木語", ["mkh-kmr-pro"] = "原始高棉語", ["mkh-mmn"] = "中古孟語", ["mkh-mnc-pro"] = "原始孟語", ["mkh-mvi"] = "中古越南語", ["mkh-okm"] = "古高棉語", ["mkh-pal-pro"] = "原始佤德昂語", ["mkh-pea-pro"] = "原始比爾語", ["mkh-pkn-pro"] = "Proto-Pakanic", ["mkh-pro"] = "原始孟-高棉語", ["mkh-vie-pro"] = "原始越語", ["mki"] = "達特基語", ["mkj"] = "Mokilese", ["mkk"] = "Byep", ["mkl"] = "Mokole", ["mkm"] = "Moklen", ["mkn"] = "古邦馬來語", ["mko"] = "Mingang Doso", ["mkp"] = "Moikodi", ["mkq"] = "Bay Miwok", ["mkr"] = "Malas", ["mks"] = "西拉卡約亞潘米斯特克語", ["mkt"] = "Vamale", ["mku"] = "Konyanka Maninka", ["mkv"] = "Mafea", ["mkx"] = "甘米銀-馬諾博語", ["mky"] = "East Makian", ["mkz"] = "Makasae", ["ml"] = "馬拉雅拉姆語", ["mla"] = "Tamambo", ["mlb"] = "Mbule", ["mlc"] = "高欄語", ["mle"] = "Manambu", ["mlf"] = "Mal", ["mlh"] = "Mape", ["mli"] = "Malimpung", ["mlj"] = "Miltu", ["mlk"] = "Ilwana", ["mll"] = "Malua Bay", ["mlm"] = "仫佬語", ["mln"] = "Malango", ["mlo"] = "Mlomp", ["mlp"] = "Bargam", ["mlq"] = "Western Maninkakan", ["mlr"] = "Vame", ["mls"] = "Masalit", ["mlu"] = "To'abaita", ["mlv"] = "Mwotlap", ["mlw"] = "Moloko", ["mlx"] = "Malfaxal", ["mlz"] = "Malaynon", ["mma"] = "Mama", ["mmb"] = "Momina", ["mmc"] = "米卻肯馬薩瓦語", ["mmd"] = "毛南語", ["mme"] = "Mae", ["mmf"] = "Mundat", ["mmg"] = "North Ambrym", ["mmh"] = "Mehináku", ["mmi"] = "Musar", ["mmj"] = "Majhwar", ["mmk"] = "Mukha-Dora", ["mml"] = "Man Met", ["mmm"] = "邁伊語", ["mmn"] = "瑪曼瓦語", ["mmo"] = "Mangga Buang", ["mmp"] = "Musan", ["mmq"] = "艾西語", ["mmr"] = "西部湘西苗語", ["mmt"] = "Malalamai", ["mmu"] = "Mmaala", ["mmv"] = "Miriti", ["mmw"] = "Emae", ["mmx"] = "Madak", ["mmy"] = "Migaama", ["mmz"] = "Mabaale", ["mn"] = "蒙古語", ["mna"] = "Mbula", ["mnb"] = "Muna", ["mnc"] = "滿語", ["mnd"] = "Mondé", ["mne"] = "Naba", ["mnf"] = "Mundani", ["mng"] = "東墨儂語", ["mnh"] = "Mono (Congo)", ["mni"] = "曼尼普爾語", ["mnj"] = "蒙賈尼語", ["mnk"] = "曼丁哥語", ["mnl"] = "Tiale", ["mnm"] = "Mapena", ["mnn"] = "南墨儂語", ["mnp"] = "閩北語", ["mnq"] = "Minriq", ["mnr"] = "Mono (California)", ["mns"] = "曼西語", ["mnt"] = "馬伊庫蘭語", ["mnu"] = "Mer", ["mnv"] = "拉納爾語", ["mnw"] = "孟語", ["mnx"] = "Manikion", ["mny"] = "Manyawa", ["mnz"] = "Moni", ["moa"] = "Mwan", ["moc"] = "Mocoví", ["mod"] = "Mobilian", ["moe"] = "蒙大拿語", ["mog"] = "蒙貢多語", ["moh"] = "莫霍克語", ["moi"] = "Mboi", ["moj"] = "Monzombo", ["mok"] = "Morori", ["mom"] = "Monimbo", ["moo"] = "Monom", ["mop"] = "莫潘瑪雅語", ["moq"] = "Mor (Papuan)", ["mor"] = "Moro", ["mos"] = "莫西語", ["mot"] = "Barí", ["mou"] = "Mogum", ["mov"] = "Mojave", ["mow"] = "Moi (Congo)", ["mox"] = "Molima", ["moy"] = "Shekkacho", ["moz"] = "Mukulu", ["mpa"] = "Mpoto", ["mpb"] = "馬拉克馬拉克語", ["mpc"] = "曼加拉伊語", ["mpd"] = "Machinere", ["mpe"] = "馬江語", ["mpg"] = "馬爾巴語", ["mph"] = "毛翁語", ["mpi"] = "Mpade", ["mpj"] = "馬圖汪加語", ["mpk"] = "姆巴拉語(乍得)", ["mpl"] = "Middle Watut", ["mpm"] = "約松杜亞米斯特克語", ["mpn"] = "Mindiri", ["mpo"] = "Miu", ["mpp"] = "Migabac", ["mpq"] = "Matís", ["mpr"] = "Vangunu", ["mps"] = "Dadibi", ["mpt"] = "Mian", ["mpu"] = "Makuráp", ["mpv"] = "Mungkip", ["mpw"] = "Mapidian", ["mpx"] = "Misima-Paneati", ["mpy"] = "Mapia", ["mpz"] = "Mpi", ["mqa"] = "Maba", ["mqb"] = "Mbuko", ["mqc"] = "Mangole", ["mqe"] = "Matepi", ["mqf"] = "Momuna", ["mqg"] = "Kota Bangun Kutai Malay", ["mqh"] = "特拉索亞爾特佩克米斯特克語", ["mqi"] = "Mariri", ["mqj"] = "馬馬薩語", ["mqk"] = "拉賈卡本選-馬諾博語", ["mql"] = "Mbelime", ["mqm"] = "南馬克薩斯語", ["mqn"] = "Moronene", ["mqo"] = "Modole", ["mqp"] = "Manipa", ["mqq"] = "Minokok", ["mqr"] = "Mander", ["mqs"] = "西馬基安語", ["mqt"] = "Mok", ["mqu"] = "Mandari", ["mqv"] = "Mosimo", ["mqw"] = "Murupi", ["mqx"] = "Mamuju", ["mqy"] = "芒加萊語", ["mqz"] = "Malasanga", ["mr"] = "馬拉地語", ["mra"] = "Mlabri", ["mrb"] = "Marino", ["mrc"] = "馬里科帕語", ["mrd"] = "西馬嘉爾語", ["mre"] = "瑪莎葡萄園島手語", ["mrf"] = "Elseng", ["mrg"] = "Mising", ["mrh"] = "Mara Chin", ["mrj"] = "山地馬里語", ["mrk"] = "Hmwaveke", ["mrl"] = "Mortlockese", ["mrm"] = "Merlav", ["mrn"] = "切克霍羅語", ["mro"] = "Mru", ["mrp"] = "Morouas", ["mrq"] = "北馬克薩斯語", ["mrr"] = "Hill Maria", ["mrs"] = "Maragus", ["mrt"] = "Margi", ["mru"] = "Mono (Cameroon)", ["mrv"] = "Mangarevan", ["mrw"] = "馬拉瑙語", ["mrx"] = "迪內奧爾語", ["mry"] = "Karaga Mandaya", ["mrz"] = "Marind", ["ms"] = "馬來語", ["msb"] = "馬斯巴特語", ["msc"] = "Sankaran Maninka", ["msd"] = "猶加敦瑪雅手語", ["mse"] = "Musey", ["msf"] = "Mekwei", ["msg"] = "Moraid", ["msi"] = "沙巴馬來語", ["msj"] = "Ma", ["msk"] = "曼薩卡語", ["msl"] = "Molof", ["msm"] = "阿古桑-馬諾博語", ["msn"] = "烏雷斯語", ["mso"] = "Mombum", ["msp"] = "Maritsauá", ["msq"] = "Caac", ["msr"] = "蒙古手語", ["mss"] = "West Masela", ["msu"] = "Musom", ["msv"] = "Maslam", ["msw"] = "Mansoanka", ["msx"] = "Moresada", ["msy"] = "Aruamu", ["msz"] = "Momare", ["mt"] = "馬爾他語", ["mta"] = "哥打巴托-馬諾博語", ["mtb"] = "Anyin Morofo", ["mtc"] = "Munit", ["mtd"] = "Mualang", ["mte"] = "Alu", ["mtf"] = "Murik (New Guinea)", ["mtg"] = "Una", ["mth"] = "Munggui", ["mti"] = "Maiwa (New Guinea)", ["mtj"] = "Moskona", ["mtk"] = "Mbe'", ["mtl"] = "Montol", ["mtm"] = "馬托爾語", ["mtn"] = "Matagalpa", ["mto"] = "特通特佩克米塞語", ["mtp"] = "Wichí Lhamtés Nocten", ["mtq"] = "芒語", ["mtr"] = "梅瓦爾語", ["mts"] = "Yora", ["mtt"] = "Mota", ["mtu"] = "圖圖特佩克米斯特克語", ["mtv"] = "阿薩羅奧語", ["mtw"] = "Magahat", ["mtx"] = "蒂達亞米斯特克語", ["mty"] = "Nabi", ["mua"] = "蒙當語", ["mub"] = "Mubi", ["muc"] = "Mbu'", ["mud"] = "Mednyj Aleut", ["mue"] = "Media Lengua", ["mug"] = "Musgu", ["muh"] = "Mündü", ["mui"] = "Musi", ["muj"] = "Mabire", ["mul"] = "跨語言", ["mum"] = "Maiwala", ["mun-pro"] = "原始蒙達語", ["muo"] = "Nyong", ["mup"] = "馬爾瓦語", ["muq"] = "西部湘西苗語", ["mur"] = "Murle", ["mus"] = "克里克語", ["mut"] = "西穆里亞語", ["muu"] = "Yaaku", ["muv"] = "Muthuvan", ["mux"] = "Bo-Ung", ["muy"] = "Muyang", ["muz"] = "Mursi", ["mva"] = "Manam", ["mvb"] = "Mattole", ["mvd"] = "Mamboru", ["mvg"] = "尤夸涅米斯特克語", ["mvh"] = "Mire", ["mvi"] = "宮古語", ["mvk"] = "Mekmek", ["mvl"] = "姆巴拉語(澳洲)", ["mvm"] = "Muya", ["mvn"] = "Minaveha", ["mvo"] = "Marovo", ["mvp"] = "Duri", ["mvq"] = "Moere", ["mvr"] = "Marau", ["mvs"] = "Massep", ["mvt"] = "Mpotovoro", ["mvu"] = "Marfa", ["mvv"] = "塔戈爾語", ["mvw"] = "Machinga", ["mvx"] = "Meoswar", ["mvy"] = "印度河科希斯坦語", ["mvz"] = "Mesqan", ["mwa"] = "Mwatebu", ["mwb"] = "Juwal", ["mwc"] = "Are", ["mwe"] = "Mwera", ["mwf"] = "穆林帕塔語", ["mwg"] = "Aiklep", ["mwh"] = "Mouk-Aria", ["mwi"] = "Labo", ["mwk"] = "Kita Maninkakan", ["mwl"] = "米蘭德斯語", ["mwm"] = "Sar", ["mwn"] = "Nyamwanga", ["mwo"] = "Central Maewo", ["mwp"] = "卡拉拉高雅語", ["mwq"] = "Mün Chin", ["mwr"] = "馬瓦里語", ["mws"] = "Mwimbi-Muthambi", ["mwt"] = "Moken", ["mwu"] = "Mittu", ["mwv"] = "明打威語", ["mww"] = "白苗語", ["mwz"] = "Moingi", ["mxa"] = "西北瓦哈卡米斯特克語", ["mxb"] = "特索亞特蘭米斯特克語", ["mxd"] = "Modang", ["mxe"] = "Mele-Fila", ["mxf"] = "Malgbe", ["mxg"] = "Mbangala", ["mxh"] = "Mvuba", ["mxi"] = "莫札拉布語", ["mxj"] = "格曼語", ["mxk"] = "Monumbo", ["mxl"] = "Maxi Gbe", ["mxm"] = "Meramera", ["mxn"] = "Moi (Indonesia)", ["mxo"] = "Mbowe", ["mxp"] = "特拉惠托爾特佩克米塞語", ["mxq"] = "胡基拉米塞語", ["mxr"] = "Murik (Malaysia)", ["mxs"] = "惠特佩克米斯特克語", ["mxt"] = "哈米爾特佩克米斯特克語", ["mxu"] = "Mada (Cameroon)", ["mxv"] = "梅特拉托諾克米斯特克語", ["mxw"] = "Namo", ["mxx"] = "Mahou", ["mxy"] = "東南諾奇斯特蘭米斯特克語", ["mxz"] = "Central Masela", ["my"] = "緬甸語", ["myb"] = "Mbay", ["myc"] = "Mayeka", ["mye"] = "姆耶內語", ["myf"] = "Bambassi", ["myg"] = "Manta", ["myh"] = "Makah", ["myj"] = "Mangayat", ["myk"] = "Mamara Senoufo", ["myl"] = "Moma", ["mym"] = "Me'en", ["myn-chl"] = "Ch'olti'", ["myn-pro"] = "原始瑪雅語", ["myo"] = "Anfillo", ["myp"] = "皮拉罕語", ["myr"] = "Muniche", ["mys"] = "Mesmes", ["myu"] = "Mundurukú", ["myv"] = "厄爾茲亞語", ["myw"] = "Muyuw", ["myx"] = "Masaba", ["myy"] = "Macuna", ["myz"] = "Classical Mandaic", ["mza"] = "聖瑪利亞薩卡特佩克米斯特克語", ["mzb"] = "Tumzabt", ["mzc"] = "馬達加斯加手語", ["mzd"] = "Malimba", ["mze"] = "Morawa", ["mzg"] = "修道院手語", ["mzh"] = "Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay", ["mzi"] = "伊斯卡特蘭馬薩特克語", ["mzj"] = "Manya", ["mzk"] = "尼日利亞曼比拉語", ["mzl"] = "馬薩特蘭米塞語", ["mzm"] = "Mumuye", ["mzn"] = "馬贊德蘭語", ["mzo"] = "Matipuhy", ["mzp"] = "Movima", ["mzq"] = "Mori Atas", ["mzr"] = "Marúbo", ["mzs"] = "澳門土生葡語", ["mzt"] = "Mintil", ["mzu"] = "Inapang", ["mzv"] = "Manza", ["mzw"] = "Deg", ["mzx"] = "Mawayana", ["mzy"] = "莫桑比克手語", ["mzz"] = "Maiadomu", ["na"] = "瑙魯語", ["naa"] = "Namla", ["nab"] = "Nambikwara", ["nac"] = "Narak", ["nae"] = "Naka'ela", ["naf"] = "Nabak", ["nag"] = "Naga Pidgin", ["nah"] = "納瓦特爾語", ["nai-ala"] = "Alazapa", ["nai-bay"] = "Bayogoula", ["nai-bvy"] = "Buena Vista Yokuts", ["nai-cal"] = "Calusa", ["nai-chi"] = "Chiquimulilla", ["nai-chu-pro"] = "Proto-Chumash", ["nai-cig"] = "Ciguayo", ["nai-ckn-pro"] = "Proto-Chinookan", ["nai-dly"] = "Delta Yokuts", ["nai-gsy"] = "Gashowu", ["nai-guz"] = "Guazacapán", ["nai-hit"] = "Hitchiti", ["nai-ipa"] = "Ipai", ["nai-jtp"] = "Jutiapa", ["nai-jum"] = "Jumaytepeque", ["nai-kat"] = "Kathlamet", ["nai-klp-pro"] = "原始卡拉普亞語", ["nai-knm"] = "Konomihu", ["nai-kry"] = "Kings River Yokuts", ["nai-kum"] = "Kumeyaay", ["nai-mac"] = "Macoris", ["nai-mdu-pro"] = "Proto-Maidun", ["nai-miz-pro"] = "原始米塞-索克語", ["nai-nao"] = "Naolan", ["nai-nrs"] = "New River Shasta", ["nai-nvy"] = "Northern Valley Yokuts", ["nai-okw"] = "Okwanuchu", ["nai-per"] = "Pericú", ["nai-pic"] = "Picuris", ["nai-plp-pro"] = "Proto-Plateau Penutian", ["nai-ply"] = "Palewyami", ["nai-pom-pro"] = "原始波莫語", ["nai-qng"] = "Quinigua", ["nai-sca-pro"] = "原始蘇-卡托巴語", ["nai-sin"] = "Sinacantán", ["nai-sln"] = "Salvadoran Lenca", ["nai-spt"] = "Sahaptin", ["nai-svy"] = "Southern Valley Yokuts", ["nai-tap"] = "Tapachultec", ["nai-taw"] = "Tawasa", ["nai-teq"] = "Tequistlatec", ["nai-tip"] = "Tipai", ["nai-tky"] = "Tule-Kaweah Yokuts", ["nai-tot-pro"] = "原始托托索克語", ["nai-tsi-pro"] = "Proto-Tsimshianic", ["nai-utn-pro"] = "Proto-Utian", ["nai-wai"] = "Waikuri", ["nai-yav"] = "Yavapai", ["nai-yup"] = "Yupiltepeque", ["naj"] = "Nalu", ["nak"] = "Nakanai", ["nal"] = "納利克語", ["nam"] = "Ngan'gityemerri", ["nan"] = "閩南語", ["nao"] = "Naaba", ["nap"] = "那不勒斯語", ["naq"] = "科伊科伊語", ["nar"] = "Iguta", ["nas"] = "Nasioi", ["nat"] = "Hungworo", ["naw"] = "Nawuri", ["nax"] = "Nakwi", ["nay"] = "恩加林杰里語", ["naz"] = "科阿特佩克納瓦特爾語", ["nb"] = "書面挪威語", ["nba"] = "Nyemba", ["nbb"] = "Ndoe", ["nbc"] = "Chang", ["nbd"] = "Ngbinda", ["nbe"] = "Konyak Naga", ["nbg"] = "Nagarchal", ["nbh"] = "Ngamo", ["nbi"] = "Mao Naga", ["nbj"] = "Ngarinman", ["nbk"] = "Nake", ["nbm"] = "Ngbaka Ma'bo", ["nbn"] = "Kuri", ["nbo"] = "Nkukoli", ["nbp"] = "Nnam", ["nbq"] = "Nggem", ["nbr"] = "Numana", ["nbs"] = "納米比亞手語", ["nbt"] = "Na", ["nbu"] = "Rongmei Naga", ["nbv"] = "Ngamambo", ["nbw"] = "Southern Ngbandi", ["nby"] = "Ningera", ["nca"] = "Iyo", ["ncb"] = "中尼科巴語", ["ncc"] = "Ponam", ["ncd"] = "Nachering", ["nce"] = "Yale", ["ncf"] = "Notsi", ["ncg"] = "尼斯加亞語", ["nch"] = "中瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語", ["nci"] = "古典納瓦特爾語", ["ncj"] = "北普埃布拉納瓦特爾語", ["nck"] = "Nakara", ["ncl"] = "米卻肯納瓦特爾語", ["ncm"] = "Nambo", ["ncn"] = "Nauna", ["nco"] = "Sibe", ["ncr"] = "Ncane", ["ncs"] = "尼加拉瓜手語", ["nct"] = "Chothe Naga", ["ncu"] = "Chumburung", ["ncx"] = "中普埃布拉納瓦特爾語", ["ncz"] = "Natchez", ["nd"] = "北恩德貝勒語", ["nda"] = "Ndasa", ["ndb"] = "Kenswei Nsei", ["ndc"] = "Ndau", ["ndd"] = "Nde-Nsele-Nta", ["ndf"] = "Nadruvian", ["ndg"] = "Ndengereko", ["ndh"] = "Ndali", ["ndi"] = "Chamba Leko", ["ndj"] = "Ndamba", ["ndk"] = "Ndaka", ["ndl"] = "Ndolo", ["ndm"] = "Ndam", ["ndn"] = "Ngundi", ["ndp"] = "Ndo", ["ndq"] = "Ndombe", ["ndr"] = "Ndoola", ["nds"] = "低地德語", ["nds-de"] = "德國低地德語", ["nds-nl"] = "下薩克森荷蘭語", ["ndt"] = "Ndunga", ["ndu"] = "Dugun", ["ndv"] = "Ndut", ["ndw"] = "Ndobo", ["ndx"] = "Nduga", ["ndy"] = "Lutos", ["ndz"] = "Ndogo", ["ne"] = "尼泊爾語", ["nea"] = "Eastern Ngad'a", ["neb"] = "Toura", ["nec"] = "Nedebang", ["ned"] = "Nde-Gbite", ["nee"] = "Kumak", ["nef"] = "Nefamese", ["neg"] = "涅吉達爾語", ["neh"] = "Nyenkha", ["nej"] = "Neko", ["nek"] = "Neku", ["nem"] = "Nemi", ["nen"] = "Nengone", ["neo"] = "Ná-Meo", ["neq"] = "中北部米塞語", ["ner"] = "Yahadian", ["nes"] = "Bhoti Kinnauri", ["net"] = "Nete", ["neu"] = "Neo", ["nev"] = "Nyaheun", ["new"] = "尼瓦爾語", ["nex"] = "Neme", ["ney"] = "Neyo", ["nez"] = "Nez Perce", ["nfa"] = "Dhao", ["nfd"] = "Ahwai", ["nfl"] = "Aiwoo", ["nfr"] = "納凡拉語", ["nfu"] = "Mfumte", ["ng"] = "恩敦加語", ["nga"] = "Ngbaka", ["ngb"] = "Northern Ngbandi", ["ngc"] = "Ngombe (Congo)", ["ngd"] = "Ngando (Central African Republic)", ["nge"] = "Ngemba", ["ngf-pro"] = "原始跨新幾內亞語", ["ngg"] = "Ngbaka Manza", ["ngh"] = "努語", ["ngi"] = "Ngizim", ["ngj"] = "Ngie", ["ngk"] = "Ngalkbun", ["ngl"] = "Lomwe", ["ngm"] = "Ngatik Men's Creole", ["ngn"] = "Ngwo", ["ngo"] = "Ngoni", ["ngp"] = "Ngulu", ["ngq"] = "Ngoreme", ["ngr"] = "Nagu", ["ngs"] = "Gvoko", ["ngt"] = "Ngeq", ["ngu"] = "格雷羅納瓦特爾語", ["ngv"] = "Nagumi", ["ngw"] = "Ngwaba", ["ngx"] = "Nggwahyi", ["ngy"] = "Tibea", ["ngz"] = "Ngungwel", ["nha"] = "Nhanda", ["nhb"] = "Beng", ["nhc"] = "塔巴斯科納瓦特爾語", ["nhd"] = "Chiripá", ["nhe"] = "東瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語", ["nhf"] = "Nhuwala", ["nhg"] = "特萊爾辛戈納瓦特爾語", ["nhh"] = "Nahari", ["nhi"] = "扎卡特蘭-阿華卡特蘭-特佩欽特拉-納瓦特爾語", ["nhk"] = "科索萊阿克納瓦特爾語", ["nhm"] = "莫雷洛斯納瓦特爾語", ["nhn"] = "中納瓦特爾語", ["nho"] = "Takuu", ["nhp"] = "帕哈潘納瓦特爾語", ["nhq"] = "瓦斯卡勒卡納瓦特爾語", ["nhr"] = "納羅語", ["nht"] = "奧梅特佩克納瓦特爾語", ["nhu"] = "Noone", ["nhv"] = "特馬斯卡爾特佩克納瓦特爾語", ["nhw"] = "西瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語", ["nhx"] = "梅卡亞潘納瓦特爾語", ["nhy"] = "北瓦哈卡納瓦特爾語", ["nhz"] = "聖瑪利亞山區納瓦特爾語", ["nia"] = "尼亞斯語", ["nib"] = "Nakame", ["nic-bco-pro"] = "原始貝努埃-剛果語", ["nic-bod-pro"] = "原始類班圖語", ["nic-eov-pro"] = "Proto-Eastern Oti-Volta", ["nic-gns-pro"] = "Proto-Gurunsi", ["nic-grf-pro"] = "Proto-Grassfields", ["nic-gur-pro"] = "Proto-Gur", ["nic-jkn-pro"] = "Proto-Jukunoid", ["nic-lcr-pro"] = "Proto-Lower Cross River", ["nic-ogo-pro"] = "Proto-Ogoni", ["nic-ovo-pro"] = "Proto-Oti-Volta", ["nic-plt-pro"] = "Proto-Plateau", ["nic-pro"] = "原始尼日爾-剛果語", ["nic-ubg-pro"] = "Proto-Ubangian", ["nic-ucr-pro"] = "原始上克羅斯河語", ["nic-vco-pro"] = "原始沃爾特-剛果語", ["nid"] = "Ngandi", ["nie"] = "Niellim", ["nif"] = "Nek", ["nig"] = "Ngalakan", ["nih"] = "Nyiha", ["nii"] = "Nii", ["nij"] = "恩加朱語", ["nik"] = "南尼科巴語", ["nil"] = "Nila", ["nim"] = "Nilamba", ["nin"] = "Ninzo", ["nio"] = "恩加納桑語", ["niq"] = "Nandi", ["nir"] = "Nimboran", ["nis"] = "Nimi", ["nit"] = "Southeastern Kolami", ["niu"] = "紐埃語", ["niv"] = "尼夫赫語", ["niw"] = "Nimo", ["nix"] = "Hema", ["niy"] = "Ngiti", ["niz"] = "Ningil", ["nja"] = "Nzanyi", ["njb"] = "Nocte Naga", ["njh"] = "Lotha Naga", ["nji"] = "Gudanji", ["njj"] = "Njen", ["njl"] = "Njalgulgule", ["njm"] = "安加米語", ["njn"] = "Liangmai Naga", ["njo"] = "阿沃那加語", ["njr"] = "Njerep", ["njs"] = "Nisa", ["njt"] = "Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin", ["nju"] = "Ngadjunmaya", ["njx"] = "Kunyi", ["njy"] = "Njyem", ["njz"] = "尼西語", ["nka"] = "恩科亞語", ["nkb"] = "Khoibu Naga", ["nkc"] = "Nkongho", ["nkd"] = "Koireng", ["nke"] = "Duke", ["nkf"] = "Inpui Naga", ["nkg"] = "Nekgini", ["nkh"] = "Khezha Naga", ["nki"] = "Thangal Naga", ["nkj"] = "Nakai", ["nkk"] = "Nokuku", ["nkm"] = "Namat", ["nkn"] = "Nkangala", ["nko"] = "Nkonya", ["nkp"] = "紐阿托普塔普語", ["nkq"] = "恩卡米語", ["nkr"] = "努庫奧羅語", ["nks"] = "North Asmat", ["nkt"] = "Nyika", ["nku"] = "Bouna Kulango", ["nkw"] = "Nkutu", ["nkx"] = "Nkoroo", ["nkz"] = "Nkari", ["nl"] = "荷蘭語", ["nla"] = "Ngombale", ["nlc"] = "Nalca", ["nle"] = "East Nyala", ["nlg"] = "Gela", ["nli"] = "Grangali", ["nlj"] = "Nyali", ["nlk"] = "尼尼亞亞利語", ["nll"] = "Nihali", ["nlm"] = "Mankiyali", ["nlo"] = "Ngul", ["nlq"] = "Lao Naga", ["nlu"] = "Nchumbulu", ["nlv"] = "奧里薩巴納瓦特爾語", ["nlw"] = "Walangama", ["nlx"] = "Nahali", ["nly"] = "Nyamal", ["nlz"] = "Nalögo", ["nma"] = "Maram Naga", ["nmb"] = "Big Nambas", ["nmc"] = "Ngam", ["nmd"] = "Ndumu", ["nme"] = "Mzieme Naga", ["nmf"] = "Tangkhul Naga", ["nmg"] = "夸西奧語", ["nmh"] = "Monsang Naga", ["nmi"] = "Nyam", ["nmj"] = "Ngombe (Central African Republic)", ["nmk"] = "Namakura", ["nml"] = "Ndemli", ["nmm"] = "Manangba", ["nmn"] = "宏語", ["nmo"] = "Moyon Naga", ["nmp"] = "Nimanbur", ["nmq"] = "Nambya", ["nmr"] = "Nimbari", ["nms"] = "Letemboi", ["nmt"] = "Namonuito", ["nmu"] = "Northeast Maidu", ["nmv"] = "Ngamini", ["nmw"] = "Nimoa", ["nmy"] = "納木依語", ["nmz"] = "Nawdm", ["nn"] = "新挪威語", ["nna"] = "Nyangumarta", ["nnb"] = "Nande", ["nnc"] = "Nancere", ["nnd"] = "West Ambae", ["nne"] = "Ngandyera", ["nnf"] = "Ngaing", ["nng"] = "Maring Naga", ["nnh"] = "恩甘澎語", ["nni"] = "North Nuaulu", ["nnj"] = "Nyangatom", ["nnk"] = "Nankina", ["nnl"] = "Northern Rengma Naga", ["nnm"] = "Namia", ["nnn"] = "Ngete", ["nnp"] = "Wancho", ["nnq"] = "Ngindo", ["nnr"] = "納倫加語", ["nnt"] = "南蒂科克語", ["nnu"] = "Dwang", ["nnv"] = "Nukunu", ["nnw"] = "Southern Nuni", ["nnx"] = "Ngong", ["nny"] = "Nyangga", ["nnz"] = "Nda'nda'", ["no"] = "挪威語", ["noa"] = "Woun Meu", ["noc"] = "Nuk", ["nod"] = "北部泰語", ["noe"] = "尼馬迪語", ["nof"] = "Nomane", ["nog"] = "諾蓋語", ["noh"] = "Nomu", ["noi"] = "Noiri", ["noj"] = "Nonuya", ["nok"] = "Nooksack", ["nol"] = "Nomlaki", ["nom"] = "Nocamán", ["non"] = "古諾爾斯語", ["nop"] = "Numanggang", ["noq"] = "Ngongo", ["nos"] = "Eastern Nisu", ["not"] = "Nomatsiguenga", ["nou"] = "Ewage-Notu", ["nov"] = "諾維亞語", ["now"] = "Nyambo", ["noy"] = "Noy", ["noz"] = "Nayi", ["npa"] = "Nar Phu", ["npb"] = "Nupbikha", ["npg"] = "Ponyo", ["nph"] = "Phom", ["npl"] = "東南普埃布拉納瓦特爾語", ["npn"] = "Mondropolon", ["npo"] = "Pochuri Naga", ["nps"] = "Nipsan", ["npu"] = "Puimei Naga", ["npy"] = "Napu", ["nqg"] = "Ede Nago", ["nqk"] = "Kura Ede Nago", ["nql"] = "Ngendelengo", ["nqm"] = "Ndom", ["nqn"] = "Nen", ["nqo"] = "曼德文字", ["nqq"] = "Kyan-Karyaw Naga", ["nqy"] = "Akyaung Ari", ["nr"] = "南恩德貝勒語", ["nra"] = "Ngom", ["nrb"] = "Nara", ["nrc"] = "Noric", ["nre"] = "Southern Rengma Naga", ["nrf"] = "諾曼語", ["nrg"] = "Narango", ["nri"] = "Chokri Naga", ["nrk"] = "Ngarla", ["nrl"] = "Ngarluma", ["nrm"] = "Narom", ["nrn"] = "諾恩語", ["nrp"] = "北皮賽恩語", ["nrr"] = "諾拉語", ["nrt"] = "北卡拉普亞語", ["nru"] = "Narua", ["nrx"] = "Ngurmbur", ["nrz"] = "拉拉語(新幾內亞)", ["nsa"] = "Sangtam Naga", ["nsb"] = "Lower Nossob", ["nsc"] = "Nshi", ["nsd"] = "Southern Nisu", ["nse"] = "Nsenga", ["nsg"] = "Ngasa", ["nsh"] = "Ngoshie", ["nsi"] = "尼日利亞手語", ["nsk"] = "Naskapi", ["nsl"] = "挪威手語", ["nsm"] = "Sema", ["nsn"] = "Nehan", ["nso"] = "北索托語", ["nsp"] = "尼泊爾手語", ["nsq"] = "Northern Sierra Miwok", ["nsr"] = "海事手語", ["nss"] = "Nali", ["nst"] = "Tangsa", ["nsu"] = "內格拉山區納瓦特爾語", ["nsv"] = "Southwestern Nisu", ["nsw"] = "Navut", ["nsx"] = "Nsongo", ["nsy"] = "Nasal", ["nsz"] = "Nisenan", ["ntd"] = "Northern Tidong", ["nte"] = "Nathembo", ["ntg"] = "Ngantangarra", ["nti"] = "Natioro", ["ntj"] = "Ngaanyatjarra", ["ntk"] = "Ikoma", ["ntm"] = "Nateni", ["nto"] = "Ntomba", ["ntp"] = "北特佩瓦語", ["ntr"] = "Delo", ["nts"] = "Natagaimas", ["ntu"] = "Natügu", ["ntw"] = "Nottoway", ["ntx"] = "Somra", ["nty"] = "Mantsi", ["nua"] = "Yuaga", ["nub-har"] = "Haraza", ["nub-pro"] = "原始努比亞語", ["nuc"] = "Nukuini", ["nud"] = "Ngala", ["nue"] = "Ngundu", ["nuf"] = "Nusu", ["nug"] = "Nungali", ["nuh"] = "Ndunda", ["nui"] = "Ngumbi", ["nuj"] = "Nyole (Uganda)", ["nuk"] = "努特卡語", ["nul"] = "Nusa Laut", ["num"] = "紐阿富語", ["nun"] = "Anong", ["nuo"] = "Nguôn", ["nup"] = "努佩語", ["nuq"] = "Nukumanu", ["nur"] = "Nuguria", ["nus"] = "努埃爾語", ["nut"] = "儂語", ["nuu"] = "Ngbundu", ["nuv"] = "Northern Nuni", ["nuw"] = "Nguluwan", ["nux"] = "Mehek", ["nuy"] = "Nunggubuyu", ["nuz"] = "特拉馬卡薩帕納瓦特爾語", ["nv"] = "納瓦霍語", ["nvh"] = "Nasarian", ["nvm"] = "Namiae", ["nvo"] = "Nyokon", ["nwa"] = "Nawathinehena", ["nwb"] = "Nyabwa", ["nwc"] = "古典尼瓦爾語", ["nwe"] = "Ngwe", ["nwi"] = "Southwest Tanna", ["nwm"] = "Nyamusa-Molo", ["nwo"] = "Nauo", ["nwr"] = "Nawaru", ["nwx"] = "中古尼瓦爾語", ["nwy"] = "Nottoway-Meherrin", ["nxa"] = "Nauete", ["nxd"] = "Ngando (Congo)", ["nxe"] = "Nage", ["nxg"] = "Ngadha", ["nxi"] = "Nindi", ["nxl"] = "South Nuaulu", ["nxm"] = "Numidian", ["nxn"] = "Ngawun", ["nxo"] = "Ndambomo", ["nxq"] = "納西語", ["nxr"] = "Ninggerum", ["nxu"] = "Narau", ["nxx"] = "Nafri", ["ny"] = "齊切瓦語", ["nyb"] = "Nyangbo", ["nyc"] = "Nyanga-li", ["nyd"] = "Nyole (Kenya)", ["nye"] = "Nyengo", ["nyf"] = "Giryama", ["nyg"] = "Nyindu", ["nyh"] = "Nyigina", ["nyi"] = "Nyimang", ["nyj"] = "Nyanga (Congo)", ["nyk"] = "Nyaneka", ["nyl"] = "Nyeu", ["nym"] = "尼揚韋齊語", ["nyn"] = "尼揚科萊語", ["nyo"] = "尼奧囉語", ["nyp"] = "Nyang'i", ["nys"] = "尼揚加語", ["nyt"] = "Nyawaygi", ["nyu"] = "Nyungwe", ["nyv"] = "Nyulnyul", ["nyw"] = "僥語", ["nyx"] = "Nganyaywana", ["nyy"] = "尼亞庫薩語", ["nza"] = "梯貢-姆本貝語", ["nzb"] = "Njebi", ["nzd"] = "恩扎迪語", ["nzi"] = "尼茲馬語", ["nzk"] = "Nzakara", ["nzm"] = "Zeme Naga", ["nzs"] = "新西蘭手語", ["nzu"] = "Central Teke", ["nzy"] = "Nzakambay", ["nzz"] = "Nanga Dama Dogon", ["oaa"] = "鄂羅克語", ["oac"] = "奧羅奇語", ["oav"] = "古阿瓦爾語", ["obi"] = "Obispeño", ["obk"] = "Southern Bontoc", ["obl"] = "Oblo", ["obm"] = "摩押語", ["obo"] = "歐波-馬諾博語", ["obr"] = "上古緬甸語", ["obt"] = "上古布列塔尼語", ["obu"] = "Obulom", ["oc"] = "奧克語", ["oca"] = "Ocaina", ["och"] = "上古漢語", ["oco"] = "上古康沃爾語", ["ocu"] = "Tlahuica", ["oda"] = "Odut", ["odk"] = "奧德語", ["odt"] = "古荷蘭語", ["odu"] = "Odual", ["ofo"] = "Ofo", ["ofs"] = "古弗里斯蘭語", ["ofu"] = "Efutop", ["ogb"] = "Ogbia", ["ogc"] = "Ogbah", ["oge"] = "上古格魯吉亞語", ["ogg"] = "Ogbogolo", ["ogo"] = "Khana", ["ogu"] = "Ogbronuagum", ["ohu"] = "上古匈牙利語", ["oia"] = "Oirata", ["oin"] = "Inebu One", ["oj"] = "奧吉布瓦語", ["ojb"] = "西北奧吉布瓦語", ["ojc"] = "中奧吉布瓦語", ["ojg"] = "東奧吉布瓦語", ["ojp"] = "古典日語", ["ojs"] = "Severn Ojibwa", ["ojv"] = "Ontong Java", ["ojw"] = "Western Ojibwa", ["oka"] = "歐肯納根語", ["okb"] = "Okobo", ["okd"] = "Okodia", ["oke"] = "Okpe (Southwestern Edo)", ["okg"] = "Kok-Paponk", ["okh"] = "科雷斯埃羅斯塔姆語", ["oki"] = "Okiek", ["okj"] = "Oko-Juwoi", ["okk"] = "Kwamtim One", ["okl"] = "古肯特手語", ["okm"] = "中古朝鮮語", ["okn"] = "沖永良部語", ["oko"] = "上古朝鮮語", ["okr"] = "Kirike", ["oks"] = "Oko-Eni-Osayen", ["oku"] = "Oku", ["okv"] = "Orokaiva", ["okx"] = "Okpe (Northwestern Edo)", ["okz"] = "古高棉語", ["old"] = "Mochi", ["ole"] = "Olekha", ["olm"] = "Oloma", ["olo"] = "利維卡累利阿語", ["olr"] = "Olrat", ["olt"] = "古立陶宛語", ["olu"] = "Kuvale", ["om"] = "奧羅莫語", ["oma"] = "Omaha-Ponca", ["omb"] = "Omba", ["omc"] = "Mochica", ["omg"] = "Omagua", ["omi"] = "Omi", ["omk"] = "奧莫克語", ["oml"] = "Ombo", ["omn"] = "米諾斯語", ["omo"] = "Utarmbung", ["omp"] = "上古曼尼普爾語", ["omq-cha-pro"] = "原始查蒂諾語", ["omq-maz-pro"] = "原始馬薩特克語", ["omq-mix-pro"] = "原始類米斯特克語", ["omq-mxt-pro"] = "原始米斯特克語", ["omq-otp-pro"] = "原始歐托-帕梅語", ["omq-pro"] = "原始歐托-曼格語", ["omq-tel"] = "特波斯科盧拉米斯特克語", ["omq-teo"] = "特奧霍姆爾科查蒂諾語", ["omq-tri-pro"] = "原始特里基語", ["omq-zap-pro"] = "原始類薩波特克語", ["omq-zpc-pro"] = "原始薩波特克語", ["omr"] = "上古馬拉地語", ["omt"] = "Omotik", ["omu"] = "Omurano", ["omv-aro-pro"] = "Proto-Aroid", ["omv-diz-pro"] = "Proto-Dizoid", ["omv-pro"] = "Proto-Omotic", ["omw"] = "South Tairora", ["omx"] = "上古孟語", ["ona"] = "Selk'nam", ["onb"] = "臨高語", ["one"] = "歐內達語", ["ong"] = "Olo", ["oni"] = "Onin", ["onj"] = "Onjob", ["onk"] = "Kabore One", ["onn"] = "Onobasulu", ["ono"] = "Onondaga", ["onp"] = "Sartang", ["onr"] = "Northern One", ["ons"] = "Ono", ["ont"] = "Ontenu", ["onu"] = "Unua", ["onw"] = "上古努比亞語", ["onx"] = "Pidgin Onin", ["ood"] = "歐罕語", ["oog"] = "Ong", ["oon"] = "翁奇語", ["oor"] = "Oorlams", ["oos"] = "上古奧塞提亞語", ["opa"] = "Okpamheri", ["opk"] = "Kopkaka", ["opm"] = "Oksapmin", ["opo"] = "Opao", ["opt"] = "Opata", ["opy"] = "Ofayé", ["or"] = "奧利亞語", ["ora"] = "Oroha", ["ore"] = "Orejón", ["org"] = "Oring", ["orh"] = "鄂倫春語", ["orr"] = "Oruma", ["ort"] = "Adivasi Oriya", ["oru"] = "奧爾穆里語", ["orv"] = "古東斯拉夫語", ["orw"] = "Oro Win", ["orx"] = "Oro", ["orz"] = "Ormu", ["os"] = "奧塞梯語", ["os-pro"] = "原始奧塞提亞語", ["osa"] = "奧沙格語", ["osc"] = "奧斯坎語", ["osi"] = "Osing", ["oso"] = "Ososo", ["osp"] = "中世紀西班牙語", ["ost"] = "Osatu", ["osu"] = "Southern One", ["osx"] = "古撒克遜語", ["ota"] = "鄂圖曼土耳其語", ["otd"] = "Ot Danum", ["ote"] = "梅斯基塔爾奧托米語", ["oti"] = "Oti", ["otk"] = "古突厥語", ["otl"] = "蒂拉帕奧托米語", ["otm"] = "東部高地奧托米語", ["otn"] = "特南戈奧托米語", ["oto-otm-pro"] = "原始奧托米語", ["oto-pro"] = "原始類奧托米語", ["otq"] = "克雷塔羅奧托米語", ["otr"] = "Otoro", ["ots"] = "墨西哥州奧托米語", ["ott"] = "特莫亞雅奧托米語", ["otu"] = "Otuke", ["otw"] = "渥太華語", ["otx"] = "特斯卡特佩克奧托米語", ["oty"] = "上古泰米爾語", ["otz"] = "伊斯坦科奧托米語", ["oua"] = "Tagargrent", ["oub"] = "Glio-Oubi", ["oue"] = "Oune", ["oui"] = "古回鶻語", ["oum"] = "Ouma", ["ovd"] = "埃爾夫達利安語", ["owi"] = "Owiniga", ["owl"] = "古威爾士語", ["oyb"] = "Oy", ["oyd"] = "Oyda", ["oym"] = "Wayampi", ["oyy"] = "Oya'oya", ["ozm"] = "Koonzime", ["pa"] = "旁遮普語", ["paa-kom"] = "Kómnzo", ["paa-kwn"] = "Kuwani", ["paa-nun"] = "Nungon", ["pab"] = "Pareci", ["pac"] = "帕戈語", ["pad"] = "Paumarí", ["pae"] = "Pagibete", ["paf"] = "Paranawát", ["pag"] = "班詩蘭語", ["pah"] = "Tenharim", ["pai"] = "Pe", ["pak"] = "Parakanã", ["pal"] = "中古波斯語", ["pam"] = "卡片片甘語", ["pao"] = "北派伍特語", ["pap"] = "帕皮阿門托語", ["paq"] = "Parya", ["par"] = "帕納明特語", ["pas"] = "Papasena", ["pat"] = "Papitalai", ["pau"] = "帕勞語", ["pav"] = "Wari'", ["paw"] = "Pawnee", ["pax"] = "Pankararé", ["pay"] = "Pech", ["paz"] = "Pankararú", ["pbb"] = "Páez", ["pbc"] = "Patamona", ["pbe"] = "梅松特拉波波洛卡語", ["pbf"] = "科約特佩克波波洛卡語", ["pbg"] = "Paraujano", ["pbh"] = "Panare", ["pbi"] = "Podoko", ["pbl"] = "Mak (Nigeria)", ["pbm"] = "普埃布拉馬薩特克語", ["pbn"] = "Kpasam", ["pbo"] = "Papel", ["pbp"] = "Badyara", ["pbr"] = "Pangwa", ["pbs"] = "中帕梅語", ["pbv"] = "布那語", ["pby"] = "Pyu", ["pca"] = "聖伊內斯阿瓦特姆潘波波洛卡語", ["pcb"] = "Pear", ["pcc"] = "布依語", ["pcd"] = "皮卡第語", ["pce"] = "Ruching Palaung", ["pcf"] = "Paliyan", ["pcg"] = "Paniya", ["pch"] = "Pardhan", ["pci"] = "Duruwa", ["pcj"] = "Parenga", ["pck"] = "Paite", ["pcl"] = "Pardhi", ["pcm"] = "尼日利亞皮欽語", ["pcn"] = "Piti", ["pcp"] = "Pacahuara", ["pcw"] = "Pyapun", ["pda"] = "Anam", ["pdc"] = "賓夕法尼亞德語", ["pdi"] = "Pa Di", ["pdn"] = "Fedan", ["pdo"] = "Padoe", ["pdt"] = "門諾低地德語", ["pdu"] = "Kayan", ["pea"] = "Peranakan Indonesian", ["peb"] = "Eastern Pomo", ["ped"] = "Mala (New Guinea)", ["pee"] = "Taje", ["pef"] = "Northeastern Pomo", ["peg"] = "Pengo", ["peh"] = "保安語", ["pei"] = "奇奇梅克-喬納斯語", ["pej"] = "Northern Pomo", ["pek"] = "Penchal", ["pel"] = "Pekal", ["pem"] = "Phende", ["peo"] = "古波斯語", ["pep"] = "Kunja", ["peq"] = "Southern Pomo", ["pev"] = "Pémono", ["pex"] = "Petats", ["pey"] = "Petjo", ["pez"] = "Eastern Penan", ["pfa"] = "Pááfang", ["pfe"] = "Peere", ["pga"] = "朱巴阿拉伯語", ["pgd"] = "Gandhari", ["pgg"] = "Pangwali", ["pgi"] = "Pagi", ["pgk"] = "Rerep", ["pgl"] = "原始愛爾蘭語", ["pgn"] = "帕埃利尼語", ["pgs"] = "Pangseng", ["pgu"] = "Pagu", ["pgz"] = "巴布亞紐幾內亞手語", ["pha"] = "巴哼語", ["phd"] = "Phudagi", ["phg"] = "Phuong", ["phh"] = "Phukha", ["phi-din"] = "Dinapigue Agta", ["phi-kal-pro"] = "Proto-Kalamian", ["phi-nag"] = "Nagtipunan Agta", ["phi-pro"] = "原始菲律賓語", ["phk"] = "帕克傣語", ["phl"] = "Phalura", ["phm"] = "Phimbi", ["phn"] = "腓尼基語", ["pho"] = "Phunoi", ["phq"] = "Phana'", ["phr"] = "Pahari-Potwari", ["pht"] = "普泰語", ["phu"] = "Phuan", ["phv"] = "Pahlavani", ["phw"] = "Phangduwali", ["pi"] = "巴利語", ["pia"] = "皮馬巴霍語", ["pib"] = "Yine", ["pic"] = "Pinji", ["pid"] = "Piaroa", ["pie"] = "Piro", ["pif"] = "Pingelapese", ["pig"] = "Pisabo", ["pih"] = "皮特凱恩語", ["pii"] = "Pini", ["pij"] = "Pijao", ["pil"] = "Yom", ["pim"] = "波瓦坦語", ["pin"] = "Piame", ["pio"] = "Piapoco", ["pip"] = "Pero", ["pir"] = "Piratapuyo", ["pis"] = "Pijin", ["pit"] = "Pitta-Pitta", ["piu"] = "Pintupi-Luritja", ["piv"] = "皮勒尼語", ["piw"] = "Pimbwe", ["pix"] = "Piu", ["piy"] = "Piya-Kwonci", ["piz"] = "Pije", ["pjt"] = "皮詹加加拉語", ["pka"] = "半摩揭陀俗語", ["pkb"] = "Kipfokomo", ["pkc"] = "百濟語", ["pkg"] = "Pak-Tong", ["pkh"] = "Pankhu", ["pkn"] = "Pakanha", ["pko"] = "Pökoot", ["pkp"] = "普卡普卡語", ["pkr"] = "Attapady Kurumba", ["pks"] = "巴基斯坦手語", ["pkt"] = "Maleng", ["pku"] = "Paku", ["pl"] = "波蘭語", ["pla"] = "Miani", ["plb"] = "Polonombauk", ["plc"] = "中巴拉望語", ["ple"] = "帕盧厄語", ["plg"] = "Pilagá", ["plh"] = "保洛希語", ["plj"] = "Polci", ["plk"] = "Kohistani Shina", ["pll"] = "Shwe Palaung", ["pln"] = "Palenquero", ["plo"] = "奧魯塔波波魯卡語", ["plp"] = "Palpa", ["plq"] = "Palaic", ["plr"] = "Palaka Senoufo", ["pls"] = "聖馬科斯特拉爾科亞爾科波波洛卡語", ["plu"] = "Palikur", ["plv"] = "西南巴拉望語", ["plw"] = "布魯克波因特巴拉望語", ["ply"] = "Bolyu", ["plz"] = "Paluan", ["pma"] = "帕馬語", ["pmb"] = "Pambia", ["pmd"] = "Pallanganmiddang", ["pme"] = "Pwaamei", ["pmf"] = "帕莫納語", ["pmh"] = "馬哈拉施特拉俗語", ["pmi"] = "北普米語", ["pmj"] = "南普米語", ["pmk"] = "Pamlico", ["pml"] = "Sabir", ["pmm"] = "Pol", ["pmn"] = "Pam", ["pmo"] = "Pom", ["pmq"] = "北帕梅語", ["pmr"] = "Paynamar", ["pms"] = "皮埃蒙特語", ["pmt"] = "土阿莫土語", ["pmu"] = "Mirpur Panjabi", ["pmw"] = "Plains Miwok", ["pmx"] = "Poumei Naga", ["pmy"] = "巴布亞馬來語", ["pmz"] = "南帕梅語", ["pna"] = "Punan Bah-Biau", ["pnb"] = "西旁遮普語", ["pnc"] = "Pannei", ["pnd"] = "Mpinda", ["pne"] = "Western Penan", ["png"] = "Pongu", ["pnh"] = "Penrhyn", ["pni"] = "Aoheng", ["pnj"] = "Pinjarup", ["pnk"] = "Paunaca", ["pnl"] = "Paleni", ["pnm"] = "Punan Batu", ["pnn"] = "Pinai-Hagahai", ["pno"] = "Panobo", ["pnp"] = "Pancana", ["pnq"] = "Pana (West Africa)", ["pnr"] = "Panim", ["pns"] = "Ponosakan", ["pnt"] = "旁狄希臘語", ["pnu"] = "炯奈語", ["pnv"] = "Pinigura", ["pnw"] = "Panyjima", ["pnx"] = "Phong-Kniang", ["pny"] = "Pinyin", ["pnz"] = "Pana (Central Africa)", ["poc"] = "Poqomam", ["poe"] = "聖胡安阿欽戈波波洛卡語", ["pof"] = "Poke", ["pog"] = "Potiguára", ["poh"] = "Poqomchi'", ["poi"] = "高地波波魯卡語", ["pok"] = "Pokangá", ["pom"] = "Southeastern Pomo", ["pon"] = "波納佩語", ["poo"] = "Central Pomo", ["pop"] = "Pwapwa", ["poq"] = "特西斯特佩克波波魯卡語", ["pos"] = "薩約拉波波魯卡語", ["pot"] = "珀塔瓦托米語", ["pov"] = "幾內亞比紹克里奧爾語", ["pow"] = "聖費利佩奧特拉特佩克波波洛卡語", ["pox"] = "波拉布語", ["poy"] = "Pogolo", ["poz-abi"] = "Abai", ["poz-bal"] = "Baliledo", ["poz-btk-pro"] = "Proto-Bungku-Tolaki", ["poz-cet-pro"] = "原始中-東部馬來-波利尼西亞語", ["poz-hce-pro"] = "Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih", ["poz-lgx-pro"] = "原始楠榜語", ["poz-mcm-pro"] = "原始馬來-占語", ["poz-mly-pro"] = "原始馬來語", ["poz-msa-pro"] = "原始馬來-松巴哇語", ["poz-oce-pro"] = "原始大洋洲語", ["poz-pep-pro"] = "原始東部波利尼西亞語", ["poz-pnp-pro"] = "原始核心波利尼西亞語", ["poz-pol-pro"] = "原始波利尼西亞語", ["poz-pro"] = "原始馬來-波利尼西亞語", ["poz-ssw-pro"] = "原始南蘇拉威西語", ["poz-sus-pro"] = "原始巽他-蘇拉威西語", ["poz-swa-pro"] = "原始北沙撈越語", ["ppa"] = "Pao", ["ppe"] = "Papi", ["ppi"] = "帕伊帕伊語", ["ppk"] = "烏馬語", ["ppl"] = "皮皮爾語", ["ppm"] = "Papuma", ["ppn"] = "Papapana", ["ppo"] = "Folopa", ["ppp"] = "Pelende", ["ppq"] = "Pei", ["pps"] = "聖路易特馬拉卡約卡波波洛卡語", ["ppt"] = "Pa", ["ppu"] = "拍瀑拉語", ["pqa"] = "Pa'a", ["pqe-pro"] = "原始東部馬來-波利尼西亞語", ["pqm"] = "Malecite-Passamaquoddy", ["pra-niy"] = "Niya Prakrit", ["prc"] = "Parachi", ["pre"] = "Principense", ["prf"] = "Paranan", ["prg"] = "古普魯士語", ["prh"] = "Porohanon", ["pri"] = "Paicî", ["prk"] = "Parauk", ["prl"] = "秘魯手語", ["prm"] = "Kibiri", ["prn"] = "Prasuni", ["pro"] = "古奧克語", ["prq"] = "佩勒內阿舍寧卡語", ["prr"] = "Puri", ["prt"] = "Phai", ["pru"] = "Puragi", ["prw"] = "Parawen", ["prx"] = "Purik", ["prz"] = "普羅維登西亞手語", ["ps"] = "普什圖語", ["psa"] = "Asue Awyu", ["psc"] = "波斯手語", ["psd"] = "平原印第安手語", ["pse"] = "中馬來語", ["psg"] = "檳城手語", ["psh"] = "西南帕沙伊語", ["psi"] = "東南帕沙伊語", ["psl"] = "波多黎各手語", ["psm"] = "Pauserna", ["psn"] = "Panasuan", ["pso"] = "波蘭手語", ["psp"] = "菲律賓手語", ["psq"] = "Pasi", ["psr"] = "葡萄牙手語", ["pss"] = "Kaulong", ["psu"] = "索拉塞那語", ["psw"] = "Port Sandwich", ["psy"] = "Piscataway", ["pt"] = "葡萄牙語", ["pta"] = "Pai Tavytera", ["pth"] = "Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe", ["pti"] = "Pintiini", ["ptn"] = "Patani", ["pto"] = "Zo'é", ["ptp"] = "Patep", ["ptq"] = "Pattapu", ["ptr"] = "Piamatsina", ["ptt"] = "Enrekang", ["ptu"] = "Bambam", ["ptv"] = "Port Vato", ["ptw"] = "Pentlatch", ["pty"] = "Pathiya", ["pua"] = "普雷佩查語", ["pub"] = "Purum", ["puc"] = "Punan Merap", ["pud"] = "Punan Aput", ["pue"] = "Puelche", ["puf"] = "Punan Merah", ["pug"] = "Phuie", ["pui"] = "Puinave", ["puj"] = "Punan Tubu", ["pum"] = "Puma", ["puo"] = "Puoc", ["pup"] = "Pulabu", ["puq"] = "Puquina", ["pur"] = "Puruborá", ["put"] = "Putoh", ["puu"] = "Punu", ["puw"] = "Puluwat", ["pux"] = "Puare", ["puy"] = "Purisimeño", ["pwa"] = "Pawaia", ["pwb"] = "Panawa", ["pwg"] = "Gapapaiwa", ["pwi"] = "Patwin", ["pwm"] = "莫爾伯語", ["pwn"] = "排灣語", ["pwo"] = "西波克倫語", ["pwr"] = "Powari", ["pww"] = "北波克倫語", ["pxm"] = "科扎爾特佩克米塞語", ["pye"] = "Pye Krumen", ["pym"] = "Fyam", ["pyn"] = "Poyanáwa", ["pys"] = "巴拉圭手語", ["pyu"] = "卑南語", ["pyx"] = "驃語", ["pyy"] = "Pyen", ["pzh"] = "巴宰語", ["pzn"] = "Para Naga", ["qfa-adm-pro"] = "原始大安達曼語", ["qfa-bet-pro"] = "原始貝台語", ["qfa-cka-pro"] = "原始楚科奇-堪察加語", ["qfa-hur-pro"] = "原始胡里安-烏拉爾圖語", ["qfa-kad-pro"] = "Proto-Kadu", ["qfa-kms-pro"] = "原始侗水語", ["qfa-kor-pro"] = "原始朝鮮語", ["qfa-kra-pro"] = "原始仡佬語", ["qfa-lic-pro"] = "原始黎語", ["qfa-onb-pro"] = "原始貝語", ["qfa-ong-pro"] = "Proto-Ongan", ["qfa-tak-pro"] = "原始侗台語", ["qfa-yen-pro"] = "原始葉尼塞語", ["qfa-yuk-pro"] = "原始尤卡吉爾語", ["qu"] = "克丘亞語", ["qua"] = "Quapaw", ["quc"] = "基切語", ["qui"] = "Quileute", ["qum"] = "Sipakapense", ["qun"] = "Quinault", ["quq"] = "Quinqui", ["quv"] = "Sacapulteco", ["qvy"] = "Queyu", ["qwc"] = "古典克丘亞語", ["qwe-kch"] = "Kichwa", ["qwm"] = "欽察語", ["qwt"] = "Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai", ["qxs"] = "南羌語", ["qya"] = "Quenya", ["qyp"] = "Quiripi", ["raa"] = "Dungmali", ["rab"] = "Chamling", ["rac"] = "Rasawa", ["rad"] = "埃地語", ["raf"] = "西梅瓦杭語", ["rag"] = "Logooli", ["rah"] = "拉巴語", ["rai"] = "Ramoaaina", ["raj"] = "拉賈斯坦語", ["rak"] = "Tulu-Bohuai", ["ral"] = "Ralte", ["ram"] = "Canela", ["ran"] = "Riantana", ["rao"] = "Rao", ["rap"] = "拉帕努伊語", ["raq"] = "Saam", ["rar"] = "拉羅湯加語", ["ras"] = "Tegali", ["rat"] = "Razajerdi", ["rau"] = "Raute", ["rav"] = "Sampang", ["raw"] = "Rawang", ["rax"] = "Rang", ["ray"] = "Rapa", ["raz"] = "Rahambuu", ["rbb"] = "Rumai Palaung", ["rbk"] = "Northern Bontoc", ["rbl"] = "Miraya Bikol", ["rcf"] = "留尼旺克里奧爾法語", ["rdb"] = "Rudbari", ["rea"] = "Rerau", ["reb"] = "勒姆邦語", ["ree"] = "Rejang Kayan", ["reg"] = "Kara (Tanzania)", ["rei"] = "Reli", ["rej"] = "勒姜語", ["rel"] = "Rendille", ["rem"] = "Remo", ["ren"] = "Rengao", ["rer"] = "Rer Bare", ["res"] = "Reshe", ["ret"] = "Retta", ["rey"] = "Reyesano", ["rga"] = "Roria", ["rge"] = "羅姆希臘語", ["rgk"] = "Rangkas", ["rgn"] = "羅馬涅語", ["rgr"] = "Resígaro", ["rgs"] = "Southern Roglai", ["rgu"] = "Ringgou", ["rhg"] = "羅興亞語", ["rhp"] = "Yahang", ["ria"] = "Reang", ["rif"] = "里菲安語", ["ril"] = "Riang", ["rim"] = "Nyaturu", ["rin"] = "Nungu", ["rir"] = "Ribun", ["rit"] = "Ritarungo", ["riu"] = "Riung", ["rjg"] = "Rajong", ["rji"] = "Raji", ["rjs"] = "Rajbanshi", ["rka"] = "Kraol", ["rkb"] = "Rikbaktsa", ["rkh"] = "Rakahanga-Manihiki", ["rki"] = "若開語", ["rkm"] = "Marka", ["rkt"] = "Kamta", ["rkw"] = "阿拉瓜爾語", ["rm"] = "羅曼什語", ["rma"] = "Rama", ["rmb"] = "Rembarunga", ["rmc"] = "喀爾巴阡羅姆語", ["rmd"] = "旅行者丹麥語", ["rme"] = "盎格魯羅姆語", ["rmf"] = "芬蘭羅姆語", ["rmg"] = "旅行者挪威語", ["rmh"] = "Murkim", ["rmi"] = "洛馬夫倫語", ["rmk"] = "Romkun", ["rml"] = "波羅的羅姆語", ["rmm"] = "Roma", ["rmn"] = "巴爾幹羅姆語", ["rmo"] = "辛特羅姆語", ["rmp"] = "Rempi", ["rmq"] = "伊比利吉普賽語", ["rms"] = "羅馬尼亞手語", ["rmt"] = "Domari", ["rmu"] = "斯堪地羅姆語", ["rmv"] = "Romanova", ["rmw"] = "威爾士羅姆語", ["rmx"] = "Romam", ["rmy"] = "弗拉赫羅姆語", ["rmz"] = "馬爾馬語", ["rn"] = "克倫地語", ["rnd"] = "Ruwund", ["rng"] = "龍加語", ["rnl"] = "Ranglong", ["rnn"] = "Roon", ["rnp"] = "Rongpo", ["rnw"] = "龍瓦語", ["ro"] = "羅馬尼亞語", ["roa-ang"] = "安茹語", ["roa-bbn"] = "Bourbonnais-Berrichon", ["roa-brg"] = "勃艮第語", ["roa-cha"] = "香檳語", ["roa-fcm"] = "Franc-Comtois", ["roa-gal"] = "加羅語", ["roa-leo"] = "萊昂語", ["roa-lor"] = "洛林語", ["roa-oan"] = "納瓦拉-阿拉貢語", ["roa-oca"] = "古加泰羅尼亞語", ["roa-ole"] = "古萊昂語", ["roa-opt"] = "古葡萄牙語", ["roa-orl"] = "奧爾良語", ["roa-poi"] = "Poitevin-Saintongeais", ["roa-tar"] = "塔倫蒂諾語", ["roa-tou"] = "圖蘭格語", ["rob"] = "塔埃語", ["roc"] = "Cacgia Roglai", ["rod"] = "Rogo", ["roe"] = "Ronji", ["rof"] = "蘭博語", ["rog"] = "Northern Roglai", ["rol"] = "朗布隆語", ["rom"] = "羅姆語", ["roo"] = "羅托卡特語", ["rop"] = "澳洲克里奧爾語", ["ror"] = "Rongga", ["rou"] = "Runga", ["row"] = "Dela-Oenale", ["rpn"] = "Repanbitip", ["rpt"] = "Rapting", ["rri"] = "Ririo", ["rro"] = "Roro", ["rrt"] = "Arritinngithigh", ["rsb"] = "Romano-Serbian", ["rsl"] = "俄羅斯手語", ["rsm"] = "Miriwoong Sign Language", ["rtc"] = "Rungtu", ["rth"] = "Ratahan", ["rtm"] = "羅圖馬語", ["rtw"] = "Rathawi", ["ru"] = "俄語", ["rub"] = "Gungu", ["ruc"] = "Ruuli", ["rue"] = "盧森尼亞語", ["ruf"] = "Luguru", ["rug"] = "羅維阿納語", ["ruh"] = "Ruga", ["rui"] = "Rufiji", ["ruk"] = "Che", ["ruo"] = "伊斯特羅-羅馬尼亞語", ["rup"] = "阿羅馬尼亞語", ["ruq"] = "梅戈來諾-羅馬尼亞語", ["rut"] = "魯圖爾語", ["ruu"] = "Lanas Lobu", ["ruy"] = "Mala (Nigeria)", ["ruz"] = "Ruma", ["rw"] = "盧旺達語", ["rwa"] = "Rawo", ["rwk"] = "羅瓦語", ["rwm"] = "Amba", ["rwo"] = "Rawa", ["rxd"] = "Ngardi", ["rxw"] = "Karuwali", ["ryn"] = "北奄美大島語", ["rys"] = "八重山語", ["ryu"] = "沖繩語", ["rzh"] = "Razihi", ["sa"] = "梵語", ["saa"] = "薩巴語", ["sab"] = "Buglere", ["sac"] = "Fox", ["sad"] = "桑達韋語", ["sae"] = "Sabanê", ["saf"] = "Safaliba", ["sah"] = "雅庫特語", ["sai-ajg"] = "Ajagua", ["sai-all"] = "Allentiac", ["sai-and"] = "Andoquero", ["sai-ayo"] = "Ayomán", ["sai-bae"] = "Baenan", ["sai-bag"] = "Bagua", ["sai-bet"] = "Betoi", ["sai-bor-pro"] = "Proto-Boran", ["sai-cac"] = "Cacán", ["sai-caq"] = "Caranqui", ["sai-cat"] = "Catacao", ["sai-cer-pro"] = "Proto-Cerrado", ["sai-chi"] = "Chirino", ["sai-chn"] = "Chaná", ["sai-chp"] = "Chapacura", ["sai-chr"] = "Charrua", ["sai-chu"] = "Churuya", ["sai-cje-pro"] = "Proto-Central Jê", ["sai-cmg"] = "Comechingon", ["sai-cno"] = "Chono", ["sai-cnr"] = "Cañari", ["sai-coe"] = "Coeruna", ["sai-col"] = "Colán", ["sai-cop"] = "Copallén", ["sai-crd"] = "Coroado Puri", ["sai-ctq"] = "Catuquinaru", ["sai-cul"] = "Culli", ["sai-cva"] = "Cueva", ["sai-esm"] = "Esmeralda", ["sai-ewa"] = "Ewarhuyana", ["sai-gam"] = "Gamela", ["sai-gay"] = "Gayón", ["sai-gmo"] = "Guamo", ["sai-gue"] = "Güenoa", ["sai-hau"] = "Haush", ["sai-hoc-pro"] = "Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina", ["sai-jee-pro"] = "Proto-Jê", ["sai-jko"] = "Jeikó", ["sai-jrj"] = "Jirajara", ["sai-kat"] = "Katembri", ["sai-mal"] = "馬拉利語", ["sai-mar"] = "馬拉蒂諾語", ["sai-mat"] = "馬塔納維語", ["sai-mcn"] = "莫卡納語", ["sai-men"] = "Menien", ["sai-mil"] = "Millcayac", ["sai-mlb"] = "Malibu", ["sai-msk"] = "Masakará", ["sai-muc"] = "Mucuchí", ["sai-mue"] = "Muellama", ["sai-muz"] = "Muzo", ["sai-mys"] = "Maynas", ["sai-nat"] = "Natú", ["sai-nje-pro"] = "Proto-Northern Jê", ["sai-opo"] = "Opón", ["sai-oto"] = "Otomaco", ["sai-pal"] = "Palta", ["sai-pam"] = "Pamigua", ["sai-par"] = "Paratió", ["sai-pnz"] = "Panzaleo", ["sai-prh"] = "Puruhá", ["sai-ptg"] = "Patagón", ["sai-pur"] = "Purukotó", ["sai-pyg"] = "Payaguá", ["sai-pyk"] = "Pykobjê", ["sai-qmb"] = "Quimbaya", ["sai-qtm"] = "Quitemo", ["sai-rab"] = "Rabona", ["sai-ram"] = "Ramanos", ["sai-sac"] = "Sácata", ["sai-san"] = "Sanaviron", ["sai-sap"] = "Sapará", ["sai-sec"] = "Sechura", ["sai-sin"] = "Sinúfana", ["sai-sje-pro"] = "Proto-Southern Jê", ["sai-tab"] = "Tabancale", ["sai-tal"] = "Tallán", ["sai-tap"] = "Tapayuna", ["sai-teu"] = "Teushen", ["sai-tim"] = "Timote", ["sai-tpr"] = "Taparita", ["sai-trr"] = "Tarairiú", ["sai-wai"] = "Waitaká", ["sai-way"] = "Wayumará", ["sai-wit-pro"] = "Proto-Witotoan", ["sai-wnm"] = "Wanham", ["sai-xoc"] = "Xocó", ["sai-yao"] = "Yao (South America)", ["sai-yar"] = "Yarumá", ["sai-yri"] = "Yuri", ["sai-yup"] = "Yupua", ["sai-yur"] = "Yurumanguí", ["saj"] = "薩胡語", ["sak"] = "Sake", ["sal-pro"] = "原始薩利希語", ["sam"] = "撒馬利亞亞拉姆語", ["sao"] = "Sause", ["saq"] = "薩布魯語", ["sar"] = "Saraveca", ["sas"] = "薩薩克語", ["sat"] = "桑塔利語", ["sau"] = "Saleman", ["sav"] = "薩菲薩菲語", ["saw"] = "Sawi", ["sax"] = "Sa", ["say"] = "Saya", ["saz"] = "索拉什特拉語", ["sba"] = "甘拜語", ["sbb"] = "Simbo", ["sbc"] = "Gele'", ["sbd"] = "Southern Samo", ["sbe"] = "Saliba (New Guinea)", ["sbf"] = "Shabo", ["sbg"] = "Seget", ["sbh"] = "索里-哈林甘語", ["sbi"] = "Seti", ["sbj"] = "Surbakhal", ["sbk"] = "Safwa", ["sbl"] = "波多蘭三描語", ["sbm"] = "Sagala", ["sbn"] = "信德比爾語", ["sbo"] = "Sabüm", ["sbp"] = "桑古語", ["sbq"] = "Sileibi", ["sbr"] = "Sembakung Murut", ["sbs"] = "Subiya", ["sbt"] = "Kimki", ["sbu"] = "Stod Bhoti", ["sbv"] = "薩比尼語", ["sbw"] = "Simba", ["sbx"] = "Seberuang", ["sby"] = "Soli", ["sbz"] = "Sara Kaba", ["sc"] = "撒丁語", ["scb"] = "Chut", ["sce"] = "東鄉語", ["scf"] = "聖米格爾克里奧爾法語", ["scg"] = "Sanggau", ["sch"] = "薩卡車普語", ["sci"] = "斯里蘭卡克里奧爾馬來語", ["sck"] = "薩達里語", ["scl"] = "希納語", ["scn"] = "西西里語", ["sco"] = "低地蘇格蘭語", ["scp"] = "約爾莫語", ["scq"] = "Sa'och", ["scs"] = "北斯拉維語", ["scu"] = "Shumcho", ["scv"] = "Sheni", ["scw"] = "Sha", ["scx"] = "Sicel", ["sd"] = "信德語", ["sda"] = "托拉查-薩達語", ["sdb"] = "沙巴克語", ["sdc"] = "薩薩里語", ["sde"] = "Surubu", ["sdf"] = "薩爾里語", ["sdg"] = "沙維語", ["sdh"] = "南庫爾德語", ["sdj"] = "Suundi", ["sdk"] = "Sos Kundi", ["sdl"] = "沙烏地阿拉伯手語", ["sdm"] = "Semandang", ["sdn"] = "加盧拉語", ["sdo"] = "Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh", ["sdp"] = "舍朱奔語", ["sdr"] = "奧拉昂薩達里語", ["sds"] = "Sened", ["sdu"] = "Sarudu", ["sdv-daj-pro"] = "Proto-Daju", ["sdv-eje-pro"] = "Proto-Eastern Jebel", ["sdv-nil-pro"] = "Proto-Nilotic", ["sdv-nyi-pro"] = "Proto-Nyima", ["sdv-tmn-pro"] = "Proto-Taman", ["sdx"] = "Sibu Melanau", ["se"] = "北薩米語", ["sea"] = "塞邁語", ["sec"] = "Sechelt", ["sed"] = "Sedang", ["see"] = "塞訥卡語", ["sef"] = "Cebaara Senoufo", ["seg"] = "Segeju", ["seh"] = "賽納語", ["sei"] = "瑟里語", ["sej"] = "Sene", ["sek"] = "Sekani", ["sel"] = "塞爾庫普語", ["sem-amm"] = "亞捫語", ["sem-amo"] = "Amorite", ["sem-cha"] = "Chaha", ["sem-dad"] = "Dadanitic", ["sem-dum"] = "Dumaitic", ["sem-has"] = "Hasaitic", ["sem-him"] = "Himyaritic", ["sem-his"] = "Hismaic", ["sem-mhr"] = "Muher", ["sem-pro"] = "原始閃米特語", ["sem-saf"] = "Safaitic", ["sem-srb"] = "古南阿拉伯語", ["sem-tay"] = "Taymanitic", ["sem-tha"] = "Thamudic", ["sem-wes-pro"] = "原始西閃米特語", ["sen"] = "Nanerigé Sénoufo", ["seo"] = "Suarmin", ["sep"] = "Sìcìté Sénoufo", ["seq"] = "Senara Sénoufo", ["ser"] = "Serrano", ["ses"] = "東桑海語", ["set"] = "Sentani", ["seu"] = "Serui-Laut", ["sev"] = "Nyarafolo Senoufo", ["sew"] = "Sewa Bay", ["sey"] = "Secoya", ["sez"] = "Senthang Chin", ["sfb"] = "法國比利時手語", ["sfm"] = "小花苗語", ["sfs"] = "南非手語", ["sfw"] = "Sehwi", ["sg"] = "桑戈語", ["sga"] = "古愛爾蘭語", ["sgb"] = "麥安契埃塔語", ["sgc"] = "Kipsigis", ["sgd"] = "蘇里高農語", ["sge"] = "色蓋語", ["sgg"] = "瑞士德語手語", ["sgh"] = "舒格南語", ["sgi"] = "Suga", ["sgk"] = "Sangkong", ["sgm"] = "Singa", ["sgp"] = "Singpho", ["sgr"] = "桑加薩爾語", ["sgs"] = "薩莫吉提亞語", ["sgt"] = "Brokpake", ["sgu"] = "Salas", ["sgw"] = "Sebat Bet Gurage", ["sgx"] = "Sierra Leone Sign Language", ["sgy"] = "桑格萊奇語", ["sgz"] = "Sursurunga", ["sh"] = "塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語", ["sha"] = "Shall-Zwall", ["shb"] = "Ninam", ["shc"] = "Sonde", ["shd"] = "昆達爾-沙希語", ["she"] = "謝科語", ["shg"] = "Shua", ["shh"] = "休休尼語", ["shi"] = "施盧赫語", ["shj"] = "Shatt", ["shk"] = "什魯克語", ["shl"] = "Shendu", ["shm"] = "沙赫魯迪語", ["shn"] = "撣語", ["sho"] = "Shanga", ["shp"] = "希皮博-科尼博語", ["shq"] = "Sala", ["shr"] = "Shi", ["shs"] = "Shuswap", ["sht"] = "Shasta", ["shu"] = "乍得阿拉伯語", ["shv"] = "山地語", ["shw"] = "Shwai", ["shx"] = "畲語", ["shy"] = "塔查維特語", ["shz"] = "Syenara Senoufo", ["si"] = "僧加羅語", ["sia"] = "阿卡拉薩米語", ["sib"] = "塞波普語", ["sid"] = "希達摩語", ["sie"] = "Simaa", ["sij"] = "農巴米語", ["sio-pro"] = "原始蘇語", ["sip"] = "錫金語", ["siq"] = "Sonia", ["sir"] = "Siri", ["sis"] = "Siuslaw", ["sit-bok"] = "Bokar", ["sit-cha"] = "Chairel", ["sit-gkh"] = "Gokhy", ["sit-hrs-pro"] = "Proto-Hrusish", ["sit-jap"] = "茶堡話", ["sit-kha-pro"] = "Proto-Kham", ["sit-liz"] = "Lizu", ["sit-luu-pro"] = "Proto-Luish", ["sit-mor"] = "Moran", ["sit-prn"] = "Puiron", ["sit-pro"] = "原始漢藏語", ["sit-sit"] = "四土話", ["sit-tan-pro"] = "原始達尼語", ["sit-tgm"] = "Tangam", ["sit-tos"] = "Tosu", ["sit-tsh"] = "草登話", ["sit-zbu"] = "Zbu", ["siu"] = "Sinagen", ["siv"] = "Sumariup", ["siw"] = "Siwai", ["six"] = "Sumau", ["siy"] = "斯凡迪語", ["siz"] = "Siwi", ["sja"] = "Epena", ["sjb"] = "Sajau Basap", ["sjd"] = "基爾丁薩米語", ["sje"] = "皮特薩米語", ["sjg"] = "Assangori", ["sjk"] = "凱米薩米語", ["sjl"] = "Miji", ["sjm"] = "Mapun", ["sjn"] = "辛達林語", ["sjo"] = "錫伯語", ["sjp"] = "蘇爾賈普里語", ["sjr"] = "Siar-Lak", ["sjs"] = "Senhaja De Srair", ["sjt"] = "特爾薩米語", ["sju"] = "于默薩米語", ["sjw"] = "肖尼語", ["sk"] = "斯洛伐克語", ["ska"] = "Skagit", ["skb"] = "石語", ["skc"] = "Ma Manda", ["skd"] = "Southern Sierra Miwok", ["ske"] = "Ske", ["skf"] = "Sakirabiá", ["skh"] = "Sikule", ["ski"] = "西卡語", ["skj"] = "Seke", ["skk"] = "Sok", ["skm"] = "Sakam", ["skn"] = "哥里布安-蘇巴農語", ["sko"] = "Seko Tengah", ["skp"] = "Sekapan", ["skq"] = "Sininkere", ["skr"] = "沙拉基語", ["sks"] = "Maia", ["skt"] = "Sakata", ["sku"] = "Sakao", ["skv"] = "Skou", ["skw"] = "Skepi Creole Dutch", ["skx"] = "Seko Padang", ["sky"] = "Sikaiana", ["skz"] = "塞卡爾語", ["sl"] = "斯洛文尼亞語", ["sla-pro"] = "原始斯拉夫語", ["slc"] = "Saliba (Colombia)", ["sld"] = "Sissala", ["sle"] = "Sholaga", ["slf"] = "瑞士意大利語手語", ["slg"] = "Selungai Murut", ["slh"] = "南普吉特海灣薩利希語", ["slj"] = "Salumá", ["sll"] = "Salt-Yui", ["slm"] = "潘古塔蘭巴瑤語", ["sln"] = "Salinan", ["slp"] = "Lamaholot", ["slq"] = "Salchuq", ["slr"] = "撒拉語", ["sls"] = "新加坡手語", ["slt"] = "Sila", ["slu"] = "Selaru", ["slw"] = "Sialum", ["slx"] = "Salampasu", ["sly"] = "塞拉亞語", ["slz"] = "Ma'ya", ["sm"] = "薩摩亞語", ["sma"] = "南薩米語", ["smb"] = "Simbari", ["smc"] = "Som", ["smd"] = "Sama", ["smf"] = "Auwe", ["smg"] = "Simbali", ["smh"] = "Samei", ["smi-pro"] = "原始薩米語", ["smj"] = "呂勒薩米語", ["smk"] = "博利瑙語", ["sml"] = "Central Sama", ["smm"] = "穆薩薩語", ["smn"] = "伊納里薩米語", ["smp"] = "撒馬利亞希伯來語", ["smq"] = "Samo", ["smr"] = "錫默盧語", ["sms"] = "斯科爾特薩米語", ["smt"] = "Simte", ["smu"] = "Somray", ["smv"] = "桑維蒂語", ["smw"] = "松巴哇語", ["smx"] = "Samba", ["smy"] = "森南尼語", ["smz"] = "Simeku", ["sn"] = "修納語", ["snb"] = "Sebuyau", ["snc"] = "西瑙高羅語", ["sne"] = "查格依語", ["snf"] = "諾恩語", ["sng"] = "Sanga (Congo)", ["sni"] = "Sensi", ["snj"] = "Riverain Sango", ["snk"] = "索尼基語", ["snl"] = "Sangil", ["snm"] = "Southern Ma'di", ["snn"] = "Siona", ["sno"] = "Snohomish", ["snp"] = "Siane", ["snq"] = "Sangu (Gabon)", ["snr"] = "Sihan", ["sns"] = "Nahavaq", ["snu"] = "Senggi", ["snv"] = "Sa'ban", ["snw"] = "Selee", ["snx"] = "Sam", ["sny"] = "Saniyo-Hiyewe", ["snz"] = "Kou", ["so"] = "索馬里語", ["soa"] = "宋傣語", ["sob"] = "Sobei", ["soc"] = "Soko", ["sod"] = "Songoora", ["soe"] = "Songomeno", ["sog"] = "粟特語", ["soh"] = "Aka (Sudan)", ["soi"] = "Sonha", ["sok"] = "索科羅語", ["sol"] = "索洛斯語", ["son-pro"] = "原始桑海語", ["soo"] = "Nsong", ["sop"] = "Songe", ["soq"] = "Kanasi", ["sor"] = "Somrai", ["sos"] = "Seenku", ["sou"] = "南部泰語", ["sov"] = "Sonsorolese", ["sow"] = "Sowanda", ["sox"] = "Swo", ["soy"] = "Miyobe", ["soz"] = "Temi", ["spb"] = "Sepa (Indonesia)", ["spc"] = "Sapé", ["spd"] = "Saep", ["spe"] = "Sepa (New Guinea)", ["spg"] = "Sian", ["spi"] = "薩波尼語", ["spk"] = "Sengo", ["spl"] = "Selepet", ["spm"] = "Sepen", ["spn"] = "Sanapaná", ["spo"] = "Spokane", ["spp"] = "Supyire", ["spr"] = "Saparua", ["sps"] = "薩波薩語", ["spt"] = "Spiti Bhoti", ["spu"] = "Sapuan", ["spv"] = "桑巴爾普里語", ["spx"] = "南皮賽恩語", ["spy"] = "Sabaot", ["sq"] = "阿爾巴尼亞語", ["sqa"] = "Shama-Sambuga", ["sqh"] = "Shau", ["sqj-pro"] = "原始阿爾巴尼亞語", ["sqk"] = "Albanian Sign Language", ["sqm"] = "Suma", ["sqn"] = "Susquehannock", ["sqo"] = "索爾赫伊語", ["sqq"] = "Sou", ["sqr"] = "西庫爾阿拉伯語", ["sqs"] = "斯里蘭卡手語", ["sqt"] = "索科特拉語", ["squ"] = "斯闊米什語", ["sra"] = "Saruga", ["srb"] = "Sora", ["sre"] = "Sara", ["srf"] = "Nafi", ["srg"] = "Sulod", ["srh"] = "薩里庫爾語", ["sri"] = "Siriano", ["srk"] = "Serudung Murut", ["srl"] = "Isirawa", ["srm"] = "薩拉馬卡語", ["srn"] = "蘇里南湯加語", ["srq"] = "Sirionó", ["srr"] = "塞雷爾語", ["srs"] = "Sarcee", ["srt"] = "Sauri", ["sru"] = "Suruí", ["srv"] = "Waray Sorsogon", ["srw"] = "Serua", ["srx"] = "Sirmauri", ["sry"] = "Sera", ["srz"] = "沙赫米爾扎迪語", ["ss"] = "史瓦濟語", ["ssa-klk-pro"] = "Proto-Kuliak", ["ssa-kom-pro"] = "Proto-Koman", ["ssa-pro"] = "原始尼羅-撒哈拉語", ["ssb"] = "Southern Sama", ["ssc"] = "Suba-Simbiti", ["ssd"] = "Siroi", ["sse"] = "Balangingi", ["ssf"] = "邵語", ["ssg"] = "Seimat", ["ssh"] = "Shihhi Arabic", ["ssi"] = "桑斯語", ["ssj"] = "Sausi", ["ssk"] = "Sunam", ["ssl"] = "Western Sisaala", ["ssm"] = "Semnam", ["ssn"] = "Waata", ["sso"] = "Sissano", ["ssp"] = "西班牙手語", ["ssq"] = "So'a", ["ssr"] = "瑞士法國手語", ["sss"] = "Sô", ["sst"] = "Sinasina", ["ssu"] = "Susuami", ["ssv"] = "Shark Bay", ["ssx"] = "Samberigi", ["ssy"] = "薩霍語", ["ssz"] = "Sengseng", ["st"] = "塞索托語", ["stb"] = "北蘇巴農語", ["std"] = "Sentinelese", ["ste"] = "Liana-Seti", ["stf"] = "Seta", ["stg"] = "Trieng", ["sth"] = "雪爾塔語", ["sti"] = "Bulo Stieng", ["stj"] = "Matya Samo", ["stk"] = "Arammba", ["stm"] = "Setaman", ["stn"] = "Owa", ["sto"] = "Stoney", ["stp"] = "東南特佩瓦語", ["stq"] = "薩特弗里斯蘭語", ["str"] = "薩尼奇語", ["sts"] = "舒馬斯梯語", ["stt"] = "Budeh Stieng", ["stu"] = "Samtao", ["stv"] = "Silt'e", ["stw"] = "Satawalese", ["sty"] = "西伯利亞韃靼語", ["su"] = "巽他語", ["sua"] = "Sulka", ["sub"] = "Suku", ["suc"] = "西蘇巴農語", ["sue"] = "蘇埃納語", ["sug"] = "Suganga", ["sui"] = "蘇基語", ["suk"] = "蘇庫馬語", ["suq"] = "蘇里語", ["sur"] = "Mwaghavul", ["sus"] = "蘇蘇語", ["sut"] = "Subtiaba", ["suv"] = "Sulung", ["suw"] = "Sumbwa", ["sux"] = "蘇美爾語", ["suy"] = "Suyá", ["suz"] = "Sunwar", ["sv"] = "瑞典語", ["sva"] = "斯凡語", ["svb"] = "Ulau-Suain", ["svc"] = "Vincentian Creole English", ["sve"] = "Serili", ["svk"] = "斯洛伐克手語", ["svm"] = "斯拉夫莫利塞語", ["svs"] = "Savosavo", ["svx"] = "斯卡洛維亞語", ["sw"] = "斯瓦希里語", ["swb"] = "馬約特科摩羅語", ["swf"] = "Sere", ["swg"] = "施瓦本語", ["swi"] = "水語", ["swj"] = "Sira", ["swl"] = "Swedish Sign Language", ["swm"] = "Samosa", ["swn"] = "Sokna", ["swo"] = "Shanenawa", ["swp"] = "Suau", ["swq"] = "Sharwa", ["swr"] = "Saweru", ["sws"] = "Seluwasan", ["swt"] = "Sawila", ["swu"] = "Suwawa", ["sww"] = "索瓦語", ["swx"] = "Suruahá", ["swy"] = "Sarua", ["sxb"] = "Suba", ["sxc"] = "Sicanian", ["sxe"] = "Sighu", ["sxg"] = "史興語", ["sxk"] = "南卡拉普亞語", ["sxl"] = "瑟羅尼亞語", ["sxm"] = "Samre", ["sxn"] = "桑格語", ["sxo"] = "Sorothaptic", ["sxr"] = "拉阿魯哇語", ["sxs"] = "Sasaru", ["sxw"] = "Saxwe Gbe", ["sya"] = "Siang", ["syb"] = "中蘇巴農語", ["syc"] = "古典敘利亞語", ["syd-fne"] = "森林涅涅茨語", ["syd-pro"] = "原始薩莫耶德語", ["syi"] = "Seki", ["syk"] = "蘇庫爾語", ["syl"] = "錫爾赫特語", ["sym"] = "Maya Samo", ["syn"] = "Senaya", ["syo"] = "Suoy", ["sys"] = "Sinyar", ["syw"] = "Kagate", ["syx"] = "Osamayi", ["syy"] = "Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language", ["sza"] = "Semelai", ["szb"] = "Ngalum", ["szc"] = "Semaq Beri", ["szd"] = "Seru", ["sze"] = "Seze", ["szg"] = "Sengele", ["szl"] = "西里西亞語", ["szn"] = "Sula", ["szp"] = "Suabo", ["szv"] = "Isubu", ["szw"] = "Sawai", ["szy"] = "撒奇萊雅語", ["ta"] = "泰米爾語", ["taa"] = "Lower Tanana", ["tab"] = "塔巴薩蘭語", ["tac"] = "低地塔拉烏馬拉語", ["tad"] = "Tause", ["tae"] = "Tariana", ["taf"] = "Tapirapé", ["tag"] = "Tagoi", ["tai-pro"] = "原始台語", ["tai-swe-pro"] = "原始西南台語", ["taj"] = "Eastern Tamang", ["tak"] = "Tala", ["tal"] = "Tal", ["tan"] = "Tangale", ["tao"] = "達悟語", ["tap"] = "Taabwa", ["taq"] = "Tamasheq", ["tar"] = "中塔拉烏馬拉語", ["tas"] = "Tay Boi", ["tau"] = "Upper Tanana", ["tav"] = "Tatuyo", ["taw"] = "Tai", ["tax"] = "Tamki", ["tay"] = "泰雅語", ["taz"] = "Tocho", ["tba"] = "Aikanã", ["tbb"] = "Tapeba", ["tbc"] = "Takia", ["tbd"] = "Kaki Ae", ["tbe"] = "Tanimbili", ["tbf"] = "Mandara", ["tbg"] = "North Tairora", ["tbh"] = "Thurawal", ["tbi"] = "Gaam", ["tbj"] = "Tiang", ["tbk"] = "卡拉米-塔格巴努瓦語", ["tbl"] = "特波里語", ["tbm"] = "Tagbu", ["tbn"] = "Barro Negro Tunebo", ["tbo"] = "Tawala", ["tbp"] = "Taworta", ["tbq-bdg-pro"] = "原始博多-加羅語", ["tbq-kuk-pro"] = "原始庫基-欽語", ["tbq-lal-pro"] = "原始臘羅語", ["tbq-laz"] = "Laze", ["tbq-lob-pro"] = "原始緬彝語", ["tbq-lol-pro"] = "原始彝語", ["tbq-plg"] = "白狼語", ["tbr"] = "Tumtum", ["tbs"] = "Tanguat", ["tbt"] = "Kitembo", ["tbu"] = "Tubar", ["tbv"] = "Tobo", ["tbw"] = "塔格巴努瓦語", ["tbx"] = "Kapin", ["tby"] = "Tabaru", ["tbz"] = "Ditammari", ["tca"] = "Ticuna", ["tcb"] = "Tanacross", ["tcc"] = "Datooga", ["tcd"] = "Tafi", ["tce"] = "南塔穹語", ["tcf"] = "馬利納爾特佩克特拉帕克語", ["tcg"] = "Tamagario", ["tch"] = "特克斯和凱科斯群島克里奧爾英語", ["tci"] = "Wára", ["tck"] = "Tchitchege", ["tcl"] = "Taman (Burma)", ["tcm"] = "Tanahmerah", ["tco"] = "Taungyo", ["tcp"] = "Tawr Chin", ["tcq"] = "Kaiy", ["tcs"] = "托雷斯海峽克里奧爾語", ["tct"] = "佯僙語", ["tcu"] = "東南塔拉烏馬拉語", ["tcw"] = "特克帕特蘭托托納克語", ["tcx"] = "Toda", ["tcy"] = "圖陸語", ["tcz"] = "Thado Chin", ["tda"] = "Tagdal", ["tdb"] = "Panchpargania", ["tdc"] = "Emberá-Tadó", ["tdd"] = "傣納語", ["tde"] = "Tiranige Diga Dogon", ["tdf"] = "Talieng", ["tdg"] = "Western Tamang", ["tdh"] = "Thulung", ["tdi"] = "Tomadino", ["tdj"] = "塔基歐語", ["tdk"] = "Tambas", ["tdl"] = "Sur", ["tdm"] = "Taruma", ["tdn"] = "Tondano", ["tdo"] = "Teme", ["tdq"] = "Tita", ["tdr"] = "Todrah", ["tds"] = "Doutai", ["tdt"] = "Tetun Dili", ["tdu"] = "Tempasuk Dusun", ["tdv"] = "Toro", ["tdy"] = "Tadyawan", ["te"] = "泰盧固語", ["tea"] = "Temiar", ["teb"] = "Tetete", ["tec"] = "Terik", ["ted"] = "Tepo Krumen", ["tee"] = "韋韋特拉特佩瓦語", ["tef"] = "Teressa", ["teg"] = "Teke-Tege", ["teh"] = "Tehuelche", ["tei"] = "Torricelli", ["tek"] = "Ibali Teke", ["tem"] = "提姆語", ["ten"] = "Tama (Colombia)", ["teo"] = "特索語", ["tep"] = "特佩卡諾語", ["teq"] = "Temein", ["ter"] = "泰雷諾語", ["tes"] = "Tengger", ["tet"] = "德頓語", ["teu"] = "Soo", ["tev"] = "Teor", ["tew"] = "特瓦語", ["tex"] = "Tennet", ["tey"] = "Tulishi", ["tez"] = "Tetserret", ["tfi"] = "Tofin Gbe", ["tfn"] = "Dena'ina", ["tfo"] = "Tefaro", ["tfr"] = "特里貝語", ["tft"] = "特爾納特語", ["tg"] = "塔吉克語", ["tga"] = "Sagalla", ["tgb"] = "Tobilung", ["tgc"] = "Tigak", ["tgd"] = "Ciwogai", ["tge"] = "Eastern Gorkha Tamang", ["tgf"] = "Chali", ["tgh"] = "多巴哥克里奧爾英語", ["tgi"] = "Lawunuia", ["tgn"] = "坦達加農語", ["tgo"] = "塔古拉語", ["tgp"] = "Tangoa", ["tgq"] = "Tring", ["tgr"] = "Tareng", ["tgs"] = "Nume", ["tgt"] = "中塔格巴努瓦語", ["tgu"] = "Tanggu", ["tgv"] = "Tingui-Boto", ["tgw"] = "Tagwana Senoufo", ["tgx"] = "塔吉什語", ["tgy"] = "Togoyo", ["th"] = "泰語", ["thc"] = "傣包語", ["thd"] = "Kuuk Thaayorre", ["the"] = "Chitwania Tharu", ["thf"] = "Thangmi", ["thh"] = "北塔拉烏馬拉語", ["thi"] = "Tai Long", ["thk"] = "Tharaka", ["thl"] = "Dangaura Tharu", ["thm"] = "他文語", ["thn"] = "Thachanadan", ["thp"] = "Thompson", ["thq"] = "Kochila Tharu", ["thr"] = "Rana Tharu", ["ths"] = "Thakali", ["tht"] = "Tahltan", ["thu"] = "Thuri", ["thv"] = "Tahaggart Tamahaq", ["thy"] = "Tha", ["thz"] = "Tayart Tamajeq", ["ti"] = "提格里尼亞語", ["tia"] = "Tidikelt Tamazight", ["tic"] = "Tira", ["tif"] = "Tifal", ["tig"] = "提格雷語", ["tih"] = "蒂穆貢穆魯特語", ["tii"] = "Tiene", ["tij"] = "Tilung", ["tik"] = "Tikar", ["til"] = "Tillamook", ["tim"] = "Timbe", ["tin"] = "廷迪語", ["tio"] = "Teop", ["tip"] = "Trimuris", ["tiq"] = "Tiéfo", ["tis"] = "Masadiit Itneg", ["tit"] = "Tinigua", ["tiu"] = "Adasen", ["tiv"] = "泰雷諾語", ["tiw"] = "Tiwi", ["tix"] = "Southern Tiwa", ["tiy"] = "蒂魯賴語", ["tiz"] = "紅金傣語", ["tja"] = "Tajuasohn", ["tjg"] = "Tunjung", ["tji"] = "北部土家語", ["tjm"] = "Timucua", ["tjn"] = "Tonjon", ["tjo"] = "Temacine Tamazight", ["tjs"] = "南部土家語", ["tju"] = "Tjurruru", ["tjw"] = "Chaap Wuurong", ["tk"] = "土庫曼語", ["tka"] = "Truká", ["tkb"] = "Buksa", ["tkd"] = "Tukudede", ["tke"] = "Takwane", ["tkf"] = "Tukumanféd", ["tkl"] = "托克勞語", ["tkm"] = "Takelma", ["tkn"] = "德之島語", ["tkp"] = "Tikopia", ["tkq"] = "Tee", ["tkr"] = "查庫爾語", ["tks"] = "Ramandi", ["tkt"] = "Kathoriya Tharu", ["tku"] = "上內卡克薩托托納克語", ["tkv"] = "Mur Pano", ["tkw"] = "Teanu", ["tkx"] = "Tangko", ["tkz"] = "Takua", ["tl"] = "他加祿語", ["tla"] = "西南特佩瓦語", ["tlb"] = "Tobelo", ["tlc"] = "耶庫阿特拉托托納克語", ["tld"] = "Talaud", ["tlf"] = "Telefol", ["tlg"] = "Tofanma", ["tlh"] = "克林貢語", ["tli"] = "特林吉特語", ["tlj"] = "Talinga-Bwisi", ["tlk"] = "Taloki", ["tll"] = "Tetela", ["tlm"] = "Tolomako", ["tln"] = "Talondo'", ["tlo"] = "Talodi", ["tlp"] = "菲洛梅納-馬塔-科阿維特蘭托托納克語", ["tlq"] = "Tai Loi", ["tlr"] = "Talise", ["tls"] = "Tambotalo", ["tlt"] = "Teluti", ["tlu"] = "Tulehu", ["tlv"] = "塔利亞布語", ["tlx"] = "Khehek", ["tly"] = "塔利什語", ["tma"] = "Tama (Chad)", ["tmb"] = "Avava", ["tmc"] = "Tumak", ["tmd"] = "Haruai", ["tme"] = "Tremembé", ["tmf"] = "Toba-Maskoy", ["tmg"] = "Ternateño", ["tmh"] = "圖阿雷格語", ["tmi"] = "Tutuba", ["tmj"] = "Samarokena", ["tmk"] = "Northwestern Tamang", ["tml"] = "Tamnim Citak", ["tmm"] = "傣奈語", ["tmn"] = "Taman (Indonesia)", ["tmo"] = "Temoq", ["tmp"] = "Tai Mène", ["tmq"] = "Tumleo", ["tms"] = "Tima", ["tmt"] = "Tasmate", ["tmu"] = "Iau", ["tmv"] = "Motembo", ["tmy"] = "Tami", ["tmz"] = "Tamanaku", ["tn"] = "茨瓦納語", ["tna"] = "Tacana", ["tnb"] = "Western Tunebo", ["tnc"] = "Tanimuca-Retuarã", ["tnd"] = "Angosturas Tunebo", ["tne"] = "Tinoc Kallahan", ["tng"] = "Tobanga", ["tnh"] = "Maiani", ["tni"] = "Tandia", ["tnk"] = "Kwamera", ["tnl"] = "Lenakel", ["tnm"] = "Tabla", ["tnn"] = "North Tanna", ["tno"] = "Toromono", ["tnp"] = "Whitesands", ["tnq"] = "泰諾語", ["tnr"] = "Bedik", ["tns"] = "Tenis", ["tnt"] = "通騰博安語", ["tnu"] = "岱康語", ["tnv"] = "坦昌雅語", ["tnw"] = "Tonsawang", ["tnx"] = "Tanema", ["tny"] = "Tongwe", ["tnz"] = "Ten'edn", ["to"] = "湯加語", ["tob"] = "Toba", ["toc"] = "科尤特拉托托納克語", ["tod"] = "Toma", ["tof"] = "Gizrra", ["tog"] = "通加語(馬拉維)", ["toh"] = "通加語(莫桑比克)", ["toi"] = "Tonga (Zambia)", ["toj"] = "托霍拉瓦爾語", ["tok"] = "道本語", ["tol"] = "Tolowa", ["tom"] = "Tombulu", ["too"] = "西科特佩克-德華雷斯托托納克語", ["top"] = "帕潘特拉托托納克語", ["toq"] = "Toposa", ["tor"] = "Togbo-Vara Banda", ["tos"] = "高地托托納克語", ["tou"] = "Tho", ["tov"] = "Upper Taromi", ["tow"] = "Jemez", ["tox"] = "Tobian", ["toy"] = "Topoiyo", ["toz"] = "To", ["tpa"] = "Taupota", ["tpc"] = "Azoyú Me'phaa", ["tpe"] = "Tippera", ["tpf"] = "Tarpia", ["tpg"] = "Kula", ["tpi"] = "托克皮辛語", ["tpj"] = "Tapieté", ["tpk"] = "Tupinikin", ["tpl"] = "Tlacoapa Me'phaa", ["tpm"] = "Tampulma", ["tpn"] = "圖皮南巴語", ["tpo"] = "行彤傣語", ["tpp"] = "比薩佛洛勒斯特佩瓦語", ["tpq"] = "Tukpa", ["tpr"] = "Tuparí", ["tpt"] = "特拉奇奇爾科特佩瓦語", ["tpu"] = "Tampuan", ["tpv"] = "Tanapag", ["tpw"] = "古圖皮語", ["tpx"] = "阿卡特佩克-梅帕語", ["tpy"] = "Trumai", ["tpz"] = "Tinputz", ["tqb"] = "Tembé", ["tql"] = "Lehali", ["tqm"] = "Turumsa", ["tqn"] = "Tenino", ["tqo"] = "Toaripi", ["tqp"] = "Tomoip", ["tqq"] = "Tunni", ["tqr"] = "Torona", ["tqt"] = "西托托納克語", ["tqu"] = "Touo", ["tqw"] = "通卡瓦語", ["tr"] = "土耳其語", ["tra"] = "Tirahi", ["trb"] = "Terebu", ["trc"] = "Copala Triqui", ["trd"] = "Turi", ["tre"] = "East Tarangan", ["trf"] = "千里達克里奧爾英語", ["trg"] = "Lishán Didán", ["trh"] = "Turaka", ["tri"] = "Trió", ["trj"] = "Toram", ["trk-dkh"] = "Dukhan", ["trk-oat"] = "古安納托利亞土耳其語", ["trk-pro"] = "原始突厥語", ["trl"] = "旅行者蘇格蘭語", ["trm"] = "Tregami", ["trn"] = "Trinitario", ["tro"] = "塔勞語", ["trp"] = "博羅克語", ["trq"] = "San Martín Itunyoso Triqui", ["trr"] = "Taushiro", ["trs"] = "Chicahuaxtla Triqui", ["trt"] = "Tunggare", ["tru"] = "圖羅尤語", ["trv"] = "賽德克語", ["trw"] = "Torwali", ["trx"] = "Tringgus", ["try"] = "土隆語", ["trz"] = "Torá", ["ts"] = "聰加語", ["tsa"] = "Tsaangi", ["tsb"] = "Tsamai", ["tsc"] = "Tswa", ["tsd"] = "特薩克尼恩語", ["tse"] = "突尼西亞手語", ["tsf"] = "Southwestern Tamang", ["tsg"] = "陶蘇格語", ["tsh"] = "Tsuvan", ["tsi"] = "茨姆錫安語", ["tsj"] = "Tshangla", ["tsl"] = "卜老語", ["tsm"] = "土耳其手語", ["tsp"] = "Northern Toussian", ["tsq"] = "泰國手語", ["tsr"] = "Akei", ["tss"] = "臺灣手語", ["tsu"] = "鄒語", ["tsv"] = "Tsogo", ["tsw"] = "Tsishingini", ["tsx"] = "Mubami", ["tsy"] = "Tebul Sign Language", ["tt"] = "韃靼語", ["tta"] = "Tutelo", ["ttb"] = "Gaa", ["ttc"] = "特克提特克語", ["ttd"] = "Tauade", ["tte"] = "Bwanabwana", ["ttf"] = "Tuotomb", ["ttg"] = "都東語", ["tth"] = "Upper Ta'oih", ["tti"] = "Tobati", ["ttj"] = "Tooro", ["ttk"] = "Totoro", ["ttl"] = "Totela", ["ttm"] = "北塔穹語", ["ttn"] = "Towei", ["tto"] = "Lower Ta'oih", ["ttp"] = "Tombelala", ["ttq"] = "Tawallammat Tamajaq", ["ttr"] = "Tera", ["tts"] = "伊桑語", ["ttt"] = "塔特語", ["ttu"] = "Torau", ["ttv"] = "Titan", ["ttw"] = "Long Wat", ["tty"] = "Sikaritai", ["ttz"] = "Tsum", ["tua"] = "Wiarumus", ["tub"] = "Tübatulabal", ["tuc"] = "Mutu", ["tud"] = "Tuxá", ["tue"] = "Tuyuca", ["tuf"] = "Central Tunebo", ["tug"] = "Tunia", ["tuh"] = "Taulil", ["tui"] = "Tupuri", ["tuj"] = "Tugutil", ["tul"] = "Tula", ["tum"] = "通布卡語", ["tun"] = "Tunica", ["tuo"] = "Tucano", ["tup-gua-pro"] = "原始圖皮-瓜拉尼語", ["tup-kab"] = "Kabishiana", ["tup-pro"] = "原始圖皮語", ["tuq"] = "Tedaga", ["tus"] = "Tuscarora", ["tuu"] = "Tututni", ["tuv"] = "Turkana", ["tuw-kkl"] = "恰喀拉語", ["tuw-pro"] = "原始通古斯語", ["tuw-sol"] = "索倫語", ["tux"] = "Tuxináwa", ["tuy"] = "Tugen", ["tuz"] = "Turka", ["tva"] = "Vaghua", ["tvd"] = "Tsuvadi", ["tve"] = "Te'un", ["tvk"] = "Southeast Ambrym", ["tvl"] = "圖瓦盧語", ["tvm"] = "Tela-Masbuar", ["tvn"] = "Tavoyan", ["tvo"] = "Tidore", ["tvs"] = "Taveta", ["tvt"] = "Tutsa Naga", ["tvu"] = "Tunen", ["tvw"] = "Sedoa", ["tvx"] = "大武壠語", ["tvy"] = "帝汶皮欽語", ["twa"] = "Twana", ["twb"] = "西塔烏碧語", ["twc"] = "Teshenawa", ["twe"] = "Teiwa", ["twf"] = "陶斯語", ["twg"] = "Tereweng", ["twh"] = "傣端語", ["twm"] = "Tawang Monpa", ["twn"] = "Twendi", ["two"] = "Tswapong", ["twp"] = "Ere", ["twq"] = "北桑海語", ["twr"] = "西南塔拉烏馬拉語", ["twt"] = "Turiwára", ["twu"] = "Termanu", ["tww"] = "Tuwari", ["twy"] = "Tawoyan", ["txa"] = "Tombonuo", ["txb"] = "吐火羅語B", ["txc"] = "Tsetsaut", ["txe"] = "Totoli", ["txg"] = "西夏語", ["txh"] = "色雷斯語", ["txi"] = "Ikpeng", ["txj"] = "Tarjumo", ["txm"] = "托米尼語", ["txn"] = "West Tarangan", ["txo"] = "Toto", ["txq"] = "Tii", ["txr"] = "Tartessian", ["txs"] = "Tonsea", ["txt"] = "Citak", ["txu"] = "Kayapó", ["txx"] = "Tatana", ["ty"] = "大溪地語", ["tya"] = "陶亞語", ["tye"] = "Kyenga", ["tyh"] = "O'du", ["tyi"] = "Teke-Tsaayi", ["tyj"] = "Tai Do", ["tyl"] = "土僚", ["tyn"] = "Kombai", ["typ"] = "Kuku-Thaypan", ["tyr"] = "傣亮語", ["tys"] = "沙爬語", ["tyt"] = "德地傣語", ["tyu"] = "Kua", ["tyv"] = "圖瓦語", ["tyx"] = "Teke-Tyee", ["tyz"] = "岱依語", ["tza"] = "坦桑尼亞手語", ["tzh"] = "策爾塔爾語", ["tzj"] = "Tz'utujil", ["tzl"] = "Talossan", ["tzm"] = "中阿特拉斯柏柏爾語", ["tzn"] = "Tugun", ["tzo"] = "佐齊爾語", ["tzx"] = "Tabriak", ["uam"] = "Uamué", ["uan"] = "Kuan", ["uar"] = "Tairuma", ["uba"] = "Ubang", ["ubi"] = "Ubi", ["ubl"] = "Buhi'non Bikol", ["ubr"] = "Ubir", ["ubu"] = "考蓋爾語", ["uby"] = "尤比克語", ["uda"] = "烏達語", ["ude"] = "烏德蓋語", ["udg"] = "Muduga", ["udi"] = "烏迪語", ["udj"] = "Ujir", ["udl"] = "Uldeme", ["udm"] = "烏得穆爾特語", ["udu"] = "Uduk", ["ues"] = "Kioko", ["ufi"] = "Ufim", ["ug"] = "維吾爾語", ["uga"] = "烏加里特語", ["ugb"] = "Kuku-Ugbanh", ["uge"] = "Ughele", ["ugn"] = "Ugandan Sign Language", ["ugo"] = "貢語", ["ugy"] = "烏拉圭手語", ["uha"] = "Uhami", ["uhn"] = "Damal", ["uis"] = "Uisai", ["uiv"] = "Iyive", ["uji"] = "Tanjijili", ["uk"] = "烏克蘭語", ["uka"] = "Kaburi", ["ukg"] = "Ukuriguma", ["ukh"] = "Ukhwejo", ["ukk"] = "Muak Sa-aak", ["ukl"] = "烏克蘭手語", ["ukp"] = "Ukpe-Bayobiri", ["ukq"] = "Ukwa", ["uks"] = "Kaapor Sign Language", ["uku"] = "Ukue", ["ukw"] = "Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni", ["uky"] = "Kuuk Yak", ["ula"] = "Fungwa", ["ulb"] = "Ulukwumi", ["ulc"] = "烏爾奇語", ["ule"] = "盧萊語", ["ulf"] = "Afra", ["uli"] = "Ulithian", ["ulk"] = "Meriam", ["ull"] = "Ullatan", ["ulm"] = "Ulumanda'", ["uln"] = "拉包爾克里奧德語", ["ulu"] = "Uma' Lung", ["ulw"] = "Ulwa", ["uma"] = "Umatilla", ["umb"] = "姆班杜語", ["umc"] = "馬魯西尼語", ["umd"] = "Umbindhamu", ["umg"] = "Umbuygamu", ["umi"] = "Ukit", ["umm"] = "Umon", ["umn"] = "Makyan Naga", ["umo"] = "Umotína", ["ump"] = "Umpila", ["umr"] = "Umbugarla", ["ums"] = "Pendau", ["umu"] = "門西語", ["una"] = "North Watut", ["und"] = "待定語言", ["und-isa"] = "Isaurian", ["und-kas"] = "Kassite", ["und-mil"] = "Milang", ["und-mmd"] = "Mimi of Decorse", ["und-mmn"] = "Mimi of Nachtigal", ["und-phi"] = "Philistine", ["und-wji"] = "Western Jicaque", ["une"] = "Uneme", ["ung"] = "Ngarinyin", ["unk"] = "Enawené-Nawé", ["unm"] = "烏納米語", ["unn"] = "Kurnai", ["unr"] = "蒙達里語", ["unu"] = "Unubahe", ["unx"] = "Munda", ["unz"] = "Unde Kaili", ["uok"] = "Uokha", ["uon"] = "龜崙語", ["upi"] = "Umeda", ["upv"] = "Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin", ["ur"] = "烏爾都語", ["ura"] = "Urarina", ["urb"] = "烏魯布-卡波爾語", ["urc"] = "Urningangg", ["ure"] = "Uru", ["urf"] = "Uradhi", ["urg"] = "Urigina", ["urh"] = "烏爾霍博語", ["uri"] = "Urim", ["urj-mdv-pro"] = "原始莫爾多瓦語", ["urj-prm-pro"] = "原始彼爾姆語", ["urj-pro"] = "原始烏拉爾語", ["urj-ugr-pro"] = "原始烏戈爾語", ["urk"] = "奧朗勞特語", ["url"] = "Urali", ["urm"] = "Urapmin", ["urn"] = "Uruangnirin", ["uro"] = "Ura (New Guinea)", ["urp"] = "Uru-Pa-In", ["urr"] = "Lehalurup", ["urt"] = "Urat", ["uru"] = "烏魯米語", ["urv"] = "Uruava", ["urw"] = "Sop", ["urx"] = "Urimo", ["ury"] = "Orya", ["urz"] = "Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau", ["usa"] = "Usarufa", ["ush"] = "Ushojo", ["usi"] = "Usui", ["usk"] = "Usaghade", ["usp"] = "Uspanteco", ["uss"] = "Saare", ["usu"] = "Uya", ["uta"] = "Otank", ["ute"] = "尤特語", ["uth"] = "Hun", ["utp"] = "Aba", ["utr"] = "Etulo", ["utu"] = "Utu", ["uum"] = "烏魯姆語", ["uun"] = "龜崙-巴宰語", ["uur"] = "Ura (Vanuatu)", ["uuu"] = "U", ["uve"] = "西烏韋阿語", ["uvh"] = "Uri", ["uvl"] = "Lote", ["uwa"] = "Kuku-Uwanh", ["uya"] = "Doko-Uyanga", ["uz"] = "烏茲別克語", ["vaa"] = "瓦加里博里語", ["vae"] = "Vale", ["vag"] = "Vagla", ["vah"] = "瓦爾哈迪語", ["vai"] = "瓦伊語", ["vaj"] = "Sekele", ["val"] = "Vehes", ["vam"] = "瓦尼莫語", ["van"] = "Valman", ["vao"] = "Vao", ["vap"] = "Vaiphei", ["var"] = "Huarijio", ["vas"] = "瓦薩維語", ["vau"] = "Vanuma", ["vav"] = "瓦爾里語", ["vay"] = "Vayu", ["vbb"] = "Southeast Babar", ["vbk"] = "Southwestern Bontoc", ["ve"] = "文達語", ["vec"] = "威尼斯語", ["ved"] = "維達語", ["vem"] = "Vemgo-Mabas", ["veo"] = "Ventureño", ["vep"] = "維普斯語", ["ver"] = "Mom Jango", ["vgr"] = "瓦戈里語", ["vgt"] = "佛蘭德手語", ["vi"] = "越南語", ["vic"] = "美屬維爾京群島克里奧爾語", ["vid"] = "Vidunda", ["vif"] = "Vili", ["vig"] = "Viemo", ["vil"] = "維萊拉語", ["vis"] = "Vishavan", ["vit"] = "Viti", ["viv"] = "Iduna", ["vka"] = "卡里亞拉語", ["vki"] = "Ija-Zuba", ["vkj"] = "Kujarge", ["vkk"] = "Kaur", ["vkl"] = "Kulisusu", ["vkm"] = "Kamakan", ["vko"] = "Kodeoha", ["vkp"] = "Korlai Creole Portuguese", ["vkt"] = "Tenggarong Kutai Malay", ["vku"] = "庫拉馬語", ["vlp"] = "Valpei", ["vls"] = "西佛蘭德語", ["vma"] = "馬圖蘇利那語", ["vmb"] = "Mbabaram", ["vmc"] = "尤克斯特拉瓦卡米斯特克語", ["vmd"] = "Mudu Koraga", ["vme"] = "East Masela", ["vmf"] = "東法蘭克尼亞語", ["vmg"] = "Minigir", ["vmh"] = "馬拉格伊語", ["vmi"] = "Miwa", ["vmj"] = "伊斯塔尤特拉米斯特克語", ["vmk"] = "Makhuwa-Shirima", ["vml"] = "馬爾加納語", ["vmm"] = "米特拉通戈米斯特克語", ["vmp"] = "索亞爾特佩克馬薩特克語", ["vmq"] = "索亞爾特佩克米斯特克語", ["vmr"] = "Marenje", ["vmu"] = "穆盧利吉語", ["vmv"] = "Valley Maidu", ["vmw"] = "Makhuwa", ["vmx"] = "塔馬索拉米斯特克語", ["vmy"] = "阿亞烏特拉馬薩特克語", ["vmz"] = "馬薩特蘭馬薩特克語", ["vnk"] = "Lovono", ["vnm"] = "Neve'ei", ["vnp"] = "Vunapu", ["vo"] = "沃拉普克語", ["vor"] = "Voro", ["vot"] = "沃特語", ["vra"] = "Vera'a", ["vro"] = "佛羅語", ["vrs"] = "Varisi", ["vrt"] = "Banam Bay", ["vsi"] = "摩爾多瓦手語", ["vsl"] = "委內瑞拉手語", ["vsv"] = "瓦倫西亞手語", ["vto"] = "Vitou", ["vum"] = "Vumbu", ["vun"] = "溫舊語", ["vut"] = "Vute", ["vwa"] = "阿佤語", ["wa"] = "瓦隆語", ["waa"] = "Walla Walla", ["wab"] = "Wab", ["wac"] = "Wasco-Wishram", ["wad"] = "Wandamen", ["waf"] = "Wakoná", ["wag"] = "Wa'ema", ["wah"] = "Watubela", ["waj"] = "Waffa", ["wal"] = "瓦拉莫語", ["wam"] = "麻薩諸塞語", ["wan"] = "Wan", ["wao"] = "Wappo", ["wap"] = "Wapishana", ["waq"] = "瓦吉曼語", ["war"] = "瓦瑞瓦瑞語", ["was"] = "瓦修語", ["wat"] = "Kaninuwa", ["wau"] = "沃雅語", ["wav"] = "Waka", ["waw"] = "Waiwai", ["wax"] = "Watam", ["way"] = "Wayana", ["waz"] = "Wampur", ["wba"] = "瓦勞語", ["wbb"] = "Wabo", ["wbe"] = "Waritai", ["wbf"] = "Wara", ["wbh"] = "Wanda", ["wbi"] = "Wanji", ["wbj"] = "Alagwa", ["wbk"] = "維加里語", ["wbl"] = "瓦罕語", ["wbm"] = "佤語", ["wbp"] = "瓦爾皮瑞語", ["wbq"] = "Waddar", ["wbr"] = "瓦格迪語", ["wbt"] = "萬曼語", ["wbv"] = "瓦賈里語", ["wbw"] = "Woi", ["wca"] = "Yanomámi", ["wci"] = "Waci Gbe", ["wdd"] = "Wandji", ["wdg"] = "Wadaginam", ["wdj"] = "瓦吉吉尼語", ["wdu"] = "瓦吉古語", ["wdy"] = "瓦賈班蓋語", ["wea"] = "Wewaw", ["wec"] = "Wè Western", ["wed"] = "Wedau", ["weh"] = "Weh", ["wei"] = "Kiunum", ["wem"] = "Weme Gbe", ["weo"] = "Wemale", ["wer"] = "Weri", ["wes"] = "喀麥隆皮欽語", ["wet"] = "Perai", ["weu"] = "衛朗語", ["wew"] = "韋耶瓦語", ["wfg"] = "Yafi", ["wga"] = "Wagaya", ["wgb"] = "Wagawaga", ["wgg"] = "旺甘古魯語", ["wgi"] = "Wahgi", ["wgo"] = "Waigeo", ["wgu"] = "維蘭古語", ["wgy"] = "瓦爾加馬伊語", ["wha"] = "Manusela", ["whg"] = "North Wahgi", ["whk"] = "Wahau Kenyah", ["whu"] = "Wahau Kayan", ["wib"] = "Southern Toussian", ["wic"] = "威奇塔語", ["wie"] = "維克-埃帕語", ["wif"] = "Wik-Keyangan", ["wig"] = "維克-雅塔納語", ["wih"] = "維克-梅安哈語", ["wii"] = "Minidien", ["wij"] = "Wik-Iiyanh", ["wik"] = "維卡爾坎語", ["wil"] = "維拉維拉語", ["wim"] = "維克-蒙坎語", ["win"] = "溫尼貝戈語", ["wir"] = "Wiraféd", ["wiu"] = "Wiru", ["wiv"] = "Muduapa", ["wiy"] = "Wiyot", ["wja"] = "Waja", ["wji"] = "Warji", ["wka"] = "Kw'adza", ["wkb"] = "Kumbaran", ["wkd"] = "Mo", ["wkl"] = "Kalanadi", ["wku"] = "Kunduvadi", ["wkw"] = "瓦卡瓦卡語", ["wky"] = "Wangkayutyuru", ["wla"] = "Walio", ["wlc"] = "Mwali Comorian", ["wle"] = "Wolane", ["wlg"] = "昆巴朗語", ["wli"] = "Waioli", ["wlk"] = "Wailaki", ["wll"] = "Wali (Sudan)", ["wlm"] = "中古威爾士語", ["wlo"] = "窩里沃語", ["wlr"] = "Wailapa", ["wls"] = "瓦利斯語", ["wlu"] = "Wuliwuli", ["wlv"] = "Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz", ["wlw"] = "Walak", ["wlx"] = "Wali (Ghana)", ["wly"] = "Waling", ["wmb"] = "萬巴亞語", ["wmc"] = "Wamas", ["wmd"] = "Mamaindé", ["wme"] = "Wambule", ["wmh"] = "Waima'a", ["wmi"] = "瓦明語", ["wmm"] = "Maiwa (Indonesia)", ["wmn"] = "Waamwang", ["wmo"] = "Wam", ["wms"] = "Wambon", ["wmt"] = "瓦爾馬賈里語", ["wmw"] = "姆瓦尼語", ["wmx"] = "Womo", ["wnb"] = "Wanambre", ["wnc"] = "Wantoat", ["wnd"] = "萬達朗語", ["wne"] = "瓦內茨語", ["wng"] = "Wanggom", ["wni"] = "昂儒昂科摩羅語", ["wnk"] = "Wanukaka", ["wnm"] = "旺加馬拉語", ["wno"] = "Wano", ["wnp"] = "Wanap", ["wnu"] = "Usan", ["wnw"] = "Wintu", ["wny"] = "Wanyi", ["wo"] = "沃洛夫語", ["woa"] = "Tyaraity", ["wob"] = "Wè Northern", ["woc"] = "Wogeo", ["wod"] = "Wolani", ["woe"] = "沃雷埃語", ["wog"] = "Wogamusin", ["woi"] = "Kamang", ["wok"] = "Longto", ["wom"] = "Perema", ["won"] = "Wongo", ["woo"] = "Manombai", ["wor"] = "Woria", ["wos"] = "Hanga Hundi", ["wow"] = "Wawonii", ["wpc"] = "Wirö", ["wra"] = "Warapu", ["wrb"] = "Warluwara", ["wrg"] = "瓦龍古語", ["wrh"] = "威拉祖利語", ["wri"] = "瓦里揚加語", ["wrk"] = "加拉瓦語", ["wrl"] = "瓦爾曼帕語", ["wrm"] = "瓦魯孟古語", ["wrn"] = "Warnang", ["wro"] = "Worora", ["wrp"] = "Waropen", ["wrr"] = "瓦爾達曼語", ["wrs"] = "瓦里斯語", ["wru"] = "瓦魯語", ["wrv"] = "瓦魯納語", ["wrw"] = "Gugu Warra", ["wrx"] = "Wae Rana", ["wrz"] = "Warray", ["wsa"] = "Warembori", ["wsi"] = "Wusi", ["wsk"] = "Waskia", ["wsr"] = "Owenia", ["wss"] = "Wasa", ["wsu"] = "Wasu", ["wsv"] = "Wotapuri-Katarqalai", ["wtf"] = "Watiwa", ["wth"] = "Wathaurong", ["wti"] = "Berta", ["wtk"] = "Watakataui", ["wtm"] = "梅瓦蒂語", ["wtw"] = "Wotu", ["wua"] = "維克恩根切拉語", ["wub"] = "Wunambal", ["wud"] = "Wudu", ["wuh"] = "五屯話", ["wul"] = "Silimo", ["wum"] = "Wumbvu", ["wun"] = "Bungu", ["wur"] = "Wurrugu", ["wut"] = "Wutung", ["wuu"] = "吳語", ["wuv"] = "Wuvulu-Aua", ["wux"] = "伍勒納語", ["wuy"] = "Wauyai", ["wwa"] = "Waama", ["wwo"] = "Dorig", ["wwr"] = "瓦爾瓦語", ["www"] = "瓦瓦語", ["wxa"] = "瓦鄉話", ["wxw"] = "瓦爾丹迪語", ["wya"] = "懷安多特語", ["wyb"] = "恩吉亞姆巴語", ["wyi"] = "沃伊伍龍語", ["wym"] = "維拉莫維安語", ["wyr"] = "Wayoró", ["wyy"] = "西斐濟語", ["xaa"] = "安達盧斯阿拉伯語", ["xab"] = "Sambe", ["xac"] = "Kachari", ["xad"] = "Adai", ["xae"] = "埃桂語", ["xag"] = "高加索阿爾巴尼亞語", ["xai"] = "Kaimbé", ["xaj"] = "Ararandewára", ["xak"] = "Maku", ["xal"] = "卡爾梅克衛拉特語", ["xam"] = "卡姆語", ["xan"] = "Xamtanga", ["xao"] = "Khao", ["xap"] = "Apalachee", ["xaq"] = "Aquitanian", ["xar"] = "Karami", ["xas"] = "卡馬斯語", ["xat"] = "Katawixi", ["xau"] = "Kauwera", ["xav"] = "Xavante", ["xaw"] = "Kawaiisu", ["xay"] = "Kayan Mahakam", ["xbb"] = "Lower Burdekin", ["xbc"] = "巴克特里亞語", ["xbd"] = "賓達爾語", ["xbe"] = "比加姆巴爾語", ["xbg"] = "本甘迪茲語", ["xbi"] = "Kombio", ["xbj"] = "Birrpayi", ["xbm"] = "中古布列塔尼語", ["xbn"] = "Kenaboi", ["xbo"] = "保加爾語", ["xbp"] = "比布爾曼語", ["xbr"] = "坎貝拉語", ["xbw"] = "Kambiwá", ["xby"] = "Butchulla", ["xcb"] = "坎伯蘭語", ["xcc"] = "卡莫尼語", ["xce"] = "凱爾特伊比利亞語", ["xch"] = "Chemakum", ["xcl"] = "古典亞美尼亞語", ["xcm"] = "Comecrudo", ["xcn"] = "Cotoname", ["xco"] = "花剌子模語", ["xcr"] = "Carian", ["xct"] = "古典藏語", ["xcu"] = "庫爾蘭語", ["xcv"] = "楚凡語", ["xcw"] = "Coahuilteco", ["xcy"] = "Cayuse", ["xda"] = "達金容語", ["xdc"] = "達契亞語", ["xdk"] = "達拉格語", ["xdm"] = "以東語", ["xdy"] = "馬來達雅語", ["xeb"] = "埃勃拉語", ["xed"] = "Hdi", ["xeg"] = "ǁXegwi", ["xel"] = "Kelo", ["xem"] = "Kembayan", ["xep"] = "Epi-Olmec", ["xer"] = "Xerénte", ["xes"] = "Kesawai", ["xet"] = "Xetá", ["xeu"] = "Keoru-Ahia", ["xfa"] = "法利斯克語", ["xga"] = "加拉提亞語", ["xgb"] = "Gbin", ["xgd"] = "古當語", ["xgf"] = "通瓦語", ["xgg"] = "戈倫語", ["xgi"] = "加林巴爾語", ["xgl"] = "Galindan", ["xgm"] = "達龍巴爾語", ["xgn-kha"] = "哈木尼干蒙古語", ["xgn-mgl"] = "Mongghul", ["xgn-mgr"] = "Mangghuer", ["xgn-pro"] = "原始蒙古語", ["xgr"] = "Garza", ["xgu"] = "Unggumi", ["xgw"] = "古瓦語", ["xh"] = "科薩語", ["xha"] = "Harami", ["xhc"] = "匈人語", ["xhd"] = "Hadrami", ["xhe"] = "克特拉尼語", ["xhm"] = "中古高棉語", ["xhr"] = "赫爾尼基語", ["xht"] = "哈梯語", ["xhu"] = "胡里安語", ["xhv"] = "Khua", ["xib"] = "伊比利亞語", ["xii"] = "Xiri", ["xil"] = "伊利里亞語", ["xin"] = "Xinca", ["xir"] = "Xiriâna", ["xis"] = "Kisan", ["xiv"] = "Indus Valley Language", ["xiy"] = "Xipaya", ["xjb"] = "明瓊巴爾語", ["xka"] = "卡爾科提語", ["xkb"] = "Manigri-Kambolé Ede Nago", ["xkc"] = "科伊因語", ["xkd"] = "Mendalam Kayan", ["xke"] = "Kereho", ["xkf"] = "Khengkha", ["xkg"] = "Kagoro", ["xki"] = "肯尼亞手語", ["xkj"] = "卡賈里語", ["xkk"] = "Kaco'", ["xkl"] = "巴庫語", ["xkn"] = "Kayan River Kayan", ["xko"] = "Kiorr", ["xkp"] = "卡巴特伊語", ["xkq"] = "Koroni", ["xkr"] = "Xakriabá", ["xks"] = "Kumbewaha", ["xkt"] = "Kantosi", ["xku"] = "Kaamba", ["xkv"] = "Kgalagadi", ["xkw"] = "Kembra", ["xkx"] = "Karore", ["xky"] = "Uma' Lasan", ["xkz"] = "庫爾托普語", ["xla"] = "Kamula", ["xlb"] = "Loup B", ["xlc"] = "呂基亞語", ["xld"] = "呂底亞語", ["xle"] = "利姆尼亞語", ["xlg"] = "古利古里亞語", ["xli"] = "Liburnian", ["xlo"] = "Loup A", ["xlp"] = "南阿爾卑斯高盧語", ["xls"] = "盧西坦尼亞語", ["xlu"] = "盧維語", ["xly"] = "伊利米語", ["xmb"] = "Mbonga", ["xmc"] = "Makhuwa-Marrevone", ["xmd"] = "Mbudum", ["xme-ker"] = "克爾曼語", ["xme-kls"] = "Kalasuri", ["xme-klt"] = "Kilit", ["xme-mid"] = "中古米底語", ["xme-old"] = "上古米底語", ["xme-ott"] = "Old Tati", ["xme-taf"] = "Tafreshi", ["xme-ttc-pro"] = "Proto-Tatic", ["xmf"] = "明格列爾語", ["xmg"] = "Mengaka", ["xmh"] = "庫庫-穆敏赫語", ["xmj"] = "Majera", ["xmk"] = "古馬其頓語", ["xml"] = "馬來西亞手語", ["xmm"] = "萬鴉老馬來語", ["xmo"] = "Morerebi", ["xmp"] = "庫庫-穆因語", ["xmq"] = "庫庫-芒克語", ["xmr"] = "麥羅埃語", ["xms"] = "Moroccan Sign Language", ["xmt"] = "馬特巴特語", ["xmu"] = "Kamu", ["xmx"] = "Maden", ["xmy"] = "馬雅古杜納語", ["xmz"] = "Mori Bawah", ["xna"] = "古北阿拉伯語", ["xnb"] = "卡那卡那富語", ["xnd-pro"] = "原始納-德內語", ["xng"] = "中古蒙古語", ["xnh"] = "Kuanhua", ["xni"] = "Ngarigu", ["xnk"] = "恩加納卡爾蒂語", ["xnn"] = "Northern Kankanay", ["xnr"] = "康格里語", ["xns"] = "Kanashi", ["xnt"] = "納拉甘塞特語", ["xnu"] = "Nukunul", ["xny"] = "尼亞帕里語", ["xoc"] = "O'chi'chi'", ["xod"] = "Kokoda", ["xog"] = "索加語", ["xoi"] = "Kominimung", ["xok"] = "Xokleng", ["xom"] = "Komo", ["xon"] = "Konkomba", ["xoo"] = "Xukurú", ["xop"] = "Kopar", ["xor"] = "Korubo", ["xow"] = "Kowaki", ["xpa"] = "皮里亞語", ["xpb"] = "Pyemmairre", ["xpc"] = "佩切涅格", ["xpd"] = "Paredarerme", ["xpe"] = "利比里亞克佩列語", ["xpf"] = "東南塔斯馬尼亞語", ["xpg"] = "弗里吉亞語", ["xph"] = "Tyerrernotepanner", ["xpi"] = "皮克特語", ["xpj"] = "姆帕利詹語", ["xpk"] = "Kulina", ["xpl"] = "索雷爾港語", ["xpm"] = "旁普科爾語", ["xpn"] = "Kapinawá", ["xpo"] = "波丘特克語", ["xpp"] = "Puyo-Paekche", ["xpq"] = "Mohegan-Pequot", ["xpr"] = "安息語", ["xps"] = "Pisidian", ["xpu"] = "布匿語", ["xpv"] = "Tommeginne", ["xpw"] = "Peerapper", ["xpx"] = "Toogee", ["xpy"] = "扶餘語", ["xpz"] = "Bruny Island", ["xqa"] = "喀喇汗語", ["xqt"] = "Qatabanian", ["xra"] = "Krahô", ["xrb"] = "Eastern Karaboro", ["xrd"] = "Gundungurra", ["xre"] = "Kreye", ["xrg"] = "米南語", ["xri"] = "Krikati-Timbira", ["xrm"] = "Armazic", ["xrn"] = "Arin", ["xrq"] = "卡蘭加語", ["xrr"] = "雷蒂亞語", ["xrt"] = "Aranama-Tamique", ["xru"] = "馬利亞穆語", ["xrw"] = "Karawa", ["xsa"] = "賽伯伊語", ["xsb"] = "三描語", ["xsc-pro"] = "原始斯基泰語", ["xsc-sak-pro"] = "原始塞語", ["xsc-skw-pro"] = "原始塞-瓦罕語", ["xsd"] = "Sidetic", ["xse"] = "Sempan", ["xsh"] = "Shamang", ["xsi"] = "Sio", ["xsj"] = "Subi", ["xsl"] = "南斯拉維語", ["xsm"] = "Kasem", ["xsn"] = "Sanga (Nigeria)", ["xso"] = "Solano", ["xsp"] = "Silopi", ["xsq"] = "Makhuwa-Saka", ["xsr"] = "夏爾巴語", ["xss"] = "Assan", ["xsu"] = "Sanumá", ["xsv"] = "蘇多維亞語", ["xsy"] = "賽夏語", ["xta"] = "阿爾科紹卡米斯特克語", ["xtb"] = "查蘇姆巴米斯特克語", ["xtc"] = "Kadugli", ["xtd"] = "迪烏斯-蒂蘭通戈米斯特克語", ["xte"] = "Ketengban", ["xth"] = "Yitha Yitha", ["xti"] = "西尼卡瓦米斯特克語", ["xtj"] = "聖胡安泰塔米斯特克語", ["xtl"] = "蒂哈爾特佩克米斯特克語", ["xtm"] = "馬格達萊納佩尼亞斯科米斯特克語", ["xtn"] = "北特拉夏科米斯特克語", ["xto"] = "吐火羅語A", ["xtp"] = "聖米格爾彼德拉斯-米斯特克語", ["xtq"] = "Tumshuqese", ["xtr"] = "Early Tripuri", ["xts"] = "辛迪維米斯特克語", ["xtt"] = "塔卡瓦米斯特克語", ["xtu"] = "庫亞梅卡爾科米斯特克語", ["xtv"] = "Thawa", ["xtw"] = "Tawandê", ["xty"] = "約洛索奇特爾米斯特克語", ["xtz"] = "塔斯馬尼亞語", ["xua"] = "Alu Kurumba", ["xub"] = "Betta Kurumba", ["xud"] = "Umiida", ["xug"] = "國頭語", ["xuj"] = "Jennu Kurumba", ["xul"] = "Ngunawal", ["xum"] = "翁布里亞語", ["xun"] = "Unggaranggu", ["xuo"] = "Kuo", ["xup"] = "Upper Umpqua", ["xur"] = "烏拉爾圖語", ["xut"] = "庫坦特語", ["xuu"] = "Khwe", ["xve"] = "威尼托語", ["xvn"] = "汪達爾語", ["xvo"] = "沃爾西語", ["xvs"] = "Vestinian", ["xwa"] = "Kwaza", ["xwc"] = "Woccon", ["xwd"] = "瓦迪瓦迪語", ["xwe"] = "Xwela Gbe", ["xwg"] = "Kwegu", ["xwj"] = "瓦朱克語", ["xwk"] = "Wangkumara", ["xwl"] = "Western Xwla Gbe", ["xwo"] = "書面衛拉特語", ["xwr"] = "Kwerba Mamberamo", ["xww"] = "溫巴溫巴語", ["xxb"] = "Boro", ["xxk"] = "Ke'o", ["xxm"] = "Minkin", ["xxr"] = "Koropó", ["xxt"] = "Tambora", ["xya"] = "雅伊吉爾語", ["xyb"] = "揚吉巴拉語", ["xyl"] = "Yalakalore", ["xyt"] = "馬伊-他庫爾蒂語", ["xyy"] = "Yorta Yorta", ["xzh"] = "象雄語", ["xzm"] = "Zemgalian", ["xzp"] = "古薩波特克語", ["yaa"] = "亞米納瓦語", ["yab"] = "Yuhup", ["yac"] = "帕斯谷亞利語", ["yad"] = "Yagua", ["yae"] = "Pumé", ["yaf"] = "Yaka", ["yag"] = "雅加語", ["yah"] = "雅茲古拉米語", ["yai"] = "雅格諾比語", ["yaj"] = "Banda-Yangere", ["yak"] = "Yakima", ["yal"] = "Yalunka", ["yam"] = "Yamba", ["yan"] = "Mayangna", ["yao"] = "瑤語", ["yap"] = "雅浦語", ["yaq"] = "亞基語", ["yar"] = "Yabarana", ["yas"] = "Gunu", ["yat"] = "Yambeta", ["yau"] = "Yuwana", ["yav"] = "洋卞語", ["yaw"] = "Yawalapití", ["yay"] = "Agwagwune", ["yaz"] = "Lokaa", ["yba"] = "Yala", ["ybb"] = "耶姆巴語", ["ybe"] = "西部裕固語", ["ybh"] = "雅卡語", ["ybi"] = "Yamphu", ["ybj"] = "Hasha", ["ybk"] = "黑木吉語", ["ybl"] = "Yukuben", ["ybm"] = "Yaben", ["ybn"] = "Yabaâna", ["ybo"] = "Yabong", ["ybx"] = "Yawiyo", ["yby"] = "Yaweyuha", ["ych"] = "Chesu", ["ycl"] = "倮倮潑語", ["ycn"] = "Yucuna", ["ycp"] = "Chepya", ["yda"] = "揚達語", ["yde"] = "Yangum Dey", ["ydg"] = "伊特格哈語", ["ydk"] = "Yoidik", ["yea"] = "Ravula", ["yec"] = "葉尼什語", ["yee"] = "Yimas", ["yei"] = "Yeni", ["yej"] = "猶太-希臘語", ["yen"] = "Yendang", ["yer"] = "Tarok", ["yes"] = "Yeskwa", ["yet"] = "Yetfa", ["yeu"] = "Yerukula", ["yev"] = "Yapunda", ["yey"] = "Yeyi", ["ygi"] = "伊寧蓋語", ["ygl"] = "Yangum Gel", ["ygm"] = "Yagomi", ["ygp"] = "Gepo", ["ygr"] = "Yagaria", ["ygs"] = "雍古手語", ["ygu"] = "尤古爾語", ["ygw"] = "Yagwoia", ["yha"] = "巴哈語", ["yhd"] = "猶太伊拉克阿拉伯語", ["yhl"] = "圪勒頗普佤語", ["yi"] = "意第緒語", ["yia"] = "英加爾達語", ["yif"] = "阿車語", ["yig"] = "烏撒納蘇語", ["yii"] = "Yidiny", ["yij"] = "因吉班迪語", ["yik"] = "東山壩臘羅語", ["yil"] = "Yindjilandji", ["yim"] = "Yimchungru Naga", ["yin"] = "Yinchia", ["yip"] = "Pholo", ["yiq"] = "Miqie", ["yir"] = "North Awyu", ["yis"] = "Yis", ["yit"] = "東臘魯語", ["yiu"] = "Awu", ["yiv"] = "Northern Nisu", ["yix"] = "Axi Yi", ["yiy"] = "伊爾-約龍特語", ["yiz"] = "Azhe", ["yka"] = "亞坎語", ["ykg"] = "北尤卡吉爾語", ["yki"] = "Yoke", ["ykk"] = "Yakaikeke", ["ykl"] = "Khlula", ["ykm"] = "Kap", ["ykn"] = "河東彝語", ["yko"] = "Yasa", ["ykr"] = "Yekora", ["ykt"] = "Kathu", ["yku"] = "跨瑪斯話", ["yky"] = "Yakoma", ["yla"] = "Yaul", ["ylb"] = "Yaleba", ["yle"] = "耶里多涅語", ["ylg"] = "Yelogu", ["yli"] = "昂古魯克亞利語", ["yll"] = "Yil", ["ylm"] = "Limi", ["yln"] = "郎念布央語", ["ylo"] = "Naluo Yi", ["ylr"] = "亞蘭加語", ["ylu"] = "Aribwaung", ["yly"] = "Nyâlayu", ["ymb"] = "Yambes", ["ymc"] = "南木吉語", ["ymd"] = "Muda", ["yme"] = "Yameo", ["ymg"] = "Yamongeri", ["ymh"] = "Mili", ["ymi"] = "Moji", ["ymk"] = "Makwe", ["yml"] = "Iamalele", ["ymm"] = "Maay", ["ymn"] = "Sunum", ["ymo"] = "Yangum Mon", ["ymp"] = "Yamap", ["ymq"] = "期臘木吉語", ["ymr"] = "Malasar", ["yms"] = "密細亞語", ["ymx"] = "北木吉語", ["ymz"] = "Muzi", ["yna"] = "Aluo", ["ynd"] = "揚德魯萬塔語", ["yne"] = "Lang'e", ["yng"] = "Yango", ["ynk"] = "Naukanski", ["ynl"] = "Yangulam", ["ynn"] = "Yana", ["yno"] = "傣允語", ["yns"] = "Yansi", ["ynu"] = "Yahuna", ["yo"] = "約魯巴語", ["yob"] = "Yoba", ["yog"] = "尤加德語", ["yoi"] = "與那國語", ["yol"] = "約拉語", ["yom"] = "Yombe", ["yon"] = "Yongkom", ["yox"] = "與論語", ["yoy"] = "堯依語", ["ypa"] = "帕拉語", ["ypb"] = "拉波普佤語", ["ypg"] = "普拉語", ["yph"] = "富帕語", ["ypk-pro"] = "原始尤皮克語", ["ypm"] = "富馬語", ["ypn"] = "阿尼普佤語", ["ypo"] = "阿洛普拉語", ["ypp"] = "富巴語", ["ypz"] = "富匝語", ["yra"] = "Yerakai", ["yrb"] = "Yareba", ["yre"] = "Yaouré", ["yri"] = "亞里語", ["yrk"] = "凍原涅涅茨語", ["yrl"] = "奈恩加圖語", ["yrn"] = "耶容語", ["yro"] = "Yaroamë", ["yrw"] = "Yarawata", ["yry"] = "雅爾魯延迪語", ["ysc"] = "雅西克語", ["ysd"] = "撒慕語", ["ysg"] = "鎖內嘎話", ["ysl"] = "南斯拉夫手語", ["ysn"] = "撒尼語", ["yso"] = "Nisi", ["ysp"] = "南倮倮潑語", ["ysr"] = "Sirenik", ["yss"] = "Yessan-Mayo", ["ysy"] = "撒涅語", ["yta"] = "他留語", ["ytl"] = "堂郎語", ["ytp"] = "Thopho", ["ytw"] = "Yout Wam", ["yty"] = "亞泰語", ["yua"] = "尤卡坦瑪雅語", ["yub"] = "尤甘巴爾語", ["yuc"] = "Yuchi", ["yud"] = "猶太的黎波里塔尼亞阿拉伯語", ["yue"] = "粵語", ["yuf"] = "Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai", ["yug"] = "尤格語", ["yui"] = "Yurutí", ["yuj"] = "Karkar-Yuri", ["yuk"] = "Yuki", ["yul"] = "Yulu", ["yum"] = "Yuma", ["yun"] = "Bena", ["yup"] = "Yukpa", ["yuq"] = "Yuqui", ["yur"] = "尤羅克語", ["yut"] = "Yopno", ["yuw"] = "Finisterre Yau", ["yux"] = "南尤卡吉爾語", ["yuy"] = "東部裕固語", ["yuz"] = "Yuracare", ["yva"] = "Yawa", ["yvt"] = "Yavitero", ["ywa"] = "Kalou", ["ywg"] = "因哈旺卡語", ["ywl"] = "西臘魯語", ["ywn"] = "Yawanawa", ["ywq"] = "納蘇語", ["ywr"] = "雅烏魯語", ["ywt"] = "中臘羅語", ["ywu"] = "烏蒙彝語", ["yww"] = "Yawarawarga", ["yxa"] = "馬亞瓦利語", ["yxg"] = "亞加拉語", ["yxl"] = "亞爾利語", ["yxm"] = "因溫語", ["yxu"] = "尤尤語", ["yxy"] = "亞布拉亞布拉語", ["yyu"] = "托里切利堯語", ["yyz"] = "阿彝子語", ["yzg"] = "峨馬布央語", ["yzk"] = "綽闊語", ["za"] = "壯語", ["zaa"] = "胡亞雷斯山薩波特克語", ["zab"] = "聖胡安格拉維亞薩波特克語", ["zac"] = "奧科特蘭薩波特克語", ["zad"] = "卡霍諾斯薩波特克語", ["zae"] = "亞雷尼薩波特克語", ["zaf"] = "阿約克斯科薩波特克語", ["zag"] = "札加瓦語", ["zah"] = "Zangwal", ["zai"] = "地峽薩波特克語", ["zaj"] = "Zaramo", ["zak"] = "Zanaki", ["zal"] = "柔若語", ["zam"] = "米亞瓦特蘭薩波特克語", ["zao"] = "奧索洛特佩克薩波特克語", ["zap"] = "薩波特克語", ["zaq"] = "阿洛阿帕姆薩波特克語", ["zar"] = "林松薩波特克語", ["zas"] = "聖多明各阿爾巴拉達斯薩波特克語", ["zat"] = "塔巴薩波特克語", ["zau"] = "Zangskari", ["zav"] = "亞查奇薩波特克語", ["zaw"] = "米特拉薩波特克語", ["zax"] = "薩達尼薩波特克語", ["zay"] = "Zayse-Zergulla", ["zaz"] = "Zari", ["zbt"] = "Batui", ["zca"] = "科亞特卡斯阿特拉斯薩波特克語", ["zdj"] = "大科摩羅語", ["zea"] = "澤蘭語", ["zeg"] = "Zenag", ["zeh"] = "東紅水河壯語", ["zen"] = "澤納加語", ["zga"] = "Kinga", ["zgh"] = "標準摩洛哥柏柏爾語", ["zgm"] = "民講", ["zgr"] = "Magori", ["zh"] = "漢語", ["zhb"] = "Zhaba", ["zhi"] = "Zhire", ["zhn"] = "儂壯語", ["zhw"] = "Zhoa", ["zhx-min-pro"] = "原始閩語", ["zhx-sht"] = "韶州土話", ["zhx-sjc"] = "邵將語", ["zhx-tai"] = "台山話", ["zhx-teo"] = "潮州話", ["zia"] = "Zia", ["zib"] = "津巴布韋手語", ["zik"] = "Zimakani", ["zil"] = "Zialo", ["zim"] = "Mesme", ["zin"] = "Zinza", ["zir"] = "Ziriya", ["ziw"] = "Zigula", ["ziz"] = "Zizilivakan", ["zka"] = "Kaimbulawa", ["zkb"] = "科伊巴爾語", ["zkg"] = "高句麗語", ["zkh"] = "花剌子模突厥語", ["zkk"] = "Karankawa", ["zko"] = "科特語", ["zkp"] = "São Paulo Kaingáng", ["zkr"] = "Zakhring", ["zkt"] = "契丹語", ["zku"] = "考爾納語", ["zkv"] = "Krevinian", ["zkz"] = "可薩語", ["zle-ono"] = "古諾夫哥羅德語", ["zle-ort"] = "古盧森尼亞語", ["zlw-ocs"] = "古捷克語", ["zlw-opl"] = "古波蘭語", ["zlw-pom"] = "波美拉尼亞語", ["zlw-slv"] = "斯洛溫語", ["zma"] = "曼達語(澳洲)", ["zmb"] = "津巴語", ["zmc"] = "馬爾加尼語", ["zmd"] = "馬里丹語", ["zme"] = "曼格爾語", ["zmf"] = "Mfinu", ["zmg"] = "Marti Ke", ["zmh"] = "Makolkol", ["zmi"] = "森美蘭馬來語", ["zmj"] = "馬里提亞賓語", ["zmk"] = "曼丹達尼語", ["zml"] = "Madngele", ["zmm"] = "馬里馬寧迪語", ["zmn"] = "Mbangwe", ["zmo"] = "Molo", ["zmp"] = "Mbuun", ["zmq"] = "Mituku", ["zmr"] = "馬拉農庫語", ["zms"] = "Mbesa", ["zmt"] = "馬林加爾語", ["zmu"] = "穆魯瓦里語", ["zmv"] = "姆巴里曼-古丁馬語", ["zmw"] = "Mbo (Congo)", ["zmx"] = "Bomitaba", ["zmy"] = "馬里耶迪語", ["zmz"] = "Mbandja", ["zna"] = "Zan Gula", ["zne"] = "Zande", ["zng"] = "Mang", ["znk"] = "馬南卡利語", ["zns"] = "Mangas", ["zoc"] = "克派納拉索克語", ["zoh"] = "奇馬拉帕索克語", ["zom"] = "卓米語", ["zoo"] = "亞松森-米斯特佩克薩波特克語", ["zoq"] = "塔巴斯科索克語", ["zor"] = "拉永索克語", ["zos"] = "弗朗西斯科里昂索克語", ["zpa"] = "拉奇吉里薩波特克語", ["zpb"] = "亞烏特佩克薩波特克語", ["zpc"] = "喬亞潘薩波特克語", ["zpd"] = "東南伊斯特蘭薩波特克語", ["zpe"] = "佩塔帕薩波特克語", ["zpf"] = "聖佩德羅基亞托尼薩波特克語", ["zpg"] = "格韋亞德洪堡薩波特克語", ["zph"] = "托托馬查潘薩波特克語", ["zpi"] = "聖瑪利亞基耶戈拉尼薩波特克語", ["zpj"] = "基亞維庫薩斯薩波特克語", ["zpk"] = "特拉科盧利塔薩波特克語", ["zpl"] = "拉奇西奧薩波特克語", ["zpm"] = "米斯特佩克薩波特克語", ["zpn"] = "聖伊內斯亞切奇薩波特克語", ["zpo"] = "阿馬特蘭薩波特克語", ["zpp"] = "阿爾托薩波特克語", ["zpq"] = "蘇戈喬薩波特克語", ["zpr"] = "聖地亞哥薩尼卡薩波特克語", ["zps"] = "科亞特蘭薩波特克語", ["zpt"] = "聖比森特科亞特蘭薩波特克語", ["zpu"] = "亞拉拉格薩波特克語", ["zpv"] = "奇奇卡潘薩波特克語", ["zpw"] = "薩尼薩薩波特克語", ["zpx"] = "聖巴爾塔扎洛希查薩波特克語", ["zpy"] = "馬薩爾特佩克薩波特克語", ["zpz"] = "特斯梅盧坎薩波特克語", ["zra"] = "伽耶語", ["zrg"] = "米爾甘語", ["zrn"] = "Zirenkel", ["zro"] = "Záparo", ["zrs"] = "Mairasi", ["zsa"] = "Sarasira", ["zsk"] = "Kaskean", ["zsl"] = "Zambian Sign Language", ["zsr"] = "南林松薩波特克語", ["zsu"] = "Sukurum", ["zte"] = "埃洛特佩克薩波特克語", ["ztg"] = "薩那吉亞薩波特克語", ["ztl"] = "聖地亞哥拉帕吉亞薩波特克語", ["ztm"] = "聖阿古斯丁米斯特佩克薩波特克語", ["ztn"] = "聖卡塔里納阿爾巴拉達斯薩波特克語", ["ztp"] = "洛希查薩波特克語", ["ztq"] = "基奧基塔尼-基耶里薩波特克語", ["zts"] = "蒂爾基亞潘薩波特克語", ["ztt"] = "特哈拉潘薩波特克語", ["ztu"] = "古伊拉薩波特克語", ["ztx"] = "薩奇拉薩波特克語", ["zty"] = "亞蒂薩波特克語", ["zu"] = "祖魯語", ["zua"] = "Zeem", ["zuh"] = "Tokano", ["zum"] = "孔扎里語", ["zun"] = "祖尼語", ["zuy"] = "Zumaya", ["zwa"] = "扎伊語", ["zyp"] = "Zyphe", ["zza"] = "扎扎其語", ["zzj"] = 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JU.svg", [ 0xA5B2 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NJU.svg", [ 0xA5B3 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE YU.svg", [ 0xA5B4 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE KU.svg", [ 0xA5B5 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NGGU.svg", [ 0xA5B6 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GU.svg", [ 0xA5B7 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE MU.svg", [ 0xA5B8 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NU.svg", [ 0xA5B9 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NYU.svg", [ 0xA5BA ] = "VAI SYLLABLE O.svg", [ 0xA5BB ] = "VAI SYLLABLE ON.svg", [ 0xA5BC ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NGON.svg", [ 0xA5BD ] = "VAI SYLLABLE HO.svg", [ 0xA5BE ] = "VAI SYLLABLE HON.svg", [ 0xA5BF ] = "VAI SYLLABLE WO.svg", [ 0xA5C0 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE WON.svg", [ 0xA5C1 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE PO.svg", [ 0xA5C2 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE BHO.svg", [ 0xA5C3 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE BO.svg", [ 0xA5C4 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE MBO.svg", [ 0xA5C5 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE KPO.svg", [ 0xA5C6 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE MGBO.svg", [ 0xA5C7 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GBO.svg", [ 0xA5C8 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GBON.svg", [ 0xA5C9 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE FO.svg", [ 0xA5CA ] = "VAI SYLLABLE VO.svg", [ 0xA5CB ] = "VAI SYLLABLE TO.svg", [ 0xA5CC ] = "VAI SYLLABLE THO.svg", [ 0xA5CD ] = "VAI SYLLABLE DHO.svg", [ 0xA5CE ] = "VAI SYLLABLE DHHO.svg", [ 0xA5CF ] = "VAI SYLLABLE LO.svg", [ 0xA5D0 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE RO.svg", [ 0xA5D1 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE DO.svg", [ 0xA5D2 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NDO.svg", [ 0xA5D3 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE SO.svg", [ 0xA5D4 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE SHO.svg", [ 0xA5D5 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE ZO.svg", [ 0xA5D6 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE ZHO.svg", [ 0xA5D7 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE CO.svg", [ 0xA5D8 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE JO.svg", [ 0xA5D9 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NJO.svg", [ 0xA5DA ] = "VAI SYLLABLE YO.svg", [ 0xA5DB ] = "VAI SYLLABLE KO.svg", [ 0xA5DC ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NGGO.svg", [ 0xA5DD ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GO.svg", [ 0xA5DE ] = "VAI SYLLABLE MO.svg", [ 0xA5DF ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NO.svg", [ 0xA5E0 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NYO.svg", [ 0xA5E1 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE E.svg", [ 0xA5E2 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE EN.svg", [ 0xA5E3 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NGEN.svg", [ 0xA5E4 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE HE.svg", [ 0xA5E5 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE HEN.svg", [ 0xA5E6 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE WE.svg", [ 0xA5E7 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE WEN.svg", [ 0xA5E8 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE PE.svg", [ 0xA5E9 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE BHE.svg", [ 0xA5EA ] = "VAI SYLLABLE BE.svg", [ 0xA5EB ] = "VAI SYLLABLE MBE.svg", [ 0xA5EC ] = "VAI SYLLABLE KPE.svg", [ 0xA5ED ] = "VAI SYLLABLE KPEN.svg", [ 0xA5EE ] = "VAI SYLLABLE MGBE.svg", [ 0xA5EF ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GBE.svg", [ 0xA5F0 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GBEN.svg", [ 0xA5F1 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE FE.svg", [ 0xA5F2 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE VE.svg", [ 0xA5F3 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE TE.svg", [ 0xA5F4 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE THE.svg", [ 0xA5F5 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE DHE.svg", [ 0xA5F6 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE DHHE.svg", [ 0xA5F7 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE LE.svg", [ 0xA5F8 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE RE.svg", [ 0xA5F9 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE DE.svg", [ 0xA5FA ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NDE.svg", [ 0xA5FB ] = "VAI SYLLABLE SE.svg", [ 0xA5FC ] = "VAI SYLLABLE SHE.svg", [ 0xA5FD ] = "VAI SYLLABLE ZE.svg", [ 0xA5FE ] = "VAI SYLLABLE ZHE.svg", [ 0xA5FF ] = "VAI SYLLABLE CE.svg", [ 0xA600 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE JE.svg", [ 0xA601 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NJE.svg", [ 0xA602 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE YE.svg", [ 0xA603 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE KE.svg", [ 0xA604 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NGGE.svg", [ 0xA605 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NGGEN.svg", [ 0xA606 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GE.svg", [ 0xA607 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE GEN.svg", [ 0xA608 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE ME.svg", [ 0xA609 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NE.svg", [ 0xA60A ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NYE.svg", [ 0xA60B ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NG.svg", [ 0xA60C ] = "VAI SYLLABLE LENGTHENER.svg", [ 0xA60D ] = "VAI COMMA.svg", [ 0xA60E ] = "VAI FULL STOP.svg", [ 0xA60F ] = "VAI QUESTION MARK.svg", [ 0xA610 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE FA.svg", [ 0xA611 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE KA.svg", [ 0xA612 ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE SOO.svg", [ 0xA613 ] = "VAI SYMBOL FEENG.svg", [ 0xA614 ] = "VAI SYMBOL KEENG.svg", [ 0xA615 ] = "VAI SYMBOL TING.svg", [ 0xA616 ] = "VAI SYMBOL NII.svg", [ 0xA617 ] = "VAI SYMBOL BANG.svg", [ 0xA618 ] = "VAI SYMBOL FAA.svg", [ 0xA619 ] = "VAI SYMBOL TAA.svg", [ 0xA61A ] = "VAI SYMBOL DANG.svg", [ 0xA61B ] = "VAI SYMBOL DOONG.svg", [ 0xA61C ] = "VAI SYMBOL KUNG.svg", [ 0xA61D ] = "VAI SYMBOL TONG.svg", [ 0xA61E ] = "VAI SYMBOL DO-O.svg", [ 0xA61F ] = "VAI SYMBOL JONG.svg", [ 0xA620 ] = "VAI DIGIT ZERO.svg", [ 0xA621 ] = "VAI DIGIT ONE.svg", [ 0xA622 ] = "VAI DIGIT TWO.svg", [ 0xA623 ] = "VAI DIGIT THREE.svg", [ 0xA624 ] = "VAI DIGIT FOUR.svg", [ 0xA625 ] = "VAI DIGIT FIVE.svg", [ 0xA626 ] = "VAI DIGIT SIX.svg", [ 0xA627 ] = "VAI DIGIT SEVEN.svg", [ 0xA628 ] = "VAI DIGIT EIGHT.svg", [ 0xA629 ] = "VAI DIGIT NINE.svg", [ 0xA62A ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE MA.svg", [ 0xA62B ] = "VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE DO.svg", [ 0xA6A0 ] = "BAMUM LETTER A.svg", [ 0xA6A1 ] = "BAMUM LETTER KA.svg", [ 0xA6A2 ] = "BAMUM LETTER U.svg", [ 0xA6A3 ] = "BAMUM LETTER KU.svg", [ 0xA6A4 ] = "BAMUM LETTER EE.svg", [ 0xA6A5 ] = "BAMUM LETTER REE.svg", [ 0xA6A6 ] = "BAMUM LETTER TAE.svg", [ 0xA6A7 ] = "BAMUM LETTER O.svg", [ 0xA6A8 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NYI.svg", [ 0xA6A9 ] = "BAMUM LETTER I.svg", [ 0xA6AA ] = "BAMUM LETTER LA.svg", [ 0xA6AB ] = "BAMUM LETTER PA.svg", [ 0xA6AC ] = "BAMUM LETTER RII.svg", [ 0xA6AD ] = "BAMUM LETTER RIEE.svg", [ 0xA6AE ] = "BAMUM LETTER LEEEE.svg", [ 0xA6AF ] = "BAMUM LETTER MEEEE.svg", [ 0xA6B0 ] = "BAMUM LETTER TAA.svg", [ 0xA6B1 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NDAA.svg", [ 0xA6B2 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NJAEM.svg", [ 0xA6B3 ] = "BAMUM LETTER M.svg", [ 0xA6B4 ] = "BAMUM LETTER SUU.svg", [ 0xA6B5 ] = "BAMUM LETTER MU.svg", [ 0xA6B6 ] = "BAMUM LETTER SHII.svg", [ 0xA6B7 ] = "BAMUM LETTER SI.svg", [ 0xA6B8 ] = "BAMUM LETTER SHEUX.svg", [ 0xA6B9 ] = "BAMUM LETTER SEUX.svg", [ 0xA6BA ] = "BAMUM LETTER KYEE.svg", [ 0xA6BB ] = "BAMUM LETTER KET.svg", [ 0xA6BC ] = "BAMUM LETTER NUAE.svg", [ 0xA6BD ] = "BAMUM LETTER NU.svg", [ 0xA6BE ] = "BAMUM LETTER NJUAE.svg", [ 0xA6BF ] = "BAMUM LETTER YOQ.svg", [ 0xA6C0 ] = "BAMUM LETTER SHU.svg", [ 0xA6C1 ] = "BAMUM LETTER YUQ.svg", [ 0xA6C2 ] = "BAMUM LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xA6C3 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NSHA.svg", [ 0xA6C4 ] = "BAMUM LETTER KEUX.svg", [ 0xA6C5 ] = "BAMUM LETTER PEUX.svg", [ 0xA6C6 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NJEE.svg", [ 0xA6C7 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NTEE.svg", [ 0xA6C8 ] = "BAMUM LETTER PUE.svg", [ 0xA6C9 ] = "BAMUM LETTER WUE.svg", [ 0xA6CA ] = "BAMUM LETTER PEE.svg", [ 0xA6CB ] = "BAMUM LETTER FEE.svg", [ 0xA6CC ] = "BAMUM LETTER RU.svg", [ 0xA6CD ] = "BAMUM LETTER LU.svg", [ 0xA6CE ] = "BAMUM LETTER MI.svg", [ 0xA6CF ] = "BAMUM LETTER NI.svg", [ 0xA6D0 ] = "BAMUM LETTER REUX.svg", [ 0xA6D1 ] = "BAMUM LETTER RAE.svg", [ 0xA6D2 ] = "BAMUM LETTER KEN.svg", [ 0xA6D3 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NGKWAEN.svg", [ 0xA6D4 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NGGA.svg", [ 0xA6D5 ] = "BAMUM LETTER NGA.svg", [ 0xA6D6 ] = "BAMUM LETTER SHO.svg", [ 0xA6D7 ] = "BAMUM LETTER PUAE.svg", [ 0xA6D8 ] = "BAMUM LETTER FU.svg", [ 0xA6D9 ] = "BAMUM LETTER FOM.svg", [ 0xA6DA ] = "BAMUM LETTER WA.svg", [ 0xA6DB ] = "BAMUM LETTER NA.svg", [ 0xA6DC ] = "BAMUM LETTER LI.svg", [ 0xA6DD ] = "BAMUM LETTER PI.svg", [ 0xA6DE ] = "BAMUM LETTER LOQ.svg", [ 0xA6DF ] = "BAMUM LETTER KO.svg", [ 0xA6E0 ] = "BAMUM LETTER MBEN.svg", [ 0xA6E1 ] = "BAMUM LETTER REN.svg", [ 0xA6E2 ] = "BAMUM LETTER MEN.svg", [ 0xA6E3 ] = "BAMUM LETTER MA.svg", [ 0xA6E4 ] = "BAMUM LETTER TI.svg", [ 0xA6E5 ] = "BAMUM LETTER KI.svg", [ 0xA6E6 ] = "BAMUM LETTER MO.svg", [ 0xA6E7 ] = "BAMUM LETTER MBAA.svg", [ 0xA6E8 ] = "BAMUM LETTER TET.svg", [ 0xA6E9 ] = "BAMUM LETTER KPA.svg", [ 0xA6EA ] = "BAMUM LETTER TEN.svg", [ 0xA6EB ] = "BAMUM LETTER NTUU.svg", [ 0xA6EC ] = "BAMUM LETTER SAMBA.svg", [ 0xA6ED ] = "BAMUM LETTER FAAMAE.svg", [ 0xA6EE ] = "BAMUM LETTER KOVUU.svg", [ 0xA6EF ] = "BAMUM LETTER KOGHOM.svg", [ 0xA6F0 ] = "BAMUM COMBINING MARK KOQNDON.svg", [ 0xA6F1 ] = "BAMUM COMBINING MARK TUKWENTIS.svg", [ 0xA6F2 ] = "BAMUM NJAEMLI.svg", [ 0xA6F3 ] = "BAMUM FULL STOP.svg", [ 0xA6F4 ] = "BAMUM COLON.svg", [ 0xA6F5 ] = "BAMUM COMMA.svg", [ 0xA6F6 ] = "BAMUM SEMICOLON.svg", [ 0xA6F7 ] = "BAMUM QUESTION MARK.svg", [ 0xA700 ] = "Ltc tone 1.svg", [ 0xA701 ] = "Ltc tone 2.svg", [ 0xA702 ] = "Ltc tone 3.svg", [ 0xA703 ] = "Ltc tone 4.svg", [ 0xA704 ] = "Ltc tone 5.svg", [ 0xA705 ] = "Ltc tone 6.svg", [ 0xA706 ] = "Ltc tone 7.svg", [ 0xA707 ] = "Ltc tone 8.svg", [ 0xA722 ] = "Latin capital letter egyptological Alef.svg", [ 0xA723 ] = "Latin small letter egyptological Alef.svg", [ 0xA726 ] = "Latin capital letter Heng.svg", [ 0xA727 ] = "Latin small letter Heng.svg", [ 0xA728 ] = "Latin capital letter TZ.svg", [ 0xA729 ] = "Latin small letter TZ.svg", [ 0xA72A ] = "Latin capital letter Tresillo.svg", [ 0xA72B ] = "Latin small letter Tresillo.svg", [ 0xA72C ] = "Latin capital letter Cuatrillo.svg", [ 0xA72D ] = "Latin small letter Cuatrillo.svg", [ 0xA72E ] = "Latin capital letter Cuatrillo with comma.svg", [ 0xA72F ] = "Latin small letter Cuatrillo with comma.svg", [ 0xA730 ] = "Latin letter small capital F.svg", [ 0xA731 ] = "Latin letter small capital S.svg", [ 0xA732 ] = "Latin capital letter AA.svg", [ 0xA733 ] = "Latin small letter AA.svg", [ 0xA734 ] = "Latin capital letter AO.svg", [ 0xA735 ] = "Latin small letter AO.svg", [ 0xA736 ] = "Latin capital letter AU.svg", [ 0xA737 ] = "Latin small letter AU.svg", [ 0xA738 ] = "Latin capital letter AV.svg", [ 0xA739 ] = "Latin small letter AV.svg", [ 0xA73A ] = "Latin capital letter AV with horisontal bar.svg", [ 0xA73B ] = "Latin small letter AV with horisontal bar.svg", [ 0xA73C ] = "Latin capital letter AY.svg", [ 0xA73D ] = "Latin small letter AY.svg", [ 0xA73E ] = "Latin capital letter reversed C with dot.svg", [ 0xA73F ] = "Latin small letter reversed C with dot.svg", [ 0xA749 ] = "U+A749 alt.png", [ 0xA750 ] = "Ꝑ ꝑ (U+A750, U+A751) uc.gif", [ 0xA751 ] = "Ꝑ ꝑ (U+A750, U+A751)lc.gif", [ 0xA779 ] = "Gaelic-D.svg", [ 0xA77A ] = "Gaelic-d.svg", [ 0xA77B ] = "Gaelic-F.svg", [ 0xA77C ] = "Gaelic-f.svg", [ 0xA77D ] = "Gaelic-G.svg", [ 0xA782 ] = "Insular R.svg", [ 0xA783 ] = "Gaelic-r.svg", [ 0xA785 ] = "Gaelic-s.svg", [ 0xA786 ] = "Gaelic-T.svg", [ 0xA787 ] = "Gaelic-t.svg", [ 0xA78B ] = "Saltillo uppercase.svg", [ 0xA78C ] = "Saltillo lowercase.svg", [ 0xA796 ] = "Latin capital letter B with flourish.svg", [ 0xA797 ] = "Latin small letter B with flourish.svg", [ 0xA7C2 ] = "Latin capital letter anglicana W.svg", [ 0xA7C3 ] = "Latin small letter anglicana W.svg", [ 0xA7C4 ] = "Latin capital letter C with palatal hook.svg", [ 0xA7C5 ] = "Latin capital letter S with hook.svg", [ 0xA7C6 ] = "Latin capital letter Z with palatal hook.svg", [ 0xA800 ] = "Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter A.png", [ 0xA801 ] = "Буква І (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter І.png", [ 0xA803 ] = "Буква U (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter U.png", [ 0xA804 ] = "Буква E (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter E.png", [ 0xA805 ] = "Буква O (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter O.png", [ 0xA807 ] = "Буква KO (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter KO.png", [ 0xA808 ] = "Буква KHO (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter KHO.png", [ 0xA809 ] = "Буква GO (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter GO.png", [ 0xA80A ] = "Буква GHO (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter GHO.png", [ 0xA80D ] = "Буква CHO (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter CHO.png", [ 0xA80E ] = "Буква JO (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter JO.png", [ 0xA80F ] = "Буква JHO (незалежний знак). Письмо силоті наґрі. Syloti Nagri letter JHO.png", [ 0xA840 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER KA.svg", [ 0xA841 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER KHA.svg", [ 0xA842 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER GA.svg", [ 0xA843 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER NGA.svg", [ 0xA844 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER CA.svg", [ 0xA845 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER CHA.svg", [ 0xA846 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER JA.svg", [ 0xA847 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER NYA.svg", [ 0xA848 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER TA.svg", [ 0xA849 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER THA.svg", [ 0xA84A ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER DA.svg", [ 0xA84B ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER NA.svg", [ 0xA84C ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER PA.svg", [ 0xA84D ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER PHA.svg", [ 0xA84E ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER BA.svg", [ 0xA84F ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER MA.svg", [ 0xA850 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER TSA.svg", [ 0xA851 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER TSHA.svg", [ 0xA852 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER DZA.svg", [ 0xA853 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER WA.svg", [ 0xA854 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER ZHA.svg", [ 0xA855 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER ZA.svg", [ 0xA856 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A.svg", [ 0xA857 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xA858 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER RA.svg", [ 0xA859 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER LA.svg", [ 0xA85A ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER SHA.svg", [ 0xA85B ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER SA.svg", [ 0xA85C ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER HA.svg", [ 0xA85D ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER A.svg", [ 0xA85E ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER I.svg", [ 0xA85F ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER U.svg", [ 0xA860 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER E.svg", [ 0xA861 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER O.svg", [ 0xA862 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER QA.svg", [ 0xA863 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER XA.svg", [ 0xA864 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER FA.svg", [ 0xA865 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER GGA.svg", [ 0xA866 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER EE.svg", [ 0xA867 ] = "PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER WA.svg", [ 0xA868 ] = "PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xA869 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER TTA.svg", [ 0xA86A ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER TTHA.svg", [ 0xA86B ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER DDA.svg", [ 0xA86C ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER NNA.svg", [ 0xA86D ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER ALTERNATE YA.svg", [ 0xA86E ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER VOICELESS SHA.svg", [ 0xA86F ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER VOICED HA.svg", [ 0xA870 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER ASPIRATED FA.svg", [ 0xA871 ] = "PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER RA.svg", [ 0xA872 ] = "PHAGS-PA SUPERFIXED LETTER RA.svg", [ 0xA873 ] = "PHAGS-PA LETTER CANDRABINDU.svg", [ 0xA874 ] = "PHAGS-PA SINGLE HEAD MARK.svg", [ 0xA875 ] = "PHAGS-PA DOUBLE HEAD MARK.svg", [ 0xA876 ] = "PHAGS-PA MARK SHAD.svg", [ 0xA877 ] = "PHAGS-PA MARK DOUBLE SHAD.svg", [ 0xA880 ] = "SAURASHTRA SIGN ANUSVARA.svg", [ 0xA881 ] = "SAURASHTRA SIGN VISARGA.svg", [ 0xA882 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER A.svg", [ 0xA883 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER AA.svg", [ 0xA884 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER I.svg", [ 0xA885 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER II.svg", [ 0xA886 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER U.svg", [ 0xA887 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER UU.svg", [ 0xA888 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC R.svg", [ 0xA889 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC RR.svg", [ 0xA88A ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC L.svg", [ 0xA88B ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC LL.svg", [ 0xA88C ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER E.svg", [ 0xA88D ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER EE.svg", [ 0xA88E ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER AI.svg", [ 0xA88F ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER O.svg", [ 0xA890 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER OO.svg", [ 0xA891 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER AU.svg", [ 0xA892 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER KA.svg", [ 0xA893 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER KHA.svg", [ 0xA894 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER GA.svg", [ 0xA895 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER GHA.svg", [ 0xA896 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER NGA.svg", [ 0xA897 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER CA.svg", [ 0xA898 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER CHA.svg", [ 0xA899 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER JA.svg", [ 0xA89A ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER JHA.svg", [ 0xA89B ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER NYA.svg", [ 0xA89C ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER TTA.svg", [ 0xA89D ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER TTHA.svg", [ 0xA89E ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER DDA.svg", [ 0xA89F ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER DDHA.svg", [ 0xA8A0 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER NNA.svg", [ 0xA8A1 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER TA.svg", [ 0xA8A2 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER THA.svg", [ 0xA8A3 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER DA.svg", [ 0xA8A4 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER DHA.svg", [ 0xA8A5 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER NA.svg", [ 0xA8A6 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER PA.svg", [ 0xA8A7 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER PHA.svg", [ 0xA8A8 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER BA.svg", [ 0xA8A9 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER BHA.svg", [ 0xA8AA ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER MA.svg", [ 0xA8AB ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xA8AC ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER RA.svg", [ 0xA8AD ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER LA.svg", [ 0xA8AE ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER VA.svg", [ 0xA8AF ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER SHA.svg", [ 0xA8B0 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER SSA.svg", [ 0xA8B1 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER SA.svg", [ 0xA8B2 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER HA.svg", [ 0xA8B3 ] = "SAURASHTRA LETTER LLA.svg", [ 0xA8B4 ] = "SAURASHTRA CONSONANT SIGN HAARU.svg", [ 0xA8B5 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN AA.svg", [ 0xA8B6 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN I.svg", [ 0xA8B7 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN II.svg", [ 0xA8B8 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN U.svg", [ 0xA8B9 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN UU.svg", [ 0xA8BA ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R.svg", [ 0xA8BB ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR.svg", [ 0xA8BC ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L.svg", [ 0xA8BD ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL.svg", [ 0xA8BE ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN E.svg", [ 0xA8BF ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN EE.svg", [ 0xA8C0 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN AI.svg", [ 0xA8C1 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN O.svg", [ 0xA8C2 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN OO.svg", [ 0xA8C3 ] = "SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN AU.svg", [ 0xA8C4 ] = "SAURASHTRA SIGN VIRAMA.svg", [ 0xA8C5 ] = "SAURASHTRA SIGN CANDRABINDU.svg", [ 0xA8CE ] = "SAURASHTRA DANDA.svg", [ 0xA8CF ] = "SAURASHTRA DOUBLE DANDA.svg", [ 0xA8D0 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT ZERO.svg", [ 0xA8D1 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT ONE.svg", [ 0xA8D2 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT TWO.svg", [ 0xA8D3 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT THREE.svg", [ 0xA8D4 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT FOUR.svg", [ 0xA8D5 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT FIVE.svg", [ 0xA8D6 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT SIX.svg", [ 0xA8D7 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT SEVEN.svg", [ 0xA8D8 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT EIGHT.svg", [ 0xA8D9 ] = "SAURASHTRA DIGIT NINE.svg", [ 0xA900 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT ZERO.svg", [ 0xA901 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT ONE.svg", [ 0xA902 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT TWO.svg", [ 0xA903 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT THREE.svg", [ 0xA904 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT FOUR.svg", [ 0xA905 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT FIVE.svg", [ 0xA906 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT SIX.svg", [ 0xA907 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT SEVEN.svg", [ 0xA908 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT EIGHT.svg", [ 0xA909 ] = "KAYAH LI DIGIT NINE.svg", [ 0xA90A ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER KA.svg", [ 0xA90B ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER KHA.svg", [ 0xA90C ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER GA.svg", [ 0xA90D ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER NGA.svg", [ 0xA90E ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER SA.svg", [ 0xA90F ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER SHA.svg", [ 0xA910 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER ZA.svg", [ 0xA911 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER NYA.svg", [ 0xA912 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER TA.svg", [ 0xA913 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER HTA.svg", [ 0xA914 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER NA.svg", [ 0xA915 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER PA.svg", [ 0xA916 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER PHA.svg", [ 0xA917 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER MA.svg", [ 0xA918 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER DA.svg", [ 0xA919 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER BA.svg", [ 0xA91A ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER RA.svg", [ 0xA91B ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xA91C ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER LA.svg", [ 0xA91D ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER WA.svg", [ 0xA91E ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER THA.svg", [ 0xA91F ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER HA.svg", [ 0xA920 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER VA.svg", [ 0xA921 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER CA.svg", [ 0xA922 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER A.svg", [ 0xA923 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER OE.svg", [ 0xA924 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER I.svg", [ 0xA925 ] = "KAYAH LI LETTER OO.svg", [ 0xA926 ] = "KAYAH LI VOWEL UE.svg", [ 0xA927 ] = "KAYAH LI VOWEL E.svg", [ 0xA928 ] = "KAYAH LI VOWEL U.svg", [ 0xA929 ] = "KAYAH LI VOWEL EE.svg", [ 0xA92A ] = "KAYAH LI VOWEL O.svg", [ 0xA92B ] = "KAYAH LI TONE PLOPHU.svg", [ 0xA92C ] = "KAYAH LI TONE CALYA.svg", [ 0xA92D ] = "KAYAH LI TONE CALYA PLOPHU.svg", [ 0xA92E ] = "KAYAH LI SIGN CWI.svg", [ 0xA92F ] = "KAYAH LI SIGN SHYA.svg", [ 0xA930 ] = "REJANG LETTER KA.svg", [ 0xA931 ] = "REJANG LETTER GA.svg", [ 0xA932 ] = "REJANG LETTER NGA.svg", [ 0xA933 ] = "REJANG LETTER TA.svg", [ 0xA934 ] = "REJANG LETTER DA.svg", [ 0xA935 ] = "REJANG LETTER NA.svg", [ 0xA936 ] = "REJANG LETTER PA.svg", [ 0xA937 ] = "REJANG LETTER BA.svg", [ 0xA938 ] = "REJANG LETTER MA.svg", [ 0xA939 ] = "REJANG LETTER CA.svg", [ 0xA93A ] = "REJANG LETTER JA.svg", [ 0xA93B ] = "REJANG LETTER NYA.svg", [ 0xA93C ] = "REJANG LETTER SA.svg", [ 0xA93D ] = "REJANG LETTER RA.svg", [ 0xA93E ] = "REJANG LETTER LA.svg", [ 0xA93F ] = "REJANG LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xA940 ] = "REJANG LETTER WA.svg", [ 0xA941 ] = "REJANG LETTER HA.svg", [ 0xA942 ] = "REJANG LETTER MBA.svg", [ 0xA943 ] = "REJANG LETTER NGGA.svg", [ 0xA944 ] = "REJANG LETTER NDA.svg", [ 0xA945 ] = "REJANG LETTER NYJA.svg", [ 0xA946 ] = "REJANG LETTER A.svg", [ 0xA947 ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN I.svg", [ 0xA948 ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN U.svg", [ 0xA949 ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN E.svg", [ 0xA94A ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN AI.svg", [ 0xA94B ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN O.svg", [ 0xA94C ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN AU.svg", [ 0xA94D ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN EU.svg", [ 0xA94E ] = "REJANG VOWEL SIGN EA.svg", [ 0xA94F ] = "REJANG CONSONANT SIGN NG.svg", [ 0xA950 ] = "REJANG CONSONANT SIGN N.svg", [ 0xA951 ] = "REJANG CONSONANT SIGN R.svg", [ 0xA952 ] = "REJANG CONSONANT SIGN H.svg", [ 0xA953 ] = "REJANG VIRAMA.svg", [ 0xA95F ] = "REJANG SECTION MARK.svg", [ 0xA980 ] = "Javanese panyangga.svg", [ 0xA981 ] = "Javanese cecak.svg", [ 0xA982 ] = "Javanese layar.svg", [ 0xA983 ] = "Javanese wignyan.svg", [ 0xA984 ] = "Javanese a.svg", [ 0xA985 ] = "Javanese i kawi.svg", [ 0xA986 ] = "Javanese i.svg", [ 0xA987 ] = "Javanese ii.svg", [ 0xA988 ] = "Javanese u.svg", [ 0xA989 ] = "Javanese pa cerek.svg", [ 0xA98A ] = "Javanese nga lelet.svg", [ 0xA98B ] = "Javanese nga lelet raswadi.svg", [ 0xA98C ] = "Javanese e.svg", [ 0xA98D ] = "Javanese ai.svg", [ 0xA98E ] = "Javanese o.svg", [ 0xA98F ] = "Javanese ka.svg", [ 0xA990 ] = "Javanese ka sasak.svg", [ 0xA991 ] = "Javanese ka murda.svg", [ 0xA992 ] = "Javanese ga.svg", [ 0xA993 ] = "Javanese ga murda.svg", [ 0xA994 ] = "Javanese nga.svg", [ 0xA995 ] = "Javanese ca.svg", [ 0xA996 ] = "Javanese ca murda.svg", [ 0xA997 ] = "Javanese ja.svg", [ 0xA998 ] = "Javanese nya murda.svg", [ 0xA999 ] = "Javanese ja mahaprana.svg", [ 0xA99A ] = "Javanese nya.svg", [ 0xA99B ] = "Javanese tha.svg", [ 0xA99C ] = "Javanese tta mahaprana.svg", [ 0xA99D ] = "Javanese dha.svg", [ 0xA99E ] = "Javanese dda mahaprana.svg", [ 0xA99F ] = "Javanese na murda.svg", [ 0xA9A0 ] = "Javanese ta.svg", [ 0xA9A1 ] = "Javanese ta murda.svg", [ 0xA9A2 ] = "Javanese da.svg", [ 0xA9A3 ] = "Javanese da mahaprana.svg", [ 0xA9A4 ] = "Javanese na.svg", [ 0xA9A5 ] = "Javanese pa.svg", [ 0xA9A6 ] = "Javanese pa murda.svg", [ 0xA9A7 ] = "Javanese ba.svg", [ 0xA9A8 ] = "Javanese ba murda.svg", [ 0xA9A9 ] = "Javanese ma.svg", [ 0xA9AA ] = "Javanese ya.svg", [ 0xA9AB ] = "Javanese ra.svg", [ 0xA9AC ] = "Javanese ra agung.svg", [ 0xA9AD ] = "Javanese la.svg", [ 0xA9AE ] = "Javanese wa.svg", [ 0xA9AF ] = "Javanese sa murda.svg", [ 0xA9B0 ] = "Javanese sa mahaprana.svg", [ 0xA9B1 ] = "Javanese sa.svg", [ 0xA9B2 ] = "Javanese ha.svg", [ 0xA9B3 ] = "Javanese cecak telu.svg", [ 0xA9B4 ] = "Javanese tarung.svg", [ 0xA9B5 ] = "Javanese tolong.svg", [ 0xA9B6 ] = "Javanese wulu.svg", [ 0xA9B7 ] = "Javanese wulu melik.svg", [ 0xA9B8 ] = "Javanese suku.svg", [ 0xA9B9 ] = "Javanese suku mendut.svg", [ 0xA9BA ] = "Javanese taling.svg", [ 0xA9BB ] = "Javanese dirga mure.svg", [ 0xA9BC ] = "Javanese pepet.svg", [ 0xA9BD ] = "Javanese keret.svg", [ 0xA9BE ] = "Javanese pengkal.svg", [ 0xA9BF ] = "Javanese cakra.svg", [ 0xA9C0 ] = "Javanese pangkon.svg", [ 0xA9C1 ] = "Javanese rerenggan kiwa.svg", [ 0xA9C2 ] = "Javanese rerenggan tengen.svg", [ 0xA9C3 ] = "Javanese pada andap.svg", [ 0xA9C4 ] = "Javanese pada madya.svg", [ 0xA9C5 ] = "Javanese pada luhur.svg", [ 0xA9C6 ] = "Javanese pada windu.svg", [ 0xA9C7 ] = "Javanese pada pangkat.svg", [ 0xA9C8 ] = "Javanese pada lingsa.svg", [ 0xA9C9 ] = "Javanese pada lungsi.svg", [ 0xA9CA ] = "Javanese pada adeg.svg", [ 0xA9CB ] = "Javanese pada adeg-adeg.svg", [ 0xA9CC ] = "Javanese pada piseleh.svg", [ 0xA9CD ] = "Javanese pada piseleh 2.svg", [ 0xA9CF ] = "Javanese pangrangkep.svg", [ 0xA9D0 ] = "Javanese 0.svg", [ 0xA9D1 ] = "Javanese 1.svg", [ 0xA9D2 ] = "Javanese 2.svg", [ 0xA9D3 ] = "Javanese 3.svg", [ 0xA9D4 ] = "Javanese 4.svg", [ 0xA9D5 ] = "Javanese 5.svg", [ 0xA9D6 ] = "Javanese 6.svg", [ 0xA9D7 ] = "Javanese 7.svg", [ 0xA9D8 ] = "Javanese 8.svg", [ 0xA9D9 ] = "Javanese 9.svg", [ 0xA9DE ] = "Javanese pada tirta tumetes.svg", [ 0xA9DF ] = "Javanese isen-isen.svg", [ 0xAA00 ] = "CHAM LETTER A.svg", [ 0xAA01 ] = "CHAM LETTER I.svg", [ 0xAA02 ] = "CHAM LETTER U.svg", [ 0xAA03 ] = "CHAM LETTER E.svg", [ 0xAA04 ] = "CHAM LETTER AI.svg", [ 0xAA05 ] = "CHAM LETTER O.svg", [ 0xAA06 ] = "CHAM LETTER KA.svg", [ 0xAA07 ] = "CHAM LETTER KHA.svg", [ 0xAA08 ] = "CHAM LETTER GA.svg", [ 0xAA09 ] = "CHAM LETTER GHA.svg", [ 0xAA0A ] = "CHAM LETTER NGUE.svg", [ 0xAA0B ] = "CHAM LETTER NGA.svg", [ 0xAA0C ] = "CHAM LETTER CHA.svg", [ 0xAA0D ] = "CHAM LETTER CHHA.svg", [ 0xAA0E ] = "CHAM LETTER JA.svg", [ 0xAA0F ] = "CHAM LETTER JHA.svg", [ 0xAA10 ] = "CHAM LETTER NHUE.svg", [ 0xAA11 ] = "CHAM LETTER NHA.svg", [ 0xAA12 ] = "CHAM LETTER NHJA.svg", [ 0xAA13 ] = "CHAM LETTER TA.svg", [ 0xAA14 ] = "CHAM LETTER THA.svg", [ 0xAA15 ] = "CHAM LETTER DA.svg", [ 0xAA16 ] = "CHAM LETTER DHA.svg", [ 0xAA17 ] = "CHAM LETTER NUE.svg", [ 0xAA18 ] = "CHAM LETTER NA.svg", [ 0xAA19 ] = "CHAM LETTER DDA.svg", [ 0xAA1A ] = "CHAM LETTER PA.svg", [ 0xAA1B ] = "CHAM LETTER PPA.svg", [ 0xAA1C ] = "CHAM LETTER PHA.svg", [ 0xAA1D ] = "CHAM LETTER BA.svg", [ 0xAA1E ] = "CHAM LETTER BHA.svg", [ 0xAA1F ] = "CHAM LETTER MUE.svg", [ 0xAA20 ] = "CHAM LETTER MA.svg", [ 0xAA21 ] = "CHAM LETTER BBA.svg", [ 0xAA22 ] = "CHAM LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xAA23 ] = "CHAM LETTER RA.svg", [ 0xAA24 ] = "CHAM LETTER LA.svg", [ 0xAA25 ] = "CHAM LETTER VA.svg", [ 0xAA26 ] = "CHAM LETTER SSA.svg", [ 0xAA27 ] = "CHAM LETTER SA.svg", [ 0xAA28 ] = "CHAM LETTER HA.svg", [ 0xAA29 ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN AA.svg", [ 0xAA2A ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN I.svg", [ 0xAA2B ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN II.svg", [ 0xAA2C ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN EI.svg", [ 0xAA2D ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN U.svg", [ 0xAA2E ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN OE.svg", [ 0xAA2F ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN O.svg", [ 0xAA30 ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN AI.svg", [ 0xAA31 ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN AU.svg", [ 0xAA32 ] = "CHAM VOWEL SIGN UE.svg", [ 0xAA33 ] = "CHAM CONSONANT SIGN YA.svg", [ 0xAA34 ] = "CHAM CONSONANT SIGN RA.svg", [ 0xAA35 ] = "CHAM CONSONANT SIGN LA.svg", [ 0xAA36 ] = "CHAM CONSONANT SIGN WA.svg", [ 0xAA40 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL K.svg", [ 0xAA41 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL G.svg", [ 0xAA42 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL NG.svg", [ 0xAA43 ] = "CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NG.svg", [ 0xAA44 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL CH.svg", [ 0xAA45 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL T.svg", [ 0xAA46 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL N.svg", [ 0xAA47 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL P.svg", [ 0xAA48 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL Y.svg", [ 0xAA49 ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL R.svg", [ 0xAA4A ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL L.svg", [ 0xAA4B ] = "CHAM LETTER FINAL SS.svg", [ 0xAA4C ] = "CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL M.svg", [ 0xAA4D ] = "CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL H.svg", [ 0xAA50 ] = "CHAM DIGIT ZERO.svg", [ 0xAA51 ] = "CHAM DIGIT ONE.svg", [ 0xAA52 ] = "CHAM DIGIT TWO.svg", [ 0xAA53 ] = "CHAM DIGIT THREE.svg", [ 0xAA54 ] = "CHAM DIGIT FOUR.svg", [ 0xAA55 ] = "CHAM DIGIT FIVE.svg", [ 0xAA56 ] = "CHAM DIGIT SIX.svg", [ 0xAA57 ] = "CHAM DIGIT SEVEN.svg", [ 0xAA58 ] = "CHAM DIGIT EIGHT.svg", [ 0xAA59 ] = "CHAM DIGIT NINE.svg", [ 0xAA5C ] = "CHAM PUNCTUATION SPIRAL.svg", [ 0xAA5D ] = "CHAM PUNCTUATION DANDA.svg", [ 0xAA5E ] = "CHAM PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DANDA.svg", [ 0xAA5F ] = "CHAM PUNCTUATION TRIPLE DANDA.svg", [ 0xAA80 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW KO.svg", [ 0xAA81 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH KO.svg", [ 0xAA82 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW KHO.svg", [ 0xAA83 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH KHO.svg", [ 0xAA84 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW KHHO.svg", [ 0xAA85 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH KHHO.svg", [ 0xAA86 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW GO.svg", [ 0xAA87 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH GO.svg", [ 0xAA88 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW NGO.svg", [ 0xAA89 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NGO.svg", [ 0xAA8A ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW CO.svg", [ 0xAA8B ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH CO.svg", [ 0xAA8C ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW CHO.svg", [ 0xAA8D ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH CHO.svg", [ 0xAA8E ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW SO.svg", [ 0xAA8F ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH SO.svg", [ 0xAA90 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW NYO.svg", [ 0xAA91 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NYO.svg", [ 0xAA92 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW DO.svg", [ 0xAA93 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH DO.svg", [ 0xAA94 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW TO.svg", [ 0xAA95 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH TO.svg", [ 0xAA96 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW THO.svg", [ 0xAA97 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH THO.svg", [ 0xAA98 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW NO.svg", [ 0xAA99 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NO.svg", [ 0xAA9A ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW BO.svg", [ 0xAA9B ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH BO.svg", [ 0xAA9C ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW PO.svg", [ 0xAA9D ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PO.svg", [ 0xAA9E ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW PHO.svg", [ 0xAA9F ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PHO.svg", [ 0xAAA0 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW FO.svg", [ 0xAAA1 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH FO.svg", [ 0xAAA2 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW MO.svg", [ 0xAAA3 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH MO.svg", [ 0xAAA4 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW YO.svg", [ 0xAAA5 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO.svg", [ 0xAAA6 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW RO.svg", [ 0xAAA7 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH RO.svg", [ 0xAAA8 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW LO.svg", [ 0xAAA9 ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH LO.svg", [ 0xAAAA ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW VO.svg", [ 0xAAAB ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO.svg", [ 0xAAAC ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW HO.svg", [ 0xAAAD ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH HO.svg", [ 0xAAAE ] = "TAI VIET LETTER LOW O.svg", [ 0xAAAF ] = "TAI VIET LETTER HIGH O.svg", [ 0xAAB0 ] = "TAI VIET MAI KANG.svg", [ 0xAAB1 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL AA.svg", [ 0xAAB2 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL I.svg", [ 0xAAB3 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL UE.svg", [ 0xAAB4 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL U.svg", [ 0xAAB5 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL E.svg", [ 0xAAB6 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL O.svg", [ 0xAAB7 ] = "TAI VIET MAI KHIT.svg", [ 0xAAB8 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL IA.svg", [ 0xAAB9 ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL UEA.svg", [ 0xAABA ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL UA.svg", [ 0xAABB ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL AUE.svg", [ 0xAABC ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL AY.svg", [ 0xAABD ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL AN.svg", [ 0xAABE ] = "TAI VIET VOWEL AM.svg", [ 0xAABF ] = "TAI VIET TONE MAI EK.svg", [ 0xAAC0 ] = "TAI VIET TONE MAI NUENG.svg", [ 0xAAC1 ] = "TAI VIET TONE MAI THO.svg", [ 0xAAC2 ] = "TAI VIET TONE MAI SONG.svg", [ 0xAADB ] = "TAI VIET SYMBOL KON.svg", [ 0xAADC ] = "TAI VIET SYMBOL NUENG.svg", [ 0xAADD ] = "TAI VIET SYMBOL SAM.svg", [ 0xAADE ] = "TAI VIET SYMBOL HO HOI.svg", [ 0xAADF ] = "TAI VIET SYMBOL KOI KOI.svg", [ 0xAB01 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHU.svg", [ 0xAB02 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHI.svg", [ 0xAB03 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHAA.svg", [ 0xAB04 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHEE.svg", [ 0xAB05 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHE.svg", [ 0xAB06 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHO.svg", [ 0xAB09 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHU.svg", [ 0xAB0A ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHI.svg", [ 0xAB0B ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHAA.svg", [ 0xAB0C ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHEE.svg", [ 0xAB0D ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHE.svg", [ 0xAB0E ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHO.svg", [ 0xAB11 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZU.svg", [ 0xAB12 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZI.svg", [ 0xAB13 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZAA.svg", [ 0xAB14 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZEE.svg", [ 0xAB15 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZE.svg", [ 0xAB16 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZO.svg", [ 0xAB20 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHA.svg", [ 0xAB21 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHU.svg", [ 0xAB22 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHI.svg", [ 0xAB23 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHAA.svg", [ 0xAB24 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHEE.svg", [ 0xAB25 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHE.svg", [ 0xAB26 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHO.svg", [ 0xAB28 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBA.svg", [ 0xAB29 ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBU.svg", [ 0xAB2A ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBI.svg", [ 0xAB2B ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBAA.svg", [ 0xAB2C ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBEE.svg", [ 0xAB2D ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBE.svg", [ 0xAB2E ] = "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBO.svg", [ 0xAB70 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER A.svg", [ 0xAB71 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER E.svg", [ 0xAB72 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER I.svg", [ 0xAB73 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER O.svg", [ 0xAB74 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER U.svg", [ 0xAB75 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER V.svg", [ 0xAB76 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GA.svg", [ 0xAB77 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER KA.svg", [ 0xAB78 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GE.svg", [ 0xAB79 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GI.svg", [ 0xAB7A ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GO.svg", [ 0xAB7B ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GU.svg", [ 0xAB7C ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GV.svg", [ 0xAB7D ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HA.svg", [ 0xAB7E ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HE.svg", [ 0xAB7F ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HI.svg", [ 0xAB80 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HO.svg", [ 0xAB81 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HU.svg", [ 0xAB82 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HV.svg", [ 0xAB83 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LA.svg", [ 0xAB84 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LE.svg", [ 0xAB85 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LI.svg", [ 0xAB86 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LO.svg", [ 0xAB87 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LU.svg", [ 0xAB88 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LV.svg", [ 0xAB89 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MA.svg", [ 0xAB8A ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER ME.svg", [ 0xAB8B ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MI.svg", [ 0xAB8C ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MO.svg", [ 0xAB8D ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MU.svg", [ 0xAB8E ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NA.svg", [ 0xAB8F ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HNA.svg", [ 0xAB90 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NAH.svg", [ 0xAB91 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NE.svg", [ 0xAB92 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NI.svg", [ 0xAB93 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NO.svg", [ 0xAB94 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NU.svg", [ 0xAB95 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NV.svg", [ 0xAB96 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUA.svg", [ 0xAB97 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUE.svg", [ 0xAB98 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUI.svg", [ 0xAB99 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUO.svg", [ 0xAB9A ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUU.svg", [ 0xAB9B ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUV.svg", [ 0xAB9C ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SA.svg", [ 0xAB9D ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER S.svg", [ 0xAB9E ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SE.svg", [ 0xAB9F ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SI.svg", [ 0xABA0 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SO.svg", [ 0xABA1 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SU.svg", [ 0xABA2 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SV.svg", [ 0xABA3 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DA.svg", [ 0xABA4 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TA.svg", [ 0xABA5 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DE.svg", [ 0xABA6 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TE.svg", [ 0xABA7 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DI.svg", [ 0xABA8 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TI.svg", [ 0xABA9 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DO.svg", [ 0xABAA ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DU.svg", [ 0xABAB ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DV.svg", [ 0xABAC ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DLA.svg", [ 0xABAD ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLA.svg", [ 0xABAE ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLE.svg", [ 0xABAF ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLI.svg", [ 0xABB0 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLO.svg", [ 0xABB1 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLU.svg", [ 0xABB2 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLV.svg", [ 0xABB3 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSA.svg", [ 0xABB4 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSE.svg", [ 0xABB5 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSI.svg", [ 0xABB6 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSO.svg", [ 0xABB7 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSU.svg", [ 0xABB8 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSV.svg", [ 0xABB9 ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WA.svg", [ 0xABBA ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WE.svg", [ 0xABBB ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WI.svg", [ 0xABBC ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WO.svg", [ 0xABBD ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WU.svg", [ 0xABBE ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WV.svg", [ 0xABBF ] = "CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YA.svg", [ 0xABC0 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter KOK (KA).svg", [ 0xABC1 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter SAM (SA).svg", [ 0xABC2 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter LAI (LA).svg", [ 0xABC3 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter MIT (MA).svg", [ 0xABC4 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter PA.svg", [ 0xABC5 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter NA.svg", [ 0xABC6 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter CHIL (CA).svg", [ 0xABC7 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter TIL (TA).svg", [ 0xABC8 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter KHOU (KHA).svg", [ 0xABC9 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter NGOU (NGA).svg", [ 0xABCA ] = "Meetei Mayek letter THOU (THA).svg", [ 0xABCB ] = "Meetei Mayek letter WAI (WA).svg", [ 0xABCC ] = "Meetei Mayek letter YANG (YA).svg", [ 0xABCD ] = "Meetei Mayek letter HUK (HA).svg", [ 0xABCE ] = "Meetei Mayek letter UN (U).svg", [ 0xABCF ] = "Meetei Mayek letter I.svg", [ 0xABD0 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter PHAM (PHA).svg", [ 0xABD1 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter ATIYA (A).svg", [ 0xABD2 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter GOK (GA).svg", [ 0xABD3 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter JHAM (JHA).svg", [ 0xABD4 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter RAI (RA).svg", [ 0xABD5 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter BA.svg", [ 0xABD6 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter JIL (JA).svg", [ 0xABD7 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter DIL (DA).svg", [ 0xABD8 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter GHOU (GHA).svg", [ 0xABD9 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter DHOU (DHA).svg", [ 0xABDA ] = "Meetei Mayek letter BHAM (BHA).svg", [ 0xABDB ] = "Meetei Mayek letter KOK LONSUM (K).svg", [ 0xABDC ] = "Meetei Mayek letter LAI LONSUM (L).svg", [ 0xABDD ] = "Meetei Mayek letter MIT LONSUM (M).svg", [ 0xABDE ] = "Meetei Mayek letter PA LONSUM (P).svg", [ 0xABDF ] = "Meetei Mayek letter NA LONSUM (N).svg", [ 0xABE0 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter TIL LONSUM (T).svg", [ 0xABE1 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter NGOU LONSUM (NG).svg", [ 0xABE2 ] = "Meetei Mayek letter I LONSUM (I).svg", [ 0xABE3 ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign O (ONAP).svg", [ 0xABE4 ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign I (INAP).svg", [ 0xABE5 ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign AA (ANAP).svg", [ 0xABE6 ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign E (YENAP).svg", [ 0xABE7 ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign OU (SOUNAP).svg", [ 0xABE8 ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign U (UNAP).svg", [ 0xABE9 ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign EI (CHEINAP).svg", [ 0xABEA ] = "Meetei Mayek vowel sign NUNG (anusvara).svg", [ 0xABEC ] = "Meetei Mayek sign lum iyek (heavy tone sign).svg", [ 0xABED ] = "Meetei Mayek sign apun iyek (killer).svg", [ 0xABF0 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit zero.svg", [ 0xABF1 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit one.svg", [ 0xABF2 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit two.svg", [ 0xABF3 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit three.svg", [ 0xABF4 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit four.svg", [ 0xABF5 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit five.svg", [ 0xABF6 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit six.svg", [ 0xABF7 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit seven.svg", [ 0xABF8 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit eight.svg", [ 0xABF9 ] = "Meetei Mayek digit nine.svg", } bo608qevamiclfy1d77j2y6i3ioxgun Category:有連濁的日語詞 14 1377028 7271349 6918759 2022-07-28T04:06:13Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{main|連濁}} 要將單詞添加到此類別,您可以使用 {{temp|ja-rendaku}}、{{temp|ja-rendaku2}},或在 {{temp|ja-kanjitab}} 中加上參數 <code>|r=y</code>。 {{ja-categoryTOC}} [[Category:依音位屬性分類的日語詞]] n8ml3n1lpdwjj16p6iyc1knu0tw71je 連濁 0 1378787 7271346 7040963 2022-07-28T03:56:22Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 日語 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=连浊}} {{百科}} ===詞源=== {{w|和製漢語}},{{obor|zh|ja|-}} {{ja-r|連濁|れんだく}}。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=liánzhuó |c=lin4 zuk6 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== # {{lb|zh|語言學}} [[#日語|連濁]] [[Category:漢語 語言學]] ---- ==日語== {{百科|語=ja}} {{ja-kanjitab|れん|だく|yomi=on,goon}} ===讀音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=go|れんだく|acc=0|acc_ref=NHK,DJR|y=o}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|れんだく}} # {{lb|ja|語言學}} [[日語]][[複合詞]]中,第二(及之後)字的首個音節,發音由[[清音]]變為[[濁音]]的現象。 ====相關詞彙==== * {{ja-r|連声|れんじょう}} ====參見==== * [[:Category:有連濁的日語詞]] ===參考資料=== <references/> [[Category:日語 語言學|れんだく]] ---- ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=연탁}} # {{hanja form of|연탁|[[#日語|連濁]]}} nifzcr5xoh145n7prbalc24u68kn08i 7271347 7271346 2022-07-28T03:59:58Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=连浊}} {{百科}} ===詞源=== {{w|和製漢語}},{{obor|zh|ja|-}} {{ja-r|連濁|れんだく}}。 ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=liánzhuó |c=lin4 zuk6 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== # {{lb|zh|語言學}} [[#日語|連濁]] {{zh-cat|語言學}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|れん|だく|yomi=on,goon}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{ja-pron|yomi=go|れんだく|acc=0|acc_ref=NHK,DJR|y=o}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|れんだく}} # {{lb|ja|語言學}} [[日語]][[複合詞]]中,第二(及之後)字的首個音節,發音由[[清音]]變為[[濁音]]的現象。如{{ja-compound|花|はな|火|ひ|rom2='''h'''i}} 變為{{ja-r|花%火|はな%び|rom=hana'''b'''i}}。 ====相關詞彙==== * {{ja-r|連声|れんじょう}} ====參見==== * [[:Category:有連濁的日語詞]] ===參考資料=== <references/> {{c|ja|語言學|sort=れんだく'}} ---- ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=연탁}} # {{hanja form of|연탁|[[#日語|連濁]]}} 3rhsessrng0qnp1ohluo67aahin472z Category:俄語名詞變格形 14 1386060 7270962 5800023 2022-07-27T16:03:03Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:俄语名词变格形]]至[[Category:俄語名詞變格形]],不留重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Template:Ru-proper noun+ 10 1400904 7271001 5769989 2022-07-27T16:24:36Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:ru-headword|noun_plus|專有名詞|ndef=sg}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> 5pbydhbktmbkodscdv6lqcpmt1rby82 Module:Fr-conj 828 1426343 7270983 7259785 2022-07-27T16:12:16Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local m_links = require("Module:links") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fr") -- defined below local format_links, categorize --entry point function export.frconj(frame) --are we directly embedding through Template:fr-conj or calling the module? local args = {} if frame.args["direct"] == "yes" then args = frame:getParent().args else args = frame.args end --create the forms local data = {forms = {}, categories = {}, en = false, y = false, yen = false, l = false, le = false, la = false, les = false, l_en = false, l_y = false, l_yen = false, lesen = false, lesy = false, lesyen = false, refl = false, reflen = false, refll = false, reflle = false, reflla = false, reflles = false, reflly = false, refllesy = false, refly = false, reflyen = false, aux = ""} data.aux = args["aux"] if not (data.aux == "avoir" or data.aux == "être") then data.aux = "avoir 或 être" end if (args["inf"] == nil or args["inf"] == "" or args["inf"] == mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text) then data.forms.inf_nolink = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text else data.forms.inf_nolink = format_links(args["inf"]) end data.forms.pp = format_links(args["pp"]) data.forms.ppr = format_links(args["ppr"]) if (args["pp"] == "—") then data.forms.pp_nolink = "—" elseif (args["pp"] == nil or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text) then data.forms.pp_nolink = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text else data.forms.pp_nolink = format_links(args["pp"]) end if (args["ppr"] == "—") then data.forms.ppr_nolink = "—" elseif (args["ppr"] == nil or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text) then data.forms.ppr_nolink = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text else data.forms.ppr_nolink = format_links(args["ppr"]) end local form_params = { "ind.p.1s", "ind.p.2s", "ind.p.3s", "ind.p.1p", "ind.p.2p", "ind.p.3p", "ind.i.1s", "ind.i.2s", "ind.i.3s", "ind.i.1p", "ind.i.2p", "ind.i.3p", "ind.ps.1s", "ind.ps.2s", "ind.ps.3s", "ind.ps.1p", "ind.ps.2p", "ind.ps.3p", "ind.f.1s", "ind.f.2s", "ind.f.3s", "ind.f.1p", "ind.f.2p", "ind.f.3p", "cond.p.1s", "cond.p.2s", "cond.p.3s", "cond.p.1p", "cond.p.2p", "cond.p.3p", "sub.p.1s", "sub.p.2s", "sub.p.3s", "sub.p.1p", "sub.p.2p", "sub.p.3p", "sub.pa.1s", "sub.pa.2s", "sub.pa.3s", "sub.pa.1p", "sub.pa.2p", "sub.pa.3p", "imp.p.2s", "imp.p.1p", "imp.p.2p", } for _, form in ipairs(form_params) do local key = form:gsub("%.", "_") data.forms[key] = format_links(args[form]) local alt = form .. ".alt" local alt_arg = args[alt] if not (alt_arg == nil or alt_arg == "" or alt_arg == "—") then data.forms[key] = data.forms[key] .. " <i>or</i> " .. format_links(alt_arg) end end --a few ugly hacks data.forms.ger = args["ger.override"] data.forms.inf_comp = args["inf.override"] data.forms.ger_comp = args["ger.comp.override"] --finish up if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == "" then return export.make_table(data) .. categorize(args,data) else return export.make_table(data) end end function format_links(link) if (link == nil or link == "" or link == "—") then return "—" else return m_links.full_link({lang = lang, term = link}) end end function categorize(args, data) output = "" if args.group == "1" or args.group == "1st" or args.group == "first" then output = output .. "[[Category:法語第一組動詞]]" elseif args.group == "2" or args.group == "2st" or args.group == "second" then output = output .. "[[Category:法語第二組動詞]]" elseif args.group == "3" or args.group == "3rd" or args.group == "third" then output = output .. "[[Category:法語第三組動詞]]" end if data.aux == "être" then output = output .. "[[Category:用être作為助動詞的法語動詞]" elseif data.aux == "avoir or être" then output = output .. "[[Category:用avoir或être作為助動詞的法語動詞]]" end return output end --split from Module:fr-verb/core function export.make_table(data) local colors = { top = "#F0F0F0", gray = "#C0C0C0", straw = "#e2e4c0", blue = "#c0cfe4", gray_text = "#7f7f7f", green = "#c0e4c0", tan = "#e4d4c0", } local aux_gerund = "" if data.aux == "avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "[[s']][[être]]" then aux_gerund = "[[s']][[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "s'en être" then aux_gerund = "[[s']][[en]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "s'y être" then aux_gerund = "[[s']][[y]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "s'y en être" then aux_gerund = "[[s']][[y]] [[en]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "se l'être" then aux_gerund = "[[se]] [[l']][[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "se les être" then aux_gerund = "[[se]] [[les]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'en avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[l']][[en]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'y en avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[l']][[y]] [[en]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "les en avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[en]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "les y en avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[y]] [[en]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "se les y être" then aux_gerund = "[[se]] [[les]] [[y]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "se l'y être" then aux_gerund = "[[se]] [[l']][[y]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[l]]'[[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'être" then aux_gerund = "[[l]]'[[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'avoir 或 être" then aux_gerund = "[[l]]'[[ayant]] 或 [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'y avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[l]]'[[y]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'y être" then aux_gerund = "[[l]]'[[y]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "l'y avoir 或 être" then aux_gerund = "[[l]]'[[y]] [[ayant]] 或 [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "les avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "les être" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "les avoir 或 être" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[ayant]] 或 [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "les y avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[y]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "les y être" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[y]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "les y avoir 或 être" then aux_gerund = "[[les]] [[y]] [[ayant]] 或 [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "y avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[y]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "y être" then aux_gerund = "[[y]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "y avoir 或 être" then aux_gerund = "[[y]] [[ayant]] 或 [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "y en avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[y]] [[en]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "y en être" then aux_gerund = "[[y]] [[en]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "y en avoir 或 être" then aux_gerund = "[[y]] [[en]] [[ayant]] 或 [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "en avoir" then aux_gerund = "[[en]] [[ayant]]" elseif data.aux == "en être" then aux_gerund = "[[en]] [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "en avoir 或 être" then aux_gerund = "[[en] [[ayant]] 或 [[étant]]" elseif data.aux == "être" then aux_gerund = "[[étant]]" else aux_gerund = "[[ayant]] <i>or</i> [[étant]]" end local result = {} -- Template parameter syntax refers to the corresponding item in the -- data.forms or colors table: -- {{{inf_nolink}}} -> data.forms.inf_nolink -- {{{green}}} -> colors.green if data.notes then table.insert(result, data.notes .. '\n') end table.insert(result, [=[ <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both"> <div class="NavHead" align=left>''{{{inf_nolink}}}''的变位 <span style="font-size:90%;">(参见[[Appendix:法语动词]])</span></div> <div class="NavContent" align=center> {| style="background:{{{top}}};width:100%;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:2px" class="inflection-table" |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background:{{{straw}}}" | <span title="infinitif">不定式</span> ! colspan="1" style="height:3em;background:{{{straw}}}" | <small>简单</small> | {{{inf_nolink}}} |- ! colspan="1" style="height:3em;background:{{{straw}}}" | <small>复合</small> ]=]) if data.forms.inf_comp == "" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | ' ..data.forms.inf_comp.. ' \n') elseif data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i> + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, [=[ |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background:{{{straw}}}" | <span title="participe présent">现在分词</span> 或 <span title="">动名词</span><sup>1</sup> ! colspan="1" style="height:3em;background:{{{straw}}}" | <small>简单</small> | {{{ppr}}} |- ! colspan="1" style="height:3em;background:{{{straw}}}" | <small>复合</small> ]=]) if data.forms.ger_comp == "" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | ' ..data.forms.ger_comp.. '\n') elseif data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>' .. aux_gerund .. '</i> + 过去分词 \n') end table.insert(result, [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:{{{straw}}}" | <span title="participe passé">过去分词</span> | {{{pp}}} |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" style="background:{{{gray}}}" | 单数 ! colspan="3" style="background:{{{gray}}}" | 复数 |- ! style="background:{{{gray}}};width:12.5%" | 第一人称 ! style="background:{{{gray}}};width:12.5%" | 第二人称 ! style="background:{{{gray}}};width:12.5%" | 第三人称 ! style="background:{{{gray}}};width:12.5%" | 第一人称 ! style="background:{{{gray}}};width:12.5%" | 第二人称 ! style="background:{{{gray}}};width:12.5%" | 第三人称 |- ! style="background:{{{blue}}}" colspan="2" | <span title="indicatif">直陈式</span> ! style="background:{{{blue}}}" | je (j’) ! style="background:{{{blue}}}" | tu ! style="background:{{{blue}}}" | il, elle ! style="background:{{{blue}}}" | nous ! style="background:{{{blue}}}" | vous ! style="background:{{{blue}}}" | ils, elles |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:{{{blue}}}" | <small>(简单)</small> ! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="présent">现在时</span> | {{{ind_p_1s}}} | {{{ind_p_2s}}} | {{{ind_p_3s}}} | {{{ind_p_1p}}} | {{{ind_p_2p}}} | {{{ind_p_3p}}} |- ! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="imparfait">未完成过去时</span> | {{{ind_i_1s}}} | {{{ind_i_2s}}} | {{{ind_i_3s}}} | {{{ind_i_1p}}} | {{{ind_i_2p}}} | {{{ind_i_3p}}} |- ! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="passé simple">简单过去时</span><sup>2</sup> | {{{ind_ps_1s}}} | {{{ind_ps_2s}}} | {{{ind_ps_3s}}} | {{{ind_ps_1p}}} | {{{ind_ps_2p}}} | {{{ind_ps_3p}}} |- ! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="futur simple">将来时</span> | {{{ind_f_1s}}} | {{{ind_f_2s}}} | {{{ind_f_3s}}} | {{{ind_f_1p}}} | {{{ind_f_2p}}} | {{{ind_f_3p}}} |- ! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="conditionnel présent">条件式</span> | {{{cond_p_1s}}} | {{{cond_p_2s}}} | {{{cond_p_3s}}} | {{{cond_p_1p}}} | {{{cond_p_2p}}} | {{{cond_p_3p}}} |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:{{{blue}}}" | <small>(复合)</small> ! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="passé composé">现在完成时</span> ]=]) if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的现在直陈式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, '|-\n! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="plus-que-parfait">过去完成时</span>\n') if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的未完成过去直陈式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, '|-\n! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="passé antérieur">先过去时</span><sup>2</sup>\n') if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的简单过去时 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, '|-\n! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="futur antérieur">将来完成时</span>\n') if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的将来时 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, '|-\n! style="height:3em;background:{{{blue}}}" | <span title="conditionnel passé">条件完成时</span>\n') if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的条件式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, [=[ |- ! style="background:{{{green}}}" colspan="2" | <span title="subjonctif">虚拟式</span> ! style="background:{{{green}}}" | que je (j’) ! style="background:{{{green}}}" | que tu ! style="background:{{{green}}}" | qu’il, qu’elle ! style="background:{{{green}}}" | que nous ! style="background:{{{green}}}" | que vous ! style="background:{{{green}}}" | qu’ils, qu’elles |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{{green}}}" | <small>(简单)</small> ! style="height:3em;background:{{{green}}}" | <span title="subjonctif présent">现在时</span> | {{{sub_p_1s}}} | {{{sub_p_2s}}} | {{{sub_p_3s}}} | {{{sub_p_1p}}} | {{{sub_p_2p}}} | {{{sub_p_3p}}} |- ! style="height:3em;background:{{{green}}}" rowspan="1" | <span title="subjonctif imparfait">未完成过去时</span><sup>2</sup> | {{{sub_pa_1s}}} | {{{sub_pa_2s}}} | {{{sub_pa_3s}}} | {{{sub_pa_1p}}} | {{{sub_pa_2p}}} | {{{sub_pa_3p}}} |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:{{{green}}}" | <small>(复合)</small> ! style="height:3em;background:{{{green}}}" | <span title="subjonctif passé">过去时</span> ]=]) if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的现在虚拟式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, '|-\n! style="height:3em;background:{{{green}}}" | <span title="subjonctif plus-que-parfait">过去完成时</span><sup>2</sup>\n') if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! colspan="6" style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的未完成过去虚拟式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:{{{tan}}}" | <span title="impératif">命令式</span> ! style="background:{{{tan}}}" | – ! style="background:{{{tan}}}" | <s>tu</s> ! style="background:{{{tan}}}" | – ! style="background:{{{tan}}}" | <s>nous</s> ! style="background:{{{tan}}}" | <s>vous</s> ! style="background:{{{tan}}}" | – |- ! style="height:3em;background:{{{tan}}}" colspan="2" | <span title="">简单</span> | — | {{{imp_p_2s}}} | — | {{{imp_p_1p}}} | {{{imp_p_2p}}} | — |- ! style="height:3em;background:{{{tan}}}" colspan="2" | <span title="">复合</span> | — ]=]) if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的简单命令式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, [=[ | — ]=]) if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的简单命令式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, [=[ ]=]) if data.forms.pp_nolink == "—" then table.insert(result, '! style="background:#DEDEDE" | — \n') else table.insert(result, '! style="background:#DEDEDE" | <i>[[' .. data.aux .. ']]</i>的简单命令式 + 过去分词\n') end table.insert(result, [=[ | — |- | colspan="8" |<sup>1</sup> 法语中的动名词只能搭配介词<i>[[en]]</i>使用。 |- | colspan="8" |<sup>2</sup> 在不那麼正式的寫作或口語中,簡單過去時、先過去時、未完成虛擬式、過去完成時虛擬式時態可能會分別被直陳式現在完成時、直陳式過去完成時、虛擬式現在時和虛擬式過去時時態所替代(Christopher Kendris [1995], <i>Master the Basics: French</i>, pp. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=g4G4jg5GWMwC&pg=PA77 77], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=g4G4jg5GWMwC&pg=PA78 78], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=g4G4jg5GWMwC&pg=PA79 79], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=g4G4jg5GWMwC&pg=PA81 81])。 |} </div> </div> ]=]) --[[ setmetatable(data.forms, { __index = function(t, k) mw.log('No key for ' .. k) end }) --]] return string.gsub(table.concat(result), "{{{([^}]+)}}}", function(code) return data.forms[code] or colors[code] end) end return export 7xqcmrzzrypeo49t2wu8jxfmky51a66 Template:Ru-noun form 10 1428911 7270963 5819352 2022-07-27T16:03:37Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head={{{head|{{{1|}}}}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|tr2={{{tr2|}}}|tr3={{{tr3|}}}|tr4={{{tr4|}}}|tr5={{{tr5|}}}|tr6={{{tr6|}}}|g={{{g|{{{2|}}}}}}|head2={{{head2|}}}|head3={{{head3|}}}|head4={{{head4|}}}|head5={{{head5|}}}|head6={{{head6|}}}|g2={{{g2|}}}|g3={{{g3|}}}|g4={{{g4|}}}|g5={{{g5|}}}|g6={{{g6|}}}|g7={{{g7|}}}|g8={{{g8|}}}|g9={{{g9|}}}|g10={{{g10|}}}|g11={{{g11|}}}|g12={{{g12|}}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> e7v4ht3nlm2epuxvdd8d2huwwjfhdgh Template:Ja-rendaku2 10 1430372 7271341 7083907 2022-07-28T03:52:33Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}|{{mention|ja|{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}}}字的讀音|}}''{{{1}}}'' 因[[連濁]]變為 ''{{{2}}}''。{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:有連濁的日語詞|{{#if:{{{sort|}}}|{{{sort}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:日語模板|rendaku2]]</noinclude> tg88dv1vnrz93oa2cb6va1mvxx3k2u2 7271342 7271341 2022-07-28T03:52:55Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}|{{mention|ja|{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}}}字的讀音|}}''{{{1}}}'' 因[[連濁]]變為 ''{{{2}}}''。{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:有連濁的日語詞|{{#if:{{{sort|}}}|{{{sort}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:日語詞源模板|rendaku2]]</noinclude> egkbbyov7f16zwe4ibv7vd0vlcrrokj 7271373 7271342 2022-07-28T04:22:55Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}|{{mention|ja|{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}}}字的讀音 |}}''{{{1}}}'' 因[[連濁]]變為 ''{{{2}}}''。{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:有連濁的日語詞|{{#if:{{{sort|}}}|{{{sort}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:日語詞源模板|rendaku2]]</noinclude> 2lkk2r0iwe27iib4srlpirmeexf6vu2 7271374 7271373 2022-07-28T04:23:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}|{{mention|ja|{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}}}字的讀音%&nbsp;|}}''{{{1}}}'' 因[[連濁]]變為 ''{{{2}}}''。{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:有連濁的日語詞|{{#if:{{{sort|}}}|{{{sort}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:日語詞源模板|rendaku2]]</noinclude> 4yce4pfl1ylff2qs0yw12x0hegwyf3i 7271375 7271374 2022-07-28T04:24:09Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}|{{mention|ja|{{{3|{{{k|}}}}}}}}字的讀音&nbsp;|}}''{{{1}}}'' 因[[連濁]]變為 ''{{{2}}}''。{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:有連濁的日語詞|{{#if:{{{sort|}}}|{{{sort}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:日語詞源模板|rendaku2]]</noinclude> 0sp5lcvoaakvo584uatn1u4yqbmgn6y Template:Ru-adv 10 1432742 7270957 5842573 2022-07-27T15:55:15Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:ru-headword|show|副詞}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> 6xbromqkuemzwpd2o9z2324jlbo5ai5 Template:Os-noun 10 1434860 7271007 7270590 2022-07-27T16:26:26Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|os|名詞|head={{{head|}}}|g={{#ifeq:{{{g}}}|pl|p}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{pl|}}}|複數}}<!-- -->|{{{pl|}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> edu5xebnjd77gnpiliojz1w3kxdmhor 𰅢 0 1445226 7271460 5860101 2022-07-28T06:08:03Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=21|rad=匕|as=6|sn=8|four=|canj=|ids=⿱比欠}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=30162}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|疑}} jvzelr54xnx4kcpxxoxmquvgol3kevr terminer 0 1612323 7270919 6203616 2022-07-27T15:34:36Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===名詞=== {{en-noun|?}} # {{lb|en|法律|古舊}} [[判決]] ====相關詞語==== * {{l|en|oyer and terminer}} ---- ==丹麥語== ===名詞=== {{head|da|名詞變格形|g=c}} # {{indefinite plural of|da|termin}} ---- ==法語== ===詞源=== 來自{{inh|fr|fro|terminer}},借自{{bor|fr|la|termino|termino, terminare}}。 ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-terminer.ogg|音訊}} ===動詞=== {{fr-verb}} # {{lb|fr|不及物}} [[結束]];[[完成]];[[終止]] #: {{uxi|fr|Le train '''termine''' à Rouen.|火車在盧昂'''終止'''。}} #: {{ant|fr|continuer}} # {{lb|fr|及物}} [[結束]] #: {{ux|fr|Il fallait '''terminer''' le match après une explosion.|我們不得不在爆炸後'''結束'''比賽。}} ====變位==== {{fr-conj-auto}} ====相關詞語==== * {{l|fr|terme}} * {{l|fr|terminal}} * {{l|fr|terminaison}} * {{l|fr|terminateur}} * {{l|fr|terminus}} ===拓展閲讀=== * {{R:TLFi}} ===异序词=== * {{l|fr|mirèrent}}, {{l|fr|remirent}}, {{l|fr|rimèrent}} ---- ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{la-verb-form|terminer}} # {{inflection of|la|terminō||1|s|pres|pasv|subj}} ---- ==古法語== ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|fro|la|termino|terminō, termināre}}<ref>{{R:TLFi|etym=1}}</ref>。 ===動詞=== {{head|fro|動詞}} # {{lb|fro|及物}} [[結束]];[[終止]] ====變位==== {{fro-conj-er}} ====派生语汇==== * {{desc|fr|terminer}} ===参考资料=== <references/> ---- ==瑞典語== ===名詞=== {{head|sv|名詞變格形}} # {{sv-noun-form-indef-pl|termin}} nxfzqmal5kcx6ibawmdhau7r65qt0od Template:Ja-rendaku 10 1632961 7271343 6239402 2022-07-28T03:53:27Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Template:Rendaku]]至[[Template:Ja-rendaku]],覆盖重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Appendix:日語術語表#連濁|連濁]] ({{m|ja|連濁}})<includeonly>{{#if: {{NAMESPACE}} | | [[Category:有連濁的日語詞|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] }}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> acv5ctfoe00cf0fs35sojsvfeeumxol 7271345 7271343 2022-07-28T03:53:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki [[Appendix:日語術語表#連濁|連濁]] ({{m|ja|連濁}})<includeonly>{{#if: {{NAMESPACE}} | | [[Category:有連濁的日語詞|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] }}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:日語詞源模板|rendaku]]</noinclude> idebp6awsnrr3zzyp2a2zzqe06qcl4x 目覚まし 0 1634404 7271379 6242421 2022-07-28T04:27:13Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{DEFAULTSORT:めざまし}} {{ja-kanjitab|め|さ|k2=ざ|yomi=k|sort=めざまし|alt=目覚し}} ===词源=== {{com|ja|目|tr1=me|覚まし|tr2=samashi|t2=清醒|pos2={{ja-etym-renyokei|覚ます|さます|清醒}}}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref><ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref>{{rendaku2|samashi|zamashi|sort=めざまし'}} ===发音=== {{ja-pron|めざまし|y=k|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|めざまし|めさまし}} # [[醒来]];[[叫醒]] # 一种给刚醒来的小孩的糖 #:{{synonyms|ja|お目覚|お目覚まし|tr1=omeza|tr2=omezamashi}} # {{short for|ja|目覚まし時計|sort=めざまし||闹钟}} ====用法说明==== * ''mezamashi''比''mesamashi''更常用。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref><ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref> * 勿与{{m|ja|目覚ましい|tr=mezamashii||很好的,很棒的|pos=形容词}}混淆。 ====衍生词汇==== * {{ja-r|目%覚まし時%計|め%ざましど%けい}} ===参考=== <references/> 06aqwwr5ecscuslot3l7boerqoyb6ut 7271380 7271379 2022-07-28T04:27:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{DEFAULTSORT:めざまし}} {{ja-kanjitab|め|さ|k2=ざ|yomi=k|sort=めざまし|alt=目覚し}} ===词源=== {{ja-compound|目|め|覚まし|さまし|t2=清醒|pos2={{ja-etym-renyokei|覚ます|さます|清醒|nodot=1}}}}。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref><ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref>{{rendaku2|samashi|zamashi|sort=めざまし'}} ===发音=== {{ja-pron|めざまし|y=k|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|めざまし|めさまし}} # [[醒来]];[[叫醒]] # 一种给刚醒来的小孩的糖 #:{{synonyms|ja|お目覚|お目覚まし|tr1=omeza|tr2=omezamashi}} # {{short for|ja|目覚まし時計|sort=めざまし||闹钟}} ====用法说明==== * ''mezamashi''比''mesamashi''更常用。<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref><ref name="DJS">{{R:Daijisen}}</ref> * 勿与{{m|ja|目覚ましい|tr=mezamashii||很好的,很棒的|pos=形容词}}混淆。 ====衍生词汇==== * {{ja-r|目%覚まし時%計|め%ざましど%けい}} ===参考=== <references/> 8f42j7e0c960hp4posgt17bqt750jkr Template:Ru-verb/doc 10 1672263 7271000 6282592 2022-07-27T16:24:15Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} 本模板用於俄語動詞標題行。不應替換引用(<code>subst:</code>)。 ==參數== ; <code>1=</code> and <code>head2=</code>, <code>head3=</code> ... : The headword with accents. This is also used to link to individual words in a page title. Leave it blank to use the page name as default. ; <code>tr=</code> and <code>tr2=</code>, <code>tr3=</code> ... : Overrides the automatic transliteration of Cyrillic letters if needed. ; <code>2=</code> : The aspect of the verb. Use <code>impf</code> for [[imperfective]] verbs, <code>pf</code> for [[perfective]] verbs and <code>both</code> if the verb can be either. ; <code>pf=</code> and <code>pf2=</code>, <code>pf3=</code> ... : Specifies the perfective equivalent of the verb, if any. ; <code>impf=</code> and <code>impf2=</code>, <code>impf3=</code> ... : Specifies the imperfective equivalent of the verb, if any. ==另见== * {{temp|ru-verb-cform}} * {{temp|ru-conj}} * {{temp|ru-noun}}, {{temp|ru-noun+}} * {{temp|ru-proper noun}}, {{temp|ru-proper noun+}} * {{temp|ru-adj}} * {{temp|ru-adv}} * [[:Category:俄语动词变位表模板]] <includeonly> {{hwcat}} </includeonly> mg4xv1wfkqixzqs0fgo7xkpok98lfii 香箱座り 0 1683386 7271362 6311228 2022-07-28T04:19:04Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{DEFAULTSORT:こうばこずわり}} <div style="float:right;clear:none;"> {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} [[File:Cute cat in loaf position.jpg|thumb|250px|{{m|ja|香箱座り|tr=kōbako-zuwari}}:「香箱座り」的貓]] </div> {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=goon,kun,kun|こう|はこ|k2=ばこ|すわ|k3=ずわ}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|香箱|こうばこ|t1=盛裝熏香的盒子|座り|すわり|t2=坐|pos2={{m|ja|座る|tr=suwaru||坐}}}}的連用形。{{rendaku2|suwari|zuwari|sort=こうばこずわり'}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|こうばこずわり}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|こうばこ-ずわり|hhira=かうばこ-ずわり}} # 一種[[貓]]的[[坐姿]]。當貓坐著時,前爪和後爪都收在下面,尾巴緊緊地纏在身體的一側,形狀與香箱相似。 ====相關詞彙==== * {{ja-r|香%箱を作る|こう%ばこ を つくる}}:坐成香箱坐姿<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref><ref name="DJR">{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> * {{ja-r|香%箱を組む|こう%ばこ を くむ}}:坐成香箱坐姿<ref>『もっと知りたい!ねこの気持ち』 (''Motto Shiritai! Neko no Kimochi'', in Japanese), PHP Institute, pp. 34-35</ref> ===參考資料=== <references/> 862zji5ktqio510xmmvl251uhkxn9sl Template:Ru-adj/doc 10 1687640 7270996 6305500 2022-07-27T16:22:33Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} 本模板用於俄語形容詞標題行。 ==參數== ; {{para|1}}, {{para|head2}}, {{para|head3}}, ... : The headword with accents. This is also used to link to individual words in a page title. Leave it blank to use the page name as the default (only appropriate if the headword is monosyllabic or has a {{lang|ru|ё}} in it). ; {{para|tr}}, {{para|tr2}}, {{para|tr3}}, ... : Override automatic transliteration of Cyrillic letters to Latin if needed according to [[Wiktionary:Russian transliteration]]. Each <code>tr#=</code> parameter lines up with the corresponding headword parameter. ; {{para|2}}, {{para|comp2}}, {{para|comp3}}, ... : The comparative form with accents. Leave it blank if you don't know the comparative. :* Use <code>+b</code>, <code>+c'</code> etc. to form the comparative the "normal" way; the code after the + sign is the short adjective class. The short adjective class should leave out any notations like <code>*</code>, <code>(1)</code>, <code>(2)</code>, etc. :* Use <code>+</code> to form the comparative the "normal" way if the short adjective class is <code>a</code> (or a variant such as <code>a*</code> or <code>a(1)</code>). This corresponds to the vast majority of adjectives (but not most of the most common ones). :* Use <code>peri</code> if the comparative is formed with {{m|ru|бо́лее}}. :* Use <code>-</code> if the adjective is not comparable. :* Use the prefix <code>rare-</code> on any comparative spec (e.g. <code>rare-+</code>) if the particular comparative form in question occurs only rarely. :* Use the prefix <code>dated-</code> on any comparative spec (e.g. <code>dated-+</code>) if the particular comparative form in question is dated (i.e. no longer in current use). :* Use the prefix <code>awkward-</code> on any comparative spec (e.g. <code>awkward-+</code>) if the particular comparative form in question is rare and awkward (i.e. it exists and is found, but is relatively little used and sounds strange to native speakers). ; {{para|3}}, {{para|sup2}}, {{para|sup3}}, ... : The superlative form with accents. Normally only provided if a single-word superlative exists (e.g. {{m|ru|нове́йший}} of {{m|ru|но́вый}}); but the code <code>peri</code> can used if the superlative is formed with {{m|ru|са́мый}}. ; {{para|adv}}, {{para|adv2}}, {{para|adv3}}, ... : Adverb(s) associated with this adjective. ; {{para|absn}}, {{para|absn2}}, {{para|absn3}}, ... : Abstract noun(s) associated with this adjective. ; {{para|dim}}, {{para|dim2}}, {{para|dim3}}, ... : Diminutives(s) associated with this adjective. ; {{para|indecl|1}} : Indicate that the adjective is indeclinable, e.g. {{m|ru|беж||[[beige]]}} or {{m|ru|не́тто|tr=nétto, nɛ́tto||[[net]] {{i|of weight}}}}. This puts an indication of this in the headword and inserts the adjective into [[:Category:Russian indeclinable adjectives]]. ; <code>noinf=1</code> : Indicate that no informal variants of comparatives should be listed. If not supplied, informal comparative variants (ending in {{lang|ru|-ей}} instead of {{lang|ru|-ее}}) will automatically be listed along with normal comparatives, for comparatives ending in {{lang|ru|-ее}} or {{lang|ru|-е́е}}. ==Examples== :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|то́нкий|то́ньше|тонча́йший}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|то́нкий|то́ньше|тонча́йший}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|ста́рший|ста́рше|peri}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|ста́рший|ста́рше|peri}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|теку́чий|peri|peri}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|теку́чий|peri|peri}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|высо́кий|вы́ше|высоча́йший|sup2=вы́сший}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|высо́кий|вы́ше|высоча́йший|sup2=вы́сший}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|пла́вный|+a'}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|пла́вный|+a'}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|безра́достный|+}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|безра́достный|+}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|ру́сский|-}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|ру́сский|-}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|ти́хий|ти́ше|тиша́йший|adv=ти́хо|absn=тишина́}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|ти́хий|ти́ше|тиша́йший|adv=ти́хо|absn=тишина́}} :<code><nowiki>{{ru-adj|не́тто|tr=nétto, nɛ́tto|indecl=1}}</nowiki></code> :{{ru-adj|не́тто|tr=nétto, nɛ́tto|indecl=1}} <includeonly> {{hwcat}} </includeonly> gwckcmx7wzgw5w4ylebyv0vwytdi2ku 一括払い 0 1689280 7271381 7054095 2022-07-28T04:29:03Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|いつ|k1=いっ|かつ|はら|k3=ばら|r=y|yomi=o2,k}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|一括|いっかつ|t1=归在一起|払い|はらい|t2=支付}}。{{rendaku2|harai|barai|sort=いっかつばらい'}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|いっかつばらい|acc=5|acc_ref=NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|いっかつばらい|hhira=いつくわつばらひ}} # [[一次]]性[[支付]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|一時払い|いちじばらい}} ===參見=== * {{ja-r|分割払い|ぶんかつばらい}} ===參考資料=== <references/> kxo3guuo4roz18j9nmnrfowubomaxa8 Module:Category tree/poscatboiler/data/modules 828 1729003 7270932 7267421 2022-07-27T15:40:49Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} local raw_categories = {} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- LABELS -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- labels["模塊"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}的[[模塊]]/[[模組]],包含可重用的Lua脚本,便於建立和管理詞條。", umbrella = { parents = {{name = "模塊", sort = " "}}, breadcrumb = "各語言", }, parents = {{name = "{{{langcat}}}", raw = true}}, } labels["資料模塊"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} [[Wiktionary:Modules|modules]] containing data used by other modules.", umbrella = { parents = {{name = "資料模塊", sort = " "}}, breadcrumb = "各語言", }, parents = {"模塊"}, } ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- RAW CATEGORIES -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- raw_categories["模塊"] = { description = "This is a general holder category for modules.", additional = "For more information on what modules are and how they work, see [[Wiktionary:Scribunto]]. For a complete list of all modules, see [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:|here]].", parents = {"Category:維基詞典"}, } raw_categories["未分類模塊"] = { description = "Uncategorized modules.", additional = "Modules are placed here by [[MediaWiki:Scribunto-doc-page-does-not-exist]]. The default documentation page, [[Template:documentation/preloadModule]], also adds this category.", parents = { {name = "模塊", sort = " "} }, } raw_categories["模塊單元測試"] = { description = "模塊的單元測試。", parents = { {name = "模塊", sort = "1測試模塊"} }, } raw_categories["附錄模塊"] = { description = "Modules with functions that generate content for or extract information from pages in the Appendix namespace.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Bot support modules"] = { description = "Modules for supporting individual bot accounts.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["分類模塊"] = { intro = "{{also|:Category:Category templates}}", description = "Modules for adding categories to pages or generating the description and subcategories of category pages.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["資料模塊"] = { description = "Modules that do not contain functions, but only export a table of data that is used by other modules. Modules that are in this category should be imported using <code>mw.loadData</code> rather than <code>require</code>.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Character insertion data modules"] = { description = "Modules containing data for use by {{temp|chars}}.", parents = { "資料模塊" }, breadcrumb = "character insertion", } raw_categories["Debugging modules"] = { description = "Modules used for debugging.", additional = "Some should only be used in sandbox modules or when using the [[mw:Extension:TemplateSandbox|{{MediaWiki:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}]] button in the edit page of modules and templates.", parents = { "Lua metamodules", "Modules" }, } raw_categories["定義模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that are used in [[Wiktionary:Glossary#definition line|definition lines]] of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["棄用模塊"] = { description = "Modules that should not be used, as their functions are performed by newer modules.", parents = { "模塊", "Category:Wiktionary maintenance" }, } raw_categories["討論模塊"] = { description = "Modules concerning discussion pages.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["文檔模塊"] = { description = "Modules for generating documentation pages.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Entry-generating modules"] = { description = "Modules with functions that are used to generate new entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["詞源模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that define the etymology of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["之形式模塊"] = { description = "Modules that generate the definition line of non-lemma forms, e.g. verb forms and noun forms.", parents = { "定義模塊", "模塊" }, } raw_categories["通用模塊"] = { description = "Modules that serve some sort of utility purpose in various entries but are used by multiple languages. Modules only used by one language should be at [[:Category:Utility modules]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["標題行模塊"] = { description = "Modules that support [[:Category:Headword-line templates by language|headword-line templates]] for a specific language.", additional = "See also [[:Category:Headword-line templates]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["屈折模塊"] = { description = "用於支援特定語言的[[:Category:變格表模板|屈折模板]]的模塊。", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["內鏈模塊"] = { description = "Modules that are used in [[:Category:Internal link templates|internal link templates]].", parents = { "通用模塊", "模塊" }, } raw_categories["JSON-generating modules"] = { description = "Modules with functions that generate data in JSON format.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["語言和文字模塊"] = { description = "Modules that process language and script codes and return data on them.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["列表模塊"] = { description = "Modules that generate lists and tables of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Lua元模塊"] = { description = "Modules that have exported functions that are only used by other modules: that is, cannot be called using {{temp|#invoke:}}.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["維護模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates used for maintaining entries, such as cleanup templates (e.g. {{temp|attention}}), deletion templates (e.g. {{temp|rfd}}) and verification templates (e.g. {{temp|rfv}}).", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["發音模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that are used to create the language-specific pronunciation of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["引文和使用例模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that are used to format quotations and usage examples.", parents = { "Definition modules", "Modules" }, breadcrumb = "quotation and usage example", } raw_categories["參考模塊"] = { description = "Modules that are used for [[:Category:Reference templates|reference templates]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["沙盒模塊"] = { description = "Test versions of modules intended for production use.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Sortkey-generating modules"] = { description = "Modules that are used to generate sortkeys.", additional = "Sortkeys determine the order of entry names in categories.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["斯氏核心詞模塊"] = { description = "收錄[[w:斯瓦迪士核心詞列表|斯氏核心詞]]的模塊。", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["模板介面模塊"] = { description = "Modules whose purpose is to provide an interface between templates and the functions of a module.", additional = "They are usually named <code>.../templates</code>, and the functions present within them usually all have only a \"frame\" parameter.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["追蹤模塊"] = { description = "Modules that add tracking templates.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Unused modules"] = { description = "Unused modules.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["User sandbox modules"] = { description = "Modules that are for personal use and testing by individual editors.", additional = "These should all begin with <code>User:</code> followed by the user's name. If several sandbox modules are needed by a single user, subpages can be created. These modules should not be used in real Wiktionary content pages, as all content on those pages should be editable by anyone and, if necessary, edit protected.", parents = { "沙盒模塊", "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Utility modules"] = { description = "Modules that deal with several utilities needed by a certain language.", additional = "Usually their names end with -utilities or -common (preceded by the language code), although more specific utility modules that one language uses may reside here as well. If a utility is used by many languages, it should be in [[:Category:General utility modules]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["投票模塊"] = { description = "Modules used to manage Wiktionary votes.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Wikitext parsing modules"] = { description = "Modules that contain functions that grab the wikitext of a page and get information from it by performing string operations on it.", parents = { "模塊" }, } return {LABELS = labels, RAW_CATEGORIES = raw_categories} dvqdl7itrfpdvkb56t8gbwv6iz4yuo2 Восточно-Сибирское море 0 1815685 7270976 7133911 2022-07-27T16:09:29Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== {{wikipedia|lang=ru}} ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|Восто́чно-Сиби́рское мо́ре|pos=/a/n}} ===專有名詞=== {{ru-proper noun+|[[восточный|Восто́чно]]-[[сибирский|Сиби́рское]]|+|_|[[мо́ре]]}} # [[東西伯利亞海]] ====變格==== {{ru-noun-table|[[восточный|Восто́чно]]-[[сибирский|Сиби́рское]]|+|_|[[мо́ре]]|n=sg}} {{C|ru|海}} 3e9bs7o19xazuwg5crgxyuxje1ptfkt Template:Vi-alternative spelling of 10 1820196 7271576 7139062 2022-07-28T09:09:00Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Template:Vi alternative spelling of]]至[[Template:Vi-alternative spelling of]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:form of/templates|form_of_t|lang=vi|的[[Wiktionary越南語#拼寫|{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:vi|toTraditionalTones|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{{1}}}|拼寫改革後的聲調位置|{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:vi|toReformedTones|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{{1}}}|傳統的聲調位置|其他}}}}寫法]]|cat=其他寫法|cat2={{#ifeq:{{#invoke:vi|toTraditionalTones|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{{1}}}|拼寫改革後的聲調位置|{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:vi|toReformedTones|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{{1}}}|傳統的聲調位置|其他}}}}寫法|withcap=1|withdot=1}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:越南語模板]][[Category:越南語之形式模板]]</noinclude> hkbk3ac3ao3v90bpn2c9fqizigur5r7 髪留め 0 1841018 7271368 7163612 2022-07-28T04:21:22Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かみ|と|k2=ど|r=y|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|髪|かみ|留め|とめ}}。{{rendaku2|tome|dome|sort=かみどめ'}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|かみどめ}} # 用於[[固定]][[頭髮]]的[[物品]] ====下位詞==== * {{ja-r|ヘアピン}}、{{ja-r|ピン留め|ピンどめ}}:[[髮夾]] * {{ja-r|ヘアゴム|ヘア-ゴム}}、{{ja-r|髪ゴム|かみ-ゴム}}:[[髮圈]] {{c|ja|毛髮|sort=かみどめ'}} s5e5uir1s4wbu8mx4bqflxdr8jp6ike 鯖雲 0 1844706 7271370 7167888 2022-07-28T04:22:01Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{DEFAULTSORT:さばぐも}} {{ja-kanjitab|さば|くも|k2=ぐも|yomi=k|r=y|alt=さば雲}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|鯖|さば|雲|くも}}。{{rendaku2|くも|ぐも|sort=さばぐも}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|さばぐも|y=k|acc=0|acc2=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5|acc2_ref=SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|さばぐも}} # [[巻積雲]]的俗稱 ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|鱗%雲|うろこ%ぐも}} * {{ja-r|鰯%雲|いわし%ぐも}} ===參考資料=== <references/> {{C|ja|雲|sort=さばぐも}} 669vcromy95uw43e8uij7sw6arqu580 鰯雲 0 1844715 7271372 7167885 2022-07-28T04:22:45Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{DEFAULTSORT:いわしぐも}} {{ja-kanjitab|いわし|くも|k2=ぐも|yomi=k|r=y|alt=いわし雲}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|鰯|いわし|t1={{w|沙丁魚}}|雲|くも}}。{{rendaku2|kumo|gumo|雲|sort=いわしぐも'}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|いわしぐも|y=k|acc=4|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|いわしぐも}} # {{syn of|ja|巻積雲|tr=kensekiun}} ===參考資料=== <references/> {{C|ja|雲|sort=いわしぐも}} 0m004eq4zwckph5nu54iskjkre980xb 申し子 0 1893536 7271377 7239565 2022-07-28T04:25:28Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|もう|こ|k2=ご|r=y|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== 源自{{ja-compound|申し|もうし|子|こ|pos1={{ja-etym-renyokei|申す|もうす}}|t2=孩子}}。{{rendaku2|ko|go|子|sort=もうしご'}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|もうしご|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5|acc2=0|acc2_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|もうしご|hhira=まうしご}} # [[天賜]]的[[孩子]](向神佛祈禱之後,得到的孩子) # [[結果]] ===參考資料=== <references /> {{c|ja|奇幻|孩童|sort=もうしご}} 2nocvvsd4wmrds9e18nzd61ak5j4axt 菱形矢来 0 1906703 7271361 7257933 2022-07-28T04:15:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ひし|かた|k2=がた|や|らい|yomi=k3,o|r=y}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|菱%形|ひし%がた|矢%来|や%らい|t1=菱形|t2=籬笆,柵欄}}。{{rendaku2|kata|gata|sort=ひしがたやらい'}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ひしがた やらい|acc=5|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ひしがた やらい}} # 以[[竹]]編成的[[菱形]]狀[[柵欄]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|菱%矢%来|ひし%や%らい}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 4cy6s87gnc43iyvdd278lkm0gfenjwp 電気菓子 0 1913867 7271363 7269046 2022-07-28T04:19:44Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|でん|き|か|し|k2=が|yomi=o|r=y}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|電気|わた|菓子|かし|t1=[[電力]]|t2=[[甜點]]}}。{{rendaku2|kashi|gashi|sort=でんきがし'}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|でんきがし}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|でんきがし|hhira=でんきぐわし}} # [[棉花糖]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|綿%飴|わた%あめ}} * {{ja-r|綿%菓%子|わた%が%し}} * {{ja-r|電%気%飴|でん%き%あめ}} {{c|ja|甜食|sort=でんきがし}} 220dohcusbu02hfu41ks7mh9gvk5baa 7271366 7271363 2022-07-28T04:20:19Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|でん|き|か|し|k3=が|yomi=o|r=y}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|電気|わた|菓子|かし|t1=[[電力]]|t2=[[甜點]]}}。{{rendaku2|kashi|gashi|sort=でんきがし'}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|でんきがし}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|でんきがし|hhira=でんきぐわし}} # [[棉花糖]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|綿%飴|わた%あめ}} * {{ja-r|綿%菓%子|わた%が%し}} * {{ja-r|電%気%飴|でん%き%あめ}} {{c|ja|甜食|sort=でんきがし}} rsj9x2jz893hvcg7yjiw53uosx559k8 pépère 0 1913987 7270689 7269210 2022-07-27T13:35:39Z Sayonzei 40728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{see also|pepere}} ==法语== ===詞源=== {{reduplication|fr|père}}。 ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-pépère.wav|音频}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|mf|}} # {{lb|fr|childish}} 對[[男性]]的[[愛稱]] # {{lb|fr|Canada}} [[爺爺]](亦拼作[[pépé]]) ====參見==== * {{l|fr|mémère}} ===形容詞=== {{fr-adj}} # {{lb|fr|口语}} [[安寧]]的;[[轻松]]的 ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:TLFi}} {{C|fr|男性家庭成員}} i2sezp1rha8nkb1t4i8nrjmsrau49bi 腕相撲 0 1913991 7270690 7269220 2022-07-27T13:35:55Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 詞源 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|うで|すもう2|k2=ずもう|yomi=k,juku2|alt=腕ずもう}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===詞源=== {{compound|ja|腕|相撲}}的組詞。{{rendaku2|sumō|zumō}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR|うでずもう}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|うでずもう}} # [[比腕力]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|腕押し|うでおし}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 6v1a9anzubbqj5sdj8445tb3inuawbu 7270908 7270690 2022-07-27T15:28:32Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|うで|すもう2|k2=ずもう|yomi=k,juku2|alt=腕ずもう}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|腕|うで|相撲|すもう}}的組詞。{{rendaku2|sumō|zumō}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR|うでずもう}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|うでずもう|hhira=うでずまふ}} # [[比腕力]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|腕%押し|うで%おし}} ===參考資料=== <references/> h0f91m1kcmpyd8zlqagotnxhrktztxx 7270915 7270908 2022-07-27T15:29:45Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|うで|すもう2|k2=ずもう|yomi=k,juku2|alt=腕ずもう}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|腕|うで|相撲|すもう}}的組詞。{{rendaku2|sumō|zumō}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR|うでずもう}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|うでずもう|hhira=うでずまふ}} # [[比腕力]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|腕%押し|うで%おし}} ===參考資料=== <references/> {{c|ja|體育|sort=うでずもう}} ooaawhp94amr05270tmgvj8b15k6jf1 densi 0 1914443 7270687 7269938 2022-07-27T13:31:41Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 形容詞 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===形容詞=== {{head|it|形容詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{adj form of|it|denso||m|p}} ---- ==拉丁語== ===形容詞=== {{la-adj-form|dēnsī}} # {{inflection of|la|dēnsus||nom//voc|m|p|;|gen|m//n|s}} ---- ==斯瓦希里語== ===發音=== * {{audio|sw|Sw-ke-densi.flac|音頻 (肯亞)}} ===名詞=== {{sw-noun|n}} # {{alt form|sw|dansi}} ---- ==壯語== ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|za|cmn|-}} {{zh-l|電視}}。 ===發音=== * {{za-pron|new_bor=1}} ===名詞=== {{za-head|名詞}} # [[電視]] {{C|za|電視}} ss8ldk7635cahtkfpx223hziftg7k1f 內視鏡 0 1914450 7270686 7269964 2022-07-27T13:31:22Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 名詞 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=内视镜}} {{zh-wp}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=nèishìjìng |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # {{lb|zh|medicine}} 一種[[醫學]][[用具]]。為[[細長]]管狀[[儀器]],可用以[[檢視]][[臟器]]之[[內部]]。 ====同義詞==== * {{zh-l|內窺鏡}} n6v1ywkzjk5hadizlxtj08fmzbp8gej как раз 0 1914919 7270666 2022-07-27T12:26:26Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|как ра́з}} ===副词=== {{ru-adv|[[как]] [[ра́з]]}} # [[正好]],[[恰好]] #: {{uxi|ru|'''Как ра́з''' [[то́]], [[что]] [[я|мне]] [[ну́жно]]|'''正'''是我想要的}} # [[碰巧]] #: {{uxi|ru|[[он|Он]] '''как ра́з''' [[быть|был]] [[в]] [[отъезд|отъе́зде]].|'''碰巧''',他不在。}} 3qgm7mxmjqwmervdtko8aor15j75855 кака 0 1914920 7270667 2022-07-27T12:32:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亚语== ===發音=== * {{bg-IPA|ка́ка}} ===名词=== {{bg-noun|ка́ка|m}} # [[姐姐]],[[姊姊]] ====变格==== {{bg-ndecl|ка́ка<(v)/dat:ка́ки[r]>}} {{c|bg|女性家庭成員}} ---- ==列兹金语== ===词源=== 類似{{cog|udi|къохъла}}。 ===名词=== {{head|lez|名詞|tr=kaka}} # [[蛋]],[[卵]] ====变格==== {{lez-decl-noun}} ---- ==马其顿语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|mk|sla-pro|-}},源自{{der|mk|ine-pro|*kakka-}}。对比{{cog|sh|káka}}、{{m|sh|kȁkati}}、{{cog|ru|ка́кать}}、{{cog|it|cacare}}。 ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mk-noun|f|head=ка́ка}} # {{lb|mk|childish}} [[屎]],[[便便]] ====变格==== {{mk-decl-noun-f|как}} ===动词=== {{mk-verb|impf|pf=искака|pf2=се покака}} # {{lb|mk|不及物|childish}} [[拉屎]],[[便便]] ====變位==== {{mk-conj-а|impf|как}} ---- ==俄语== ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|ка́ка}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-ка́ка.ogg|音频}} ===词源1=== {{rfe|ru}} ====名词==== {{ru-noun+|ка́ка}} # {{lb|ru|childish}} [[屎]],[[便便]] # {{lb|ru|childish}} [[不好]]的東西 =====变格===== {{ru-noun-table|ка́ка}} =====相关词汇===== * {{l|ru|ка́кать}} * {{l|ru|кака́шка}} ===词源2=== {{rfe|ru}} ====名词==== {{ru-noun+|ка́ка|m}} # 卡卡[[鸚鵡]] =====变格===== {{ru-noun-table|ка́ка|m}} ddjyy55engxj06b6wgxjk3dsj1tdwz1 какать 0 1914921 7270668 2022-07-27T12:33:37Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== ===词源=== 最终源自{{der|ru|ine-pro|*kakka-}}。对比{{cog|sh|kakati}}、{{m|sh|kakiti}}、{{cog|it|cacare}}。 ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|ка́кать}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===动词=== {{ru-verb|ка́кать|impf|pf=пока́кать}} # {{lb|ru|childish}} [[拉屎]],[[便便]] #: {{uxi|ru|[[я|Я]] '''ка́каю''' [[ка́ждый]] де́нь|我每天都'''拉屎'''。}} #: {{uxi|ru|[[Ива́н]] '''ка́кает''' [[раз]] [[в]] [[неделя|неде́лю]]|伊萬每個星期'''便便'''一次。}} #: {{uxi|ru|[[а|А]] Ашо́т [[не]] '''ка́кает''' [[вообще́]]|而阿肖特根本不'''拉屎'''。}} ====變位==== {{ru-conj|impf-intr|1a|ка́кать}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|ru|кака́шка}} * {{l|ru|ка́ка}} 5f9zt5cux4ofz132rvsobd59i182o3w кала 0 1914922 7270669 2022-07-27T12:43:49Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|қала|ҡала|каля|кӏала}} ==楚瓦什语== ===动词=== {{head|cv|動詞}} # [[說]],[[告訴]] # [[背誦]] # [[發言]];[[發表]] # [[發音]] # [[演奏]] # 帶有……的[[氣味]] # {{qual|菜餚中的香料}} [[足夠]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|cv|калав}} * {{l|cv|калаҫ}} * {{l|cv|калаҫу}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:cv:ES}} ---- ==马其顿语== ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mk-noun|f}} # [[疆南星]] ====变格==== {{mk-decl-noun-f|кал}} {{c|mk|植物}} ---- ==俄语== ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|ка́ла}} * {{ru-IPA|phon=кало́риа}} ===名词=== {{ru-noun form|ка́ла|m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|кал||gen|s}} ---- ==南阿爾泰語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|alt|ar|قَلْعَة||城堡,堡壘}}。 ===名词=== {{alt-noun}} # [[城市]] ===参考资料=== {{R:alt:Chumakaev}} ---- ==韃靼語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|tt|ar|قَلْعَة||城堡,堡壘}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|tt|[qɑˈɫɑ]}} ===名词=== {{tt-pos|名詞|c|r|qala|head=кала́}} # [[城市]] #: {{syn|tt|шәһәр}} ====變格==== {{tt-cyrl-decl|а}} ---- ==乌迪语== ===词源=== 源自{{bor|udi|ttt|kələ}}。 ===形容词=== {{head|udi|形容詞}} # [[大]]的;[[主要]]的 # [[年長]]的 ===参考资料=== * {{R:udi:Vor|page=131}} * {{R:udi:Schulze:2015b|page=387}} d07p39pgyktp84pbp5vfv08f6omyp6s калай 0 1914923 7270670 2022-07-27T12:48:31Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|калај}} ==保加利亚语== {{elements|lang=bg|Zn|индий|In|антимон|Sb}} {{wikipedia|lang=bg}} ===词源=== {{bor+|bg|ota|قالای|tr=kalay}}。 ===发音=== * {{bg-IPA|кала́й}} ===名词=== {{bg-noun|кала́й|m|adj=кала́ен}} # [[錫]] ====变格==== {{bg-ndecl|кала́й</n:sg>}} {{topics|bg|金屬}} ---- ==吉尔吉斯语== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|ky|ar|قلعي|tr=qalaʿiyy}}。與{{cog|kk|қалайы|t=錫}}、{{cog|uz|qalay|t=錫}}、{{cog|az|qalay|t=錫}}同源。 ===名词=== {{ky-noun}} # [[錫]] ===变格=== {{ky-decl-noun}} {{topics|ky|化學元素|金屬}} ---- ==南阿爾泰語== ===词源=== 源自{{der|alt|ar|قَلَعِيّ|t=錫的}}。與{{cog|kk|қалайы|t=錫}}、{{cog|uz|qalay|t=錫}}、{{cog|az|qalay|t=錫}}同源。 ===名词=== {{alt-noun}} # [[錫]] ===参考资料=== {{R:alt:Baskakov}} ---- ==韃靼語== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|tt|ar|قلعي|tr=qalaʿiyy}}。與{{cog|kk|қалайы|t=錫}}、{{cog|uz|qalay|t=錫}}、{{cog|az|qalay|t=錫}}同源。 ===名词=== {{tt-pos|名詞|c|r|qalay|head=кала́й}} # [[錫]] ===变格=== {{tt-cyrl-decl|а}} {{topics|tt|化學元素|金屬}} tvb4rv73rr849k8bx042lf0fm3ytd52 калаш 0 1914924 7270671 2022-07-27T12:50:19Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|қалаш}} ==俄语== {{wikipedia|lang=ru}} ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|кала́ш}} ===名词=== {{ru-noun+|b|кала́ш}} # {{lb|ru|俚语|武器}} [[AK-47]] #: {{syn|ru|автома́т Кала́шникова}} ====变格==== {{ru-noun-table|b|кала́ш}} {{topics|ru|火器}} ---- ==南阿爾泰語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|alt|ru|кала́ч}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|alt|名詞}} # [[麵包]] {{c|alt|食物}} dn6calead40pvgqmx4mklxtz3pro4mu Category:俄語 武器 14 1914925 7270672 2022-07-27T12:50:36Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr калена 0 1914926 7270673 2022-07-27T13:12:14Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|be|orv|колѣно}},源自{{inh|be|sla-pro|*kolěno}}。 ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|кале́на}} * {{audio|be|Be-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===名词=== {{be-noun|кале́на<N.(-),.plsoft>}} # {{topics|be|身體部位}}{{lb|be|解剖学}} [[膝蓋]] ====变格==== {{be-ndecl|кале́на<N.(-),.plsoft>}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:be:slounik.org}} ipze2tvnxjualvkboq4jlcx9hjfrpgb калид 0 1914927 7270674 2022-07-27T13:12:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==塔吉克语== ===词源=== 源自{{der|tg|grc|κλείς|κλειδί}}。 ===名词=== {{fa-regional|کلید|کلید|калид}} {{tg-noun|pl=калидҳо}} # [[鑰匙]] ====变格==== {{rfinfl|tg|名詞}} co2ue82hzetjjkfmxgna9tjiyfbkn4p калк 0 1914928 7270675 2022-07-27T13:15:40Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==吉尔吉斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{der|kk|fa-cls|خَلْق|tr=xalq}},源自{{der|kk|ar|خَلْق}}。对比{{cog|kk|халық}}、{{nc|alt|калык}}、{{nc|cjs|қалық}}、{{nc|kjh|халых}}等。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|ky|/qalq/}} * {{hyphenation|ky|калк}} ===名词=== {{ky-noun}} # [[人口]] #: {{uxi|ky|'''Калк''' муктажды|t='''人口'''需求}} ====变格==== {{ky-decl-noun}} ---- ==马其顿语== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|mk|fr|calque}}。 ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mk-noun|m}} # [[描圖]] # [[描圖紙]] # {{lb|mk|語言學}} [[仿譯]] ---- ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|sh|fr|calque}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|sh|/kâlk/}} ===名词=== {{sh-noun|g=m|head=ка̏лк}} # [[描圖]] # [[描圖紙]] # {{lb|sh|語言學}} [[仿譯]] ====变格==== {{sh-decl-noun|sc=Cyrl |ка̏лк|ка̀лкови |калка|ка̀лко̄ва̄ |калку|калковима |калк|калкове |калче|калкови |калку|калковима |калком|калковима }} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|sh|калки́рати}} ksk9sb9z9k9n992akob9ywasu2blvrn калкырга 0 1914930 7270677 2022-07-27T13:17:03Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==韃靼語== ===詞源=== 源自{{inh|tt|trk-pro|*kalï-||升起}}。 ===動詞=== {{tt-pos|動詞|c|r|qalqırğa}} # [[上升]],[[升起]] # [[站起]] # [[出現]] moohu93ebgy83qi1rab51lgowu75774 kalif 0 1914931 7270679 2022-07-27T13:19:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Kalif}} ==英语== ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{alternative spelling of|en|caliph}} # [[三K黨]]中的一個等級 ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=afikl|flaki}} ---- ==捷克语== ===名词=== {{cs-noun|g=m}} # [[哈里發]] ====近义词==== * {{l|cs|chalífa}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|cs|kalifát}} ---- ==波兰语== {{wikipedia|lang=pl}} ===词源=== {{bor+|pl|fr|calife}},源自{{der|pl|fro|caliphe}},源自{{der|pl|ML.|calīpha}},源自{{der|pl|ar|خَلِيفَة}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-kalif.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|m-pr}} # [[哈里發]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-pr}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=noun|kalifat}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|伊斯蘭教|國家元首}} ---- ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|sh|hàlīf}} ===发音=== * {{IPA|sh|/kǎliːf/}} ===名词=== {{sh-noun|g=m|head=kàlīf}} # [[哈里發]] ====变格==== {{sh-decl-noun |kàlīf|kalifi |kalífa|kalifa |kalifu|kalifima |kalifa|kalife |kalife|kalifi |kalifu|kalifima |kalifom|kalifima }} {{c|sh|伊斯蘭教}} 7d3g9j6d8h7c2yibgb4ouo697aq83cf chalífa 0 1914932 7270680 2022-07-27T13:20:28Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==捷克语== ===名词=== {{cs-noun|g=m}} # [[哈里發]] ====近义词==== * {{l|cs|kalif}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|cs|chalífát}} s4k65ngaarrpix8v9lg3lwz15xby286 halif 0 1914933 7270681 2022-07-27T13:20:53Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|sh|kàlīf}} ===发音=== * {{IPA|sh|/xǎliːf/}} ===名词=== {{sh-noun|g=m|head=hàlīf}} # [[哈里發]] ====变格==== {{sh-decl-noun |hàlīf|halifi |halífa|halifa |halifu|halifima |halifa|halife |halife|halifi |halifu|halifima |halifom|halifima }} {{c|sh|伊斯蘭教}} r5u6vgk4xqxegzbrtc6i25lz3qay9kk kalief 0 1914934 7270683 2022-07-27T13:21:48Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==荷兰语== ===词源=== 最终源自{{der|nl|ar|خَلِيفَة}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|nl|/kaːˈlif/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-kalief.ogg|音频}} * {{hyphenation|nl|ka|lief}} * {{rhyme|nl|if|s=2}} ===名词=== {{nl-noun|m|-en|pl2=-s|kaliefje}} # {{lb|nl|Islam}} [[哈里發]] ====相关词汇==== * {{l|nl|kalifaal}} * {{l|nl|kalifaat}} {{c|nl|國家元首}} ozvvc7wsx4aed1hch0daalhbgw8jf2t калъф 0 1914935 7270685 2022-07-27T13:25:51Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亞語== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|bg|ota|قالب|tr=qalıp, qalup}},源自{{der|bg|fa|قالب|tr=qâleb}},源自{{der|bg|ar|قَالِب}}。 ===名詞=== {{bg-noun|ка́лъф|g=m}} # [[罩]],[[套]] # [[盒]],[[匣]] ====變格==== {{bg-ndecl|ка́лъф<>}} 2lndackfyr2h8c52atahzlvh2hagyl6 endoscopy 0 1914936 7270688 2022-07-27T13:32:14Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|en|endo-|-scopy}}。 ===发音=== * {{a|US}} {{IPA|en|/ɛnˈdɔ.skə.pi/}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{lb|en|medicine}} 使用[[內視鏡]]進行[[檢查]] ====相关词汇==== * {{l|en|endoscope}} * {{l|en|endoscopic}} ====下义词==== * {{l|en|esophagogastroduodenoscopy}} * {{l|en|gastroscopy}} * {{l|en|colonoscopy}} * 參見[[Thesaurus:endoscopy]] ====延伸阅读==== * {{pedia|lang=en}} brvbo26tthu3atzr7wm2lvf8rb83i06 Template:Fa-pronoun 10 1914937 7270694 2022-07-27T14:12:43Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|fa|pronoun|head={{{head|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:波斯語標題行模板|pronoun]]</noinclude> 4lshogav1xtkyfwdkd13tlktzqwwew2 7270695 7270694 2022-07-27T14:12:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|fa|代詞|head={{{head|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:波斯語標題行模板|pronoun]]</noinclude> 3561w8733xpj5sjnj1ohylf1c5e1c6f Template:RQ:Masnavi 10 1914938 7270697 2022-07-27T14:16:18Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{quote-book|fa|title={{lang|fa|{{w|lang=fa|مثنوی معنوی}}}}|trans-title={{w|Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi}}|author={{w|Rumi|Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī}}|year=c. 1260s|volume={{{1}}}, verse {{{2}}}|text={{{3}}}|tr={{{4}}}|t={{{5}}}|trans={{w|Reynold A. Nicholson}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:波斯語引文模板|Masnavi]]</noinclude> ss2u7d425tfwqp4h4lf6kg5z4rzkvv3 Category:波斯語引文模板 14 1914939 7270698 2022-07-27T14:16:36Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:有引文的波斯語詞 14 1914940 7270700 2022-07-27T14:16:47Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx сымах 0 1914941 7270701 2022-07-27T14:17:48Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== {{attention|os}} ===詞源=== 和{{cog|fa|شما}}類似。 ===代詞=== {{head|os|代詞}} # [[你們]] bgqo0bg2okvqtkf884zrrdfxs3a85tt ӕз 0 1914942 7270702 2022-07-27T14:21:10Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|os|ine-pro|*éǵh₂}}。和{{cog|sla-pro|*(j)azъ}}、{{cog|bg|аз}}、{{cog|lt|aš}}、{{cog|hy|ես}} 等同源。 ===代詞=== {{head|os|代詞}} # [[我]] 0sbze9xor0clpur6hxzhp3vd7fd3p6b पाणी 0 1914943 7270704 2022-07-27T14:34:59Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|पाणि}} ==比拉里語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|bhi|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|bhi|sa|पानीय}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|bhi|/pɑɳi/}} ===名詞=== {{head|bhi|名詞|tr=pāṇī}} # [[水]] ===延伸閱讀=== * John Mathews, Samuvel Nelson, Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, ''[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/50/91/45/50914527050818828528449269667838463954/silesr2012_002.pdf The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh: A sociolinguistic profile]'' (2012, SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-002: 176), page 66 {{c|bhi|水}} ---- ==康格里語== ===詞源=== {{rfe|xnr}} ===名詞=== {{head|xnr|名詞}} # [[水]] ===參考資料=== * Robert Eaton, ''[http://cid-dbbf0de21a97542c.skydrive.live.com/self.aspx/Kangri/Kangri%20in%20Context%20%7C5Final%7C6.pdf Kangri in Context]'': ''Linguistic Description of Kangri in comparison with Hindi and Dogri'' (2008 dissertation from UT Arlington), page 145 {{c|xnr|水}} ---- ==馬爾瓦語== ===詞源=== {{root|mup|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|mup|sa|पा}} {{inh+|mup|inc-ogu|पाणी}},{{inh+|mup|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|mup|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|mup|/pɑ.ɳi/}} * {{hyph|mup|पा|णी}} ===名詞=== {{mup-noun|g=f}} # [[水]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:mup:Webonary}} * John Mathews, Samuvel Nelson, Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, ''[http://www.sil.org/silesr/2012/silesr2012-002_ESR354_Nimadi.pdf The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh: A sociolinguistic profile]'' (2012, SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-002: 176), page 66 * {{R:mup:Rajpurohit|210|section=पा|column=1}} {{c|mup|水}} ---- ==馬拉地語== {{swp|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{root|mr|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|mr|sa|पा}} {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘢𑘰𑘜𑘲}},{{inh+|mr|pmh|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|mr|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya||水, drink}}。 ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|tr=pāṇī|g=n}} # [[水]] #: {{syn|mr|जल}} ====變格==== {{mr-noun-i-n|पाण|pāṇ|पाणी|pāṇi}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|mr|水}} ---- ==馬瓦里語== ===詞源=== {{root|mwr|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|mwr|sa|पा}} {{inh+|mwr|inc-ogu|पाणी}},{{inh+|mwr|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|mwr|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|mwr|名詞|g=m}} # [[水]] #: {{syn|mwr|आब|जल}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mwr:Webonary}} * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|mwr|水}} ---- ==尼馬迪語== ===詞源=== {{root|noe|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|noe|sa|पा}} {{inh+|noe|inc-ogu|पाणी}},{{inh+|noe|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|noe|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。 ===名詞=== {{noe-noun|g=m}} # [[水]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:noe:Chaturvedi:2009|222|section=पा|column=1}} * John Mathews, Samuvel Nelson, Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, ''[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/50/91/45/50914527050818828528449269667838463954/silesr2012_002.pdf The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh: A sociolinguistic profile]'' (2012, SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-002: 176), page 66 * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|noe|水}} ---- ==古古吉拉特語== ===詞源=== {{root|inc-ogu|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|inc-ogu|sa|पा}} {{inh+|inc-ogu|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|inc-ogu|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。和{{cog|omr|𑘢𑘰𑘜𑘲}}、{{cog|inc-ohi|पांनी}}、{{cog|inc-opa|ਪਾਣੀ}}、{{cog|inc-mbn|পানী}} 同源。 ===名詞=== {{inc-ogu-noun|g=n}} # [[水]] ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|gju|پاݩِی|tr=pāṇī}} * {{desc|inc-mgu|पाण}} ** {{desc|gu|પાણી}} * {{desc|mup|पाणी}} * {{desc|mwr|-}} *: {{desc|mwr|पाणी|sclb=1}} *: {{desc|mwr|𑅨𑅢𑅑|sclb=1}} * {{desc|noe|पाणी}} * {{desc|saz|ꢦꢥꢶ}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|inc-ogu|水}} n7v0ajad875euhc8azz3ek26guqd1jl 7270840 7270704 2022-07-27T15:20:58Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|पाणि}} ==比拉里語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|bhi|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|bhi|sa|पानीय}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|bhi|/pɑɳi/}} ===名詞=== {{head|bhi|名詞|tr=pāṇī}} # [[水]] ===延伸閱讀=== * John Mathews, Samuvel Nelson, Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, ''[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/50/91/45/50914527050818828528449269667838463954/silesr2012_002.pdf The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh: A sociolinguistic profile]'' (2012, SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-002: 176), page 66 {{c|bhi|水}} ---- ==康格里語== ===詞源=== {{rfe|xnr}} ===名詞=== {{head|xnr|名詞}} # [[水]] ===參考資料=== * Robert Eaton, ''[http://cid-dbbf0de21a97542c.skydrive.live.com/self.aspx/Kangri/Kangri%20in%20Context%20%7C5Final%7C6.pdf Kangri in Context]'': ''Linguistic Description of Kangri in comparison with Hindi and Dogri'' (2008 dissertation from UT Arlington), page 145 {{c|xnr|水}} ---- ==馬爾瓦語== ===詞源=== {{root|mup|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|mup|sa|पा}} {{inh+|mup|inc-ogu|पाणी}},{{inh+|mup|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|mup|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|mup|/pɑ.ɳi/}} * {{hyph|mup|पा|णी}} ===名詞=== {{mup-noun|g=f}} # [[水]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:mup:Webonary}} * John Mathews, Samuvel Nelson, Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, ''[http://www.sil.org/silesr/2012/silesr2012-002_ESR354_Nimadi.pdf The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh: A sociolinguistic profile]'' (2012, SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-002: 176), page 66 * {{R:mup:Rajpurohit|210|section=पा|column=1}} {{c|mup|水}} ---- ==馬拉地語== {{swp|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{root|mr|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|mr|sa|पा}} {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘢𑘰𑘜𑘲}},{{inh+|mr|pmh|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|mr|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya||水,飲料}}。 ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|tr=pāṇī|g=n}} # [[水]] #: {{syn|mr|जल}} ====變格==== {{mr-noun-i-n|पाण|pāṇ|पाणी|pāṇi}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|mr|水}} ---- ==馬瓦里語== ===詞源=== {{root|mwr|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|mwr|sa|पा}} {{inh+|mwr|inc-ogu|पाणी}},{{inh+|mwr|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|mwr|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|mwr|名詞|g=m}} # [[水]] #: {{syn|mwr|आब|जल}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mwr:Webonary}} * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|mwr|水}} ---- ==尼馬迪語== ===詞源=== {{root|noe|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|noe|sa|पा}} {{inh+|noe|inc-ogu|पाणी}},{{inh+|noe|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|noe|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。 ===名詞=== {{noe-noun|g=m}} # [[水]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:noe:Chaturvedi:2009|222|section=पा|column=1}} * John Mathews, Samuvel Nelson, Kishore Kumar Vunnamatla, ''[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/50/91/45/50914527050818828528449269667838463954/silesr2012_002.pdf The Nimadi-speaking people of Madhya Pradesh: A sociolinguistic profile]'' (2012, SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-002: 176), page 66 * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|noe|水}} ---- ==古古吉拉特語== ===詞源=== {{root|inc-ogu|ine-pro|*peh₃-}} {{root|inc-ogu|sa|पा}} {{inh+|inc-ogu|inc-pse|𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀻𑀅}},{{inh+|inc-ogu|sa|पानीय|tr=pā́nīya}}。和{{cog|omr|𑘢𑘰𑘜𑘲}}、{{cog|inc-ohi|पांनी}}、{{cog|inc-opa|ਪਾਣੀ}}、{{cog|inc-mbn|পানী}} 同源。 ===名詞=== {{inc-ogu-noun|g=n}} # [[水]] ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|gju|پاݩِی|tr=pāṇī}} * {{desc|inc-mgu|पाण}} ** {{desc|gu|પાણી}} * {{desc|mup|पाणी}} * {{desc|mwr|-}} *: {{desc|mwr|पाणी|sclb=1}} *: {{desc|mwr|𑅨𑅢𑅑|sclb=1}} * {{desc|noe|पाणी}} * {{desc|saz|ꢦꢥꢶ}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:CDIAL|pg=8082|pāṇĭ̄a}} {{c|inc-ogu|水}} izntv888en2653tmzad4gtt1c3s6vho Category:繼承自梵語的比拉里語詞 14 1914944 7270706 2022-07-27T14:56:34Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語繼承詞 14 1914945 7270707 2022-07-27T14:56:39Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語詞源 14 1914946 7270708 2022-07-27T14:56:43Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自梵語的比拉里語詞 14 1914947 7270709 2022-07-27T14:56:48Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自古印度-雅利安語支的比拉里語詞 14 1914948 7270710 2022-07-27T14:56:55Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印度-雅利安語支的比拉里語詞 14 1914949 7270711 2022-07-27T14:57:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印度-伊朗語族的比拉里語詞 14 1914950 7270712 2022-07-27T14:57:06Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印歐語系的比拉里語詞 14 1914951 7270713 2022-07-27T14:57:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語派生詞 14 1914952 7270714 2022-07-27T14:57:16Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:有國際音標的比拉里語詞 14 1914953 7270715 2022-07-27T14:57:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語詞條維護 14 1914954 7270716 2022-07-27T14:57:24Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語詞元 14 1914955 7270717 2022-07-27T14:57:29Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語名詞 14 1914956 7270718 2022-07-27T14:57:34Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 水 14 1914957 7270719 2022-07-27T14:57:38Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 主題列表 14 1914958 7270720 2022-07-27T14:57:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 主題 14 1914959 7270721 2022-07-27T14:57:45Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 液體 14 1914960 7270722 2022-07-27T14:57:49Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 物質 14 1914961 7270723 2022-07-27T14:57:53Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 化學 14 1914962 7270724 2022-07-27T14:57:57Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 科學 14 1914963 7270725 2022-07-27T14:58:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 自然 14 1914964 7270726 2022-07-27T14:58:04Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 集合列表 14 1914965 7270727 2022-07-27T14:58:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 集合 14 1914966 7270728 2022-07-27T14:58:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語詞條詞源請求 14 1914967 7270729 2022-07-27T14:58:17Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語相關請求 14 1914968 7270730 2022-07-27T14:58:21Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語詞條維護 14 1914969 7270731 2022-07-27T14:58:26Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語詞元 14 1914970 7270732 2022-07-27T14:58:30Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語名詞 14 1914971 7270733 2022-07-27T14:58:34Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 水 14 1914972 7270734 2022-07-27T14:58:38Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 主題列表 14 1914973 7270735 2022-07-27T14:58:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 主題 14 1914974 7270736 2022-07-27T14:58:45Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Inc-ogu-noun 10 1914975 7270737 2022-07-27T14:58:46Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|inc-ogu|名詞|head={{{head|}}}|sort={{{sort|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|g={{{g|?}}}|g2={{{g2|}}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{pl|}}}|複數}}<!-- -->|{{{pl}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:古古吉拉特語標題行模板|noun]]</noinclude> hoc5rsvwmfy4j1ypyuasxpva55mn6p2 Category:康格里語 液體 14 1914976 7270738 2022-07-27T14:58:49Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 物質 14 1914977 7270739 2022-07-27T14:58:52Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 化學 14 1914978 7270740 2022-07-27T14:58:56Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 科學 14 1914979 7270741 2022-07-27T14:58:59Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 自然 14 1914980 7270742 2022-07-27T14:59:03Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 集合列表 14 1914981 7270743 2022-07-27T14:59:07Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:康格里語 集合 14 1914982 7270744 2022-07-27T14:59:10Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:來自原始印歐語詞根*peh₃-的馬爾瓦語詞 14 1914983 7270745 2022-07-27T14:59:16Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:依原始印歐語詞根分類的馬爾瓦語詞 14 1914984 7270746 2022-07-27T14:59:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:有國際音標的馬爾瓦語詞 14 1914985 7270747 2022-07-27T14:59:26Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語詞條維護 14 1914986 7270748 2022-07-27T14:59:29Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 水 14 1914987 7270749 2022-07-27T14:59:33Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 主題列表 14 1914988 7270750 2022-07-27T14:59:37Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 主題 14 1914989 7270751 2022-07-27T14:59:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 液體 14 1914990 7270752 2022-07-27T14:59:44Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 物質 14 1914991 7270753 2022-07-27T14:59:49Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 化學 14 1914992 7270754 2022-07-27T14:59:52Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 科學 14 1914993 7270755 2022-07-27T14:59:56Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 自然 14 1914994 7270756 2022-07-27T15:00:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 集合列表 14 1914995 7270757 2022-07-27T15:00:03Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語 集合 14 1914996 7270758 2022-07-27T15:00:07Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:來自原始印歐語詞根*peh₃-的馬拉地語詞 14 1914997 7270759 2022-07-27T15:00:13Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬拉地語 水 14 1914998 7270760 2022-07-27T15:00:17Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Mup-noun 10 1914999 7270761 2022-07-27T15:00:19Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|mup|名詞|head={{{head|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}<!-- -->|g={{#switch:{{{g}}}|m|f|n|m-p|f-p|n-p={{{g}}}|#default=?}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{m|}}}<!-- -->|陽性<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|{{{m}}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{f|}}}<!-- -->|陰性<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|{{{f}}}<!-- -->}}{{#switch:{{{g}}}<!-- -->|m|m-p={{catlangname|mup|陽性名詞}}<!-- -->|f|f-p={{catlangname|mup|陰性名詞}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{m|}}}{{{f|}}}|[[Category:帶性別形式的馬爾瓦語名詞]]}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:馬爾瓦語標題行模板|noun]]</noinclude> 1wis977n4e33exkzoi5z9g9gmstdv78 Category:馬拉地語 液體 14 1915000 7270762 2022-07-27T15:00:21Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始印歐語的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915001 7270763 2022-07-27T15:00:26Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印歐語系的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915002 7270764 2022-07-27T15:00:31Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語派生詞 14 1915003 7270765 2022-07-27T15:00:35Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語詞源 14 1915004 7270766 2022-07-27T15:00:39Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:來自原始印歐語詞根*peh₃-的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915005 7270767 2022-07-27T15:00:46Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:依原始印歐語詞根分類的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915006 7270768 2022-07-27T15:00:50Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自梵語的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915007 7270769 2022-07-27T15:00:55Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:R:mup:Webonary 10 1915008 7270770 2022-07-27T15:00:59Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{cite-web |url={{#if:{{{1|<noinclude>पाणी</noinclude>}}} |https://www.webonary.work/malvi?s={{{1|<noinclude>पाणी</noinclude>}}}&search=Search&key=&tax=-1&search_options_set=1&match_whole_words=1 |https://www.webonary.work/malvi?s={{PAGENAME}}&search=Search&key=&tax=-1&search_options_set=1&match_whole_words=1}} |work=Malvi Dictionary |entry={{lang|mup|{{{1|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly><noinclude>पाणी</noinclude>}}}}} |year=2017 |publisher={{w|SIL International}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{refcat}}</noinclude> p26aqhazfhu7d36zahq823ojb58yln7 Category:派生自古印度-雅利安語支的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915009 7270771 2022-07-27T15:01:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印度-雅利安語支的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915010 7270772 2022-07-27T15:01:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印度-伊朗語族的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915011 7270773 2022-07-27T15:01:14Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自古古吉拉特語的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915012 7270774 2022-07-27T15:01:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自古古吉拉特語的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915013 7270775 2022-07-27T15:01:30Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自西印度-雅利安語支的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915014 7270776 2022-07-27T15:01:36Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自索拉塞那俗語的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915015 7270777 2022-07-27T15:01:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 14 1915016 7270778 2022-07-27T15:01:46Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|印度}} f0j6axvsn55qhyu214t8t7ve6u2b1yh Category:派生自普拉克里特諸語言的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915017 7270779 2022-07-27T15:01:47Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語繼承詞 14 1915018 7270780 2022-07-27T15:01:51Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自梵語的馬瓦里語詞 14 1915019 7270781 2022-07-27T15:01:56Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語陽性名詞 14 1915020 7270782 2022-07-27T15:02:01Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語各性別名詞 14 1915021 7270783 2022-07-27T15:02:05Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語名詞 14 1915022 7270784 2022-07-27T15:02:09Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語詞元 14 1915023 7270785 2022-07-27T15:02:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 水 14 1915024 7270786 2022-07-27T15:02:17Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:R:mup:Rajpurohit 10 1915025 7270787 2022-07-27T15:02:20Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{cite-book |language=hi |title=मालवी - हिन्दी शब्दकोश |trans-title=Malvi - Hindi Dictionary |author=डॉ॰ भगवतीलाल राजपुरोहित [Bhagwatilal Rajpurohit] |author2= डॉ॰ प्रह्लाद चन्द्र जोशी [Prahlad Chandra Joshi] |publisher=माध्यमिक शिक्षा मण्डल परिसर [Madhyamik Shiksha Mandal Parisar] |location=शिवाजी नगर, भोपाल [Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal] |isbn=978-9383118779 |year=2010 |page={{{page|{{{pg|{{{1|<noinclude>15</noinclude>}}}}}}}}} |column={{#if:{{{column|}}}|{{{column|}}}|<noinclude>2</noinclude>}} |section={{#if:{{{section|}}}|{{{section|}}}|<noinclude>अ</noinclude>}} |entry={{lang|mup|{{{disp|{{{alt|{{{hw|{{{head|{{{2|<includeonly>{{SUBPAGENAME}}</includeonly><noinclude>अजमो</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{nodot|}}}||.}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{reference template cat}}</noinclude> 2cqjyi594iizewhcbyia8cj2blsusba Category:馬瓦里語 主題列表 14 1915026 7270788 2022-07-27T15:02:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 主題 14 1915027 7270789 2022-07-27T15:02:24Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 液體 14 1915028 7270790 2022-07-27T15:02:28Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 物質 14 1915029 7270791 2022-07-27T15:02:31Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 化學 14 1915030 7270792 2022-07-27T15:02:35Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 科學 14 1915031 7270793 2022-07-27T15:02:39Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 自然 14 1915032 7270794 2022-07-27T15:02:43Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:R:mwr:Webonary 10 1915033 7270795 2022-07-27T15:02:44Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{cite-web |url={{#if:{{{1|<noinclude>पाणी</noinclude>}}} |https://www.webonary.work/marwari?s={{{1|<noinclude>पाणी</noinclude>}}}&search=Search&key=&tax=-1&search_options_set=1&match_whole_words=1 |https://www.webonary.work/marwari?s={{PAGENAME}}&search=Search&key=&tax=-1&search_options_set=1&match_whole_words=1}} |work=Marwari Dictionary |entry={{lang|mwr|{{{1|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly><noinclude>पाणी</noinclude>}}}}} |year=2015 |publisher={{w|SIL International}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{refcat}}</noinclude> cc27ywckoov715pwjrxlfdv3blcq2r0 Category:馬瓦里語 集合列表 14 1915034 7270796 2022-07-27T15:02:46Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬瓦里語 集合 14 1915035 7270797 2022-07-27T15:02:50Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始印歐語的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915036 7270798 2022-07-27T15:02:56Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:來自原始印歐語詞根*peh₃-的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915037 7270799 2022-07-27T15:03:02Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自梵語的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915038 7270800 2022-07-27T15:03:07Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自古古吉拉特語的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915039 7270801 2022-07-27T15:03:14Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自梵語的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915040 7270802 2022-07-27T15:03:19Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 水 14 1915041 7270803 2022-07-27T15:03:24Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自梵語的古古吉拉特語詞 14 1915042 7270804 2022-07-27T15:03:30Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Noe-noun 10 1915043 7270805 2022-07-27T15:04:25Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{head|noe|名詞|sort={{{sort|}}}|head={{{head|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}<!-- -->|g={{#switch:{{{g}}}|m|f|n|m-p|f-p={{{g}}}|#default=?}}<!-- -->|g2={{#switch:{{{g2}}}|m|f|n|m-p|f-p={{{g2}}}}}<!-- -->|g3={{#switch:{{{g3}}}|m|f|n|m-p|f-p={{{g3}}}}}<!-- -->|{{#ifeq:{{{p|{{{pl|}}}}}}|-|唯單}}<!-- -->|<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{p|{{{pl|}}}}}}|-|=|#default=複數}}<!-- -->|{{{pl|{{{p|}}}}}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{m|}}}<!-- -->|陽性<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|{{{m}}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{f|}}}<!-- -->|陰性<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|{{{f}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{g}}}<!-- -->|m|m-p={{catlangname|noe|陽性名詞}}<!-- -->|f|f-p={{catlangname|noe|陰性名詞}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{g2}}}<!-- -->|m|m-p={{catlangname|noe|陽性名詞}}<!-- -->|f|f-p={{catlangname|noe|陰性名詞}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{g3}}}<!-- -->|m|m-p={{catlangname|noe|陽性名詞}}<!-- -->|f|f-p={{catlangname|noe|陰性名詞}}<!-- -->}}<!-- --></includeonly><!-- -->{{#if:{{{m|}}}{{{f|}}}|{{cln|noe|nouns with other-gender equivalents}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> hxe2x69ifi2vw737rgluh612urlzrn0 Category:古古吉拉特語 水 14 1915044 7270806 2022-07-27T15:04:54Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:古古吉拉特語 液體 14 1915045 7270807 2022-07-27T15:05:01Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:古古吉拉特語 物質 14 1915046 7270808 2022-07-27T15:05:04Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:古古吉拉特語 化學 14 1915047 7270809 2022-07-27T15:05:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:古古吉拉特語 科學 14 1915048 7270810 2022-07-27T15:05:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:古古吉拉特語 自然 14 1915049 7270811 2022-07-27T15:05:15Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:古古吉拉特語 集合列表 14 1915050 7270812 2022-07-27T15:05:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:古古吉拉特語 集合 14 1915051 7270813 2022-07-27T15:05:23Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Headword-line template cat 10 1915052 7270814 2022-07-27T15:05:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:headword-line template cat|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> acxfdotagjknrul8n40hevze3ob57j3 Template:Hwcat 10 1915053 7270815 2022-07-27T15:06:05Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Template:headword-line template cat]] t9smbs1rl4ars5ol1drzhdcuq4pv7qh Module:Headword-line template cat 828 1915054 7270816 2022-07-27T15:06:58Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local Array = require("Module:array") local m_lang = require("Module:languages") -- Allows us to get the language object for the longest language code -- in a template name. -- For instance, when given "cel-bry-noun", where "cel-bry" yields -- Proto-Brythonic and "cel" yields Proto-Celtic, Proto-Brythonic wins out. local function get_from_hyphenated_prefix(title, getter) local segments = {} for segment in title:gmatch "[^-]+" do table.insert(segments, segment) end local object for i = #segments - 1, 1, -1 do local code = table.concat(segments, "-", 1, i) object = getter(code) if object then local rest = table.concat(segments, "-", i + 1) if rest == "" then rest = nil end return object, rest end end end function export.categorize(title, sortkey) local name = title.text local lang_obj, rest = get_from_hyphenated_prefix( title.text, function(code) return m_lang.getByCode(code) or m_lang.getByCode(code .. "-pro") or m_lang.getByCode("inc-" .. code) end ) sortkey = sortkey or rest or name return "[[Category:" .. lang_obj:getCanonicalName() .. "標題行模板|" .. sortkey .. "]]" end function export.main(frame) local current_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if current_title.nsText == "" or current_title.nsText == "Reconstruction" then error("This template is meant to be used in the Template namespace.") end local args = frame:getParent().args local title = current_title local is_demo = current_title.nsText == "Module" or (current_title.nsText == "Template" and current_title.baseText == "headword-line template cat") if is_demo and args.title then title = mw.title.new(args.title) end local categories = export.categorize(title, args.sort) if is_demo then categories = mw.text.nowiki(categories) end return categories end return export tvc73lp8upld8z7mrb5phagd8vsw6jm 7270817 7270816 2022-07-27T15:08:13Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local Array = require("Module:array") local m_lang = require("Module:languages") -- Allows us to get the language object for the longest language code -- in a template name. -- For instance, when given "cel-bry-noun", where "cel-bry" yields -- Proto-Brythonic and "cel" yields Proto-Celtic, Proto-Brythonic wins out. local function get_from_hyphenated_prefix(title, getter) local segments = {} for segment in title:gmatch "[^-]+" do table.insert(segments, segment) end local object for i = #segments - 1, 1, -1 do local code = table.concat(segments, "-", 1, i) object = getter(code) if object then local rest = table.concat(segments, "-", i + 1) if rest == "" then rest = nil end return object, rest end end end function export.categorize(title, sortkey) local name = title.text local lang_obj, rest = get_from_hyphenated_prefix( title.text, function(code) return m_lang.getByCode(code) or m_lang.getByCode(code .. "-pro") or m_lang.getByCode("inc-" .. code) end ) sortkey = sortkey or rest or name return "[[Category:" .. lang_obj:getCanonicalName() .. "標題行模板|" .. sortkey .. "]]" end function export.main(frame) local current_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if current_title.nsText == "" or current_title.nsText == "Reconstruction" then error("This template is meant to be used in the Template namespace.") end local args = frame:getParent().args local title = current_title local is_demo = current_title.nsText == "Module" or (current_title.nsText == "Template" and current_title.baseText == "headword-line template cat") if is_demo and args.title then title = mw.title.new(args.title) end local categories = export.categorize(title, args.sort) if is_demo then categories = mw.text.nowiki(categories) end return categories end return export 0yxxxvm03joxkr69yca4e19e62exuj8 7270936 7270817 2022-07-27T15:42:00Z Hzy980512 19278 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local Array = require("Module:array") local m_lang = require("Module:languages") -- Allows us to get the language object for the longest language code -- in a template name. -- For instance, when given "cel-bry-noun", where "cel-bry" yields -- Proto-Brythonic and "cel" yields Proto-Celtic, Proto-Brythonic wins out. local function get_from_hyphenated_prefix(title, getter) local segments = {} for segment in title:gmatch "[^-]+" do table.insert(segments, segment) end local object for i = #segments - 1, 1, -1 do local code = table.concat(segments, "-", 1, i) object = getter(code) if object then local rest = table.concat(segments, "-", i + 1) if rest == "" then rest = nil end return object, rest end end end function export.categorize(title, sortkey) local name = title.text local lang_obj, rest = get_from_hyphenated_prefix( (title.text:gsub("^%u", string.lower)), function(code) return m_lang.getByCode(code) or m_lang.getByCode(code .. "-pro") or m_lang.getByCode("inc-" .. code) end ) sortkey = sortkey or rest or name return "[[Category:" .. lang_obj:getCanonicalName() .. "標題行模板|" .. sortkey .. "]]" end function export.main(frame) local current_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if current_title.nsText == "" or current_title.nsText == "Reconstruction" then error("This template is meant to be used in the Template namespace.") end local args = frame:getParent().args local title = current_title local is_demo = current_title.nsText == "Module" or (current_title.nsText == "Template" and current_title.baseText == "headword-line template cat") if is_demo and args.title then title = mw.title.new(args.title) end local categories = export.categorize(title, args.sort) if is_demo then categories = mw.text.nowiki(categories) end return categories end return export tw3ny22ubkl7la3ybnkoupth7kz7ef5 Category:馬爾瓦語參考模板 14 1915055 7270818 2022-07-27T15:13:24Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語模板 14 1915056 7270819 2022-07-27T15:13:28Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬爾瓦語標題行模板 14 1915057 7270820 2022-07-27T15:13:39Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 主題列表 14 1915058 7270823 2022-07-27T15:14:56Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 主題 14 1915059 7270824 2022-07-27T15:15:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 液體 14 1915060 7270825 2022-07-27T15:15:05Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 物質 14 1915061 7270826 2022-07-27T15:15:09Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 化學 14 1915062 7270827 2022-07-27T15:15:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 科學 14 1915063 7270828 2022-07-27T15:15:16Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 自然 14 1915064 7270829 2022-07-27T15:15:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 集合列表 14 1915065 7270830 2022-07-27T15:15:23Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 集合 14 1915066 7270831 2022-07-27T15:15:27Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:R:noe:Chaturvedi:2009 10 1915067 7270832 2022-07-27T15:15:45Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{cite-book |language=hi |title=निमाड़ी−हिन्दी शब्दकोश, व्याकरण और अलंकार |trans-title=Nimadi-Hindi Dictionary, Grammar and Figures of Speech |author=महादेव प्रसाद चतुर्वेदी [Mahadev Prasad Chaturvedi] |editors=श्रीराम तिवारी [Shriram Tiwari], डॉ॰ कपिल तिवारी [Dr. Kapil Tiwari], अशोक मिश्र [Ashok Mishra] |publisher=संस्कृति संचालनालय, माध्यमिक शिक्षा मण्डल परिसर [Sanskriti Sanchalanalaya, Madhyamik Shiksha Mandal Parisar] |location=शिवाजी नगर, भोपाल-४६२०११ [Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal-462011] |year=2009 |isbn=9383118768 |page={{{1|}}} |column={{#if:{{{column|}}}|{{{column|}}}}} |section={{#if:{{{section|}}}|{{{section|}}}}} |entry={{#if:{{{head|}}}|{{{head|}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{nodot|}}}||.}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{reference template cat|noe}}</noinclude> t9wec82req0l4azn2578ee1hculdr4j Category:尼馬迪語參考模板 14 1915068 7270833 2022-07-27T15:16:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語模板 14 1915069 7270834 2022-07-27T15:16:06Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語 14 1915070 7270835 2022-07-27T15:16:24Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|印度}} f0j6axvsn55qhyu214t8t7ve6u2b1yh Category:尼馬迪語陽性名詞 14 1915071 7270836 2022-07-27T15:17:04Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語各性別名詞 14 1915072 7270837 2022-07-27T15:17:07Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語名詞 14 1915073 7270838 2022-07-27T15:17:11Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語詞元 14 1915074 7270839 2022-07-27T15:17:15Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自古古吉拉特語的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915075 7270841 2022-07-27T15:22:29Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自西印度-雅利安語支的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915076 7270842 2022-07-27T15:22:37Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自索拉塞那俗語的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915077 7270843 2022-07-27T15:22:44Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自普拉克里特諸語言的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915078 7270844 2022-07-27T15:22:50Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印度-雅利安語支的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915079 7270845 2022-07-27T15:22:56Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印度-伊朗語族的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915080 7270846 2022-07-27T15:23:02Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印歐語系的尼馬迪語詞 14 1915081 7270847 2022-07-27T15:23:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語派生詞 14 1915082 7270848 2022-07-27T15:23:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語詞源 14 1915083 7270849 2022-07-27T15:23:17Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:尼馬迪語繼承詞 14 1915084 7270850 2022-07-27T15:23:21Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:保加利亞語 金屬 14 1915085 7270851 2022-07-27T15:24:04Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:保加利亞語 冶金學 14 1915086 7270852 2022-07-27T15:24:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:吉爾吉斯語 金屬 14 1915087 7270853 2022-07-27T15:24:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:吉爾吉斯語 冶金學 14 1915088 7270854 2022-07-27T15:24:17Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自阿拉伯語的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915089 7270855 2022-07-27T15:24:22Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自阿拉伯語支的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915090 7270856 2022-07-27T15:24:28Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自中閃米特語支的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915091 7270857 2022-07-27T15:24:33Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自西閃米特語支的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915092 7270858 2022-07-27T15:24:39Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自閃米特語族的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915093 7270859 2022-07-27T15:24:45Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自亞非語系的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915094 7270860 2022-07-27T15:24:51Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:韃靼語 化學元素 14 1915095 7270861 2022-07-27T15:24:55Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:韃靼語 物質 14 1915096 7270862 2022-07-27T15:24:59Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:韃靼語 化學 14 1915097 7270863 2022-07-27T15:25:02Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:韃靼語 金屬 14 1915098 7270864 2022-07-27T15:25:06Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:韃靼語 冶金學 14 1915099 7270865 2022-07-27T15:25:09Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語兒童用語 14 1915100 7270866 2022-07-27T15:25:15Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語非正式用語 14 1915101 7270867 2022-07-27T15:25:19Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語詞條詞源請求 14 1915102 7270868 2022-07-27T15:25:23Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語相關請求 14 1915103 7270869 2022-07-27T15:25:28Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:保加利亞語 女性家庭成員 14 1915104 7270870 2022-07-27T15:25:31Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:保加利亞語 家庭成員 14 1915105 7270871 2022-07-27T15:25:35Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:標題行有紅鏈的馬其頓語動詞 14 1915106 7270872 2022-07-27T15:25:39Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:標題行有紅鏈的動詞 14 1915107 7270873 2022-07-27T15:25:43Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬其頓語兒童用語 14 1915108 7270874 2022-07-27T15:25:47Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬其頓語非正式用語 14 1915109 7270875 2022-07-27T15:25:52Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:借自塔特語的烏迪語詞 14 1915110 7270876 2022-07-27T15:25:58Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:借自塔特語的詞 14 1915111 7270877 2022-07-27T15:26:02Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自塔特語的詞 14 1915112 7270878 2022-07-27T15:26:06Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自塔特語的烏迪語詞 14 1915113 7270879 2022-07-27T15:26:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自西南伊朗語支的烏迪語詞 14 1915114 7270880 2022-07-27T15:26:18Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自西伊朗語支的烏迪語詞 14 1915115 7270881 2022-07-27T15:26:24Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自伊朗語支的烏迪語詞 14 1915116 7270882 2022-07-27T15:26:30Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印度-伊朗語族的烏迪語詞 14 1915117 7270883 2022-07-27T15:26:35Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印歐語系的烏迪語詞 14 1915118 7270884 2022-07-27T15:26:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:烏迪語派生詞 14 1915119 7270885 2022-07-27T15:26:45Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:烏迪語詞源 14 1915120 7270886 2022-07-27T15:26:49Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:烏迪語借詞 14 1915121 7270887 2022-07-27T15:26:53Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:烏迪語形容詞 14 1915122 7270888 2022-07-27T15:27:01Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語噝音詞幹陽性名詞 14 1915123 7270889 2022-07-27T15:27:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語噝音詞幹陽性重音型b名詞 14 1915124 7270890 2022-07-27T15:27:12Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:借自俄語的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915125 7270891 2022-07-27T15:27:16Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:南阿爾泰語借詞 14 1915126 7270892 2022-07-27T15:27:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自俄語的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915127 7270893 2022-07-27T15:27:25Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自東斯拉夫語支的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915128 7270894 2022-07-27T15:27:31Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 腕ずもう 0 1915129 7270895 2022-07-27T15:27:36Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|うで|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|腕相撲}} awh91zm86gg948mg2jxag7ru3xywa97 Category:派生自斯拉夫語族的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915130 7270896 2022-07-27T15:27:37Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自波羅的-斯拉夫語族的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915131 7270897 2022-07-27T15:27:43Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自印歐語系的南阿爾泰語詞 14 1915132 7270898 2022-07-27T15:27:49Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:南阿爾泰語 食物 14 1915133 7270899 2022-07-27T15:27:52Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:南阿爾泰語 集合列表 14 1915134 7270900 2022-07-27T15:27:56Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:南阿爾泰語 主題列表 14 1915135 7270901 2022-07-27T15:28:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:南阿爾泰語 主題 14 1915136 7270902 2022-07-27T15:28:04Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:南阿爾泰語 集合 14 1915137 7270903 2022-07-27T15:28:07Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:南阿爾泰語 飲食 14 1915138 7270904 2022-07-27T15:28:11Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:白俄羅斯語 身體部位 14 1915139 7270905 2022-07-27T15:28:19Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自古希臘語的塔吉克語詞 14 1915140 7270906 2022-07-27T15:28:25Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自希臘語族的塔吉克語詞 14 1915141 7270907 2022-07-27T15:28:31Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:有使用例的吉爾吉斯語詞 14 1915142 7270909 2022-07-27T15:28:36Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自古典波斯語的哈薩克語詞 14 1915143 7270910 2022-07-27T15:28:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:波蘭語 國家元首 14 1915144 7270911 2022-07-27T15:28:47Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:波蘭語 領導人 14 1915145 7270912 2022-07-27T15:28:51Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx うでずもう 0 1915146 7270913 2022-07-27T15:28:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|腕相撲}} rfwu11z8cvy4pdd10011g9qfrv23j4u うでずまふ 0 1915147 7270914 2022-07-27T15:28:58Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|腕相撲}} rfwu11z8cvy4pdd10011g9qfrv23j4u 腕押し 0 1915148 7270916 2022-07-27T15:32:55Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|うで|お|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|腕|うで|押し|おし}}的組詞。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|うでおし|hhira=うでおし}} # 用[[手腕]][[推]]、[[擠]]、[[撐]] # {{lb|ja|體育|sort=うでおし}} [[比腕力]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|腕%相撲|うで%ずもう}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ay3wq4t0wtezzvl76l4xnvl63snf5oz 7270917 7270916 2022-07-27T15:33:26Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|うで|お|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== 複合詞,源自{{ja-compound|腕|うで|押し|おし}}。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|うでおし|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR|acc2=4|acc2_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|うでおし|hhira=うでおし}} # 用[[手腕]][[推]]、[[擠]]、[[撐]] # {{lb|ja|體育|sort=うでおし}} [[比腕力]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|腕%相撲|うで%ずもう}} ===參考資料=== <references/> j6zikapd31sgnlp1if8xga4otu0gscj うでおし 0 1915149 7270918 2022-07-27T15:33:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|腕押し}} n21tazz5dhcuco7t876v34j62zkms65 Category:古法語及物動詞 14 1915150 7270920 2022-07-27T15:35:08Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Fro-conj-er 10 1915151 7270921 2022-07-27T15:36:11Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:fro-verb|show|type=i}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> le7umwa57cbacaj9193lkgljoi36rxy Category:荷蘭語 伊斯蘭教 14 1915152 7270922 2022-07-27T15:36:57Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:荷蘭語 國家元首 14 1915153 7270923 2022-07-27T15:37:01Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:荷蘭語 政府 14 1915154 7270924 2022-07-27T15:37:05Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Fro-conj-er/doc 10 1915155 7270925 2022-07-27T15:37:07Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> ===Usage=== This template is designed to add fully formatted conjugation tables to Old French first-group verbs ending in {{m|fro|-er}}. It must be used under the level 4 header conjugation (conjugation header is level 5 when there are multiple etymologies for a single word). See below for other related templates. Verbs that end in {{m|fro||-ier}} where the {{m|fro||-i-}} is ''not'' part of the stem should use {{temp|fro-conj-ier}}. (For example, in {{m|fro|marier}} and {{m|fro|applier}} the stems are {{m|fro||mari-}} and {{m|fro||appli-}}, respectively, and {{temp|fro-conj-er}} should be used.) All arguments are optional. For most group-I verbs, it's enough to simply use <tt><nowiki>{{fro-conj-er}}</nowiki></tt> (or <tt><nowiki>{{fro-conj-ier}}</nowiki></tt>, see above), and all the details will be taken care of. For most other group-I verbs, specifically those with stem alternations, it is enough to specify only the <tt>press</tt> argument to specify a separate stressed present-tense stem, e.g. <tt><nowiki>{{fro-conj-er|press=aim}}</nowiki></tt> for {{m|fro|amer}} or <tt><nowiki>{{fro-conj-er|press=parol}}</nowiki></tt> for {{m|fro|parler}}. Among the details handled automatically are ''c'' vs. ''ç'' alternations in verbs like {{m|fro|dancier}} and applying the necessary stem modifications in the present subjunctive (e.g. {{m|fro|dancier}} has present singular subjunctive {{m|fro|danz}}, {{m|fro|danz}}, {{m|fro|danzt}} and {{m|fro|amer}} has {{m|fro|aim}}, {{m|fro|ains}}, {{m|fro|aint}}). For complex real-world examples, look at e.g. {{temp|fro-conj-conoistre}}, {{temp|fro-conj-faire}}, {{temp|fro-conj-valoir}}, {{temp|fro-conj-voloir}}, {{temp|fro-conj-doner}}, {{temp|fro-conj-aler}}, {{temp|fro-conj-estre}}, {{temp|fro-conj-avoir}}, {{m|fro|ester}}, etc. ''General comments'': * Setting an argument to a blank value is equivalent to omitting it; if you really want the value to be empty, use e.g. <tt>pret=""</tt> or <tt>pret=<nowiki>''</nowiki></tt>. * More generally, you can enclose any argument value in single or double quotes, which will be stripped off; this can be used to include leading or trailing blanks in an argument's value. * There are three main types of arguments: general arguments, stems, and overrides. * Stem arguments specify the stem used to generate a particular tense, e.g. <tt>pres</tt> for the present indicative, <tt>sub</tt> for the present subjunctive, <tt>fut</tt> for the future. * Overrides specify the value of a particular part, e.g. <tt>pres1s</tt> for the present indicative first-person singular. These apply after stems have been processed and used to generate the paradigm, overriding a specific part (or in some cases, some of the alternative forms of that part, if there is more than one). * If multiple forms end up being specified for a particular part, and some are the same as others, all the duplicates except the first are removed. This happens at the end, after overrides have been applied. ''General arguments'': *<tt>inf</tt>: the infinitive; if omitted, same as the page title. Rarely needs to be specified, except possibly in templates. *<tt>aux</tt>: the auxiliary verb, either {{m|fro|avoir}} or {{m|fro|estre}}. The default is ''avoir''. *<tt>refl</tt>: should be true if the verb is reflexive. "True" here means any non-blank value. *<tt>impers</tt>: should be true (see above) if the verb is impersonal. *<tt>prefix</tt>: add a prefix to all forms. *<tt>suffix</tt>: add a prefix to all forms. *<tt>repl</tt>: do search/replace on all forms. The value should be of the form <tt>FROM/TO,FROM2/TO2,...</tt> where <tt>FROM</tt> will be replaced by <tt>TO</tt>, and then <tt>FROM2</tt> will be replaced by <tt>TO2</tt>, etc. Literal text normally works fine, but properly these are Lua patterns, which are similar to regular expressions but a bit more limited. This is useful in templates to implement conjugations for verbs with non-standard spellings; e.g. {{m|fro|cuvrir}} uses {{temp|fro-conj-covrir|repl=cov/cuv}} to ensure that the ''cuv-'' spelling appears everywhere in place of ''cov-''. *<tt>comment</tt>: override the comment appearing above the conjugation. *<tt>ir</tt>: if true (see above), don't recognize ''-eir'' or ''-oir'' in the infinitive as an ending; instead, consider the ending to be ''-ir'' in such a case. Useful with verbs like {{m|fro|oir}} and {{m|fro|cheir}}, whose stems are {{m|fro||o-}} and {{m|fro||che-}} respectively. *<tt>ei</tt>: if true (see above), use earlier ''-ei-'' rather than later ''-oi-'' (or listing of both) in various endings and other forms. Automatically set if the infinitive ending is ''-eir'' or if <tt>old</tt> is specified. *<tt>old</tt>: if true (see above), treat this as an "old-style" conjugation. Uses earlier ''-ei-'' rather than later ''-oi-'', adds ''-ṭ'' onto third-person singular and past-participle forms where appropriate, doesn't convert ''l'' or ''il'' to ''u'' before a consonant, lists ''-ii-'' endings but not their later simplified ''-i-'' forms. ''Comments about stem arguments'': * The value can either be a single stem, e.g. <tt>pres=conoiss</tt> for the verb {{m|fro|conoistre}}, or a multipart specification, which directly specifies all six parts for the tense in question. * An example of a multipart specification is <tt>pres=vois,vai/vais,vas/vait,va/alons/alez/vont</tt> for the present tense of {{m|fro|aler}}. Slashes separate parts and commas separate alternatives for a given part. In this case, two alternatives are given for each of the singular parts, e.g. both {{m|fro|vois}} and {{m|fro|vai}} for the first-person singular. You can omit some of the parts by leaving them empty or putting a "-" (but keep the slashes). For example, <tt>pres2=///vaillons/vailliez/vaillent</tt> would add extra irregular forms in the plural (in this case for the verb {{m|fro|valoir}}), after the forms generated by the stem specified using <tt>pres</tt> (in this case, it would default to {{m|fro||val-}} if not specified, based on the infinitive). * In some cases, specifying a stem for a tense also causes paradigms for related tenses to be generated. In particular, specifying a <tt>pres</tt> stem also generates corresponding paradigms for the present subjunctive and imperative, specifying a <tt>fut</tt> stem also generates a corresponding conditional paradigm, and specifying a <tt>pret</tt> stem also generates a corresponding imperfect subjunctive. In such a case you can e.g. change the stem used for the present subjunctive using <tt>sub</tt>, or remove the paradigm using <tt>sub=-</tt>. The imperative works the same way with <tt>imp</tt>, and the imperfect subjunctive with <tt>impsub</tt>. However, these related-tense paradigms are ''not'' generated when a multipart specification is given. For example, {{m|fro|estre}} specifies the future tense using <tt>fut=ier,er/iers,ers/iert,ert/iermes,ermes//ierent,erent|fut2=ser|fut3=estr</tt>. This causes three future paradigms to be generated, one directly specified using a multipart specification and the other two generated based on the stems {{m|fro||ser-}} and {{m|fro||estr-}}, with normal endings; but the corresponding conditional paradigms will be generated only based on the stems {{m|fro||ser-}} and {{m|fro||estr-}}. * The value of a stem that is given should be the form as it occurs before ''e'' and ''i'', and the corresponding stems that would appear before ''a'', ''o'' and ''u'' are automatically inferred. For example, specifying a value of <tt>pres=danc</tt> will lead to the stem <tt>danç</tt> being used before ''a'', ''o'' and ''u''. In particular, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before ''a/o/u'', ''g'' becomes ''j'' before ''a/o/u'', ''qu'' becomes ''c'' before ''u'' and ''gu'' becomes ''g'' before ''u''. * The necessary stem modifications that take place in the present indicative singular, the present subjunctive singular of group-I verbs, and the future are automatically applied, e.g. <tt>pres=danc</tt> will automatically generate first-singular present-indicative {{m|fro|danz}}, and <tt>pres=val</tt> in a group-III verb will automatically second-singular present indicative {{m|fro|vaus}} and future stem {{m|fro||vaudr-}}. ''Present-tense stems'': *<tt>pres</tt>: the unstressed stem of the present tense as it occurs before ''e/i''. You rarely if ever need to specify this for group-I verbs, but sometimes do for group-III verbs, esp. those ending in ''-re''. If omitted, inferred from the infinitive. *<tt>prese</tt>: same as 'pres' except that multipart specifications aren't recognized. Use this if you want to specify a multipart specification for the present indicative and still specify a present stem that controls the default subjunctive/imperative/etc. stems. *<tt>press</tt>: the stressed stem of the present tense; the same as 'pres' if not given. *<tt>ier</tt>: should be true if 'pres' is a stem ending in a palatal consonant (i.e. it requires an ''i'' before ''e'' in endings, e.g. second plural ''-iez''). *<tt>supe</tt>: should be true if the verb requires a supporting ''-e'' in the present singular and this cannot be derived from the stem. Rarely needs to be specified. *<tt>pres2, press2, ier2, supe2; ...; pres9, ...</tt>: additional present-tense conjugations. Used for the indicative and subjunctive unless separate subjunctive stems are given. Giving a multipart specifications for 'pres2, pres3, ...' doesn't trigger creation of corresponding subjunctives or imperatives. *<tt>sub, subs, subier, subsupe; sub2, ...; ...; sub9, ...</tt>: present-subjunctive conjugation(s), if different from the indicative. 'sub' is the form before "e/i". 'subs', 'subier', 'subsupe' are the same as 'press', 'ier', 'supe' but applied to the subjunctive stem. Use a "-" for 'sub', 'sub2', ... to suppress creation of a subjunctive conjugation corresponding to a given indicative conjugation. You can also specify a multipart specification for 'sub, sub2, ...' as for 'pres'. *<tt>imp, imps, impier, impsupe; imp2, ...; ...; imp9, ...</tt>: imperative conjugation(s), if different from the present indicative. Works identically to the 'sub' arguments. ''Stems for other tenses'': *<tt>fut, fut2, ..., fut9</tt>: the future and conditional stem; if omitted, inferred from the present stem. The way the stem is inferred is as follows: for verbs in ''-ir'' other than those in ''-eir/-oir/-lir/-rir/-sir/-ïr'', use the present stem plus ''-ir''; otherwise, use the present stem plus ''-r'', making necessary phonetic changes (e.g. ''voudr-'' from ''vol-'', ''covrer-'' from ''covrir''). You can also specify a multipart specification here, as for 'pres'; this controls the future only. Up to 9 such stems can be given. *<tt>imperf, imperfier; imperf2, ...; ...; imperf9, ...</tt>: the imperfect stem; defaults to the corresponding present stem. 'imperf' is the form before "e/i". 'imperfier' indicates the stem ends in a palatal consonant but currently only has any effect in group-I verbs. You can also specify a multipart specification for 'imperf, imperf2, ...' as for 'pres', or set it to "-" to suppress the creation of a given paradigm when it would normally be created (i.e. when there's a corresponding present stem). Up to 9 such stems can be given. *<tt>prettype, prettype2, ..., prettype9</tt>: the type of the preterite and imperfect subjunctive ('weak-a', 'weak-a2', 'weak-i', 'weak-i2', 'strong-i', 'strong-id', 'weak-u', 'strong-u', 'strong-o', 'strong-st', 'strong-sd'); inferred from 'pres'. For group I verbs, this uses 'weak-a', or 'weak-a2' for ''-ier'' verbs. For group II verbs, this uses 'weak-i'. For group III verbs, this uses 'weak-i2' for verbs in ''-dre/-tre'', 'strong-st' for other ''-re'' verbs, 'weak-u' for ''-eir/-oir'' verbs, and 'weak-i' for ''-ir/-ïr'' verbs. Up to 9 types can be given, each associated with a corresponding stem ('pret', 'pret2', ...) or corresponding separate unstressed/stressed stems ('pretu/prets', 'pretu2/prets2', ...). *<tt>pret, pret2, ..., pret9</tt>: the stem of the preterite and imperfect subjunctive, when there aren't separate stressed/unstressed stems; defaults to 'pres'. You can also specify a multipart specification for 'pret, pret2, ...' as for 'pres'; this controls only the preterite. The stems specified should be in the form that they appear before ''e'' or ''i''; the corresponding stems for appearing before ''a'', ''o'' or ''u'' are automatically inferred. *<tt>pretu, pretu2, ..., pretu9</tt>: the unstressed stem of the preterite and imperfect subjunctive; defaults to 'pret' or else 'pres'. *<tt>prets, prets2, ..., prets9</tt>: the stressed stem of the preterite and imperfect subjunctive; defaults to 'pretu', or else 'pret', or else 'pres'. *<tt>impsub, impsub2, ..., impsub9</tt>: the imperfect subjunctive stem (the part up through the first ''s'', e.g. ''amas'' for {{m|fro|amer}}). Such stems when given override the corresponding default stem derived from the preterite. You can also specify a multipart specification here, or "-" to suppress the creation of a given paradigm when it would normally be created (i.e. when there's a corresponding preterite type). ''Comments about overrides'': * There are four types of overrides: Those that override the entire part (e.g. <tt>pres1s</tt> for the present-indicative first singular), those that insert form(s) at the beginning of the part (e.g. <tt>pres1s0</tt>), those that insert form(s) at the end of the part (e.g. <tt>pres1sn</tt>), and ''partial overrides'' that override a particular form in the part (<tt>pres1s1</tt>, <tt>pres1s2</tt>, ...). There are an indefinite number of these, as many as there are parts to be overridden. * For any of these arguments, multiple forms can be given, separated by a comma, and will be inserted at the appropriate position (e.g. you can use a partial override to replace one form with multiple forms, or insert multiple forms at the beginning or end). * A partial override with a value of "-" deletes the corresponding form. ''Overrides'': *<tt>pres1s, pres2s, pres3s, pres1p, pres2p, pres3p; pres1s0, ...; pres1sn, ...; pres1s1, ...; pres1s2, ...; ...</tt>: overrides for particular present indicative verb parts. *<tt>imperf1s, ...</tt>: overrides for particular imperfect verb parts. *<tt>fut1s, ...</tt>: overrides for particular future verb parts. *<tt>cond1s, ...</tt>: overrides for particular conditional verb parts. *<tt>pret1s, ...</tt>: overrides for particular preterite verb parts. *<tt>sub1s, ...</tt>: overrides for particular present subjunctive verb parts. *<tt>impsub1s, ...</tt>: overrides for particular imperfect subjunctive verb parts. *<tt>imp2s, imp1p, imp2p; ...</tt>: overrides for particular imperative verb parts. The imperative stem defaults to the present stem. *<tt>presp, presp0, prespn, presp1, presp2, ...</tt>: overrides for the present participle. The present participle stem defaults to the present stem, specifically 'presa'. *<tt>pastp, pastp0, pastpn, pastp1, pastp2, ...</tt>: overrides for the past participle. The past participle defaults to the present stem plus appropriate ending: ''-é'' for group I, ''-i'' for group II and group III ''-ir/-ïr'' (but not ''-eir/-oir'') verbs, ''-u'' for other group III verbs. *<tt>inf0, infn, inf1, inf2, ..., inf9</tt>: overrides for the infinitive. (Plain 'inf' is handled specially and needs to be a single form.) Some special cases: * Verbs in {{m|fro||-eier}} with separate stressed stem in {{m|fro||-i-}} can optionally use {{temp|fro-conj-eier}}. '''NOTE: Such verbs are generally a non-standard spelling in Old French and should be linked to verbs ending in ''-oiier''.''' * Verbs in {{m|fro||-oier}} with separate stressed stem in {{m|fro||-i-}} can optionally use {{temp|fro-conj-oier}}. '''NOTE: Such verbs are generally a non-standard spelling in Old French and should be linked to verbs ending in ''-oiier''.''' * Verbs in {{m|fro||-oiier}} with separate stressed stem in {{m|fro||-i-}} can optionally use {{temp|fro-conj-oiier}}. An example is {{m|fro|otroiier}}. * {{temp|fro-conj-er}} and {{temp|fro-conj-ier}} are very good at handling most of the spelling changes needed in the first-person singular present indicative and throughout the singular present subjunctive. However, occasionally some verbs will need to specify these forms themselves. Examples: *# Verbs whose stem ends in {{m|fro||-ill-}} where the {{m|fro||-ll-}} is pronounced as normal /l/ rather than as a palatal sound (because the second-person singular present subjunctive for these verbs ends in {{m|fro||-s}} whereas it is predicted to end in {{m|fro||-z}}). An example is {{m|fro|caviller}}. *# Verbs whose stem ends in {{m|fro||-el-}} and where the third-person singular present subjunctive ends in {{m|fro||-eut}} rather than {{m|fro||-eaut}} (except for verbs in {{m|fro||-iel-}} and {{m|fro||-uel-}}, which are handled correctly). {{m|fro|seeler}} is such an example. Such verbs generally have an {{m|la||-i-}} or {{m|la||-ē-}} in their Latin etymon, rather than {{m|la||-e-}}. ({{m|fro|seeler}} derives from {{m|la|sigillāre}}.) *# {{m|fro|vieler}}, whose stem ends in {{m|fro||-iel-}} and where the third-person singular present subjunctive ends in {{m|fro||-eaut}} rather than {{m|fro||-eut}} (because there is a hiatus between the ''i'' and ''e'', and it was formerly {{m|fro|viḍeler}}). *# Verbs whose second-person singular present subjunctive ends in {{m|fro||-z}} where this is not predictable (generally because the stem ended in {{m|fro||-ḍ-}} in Early Old French, which later dropped out). An example is {{m|fro|loer}} "to praise", with second-person singular present subjunctive {{m|fro|loz}}. * Most verbs requiring a supporting {{m|fro||-e-}} in the first-person singular present indicative and throughout the singular present subjunctive are correctly handled by {{temp|fro-conj-er}} and {{temp|fro-conj-ier}}. However, when the need for the supporting vowel is unpredictable from the stem, the templates {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} or {{temp|fro-conj-ier-e}} will be needed. The templates {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} or {{temp|fro-conj-ier-e}} used to be required in all cases where a supporting ''-e'' was needed in the present singular. The vast majority of cases do not require this any more and should be replaced with the use of {{temp|fro-conj-er}} or {{temp|fro-conj-ier}}. ===Example=== For {{m|fro|loer}}, with irregular second-person singular present subjunctive ''loz'': <pre>====Conjugation==== {{fro-conj-er|sub2s=loz}}</pre> ===See also=== * {{temp|fro-conj-ier}} * {{temp|fro-conj-ii}} * {{temp|fro-conj-iii}} * {{temp|fro-conj-iii-ii}} * {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} * {{temp|fro-conj-ier-e}} * {{temp|fro-conj-eier}} * {{temp|fro-conj-oier}} * {{temp|fro-conj-oiier}} <includeonly> <!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --> [[Category:古法語動詞變位表模板|*er]] </includeonly> 92ldijy4aa1osr4jeb3n5xi6l54ls36 Category:荷蘭語 領導人 14 1915156 7270926 2022-07-27T15:37:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:寫作「撲」的日語詞 14 1915157 7270927 2022-07-27T15:37:13Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Module:Fro-verb/doc 828 1915158 7270928 2022-07-27T15:37:54Z GnolizX 63671 [[User:EdwardAlexanderCrowley/js/import.js|搬运]]自[[:en:Module:fro-verb/documentation]] wikitext text/x-wiki This module provides helper functions for [[:Category:Old French verb inflection-table templates|Old French verb inflection tables]]. The external entry point is <tt>show</tt>, meant for calling from templates, and there is a debugging entry point <tt>show2</tt> meant for calling from the debug console, which takes arguments for the current and parent frame and constructs mock-up frames. Most arguments are meant to be passed in through the parent frame, i.e. arguments specified to the template that invokes this module, rather than to the invocation itself. The invocation arguments are *<tt>type</tt>: The only mandatory argument. Group the verb's conjugation belongs to ("i", "ii" or "iii"). *<tt>ier</tt>: Same as the parent-frame 'ier' argument. Used by {{temp|fro-conj-ier}}. *<tt>supe</tt>: Same as the parent-frame 'supe' argument. Used by {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} and {{temp|fro-conj-ier-e}}. The parent frame arguments are documented thoroughly in {{temp|fro-conj-iii}}. The following are the primary templates invoking this module. One of them should be used to create the conjugation table of a verb. * {{temp|fro-conj-er}}: For group-I (''-er'') verbs. * {{temp|fro-conj-ier}}: For group-Ia (''-ier'') verbs. * {{temp|fro-conj-ii}}: For group-II (''-ir'' with ''-iss-'' infix) verbs. * {{temp|fro-conj-iii}}: For group-III verbs. These have various infinitive forms, generally either ''-ir'' (without ''-iss-'' infix), ''-oir'', ''-eir'', or ''-re''. * {{temp|fro-conj-iii-ii}}: For group-III-II verbs. These are group-III ''-ir'' verbs that have additional, alternative forms with group II endings. <includeonly> [[Category:Old French modules|verb]] [[Category:Inflection modules]] </includeonly> 2xlhdlgdi6b32y9pm19j1xxftxk3pah 7270930 7270928 2022-07-27T15:38:38Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki This module provides helper functions for [[:Category:Old French verb inflection-table templates|Old French verb inflection tables]]. The external entry point is <tt>show</tt>, meant for calling from templates, and there is a debugging entry point <tt>show2</tt> meant for calling from the debug console, which takes arguments for the current and parent frame and constructs mock-up frames. Most arguments are meant to be passed in through the parent frame, i.e. arguments specified to the template that invokes this module, rather than to the invocation itself. The invocation arguments are *<tt>type</tt>: The only mandatory argument. Group the verb's conjugation belongs to ("i", "ii" or "iii"). *<tt>ier</tt>: Same as the parent-frame 'ier' argument. Used by {{temp|fro-conj-ier}}. *<tt>supe</tt>: Same as the parent-frame 'supe' argument. Used by {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} and {{temp|fro-conj-ier-e}}. The parent frame arguments are documented thoroughly in {{temp|fro-conj-iii}}. The following are the primary templates invoking this module. One of them should be used to create the conjugation table of a verb. * {{temp|fro-conj-er}}: For group-I (''-er'') verbs. * {{temp|fro-conj-ier}}: For group-Ia (''-ier'') verbs. * {{temp|fro-conj-ii}}: For group-II (''-ir'' with ''-iss-'' infix) verbs. * {{temp|fro-conj-iii}}: For group-III verbs. These have various infinitive forms, generally either ''-ir'' (without ''-iss-'' infix), ''-oir'', ''-eir'', or ''-re''. * {{temp|fro-conj-iii-ii}}: For group-III-II verbs. These are group-III ''-ir'' verbs that have additional, alternative forms with group II endings. <includeonly> [[Category:古法語模塊|verb]] [[Category:屈折模塊]] </includeonly> fvz9f40jgcqv55c3tvipb74etumg6bp Module:Fro-verb 828 1915159 7270929 2022-07-27T15:37:55Z GnolizX 63671 [[User:EdwardAlexanderCrowley/js/import.js|搬运]]自[[:en:Module:fro-verb]] Scribunto text/plain --[[ Author: User:benwing Todo: 1. Possibly, make it possible to specify multiple stems to stem parameters separated by commas. This is easiest for fut= but gets trickier for all the rest because there are multiple parameters per stem. 2. Should write a routine that extracts the present stems (pres, press, ier, plus equivalent for 2 .. 9, and handles the special-casing for 'pres/steme' and 'ier', and checks to make sure a multipart spec wasn't given, and uses the corresponding prese if so), and uses them in handle_imperfect() and handle_pres_part(). Also need to handle 'prese' in the subjunctive and imperative code, which should probably be rewritten along the lines of handle_imperfect(). 3. Create separate categories for verbs ending in various consonants, e.g. g, c, ch, ill, gn, etc. 4. Figure out how to create a category for verbs that are missing their conjugation (but are still identified as verbs because of {{head|fro|verb}}, which puts them into Category:Old French verbs). Possibly this isn't possible except using a bot. 5. Intro to Old French by Kibler claims that -lm requires a supporting vowel. Possibly -ln as well. What about -lf? Evidently -ld does not require a supporting vowel, due to 'chaud' < 'calidus'. Should we try to handle -lm specially? We might want to also handle -aum, -eum (but not -oum as in 'noumer', where 'ou' represents earlier 'o' rather than an 'l'). These verbs are rare enough, though, and hard enough to handle correctly that perhaps we should just require explicitly specifying supe= (or equivalently, using {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} etc.). --]] local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fro") local export = {} -- Functions that do the actual inflecting by creating the forms of a basic term. local inflections = {} local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rsub = mw.ustring.gsub local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local usub = mw.ustring.sub local function ine(x) -- If Not Empty if x == nil then return nil elseif rfind(x, '^".*"$') then local ret = rmatch(x, '^"(.*)"$') return ret elseif rfind(x, "^'.*'$") then local ret = rmatch(x, "^'(.*)'$") return ret elseif x == "" then return nil else return x end end local function contains(tab, item) for _, value in pairs(tab) do if value == item then return true end end return false end local function insert_if_not(tab, item) if not contains(tab, item) then table.insert(tab, item) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for working with stems -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generate the corresponding -- stem for a/o. function steme_to_stema(steme) if rfind(steme, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stema = rsub(steme, "c$", "ç") return stema elseif rfind(steme, "g$") then local stema = rsub(steme, "g$", "j") return stema else return steme end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generate the corresponding -- stem for e/i. function stema_to_steme(stema) if rfind(stema, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local steme = rsub(stema, "c$", "qu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "g$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "g$", "gu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "ç$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "ç$", "c") return steme else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function stema_to_stemu(stema) if rfind(stema, "qu$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stemu = rsub(stema, "qu$", "c") return stemu elseif rfind(stema, "gu$") then local stemu = rsub(stema, "gu$", "g") return stemu else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function steme_to_stemu(steme) return stema_to_stemu(steme_to_stema(steme)) end -- Get the stem from the infinitive. Return stem and whether stem is -- soft-vowel (true except for -re and -oir verbs). -- -- Currently we rely on the IER argument being set in order to remove -- -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to always check for -ier -- and assume that cases like 'signifier' which is an '-er' verb with a -- stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly specifying the stem. (We -- assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' verb whose stem ends -- in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) local nsub = 0 -- if 'ier' arg given and stem ends in -ier, strip it off. if ier then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ier$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ier", true end end -- Check for -er, -oir, -eir, -ir, -ïr, -re in sequence. -- Must check for -oir, -eir before -ir. stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "er$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "er", true end if not ir then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "oir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "oir", false end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "eir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "eir", true end end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ïr$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "re$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "re", false end error("Unrecognized infinitive '" .. inf .. "'") end -- Get the present stem, either explicitly passed in as the first arg or -- implicitly through the page name, assumed to be the same as the -- infinitive. Currently we rely on the 'ier' argument being set in -- order to remove -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to -- always check for -ier an assume that cases like 'signifier' which -- is an '-er' verb with a stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly -- specifying the stem. (We assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' -- verb whose stem ends in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_frame(frame) local stem = ine(frame.args[1]) -- if stem passed in and non-blank, use it. if stem then return stem end local inf = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local ier = ine(frame.args["ier"]) local ir = ine(frame.args["ir"]) local stem, ending, is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) return stem end -- External entry point for get_stem_from_frame(). Optional stem is first -- argument, optional 'ier' argument is used for -ier verbs (see -- get_stem_from_frame()). function export.get_stem(frame) return get_stem_from_frame(frame) end -- Joins a stem to an ending, automatically handling the stem changes needed -- before different vowels (steme/stema/stemu), and automatically adding umlauts -- to the stem and/or ending when necessary. The stem form passed in is steme -- (the form before e/i). function join(stem, ending) local firstend = usub(ending, 1, 1) -- change the stem as appropriate if firstend == "a" or firstend == "o" then stem = steme_to_stema(stem) elseif firstend == "u" then stem = steme_to_stemu(stem) end -- add an umlaut to i or u at beginning of ending if there's a vowel -- at the end of the stem, unless it's the same vowel, or a diphthong -- ending in i/u, or gu/qu. if firstend == "i" and (rfind(stem, "[aeoü]$") or rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^i", "ï") elseif firstend == "u" and (rfind(stem, "[aeïo]$") or rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^u", "ü") -- add an umlaut to i or u at end of stem if ending begins with e/é and -- stem doesn't end in diphthong, or gu/qu. elseif firstend == "e" or firstend == "é" then if rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$") then stem = rsub(stem, "i$", "ï") elseif rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$") then stem = rsub(stem, "u$", "ü") end end return stem .. ending end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for generating arrays of endings -- Generate an ending array (five-element, see below), where a supporting ''e'' -- is needed. local function supporting_e(extra) local text = "In the present tense an extra supporting ''e'' is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending ''-t'' is lost. " text = text .. extra return {"", "e", "es", "e", text} end -- Generate a general ending array (five-element, see below). local function mod3(ending, zero, s, t) local text = nil if ending == zero then text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, s, t) else text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%s'', *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, ending, zero, s, t) end return {ending, zero, s, t, text} end -- Return the stem and an array of five elements. In the array, the first -- is the ending to be substitute, the second is the add_zero ending to -- substitute, the third is the add_s ending to substitute, the fourth is -- the add_t ending to substitute and the fifth is the text going into the -- comment at the top of the conj table. IER should be specified for -ier -- verbs, which only occur with palatal(ized) final consonants, and causes -- a different interpretation of certain consonants, esp. final l. -- If SUPE is specified, force a supporting -e to be added (normally this -- is inferred automatically from the stem). If OLD is specified, don't -- convert l before consonant to u. local function get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) local ret = {"", "", "s", "t", ""} local ending = nil -- canonicalize ngn to gn when after vowel or r, l if rfind(stem, "[aeiouyäëïöüÿrl]ngn$") then ending = "ngn" stem = rsub(stem, "ngn$", "gn") end -- canonicalize double letter to single after vowel, except for l -- we need to treat Cill and Cil differently if rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿ]([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(..)$") stem = rsub(stem, "([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$", "%1") end if supe then ret = supporting_e("") elseif rfind(stem, "mb$") then ret = mod3("mb", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "mp$") then ret = mod3("mp", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])[bpdtḍṭfvczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = ending or lastchar if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then ret = mod3(ending, "p", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then ret = mod3(ending, "t", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "ḍ" or lastchar == "ṭ" then ret = mod3(ending, "ṭ", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "f" or lastchar == "v" then ret = mod3(ending, "f", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "c" then ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " -- at least in bauptizer, 'z' appears to represent /z/, like 's' -- in the same position elseif lastchar == "z" then ret = mod3(ending, "s", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "k", "s", "t") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])c?qu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(c?qu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])g?gu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(g?gu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])ct$") then -- convicter, paincter. Best guess here ret = mod3("ct", "ct", "cz", "ct") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[bpdtczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = "s" .. (ending or lastchar) if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then -- Best guess here, esp. for 'sb' ret = mod3(ending, "sp", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then -- croster, etc. -- brosder. Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "st", "z", "st") elseif lastchar == "c" or lastchar == "z" then -- drescier, laiszier(?). Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") if lastchar == "c" then ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " end elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "sk", "s", "st") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[qg]u$") then -- Best guess here ending = rmatch(stem, "(s[qg]u)$") ret = mod3(ending, "sc", "s", "st") elseif old and (rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéouäëöü]ll?$") and ier)) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?)ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "lz", prev .. "lt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäëö])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéoäëö]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. i .. "l", prev .. "uz", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "[uü][iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[uü]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([uü][iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local u = rmatch(stem, "([uü])[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, u .. i .. "l", u .. "z", u .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]ll$") or (rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]l$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ]ll?)$") local i = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "lz", i .. "lt") or mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "z", i .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([^iu])[eé]ll?$") or rfind(stem, "ëll?$") then -- first rfind() above should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([eéë]ll?)$") local e = rmatch(stem, "([eéë])ll?$") -- FIXME: Should this be eals, ealt when old? ret = old and mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "ls", e .. "lt") or mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "aus", e .. "aut") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäö])ll?$") then -- not ë, handled above -- first rmatch below should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé]ll?)$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö]ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé])ll?$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "us", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "([iuyïüÿ])ll?$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "s", prev .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iyïÿl]gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iyïÿl])gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ng", prev .. "nz", prev .. "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "rgn$") then ret = mod3("r" .. (ending or "gn"), "rng", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ing", prev .. "inz", prev .. "int") elseif rfind(stem, "rm$") then ret = mod3("rm", "rm", "rs", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "rn$") then ret = mod3("rn", "rn", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿl]m$") then ret = mod3(ending or "m", "m", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = mod3(ending or "s", "s", "s", "st") elseif rfind(stem, "g$") then ret = supporting_e("In addition, ''g'' becomes ''j'' before an ''a'' or an ''o'' to keep the /dʒ/ sound intact. ") elseif rfind(stem, "j$") or rfind(stem, "x$") or rfind(stem, "[^aeéiouyäëïöüÿ][bcdfghjklmnpqrtvwxz]$") then ret = supporting_e("") elseif ending then -- doubled rr, nn, hh local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ret = mod3(ending, lastchar, lastchar .. "s", lastchar .. "t") end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling particular sorts of endings -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a zero ending -- (1st sing pres indic, also, 1st sing pres subj of -er verbs). -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER and SUPE. function add_zero(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[2]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -s ending -- (2nd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 2nd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). Same code could be used to add -s to nouns except that -- handling of -c stems needs to be different (need to treat as hard /k/ -- not /ts/). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_s(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[3]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -t ending -- (3rd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 3rd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_t(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[4]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Add -r, for the group-iii future function add_r(stem, old) local ret = stem .. "r" if rfind(stem, "ss$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ss$", "str") elseif rfind(stem, "is$") then ret = rsub(stem, "is$", "ir") elseif rfind(stem, "ïs$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ïs$", "ïr") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = stem .. "dr" elseif rfind(stem, "g?n$") then ret = rsub(stem, "g?n$", "ndr") elseif rfind(stem, "m$") then ret = stem .. "br" elseif rfind(stem, "i?ll?$") then ret = old and rsub(stem, "ll?$", "ldr") or rsub(stem, "i?ll?$", "udr") elseif rfind(stem, "qu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "qu$", "cr") elseif rfind(stem, "gu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "gu$", "gr") elseif rfind(stem, "[^aeiouäëïöü]r$") then ret = stem .. "er" end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling comments at the top of conjugation tables -- Return true if this is an irregular verb, due to stems or particular -- forms being explicitly specified function irreg_verb(args, skip) if skip == nil then skip = {} elseif type(skip) == "string" then skip = {skip} end for k,v in pairs(args) do if k == "pres" and rfind(v, "/") or k ~= "pres" and k ~= "prese" and k ~= "presa" and k ~= "ier" and k ~= "supe" and k ~= "aux" and k ~= "refl" and k ~= "repl" and k ~= "prefix" and k ~= "suffix" and k ~= "old" and k ~= "ei" and k ~= "ir" and k ~= "impers" and k ~= "inf" and k ~= "comment" and not contains(skip, k) and v ~= '' then return true end end return false end -- Return comment describing phonetic changes to the verb in the present -- tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEM is the stressed -- stem. See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function phonetic_verb_comment(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) return e[5] end -- Return comment describing phonetic and stem changes to the verb in the -- present tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEME is -- the unstressed stem before e/i, STEMS the stressed stem. -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function verb_comment(args, group, steme, stems, ier, supe, old) if args["comment"] then return args["comment"] .. " " end local com = group == "i" and phonetic_verb_comment(stems, ier, supe, old) or "" local irreg = irreg_verb(args, 'press') if steme ~= stems then if args["repl"] then -- If there's a search/replace, it might change the stressed or -- unstressed stems. FIXME: apply search/replace to the stems -- themselves. com = com .. "This verb has a distinct stressed present stem" else com = com .. "This verb has a stressed present stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. stems .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "'' distinct from the unstressed stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. steme .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "''" end com = com .. (irreg and ", as well as other irregularities. " or ". ") elseif irreg then com = com .. "This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. " end return com end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main inflection-handling functions -- Main entry point function export.show(frame) local origargs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} -- Convert empty arguments to nil, and "" or '' arguments to empty for k, v in pairs(origargs) do args[k] = ine(v) end -- Create the forms local data = {forms = {}, categories = {}, group = {}, comment = "", refl = args["refl"], impers = args["impers"], ier = args["ier"] or ine(frame.args["ier"]), supe = args["supe"] or ine(frame.args["supe"]) } data.forms.infinitive = {args["inf"] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text} data.inf_from_title = not args["inf"] data.inf_no_affix = data.forms.infinitive[1] if args["prefix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, "^" .. args["prefix"], "") end if args["suffix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, args["suffix"] .. "$", "") end -- Set the soft vowel ('pres') and hard vowel ('presa') present stems. -- They can be explicitly set using 'pres' and 'presa' params. -- If one is set, the other is inferred from it. If neither is set, -- both are inferred from the infinitive. data.prese = args["pres"] and not rfind(args["pres"], "/") and args["pres"] or args["prese"] local inf_stem, inf_ending, inf_is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(data.inf_no_affix, data.ier, args["ir"]) if not data.prese then if inf_is_soft then data.prese = inf_stem else data.prese = stema_to_steme(inf_stem) end end data.old = args["old"] data.ei = args["ei"] or data.old or inf_ending == "eir" data.forms.aux = {data.refl and "estre" or args["aux"] or data.ei and "aveir" or "avoir"} -- Find what type of verb is it (hard-coded in the template). -- Generate standard conjugated forms for each type of verb. local infl_type = ine(frame.args["type"]) if not infl_type then error("Verb type ('type' arg) not specified.") elseif inflections[infl_type] then inflections[infl_type](args, data) else error("Verb type '" .. infl_type .. "' not supported.") end for _, group in ipairs(data.group) do table.insert(data.categories, "Old French " .. group .. " group verbs") end table.insert(data.categories, "Old French verbs ending in -" .. inf_ending) if data.impers then table.insert(data.categories, "Old French impersonal verbs") end -- Get overridden forms process_overrides(args, data) -- Add a prefix if specified if args["prefix"] then add_affix(data, args["prefix"], true) end -- Add a suffix if specified if args["suffix"] then add_affix(data, args["suffix"], false) end -- Apply any replacements local repl = args["repl"] if repl then replace_all(data, repl) end -- Add links add_links(data) -- Add reflexive pronouns if data.refl then add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) end return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang) end -- Version of main entry point meant for calling from the debug console. function export.show2(args, parargs) local frame = {args = args, getParent = function() return {args = parargs} end} return export.show(frame) end -- If ARGBASE == "foo", return an array of -- {{args["foo"]},{args["foo2"]},...,{args["foo9"]}}. -- If ARGBASE is a sequence of strings, return an array of sequences, e.g. -- if ARGBASE == {"foo", "bar"}, return an array of -- {{{args["foo"]},{args["bar"]}},{{args["foo2"]},{args["bar2"]}},...,{{args["foo9"]},{args["bar9"]}}} -- There is an extra level of {}'s because nil can't be inserted into an array function get_args(args, argbase) if type(argbase) == "string" then local theargs = {{args[argbase]}} for j = 2, 9 do table.insert(theargs, {args[argbase .. j]}) end return theargs else local theargs = {} local onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) for j = 2, 9 do onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item .. j]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) end return theargs end end -- Replaces terms with overridden ones that are given as additional named parameters. function process_overrides(args, data) -- Each term in current is overridden by one in overN, if it exists. local function override(current, over) current = current or {} local ret = {} local i = 1 local function getover(n) return args[over .. n] end -- Insert an override entry, possibly splitting on commas and -- inserting multiple forms. local function insert_override(entry) if entry ~= "-" then if rfind(entry, ",") then local forms = mw.text.split(entry, ",") for _, form in ipairs(forms) do table.insert(ret, form) end else table.insert(ret, entry) end end end -- Look for overrides at the beginning if getover(0) then insert_override(getover(0)) end -- Look for override of all current forms if getover("") then current = {} insert_override(getover("")) end -- See if any of the existing items in current have an override specified. while current[i] do if getover(i) then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with partial overrides") insert_override(getover(i)) else table.insert(ret, current[i]) end i = i + 1 end -- We've reached the end of current. -- Look in the override list to see if there are any extra forms to -- add on to the end. NOTE: We've deprecated this and made it an error. -- Use ...n to insert forms at the end. while i <= 9 do if getover(i) then error("Attempt to partially override a non-existent form: arg " .. over .. i .. "=" .. getover(i) .. ": use " .. over .. "n=" .. getover(i) .. " instead.") -- insert_override(getover(i)) end i = i + 1 end -- Look for overrides at the end if getover("n") then insert_override(getover("n")) end return ret end -- Mark terms with any additional parameters as irregular, except for -- certain ones that we consider normal variants. if irreg_verb(args) then table.insert(data.categories, "Old French irregular verbs") end --[[ This function replaces former code like this: data.forms.pret_indc_1sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg, "pret1s") data.forms.pret_indc_2sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg, "pret2s") data.forms.pret_indc_3sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg, "pret3s") data.forms.pret_indc_1pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl, "pret1p") data.forms.pret_indc_2pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl, "pret2p") data.forms.pret_indc_3pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl, "pret3p") --]] local function handle_tense_override(tense, short) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} local pnums_short = {"1s", "2s", "3s", "1p", "2p", "3p"} for pn = 1, #pnums do local pnum = pnums[pn] local pnum_short = pnums_short[pn] local tensepnum = tense .. "_" .. pnum data.forms[tensepnum] = override(data.forms[tensepnum], short .. pnum_short) end end -- Non-finite forms -- data.forms.infinitive = override(data.forms.infinitive, "inf") data.forms.pres_ptc = override(data.forms.pres_ptc, "presp") data.forms.past_ptc = override(data.forms.past_ptc, "pastp") handle_tense_override("pres_indc", "pres") -- Present handle_tense_override("impf_indc", "imperf") -- Imperfect handle_tense_override("pret_indc", "pret") -- Preterite handle_tense_override("futr_indc", "fut") -- Future handle_tense_override("cond", "cond") -- Conditional handle_tense_override("pres_subj", "sub") -- Present subjunctive handle_tense_override("impf_subj", "impsub") -- Imperfect subjunctive -- Imperative data.forms.impr_2sg = override(data.forms.impr_2sg, "imp2s") data.forms.impr_1pl = override(data.forms.impr_1pl, "imp1p") data.forms.impr_2pl = override(data.forms.impr_2pl, "imp2p") end -- Adds reflexive pronouns to the appropriate forms function add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) -- Gather pronoun parameters local cprons = {} local vprons = {} cprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "me " cprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "te " cprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "se " cprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " cprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " cprons["3pl"] = cprons["3sg"] vprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "m'" vprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "t'" vprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "s'" vprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " vprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " vprons["3pl"] = vprons["3sg"] function add_refl(person, form) -- FIXME! YUCK! This hard-codes knowledge of how the links are formatted. -- Perhaps we should go back to the old way of having the reflexive code -- also insert links. if rfind(form, "^<span.*>[^a-zA-Z]*[aeiouAEIOU]") then return vprons[person] .. form else return cprons[person] .. form end end -- Go over all the forms in the list for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Extract the person/number from the last 3 characters of the key local person = key:sub(-3) -- Skip these three, as they already had pronouns added earlier if cprons[person] and key ~= "impr_2sg" and key ~= "impr_1pl" and key ~= "impr_2pl" then -- Go through each of the alternative subforms and add the pronoun for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = add_refl(person, subform) end end end -- Handle infinitive for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.infinitive) do data.forms.infinitive[key] = add_refl("3sg", subform) end -- Handle imperatives for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2sg) do data.forms.impr_2sg[key] = subform .. (data.ei and "-tei" or "-toi") end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_1pl) do data.forms.impr_1pl[key] = subform .. "-nos" end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2pl) do data.forms.impr_2pl[key] = subform .. "-vos" end end -- Add links to all forms function add_links(data) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = make_link(subform) end end end -- Add a prefix or suffix to all forms. AFFIX is what to add; IS_PREFIX is -- true if it's a prefix, otherwise a suffix. function add_affix(data, affix, is_prefix) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't add affix to aux, nor infinitive -- that comes from the page title. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = (is_prefix and affix .. subform or subform .. affix) end end end end -- Apply all replacements function replace_all(data, repl) for splitrepl in mw.text.gsplit(repl, ",") do local fromto = mw.text.split(splitrepl, "/") if #fromto ~= 2 then error("Replace spec '" .. splitrepl .. "' needs exactly one / in it") end local from = fromto[1] local to = fromto[2] for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't search/replace on aux, nor on infinitive -- that comes from the page title. Don't want e.g. infinitive -- 'offrir' to become 'offffrir'. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = rsub(data.forms[key][key2], from, to) end end end end end -- Inflection functions -- Implementation of inflect_tense(). See that function. Also used directly -- to add the imperative, which has only three forms. function inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) -- First, initialize any nil entries to sequences. for i, pnum in ipairs(pnums) do if data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] == nil then data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] = {} end end -- Now add entries for i = 1, #pnums do -- Extract endings for this person-number combo local ends = endings[i] if type(ends) == "string" then ends = {ends} end -- Extract stem for this person-number combo local stem = stems if type(stem) == "table" then stem = stem[i] end -- Add entries for stem + endings for j, ending in ipairs(ends) do local form = join(stem, ending) if ine(form) and form ~= "-" and (not data.impers or pnums[i] == "3sg") then table.insert(data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnums[i]], form) end end end end -- Add to DATA the inflections for the tense indicated by TENSE (the prefix -- in the data.forms names, e.g. 'impf_subj'), formed by combining the STEMS -- (either a single string or a sequence of six strings) with the -- ENDINGS (a sequence of six values, each of which is either a string -- or a sequence of one or more possible endings). If existing -- inflections already exist, they will be added to, not overridden. function inflect_tense(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end -- Like inflect_tense() but for the imperative, which has only three forms -- instead of six. function inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"2sg", "1pl", "2pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end function inflect_pres(data, tense, group, steme, stems, ier, supe) local i = ier and "i" or "" if steme ~= stems then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with stem alternations") end local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if tense == "impr" and group == "i" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {stems, steme, steme}, {"e", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, steme, {"is", "issons", "issez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme}, {"", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"", "es", "e".. oldt, "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"is", "is", "ist", "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"isse", "isses", "isse" .. oldt, "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {stems, stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"e", "es", "e" .. oldt, ier and {"iens", "ons"} or "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) else -- pres_indc group iii or pres_subj group i inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_s(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_t(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme, stems}, {"", "", "", "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) end end -- Split a string into entries separated by slashes, each representing one -- of the possible person/number combinations. Each entry in turn may consist -- of one or more forms, separated by commas. NUMREQ is how many entries need -- to be present, defaulting to 6. function split_multipart(str, numreq) local entries = mw.text.split(str, "/") numreq = numreq or 6 if #entries ~= numreq then error("Expected " .. numreq .. " entries in multipart string '" .. str .. "'") end for i, entry in ipairs(entries) do if rfind(entry, ",") then entries[i] = mw.text.split(entry, ",") else entries[i] = {entry} end end return entries end function handle_pres(args, data, group, steme, stems) local ier = data.ier local supe = data.supe if args["pres"] and rfind(args["pres"], "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(args["pres"])) else inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- If sub not set, derive from indicative. -- If subs not set, derive from sub if set, else from indicative. local sub_steme = args["sub"] local sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" local sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end local sub_stems = args["subs"] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier"] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe"] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat exactly for the imperative. local imp_steme = args["imp"] local imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" local imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end local imp_stems = args["imps"] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier"] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe"] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end -- If indic stem specified, we add indic values, and also corresponding -- subj values if separate subj stem not specified. for i = 2, 9 do steme = args["pres" .. i] local multi_indic = steme and rfind(steme, "/") local indic_specified = not multi_indic and steme if multi_indic then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(steme)) elseif indic_specified then stems = args["press" .. i] or steme ier = args["ier" .. i] supe = args["supe" .. i] inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- Handle subjunctive as above. sub_steme = args["sub" .. i] sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash and (indic_specified or sub_specified) then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end sub_stems = args["subs" .. i] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier" .. i] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe" .. i] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat for the imperative. imp_steme = args["imp" .. i] imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash and (indic_specified or imp_specified) then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end imp_stems = args["imps" .. i] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier" .. i] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe" .. i] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect -- subjunctive, with unstressed e/i stem STEME, stressed e/i stem STEMS, -- conjugation type PTY and corresponding value of IMPSUB. function inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, stem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) local steme = pretu or pret or stem local stems = prets or pretu or pret or stem if pret and rfind(pret, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", "", split_multipart(pret)) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) elseif pty then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with " .. pty .. " preterite") -- WARNING: If the second person singular of any of these is not a -- simple string, you will need to modify the handling below of -- the imperfect subjunctive, which relies on this form. local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" local all_endings = pty == "weak-a" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","erent"} or pty == "weak-a2" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","ierent"} or pty == "weak-i" and {"i","is","i" .. oldt,"imes","istes","irent"} or -- FIXME: "Grammatik des Altfranzösischen I-III" (Dr. E. Schwan and -- Dr. D. Behrens), p. 229, claims that the old form of the weak-i2 -- ending is "ieḍrent", e.g. "rendieḍrent" < "rendęderunt", whereas the -- early 12th-century forms of E. Einhorn "Old French: A Concise Handbook" -- p.43 have only "ierent". I trust the latter because Schwan and Behrens -- also have the 3rd-singular as "rendiet" with a hard -t < "rendędit", -- but in reality it should be "rendieṭ" (i.e. "rendiéṭ") with a soft -ṭ, -- as per Einhorn and also William Kibler "An Introduction to Old French". -- Schwan and Behrens' forms would be correct if the underlying Vulgar -- Latin forms are correct, but I think haplology has deleted the second -- -d- so you should really have 3rd-singular "rendęt" > "rendiéṭ" and -- 3rd-plural "rendęrunt" > "rendierent". pty == "weak-i2" and {"i","is","ié" .. oldt,"imes","istes","ierent"} or pty == "strong-i" and {"","is","t","imes","istes","rent"} or pty == "strong-id" and {"","is","t","imes","istes",{"drent","rent"}} or pty == "weak-u" and {"ui","us","u" .. oldt,"umes","ustes","urent"} or pty == "strong-u" and {"ui","eüs","ut","eümes","eüstes","urent"} or pty == "strong-o" and {"oi","eüs","ot","eümes","eüstes","orent"} or pty == "strong-st" and {"s","sis","st","simes","sistes","strent"} or pty == "strong-sd" and {"s","ṣis","st","ṣimes","ṣistes","sdrent"} or error("Unrecognized prettype value '" .. pty .. "'") -- Always use one of the weak stems unless we have strong-stem endings local all_stems = rfind(pty, "^strong-") and {stems, steme, stems, steme, steme, stems} or {steme, steme, steme, steme, steme, steme} inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", all_stems, all_endings) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, join(all_stems[2], all_endings[2]), pty) elseif impsub then inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) end end function inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, pret2s, pty) -- Handle imperfect subj, which follows the same types as the preterite -- and is built off of the 2nd person singular form, although we need to -- special-case weak-a and weak-a2 local impsub_endings = {"se","ses","t",{"sons","siens"}, {data.ei and "seiz" or "soiz","sez","siez"},"sent"} if impsub and rfind(impsub, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", "", split_multipart(impsub)) elseif impsub == "-" then return elseif impsub then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", impsub, impsub_endings) -- need the % here to escape the dash, which otherwise stands for a -- character range??????? elseif pty and rfind(pty, "^weak%-a") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", steme, {"asse","asses","ast", {"issons","issiens"}, {data.ei and "isseiz" or "issoiz","issez","issiez"},"assent"}) elseif pty then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", pret2s, impsub_endings) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect subjunctive, -- based on the strong and weak stems and preterite ending type(s) given in -- ARGS. For each weak preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be a -- corresponding stem in 'pretN' (defaulting to STEM) and for each strong -- preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be corresponding unstressed -- and stressed stems in 'pretuN' and 'pretsN' (defaulting to 'pretN' or STEM). -- If specifically 'pret' and 'prettype' are unspecified, substitute defaults, -- specifically the fallback preterite type FBPTY and stressed/unstressed -- fallback stem FBSTEM. function handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, stem, fbstem, fbpty) local all_props = get_args(args, {"prettype", "pret", "pretu", "prets", "impsub"}) for i, props in ipairs(all_props) do local thestem = stem local pty = props[1][1] local pret = props[2][1] local pretu = props[3][1] local prets = props[4][1] local impsub = props[5][1] if i == 1 and not pty and not pret then thestem = fbstem pty = fbpty pret = fbstem pretu = fbstem prets = fbstem end inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, thestem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one paradigm of the future and conditional, -- based on the future stem in STEM (possibly nil). function inflect_future_cond(data, stem) if stem then if rfind(stem, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", "", split_multipart(stem)) else if data.old then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","aṭ","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", "iiens","iiez","eient"}) elseif data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},"eient"}) else inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"oiz","eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {{"oie","eie"},{"oies","eies"},{"oit","eit"}, {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},{"oient","eient"}}) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the future and conditional based on the -- future stem(s) in ARGS. Use If no future stems given, use STEM. function handle_future_cond(args, data, stem) local fut_args = get_args(args, "fut") -- Just override the value from args["fut"] if necessary if not args["fut"] then fut_args[1][1] = stem end for _, futarg in ipairs(fut_args) do local stem = futarg[1] inflect_future_cond(data, stem) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one imperfect paradigm, corresponding to -- the imperfect stem in IMPERF (possibly nil), the corresponding ier= value -- in IMPERFIER, the corresponding present stem in PRES (possibly nil), and -- its corresponding ier= value in PRESIER. Only do something if either IMPERF -- or PRES is non-nil. function inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) if imperf and rfind(imperf, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", "", split_multipart(imperf)) else if not imperf and pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then imperf = pres imperfier = presier end if imperf and imperf ~= "-" then local steme = imperf local stema = steme_to_stema(steme) local i = imperfier and "i" or "" if group == "i" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oue", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oues", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "out", i .. "eveṭ"}, {"iiens"}, {"iiez"}, {"eient", "ouent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"oies", "eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"oit", "eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "ii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) elseif group == "iii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the imperfect based on the -- imperfect stem(s) in ARGS. If no imperfect stems given, use -- corresponding present stems if they exist, but use STEME and IER -- for the first present stem and ier= value, since they're computed -- specially. function handle_imperfect(args, data, group, steme, ier) local imperf_args = get_args(args, {"imperf","imperfier","pres","ier"}) -- Just override the values from args["pres"] and args["ier"] imperf_args[1][3][1] = steme imperf_args[1][4][1] = ier for _, stem in ipairs(imperf_args) do local imperf = stem[1][1] local imperfier = stem[2][1] local pres = stem[3][1] local presier = stem[4][1] inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) end end -- Add to DATA up to one form of the present participle based on the -- present stem in PRES. Only do anything if PRES is non-nil and not a -- multipart specification. function inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) if pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then if group == "ii" then table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "issant")) else table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "ant")) end end end -- Add to DATA the forms of the present participle based on the -- present stem(s) in ARGS. Use STEME for the first present stem, -- since it's computed specially. function handle_pres_part(args, data, group, steme) if data.forms.pres_ptc == nil then data.forms.pres_ptc = {} end local ppart_args = get_args(args, {"pres"}) -- Just override the value from args["pres"] ppart_args[1][1][1] = steme for _, stem in ipairs(ppart_args) do local pres = stem[1][1] inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for an -er or -ier verb, based on the arguments -- in ARGS. inflections["i"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" if data.ier then data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in ''-ier'', with a palatal stem. These verbs are conjugated mostly like verbs in ''-er'', but there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " else data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in ''-er''. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "i", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"first"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "i", prese) data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, i .. "é" .. (data.old and "ṭ" or ""))} handle_pres(args, data, "i", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "i", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, data.ier and "weak-a2" or "weak-a") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "er")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 2 verb (-ir, with -iss- infix), -- based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', with an ''-iss-'' infix). " data.group = {"second"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3 verb (-ir without -iss- infix, or -- -re or -oir), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"third"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if rfind(infinitive, "[^eo]ir$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} elseif rfind(infinitive, "ïr$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "ï" .. oldt)} else data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "u" .. oldt)} end handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) if rfind(infinitive, "[dt]re$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i2") elseif rfind(infinitive, "re$") then local pretstem = add_s(prese, false, false, data.old) pretstem = rsub(pretstem, "s$", "") handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, pretstem, "strong-st") elseif rfind(infinitive, "[eo]ir$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-u") else handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") end if rfind(infinitive, "[^eolrs]ir$") then handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) else -- -re, -oir, -eir, -ïr, -lir, -sir, -rir handle_future_cond(args, data, add_r(prese, data.old)) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3/2 verb (-ir without or with -- -iss- infix), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii-ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group or second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', without or with an ''-iss-'' infix). " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"third", "second", "third-second"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Shows the table with the given forms function make_table(data) return data.comment .. [=[Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide. <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both"> <div class="NavHead" align=left>&nbsp; &nbsp; Conjugation of ]=] .. m_links.full_link({lang = lang, alt = data.forms.infinitive[1]}, "term") .. [=[ <span style="font-size:90%;"> (see also [[Appendix:Old French verbs]])</span></div> <div class="NavContent" align=center> {| style="width: 100%; background:#F0F0F0;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:2px" class="inflection-table" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | simple ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | compound |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | infinitive | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.infinitive) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. " " .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | gerund | colspan="3" | en ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | Use the gerund of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | present participle | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | past participle | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0" | person ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | singular ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | plural |- ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | first ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | second ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | third ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | first ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | second ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | third |- ! style="background:#c0cfe4" colspan="2" | indicative ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | jo ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | tu ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | nos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | vos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | simple<br>tenses ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | present | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | imperfect | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | preterite | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | future | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | conditional | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | compound<br>tenses ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | present perfect ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the present tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | pluperfect ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the imperfect tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | past anterior ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the preterite tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | future perfect ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the future tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | conditional perfect ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the conditional tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="background:#c0e4c0" colspan="2" | subjunctive ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que jo ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que tu ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que nos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que vos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | simple<br>tenses ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | present | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" rowspan="1" | imperfect | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | compound<br>tenses ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | past ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the present subjunctive of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! rowspan="1" style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | pluperfect ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the imperfect subjunctive of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:3em;background:#e4d4c0" | imperative ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | tu ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | nos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | vos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – |- | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2sg) .. [=[ | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2pl) .. [=[ | — |- |}</div></div>]=] end -- Create a link for a form function make_link(subform) return m_links.full_link({lang = lang, term = subform}) end -- Shows forms, or a dash if empty function show_form(subforms) if not subforms then return "&mdash;" elseif type(subforms) ~= "table" then error("a non-table value was given in the list of inflected forms.") elseif #subforms == 0 then return "&mdash;" end -- Concatenate results, omitting duplicates local ret = {} for key, subform in ipairs(subforms) do insert_if_not(ret, subform) end return table.concat(ret, ", ") end return export -- For Vim, so we get 4-space tabs -- vim: set ts=4 sw=4 noet: mhtk5qqgvrtqq4il322bhvzny8kc6sg 7270954 7270929 2022-07-27T15:52:51Z GnolizX 63671 Scribunto text/plain --[[ Author: User:benwing Todo: 1. Possibly, make it possible to specify multiple stems to stem parameters separated by commas. This is easiest for fut= but gets trickier for all the rest because there are multiple parameters per stem. 2. Should write a routine that extracts the present stems (pres, press, ier, plus equivalent for 2 .. 9, and handles the special-casing for 'pres/steme' and 'ier', and checks to make sure a multipart spec wasn't given, and uses the corresponding prese if so), and uses them in handle_imperfect() and handle_pres_part(). Also need to handle 'prese' in the subjunctive and imperative code, which should probably be rewritten along the lines of handle_imperfect(). 3. Create separate categories for verbs ending in various consonants, e.g. g, c, ch, ill, gn, etc. 4. Figure out how to create a category for verbs that are missing their conjugation (but are still identified as verbs because of {{head|fro|verb}}, which puts them into Category:Old French verbs). Possibly this isn't possible except using a bot. 5. Intro to Old French by Kibler claims that -lm requires a supporting vowel. Possibly -ln as well. What about -lf? Evidently -ld does not require a supporting vowel, due to 'chaud' < 'calidus'. Should we try to handle -lm specially? We might want to also handle -aum, -eum (but not -oum as in 'noumer', where 'ou' represents earlier 'o' rather than an 'l'). These verbs are rare enough, though, and hard enough to handle correctly that perhaps we should just require explicitly specifying supe= (or equivalently, using {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} etc.). --]] local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fro") local export = {} -- Functions that do the actual inflecting by creating the forms of a basic term. local inflections = {} local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rsub = mw.ustring.gsub local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local usub = mw.ustring.sub local function ine(x) -- If Not Empty if x == nil then return nil elseif rfind(x, '^".*"$') then local ret = rmatch(x, '^"(.*)"$') return ret elseif rfind(x, "^'.*'$") then local ret = rmatch(x, "^'(.*)'$") return ret elseif x == "" then return nil else return x end end local function contains(tab, item) for _, value in pairs(tab) do if value == item then return true end end return false end local function insert_if_not(tab, item) if not contains(tab, item) then table.insert(tab, item) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for working with stems -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generate the corresponding -- stem for a/o. function steme_to_stema(steme) if rfind(steme, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stema = rsub(steme, "c$", "ç") return stema elseif rfind(steme, "g$") then local stema = rsub(steme, "g$", "j") return stema else return steme end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generate the corresponding -- stem for e/i. function stema_to_steme(stema) if rfind(stema, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local steme = rsub(stema, "c$", "qu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "g$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "g$", "gu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "ç$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "ç$", "c") return steme else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function stema_to_stemu(stema) if rfind(stema, "qu$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stemu = rsub(stema, "qu$", "c") return stemu elseif rfind(stema, "gu$") then local stemu = rsub(stema, "gu$", "g") return stemu else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function steme_to_stemu(steme) return stema_to_stemu(steme_to_stema(steme)) end -- Get the stem from the infinitive. Return stem and whether stem is -- soft-vowel (true except for -re and -oir verbs). -- -- Currently we rely on the IER argument being set in order to remove -- -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to always check for -ier -- and assume that cases like 'signifier' which is an '-er' verb with a -- stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly specifying the stem. (We -- assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' verb whose stem ends -- in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) local nsub = 0 -- if 'ier' arg given and stem ends in -ier, strip it off. if ier then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ier$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ier", true end end -- Check for -er, -oir, -eir, -ir, -ïr, -re in sequence. -- Must check for -oir, -eir before -ir. stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "er$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "er", true end if not ir then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "oir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "oir", false end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "eir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "eir", true end end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ïr$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "re$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "re", false end error("Unrecognized infinitive '" .. inf .. "'") end -- Get the present stem, either explicitly passed in as the first arg or -- implicitly through the page name, assumed to be the same as the -- infinitive. Currently we rely on the 'ier' argument being set in -- order to remove -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to -- always check for -ier an assume that cases like 'signifier' which -- is an '-er' verb with a stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly -- specifying the stem. (We assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' -- verb whose stem ends in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_frame(frame) local stem = ine(frame.args[1]) -- if stem passed in and non-blank, use it. if stem then return stem end local inf = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local ier = ine(frame.args["ier"]) local ir = ine(frame.args["ir"]) local stem, ending, is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) return stem end -- External entry point for get_stem_from_frame(). Optional stem is first -- argument, optional 'ier' argument is used for -ier verbs (see -- get_stem_from_frame()). function export.get_stem(frame) return get_stem_from_frame(frame) end -- Joins a stem to an ending, automatically handling the stem changes needed -- before different vowels (steme/stema/stemu), and automatically adding umlauts -- to the stem and/or ending when necessary. The stem form passed in is steme -- (the form before e/i). function join(stem, ending) local firstend = usub(ending, 1, 1) -- change the stem as appropriate if firstend == "a" or firstend == "o" then stem = steme_to_stema(stem) elseif firstend == "u" then stem = steme_to_stemu(stem) end -- add an umlaut to i or u at beginning of ending if there's a vowel -- at the end of the stem, unless it's the same vowel, or a diphthong -- ending in i/u, or gu/qu. if firstend == "i" and (rfind(stem, "[aeoü]$") or rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^i", "ï") elseif firstend == "u" and (rfind(stem, "[aeïo]$") or rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^u", "ü") -- add an umlaut to i or u at end of stem if ending begins with e/é and -- stem doesn't end in diphthong, or gu/qu. elseif firstend == "e" or firstend == "é" then if rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$") then stem = rsub(stem, "i$", "ï") elseif rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$") then stem = rsub(stem, "u$", "ü") end end return stem .. ending end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for generating arrays of endings -- Generate an ending array (five-element, see below), where a supporting ''e'' -- is needed. local function supporting_e(extra) local text = "In the present tense an extra supporting ''e'' is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending ''-t'' is lost. " text = text .. extra return {"", "e", "es", "e", text} end -- Generate a general ending array (five-element, see below). local function mod3(ending, zero, s, t) local text = nil if ending == zero then text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, s, t) else text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%s'', *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, ending, zero, s, t) end return {ending, zero, s, t, text} end -- Return the stem and an array of five elements. In the array, the first -- is the ending to be substitute, the second is the add_zero ending to -- substitute, the third is the add_s ending to substitute, the fourth is -- the add_t ending to substitute and the fifth is the text going into the -- comment at the top of the conj table. IER should be specified for -ier -- verbs, which only occur with palatal(ized) final consonants, and causes -- a different interpretation of certain consonants, esp. final l. -- If SUPE is specified, force a supporting -e to be added (normally this -- is inferred automatically from the stem). If OLD is specified, don't -- convert l before consonant to u. local function get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) local ret = {"", "", "s", "t", ""} local ending = nil -- canonicalize ngn to gn when after vowel or r, l if rfind(stem, "[aeiouyäëïöüÿrl]ngn$") then ending = "ngn" stem = rsub(stem, "ngn$", "gn") end -- canonicalize double letter to single after vowel, except for l -- we need to treat Cill and Cil differently if rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿ]([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(..)$") stem = rsub(stem, "([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$", "%1") end if supe then ret = supporting_e("") elseif rfind(stem, "mb$") then ret = mod3("mb", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "mp$") then ret = mod3("mp", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])[bpdtḍṭfvczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = ending or lastchar if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then ret = mod3(ending, "p", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then ret = mod3(ending, "t", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "ḍ" or lastchar == "ṭ" then ret = mod3(ending, "ṭ", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "f" or lastchar == "v" then ret = mod3(ending, "f", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "c" then ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " -- at least in bauptizer, 'z' appears to represent /z/, like 's' -- in the same position elseif lastchar == "z" then ret = mod3(ending, "s", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "k", "s", "t") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])c?qu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(c?qu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])g?gu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(g?gu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])ct$") then -- convicter, paincter. Best guess here ret = mod3("ct", "ct", "cz", "ct") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[bpdtczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = "s" .. (ending or lastchar) if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then -- Best guess here, esp. for 'sb' ret = mod3(ending, "sp", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then -- croster, etc. -- brosder. Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "st", "z", "st") elseif lastchar == "c" or lastchar == "z" then -- drescier, laiszier(?). Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") if lastchar == "c" then ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " end elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "sk", "s", "st") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[qg]u$") then -- Best guess here ending = rmatch(stem, "(s[qg]u)$") ret = mod3(ending, "sc", "s", "st") elseif old and (rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéouäëöü]ll?$") and ier)) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?)ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "lz", prev .. "lt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäëö])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéoäëö]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. i .. "l", prev .. "uz", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "[uü][iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[uü]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([uü][iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local u = rmatch(stem, "([uü])[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, u .. i .. "l", u .. "z", u .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]ll$") or (rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]l$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ]ll?)$") local i = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "lz", i .. "lt") or mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "z", i .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([^iu])[eé]ll?$") or rfind(stem, "ëll?$") then -- first rfind() above should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([eéë]ll?)$") local e = rmatch(stem, "([eéë])ll?$") -- FIXME: Should this be eals, ealt when old? ret = old and mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "ls", e .. "lt") or mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "aus", e .. "aut") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäö])ll?$") then -- not ë, handled above -- first rmatch below should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé]ll?)$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö]ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé])ll?$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "us", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "([iuyïüÿ])ll?$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "s", prev .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iyïÿl]gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iyïÿl])gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ng", prev .. "nz", prev .. "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "rgn$") then ret = mod3("r" .. (ending or "gn"), "rng", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ing", prev .. "inz", prev .. "int") elseif rfind(stem, "rm$") then ret = mod3("rm", "rm", "rs", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "rn$") then ret = mod3("rn", "rn", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿl]m$") then ret = mod3(ending or "m", "m", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = mod3(ending or "s", "s", "s", "st") elseif rfind(stem, "g$") then ret = supporting_e("In addition, ''g'' becomes ''j'' before an ''a'' or an ''o'' to keep the /dʒ/ sound intact. ") elseif rfind(stem, "j$") or rfind(stem, "x$") or rfind(stem, "[^aeéiouyäëïöüÿ][bcdfghjklmnpqrtvwxz]$") then ret = supporting_e("") elseif ending then -- doubled rr, nn, hh local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ret = mod3(ending, lastchar, lastchar .. "s", lastchar .. "t") end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling particular sorts of endings -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a zero ending -- (1st sing pres indic, also, 1st sing pres subj of -er verbs). -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER and SUPE. function add_zero(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[2]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -s ending -- (2nd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 2nd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). Same code could be used to add -s to nouns except that -- handling of -c stems needs to be different (need to treat as hard /k/ -- not /ts/). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_s(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[3]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -t ending -- (3rd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 3rd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_t(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[4]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Add -r, for the group-iii future function add_r(stem, old) local ret = stem .. "r" if rfind(stem, "ss$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ss$", "str") elseif rfind(stem, "is$") then ret = rsub(stem, "is$", "ir") elseif rfind(stem, "ïs$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ïs$", "ïr") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = stem .. "dr" elseif rfind(stem, "g?n$") then ret = rsub(stem, "g?n$", "ndr") elseif rfind(stem, "m$") then ret = stem .. "br" elseif rfind(stem, "i?ll?$") then ret = old and rsub(stem, "ll?$", "ldr") or rsub(stem, "i?ll?$", "udr") elseif rfind(stem, "qu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "qu$", "cr") elseif rfind(stem, "gu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "gu$", "gr") elseif rfind(stem, "[^aeiouäëïöü]r$") then ret = stem .. "er" end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling comments at the top of conjugation tables -- Return true if this is an irregular verb, due to stems or particular -- forms being explicitly specified function irreg_verb(args, skip) if skip == nil then skip = {} elseif type(skip) == "string" then skip = {skip} end for k,v in pairs(args) do if k == "pres" and rfind(v, "/") or k ~= "pres" and k ~= "prese" and k ~= "presa" and k ~= "ier" and k ~= "supe" and k ~= "aux" and k ~= "refl" and k ~= "repl" and k ~= "prefix" and k ~= "suffix" and k ~= "old" and k ~= "ei" and k ~= "ir" and k ~= "impers" and k ~= "inf" and k ~= "comment" and not contains(skip, k) and v ~= '' then return true end end return false end -- Return comment describing phonetic changes to the verb in the present -- tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEM is the stressed -- stem. See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function phonetic_verb_comment(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) return e[5] end -- Return comment describing phonetic and stem changes to the verb in the -- present tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEME is -- the unstressed stem before e/i, STEMS the stressed stem. -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function verb_comment(args, group, steme, stems, ier, supe, old) if args["comment"] then return args["comment"] .. " " end local com = group == "i" and phonetic_verb_comment(stems, ier, supe, old) or "" local irreg = irreg_verb(args, 'press') if steme ~= stems then if args["repl"] then -- If there's a search/replace, it might change the stressed or -- unstressed stems. FIXME: apply search/replace to the stems -- themselves. com = com .. "This verb has a distinct stressed present stem" else com = com .. "This verb has a stressed present stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. stems .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "'' distinct from the unstressed stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. steme .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "''" end com = com .. (irreg and ", as well as other irregularities. " or ". ") elseif irreg then com = com .. "This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. " end return com end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main inflection-handling functions -- Main entry point function export.show(frame) local origargs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} -- Convert empty arguments to nil, and "" or '' arguments to empty for k, v in pairs(origargs) do args[k] = ine(v) end -- Create the forms local data = {forms = {}, categories = {}, group = {}, comment = "", refl = args["refl"], impers = args["impers"], ier = args["ier"] or ine(frame.args["ier"]), supe = args["supe"] or ine(frame.args["supe"]) } data.forms.infinitive = {args["inf"] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text} data.inf_from_title = not args["inf"] data.inf_no_affix = data.forms.infinitive[1] if args["prefix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, "^" .. args["prefix"], "") end if args["suffix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, args["suffix"] .. "$", "") end -- Set the soft vowel ('pres') and hard vowel ('presa') present stems. -- They can be explicitly set using 'pres' and 'presa' params. -- If one is set, the other is inferred from it. If neither is set, -- both are inferred from the infinitive. data.prese = args["pres"] and not rfind(args["pres"], "/") and args["pres"] or args["prese"] local inf_stem, inf_ending, inf_is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(data.inf_no_affix, data.ier, args["ir"]) if not data.prese then if inf_is_soft then data.prese = inf_stem else data.prese = stema_to_steme(inf_stem) end end data.old = args["old"] data.ei = args["ei"] or data.old or inf_ending == "eir" data.forms.aux = {data.refl and "estre" or args["aux"] or data.ei and "aveir" or "avoir"} -- Find what type of verb is it (hard-coded in the template). -- Generate standard conjugated forms for each type of verb. local infl_type = ine(frame.args["type"]) if not infl_type then error("Verb type ('type' arg) not specified.") elseif inflections[infl_type] then inflections[infl_type](args, data) else error("Verb type '" .. infl_type .. "' not supported.") end for _, group in ipairs(data.group) do table.insert(data.categories, "Old French " .. group .. " group verbs") end table.insert(data.categories, "Old French verbs ending in -" .. inf_ending) if data.impers then table.insert(data.categories, "Old French impersonal verbs") end -- Get overridden forms process_overrides(args, data) -- Add a prefix if specified if args["prefix"] then add_affix(data, args["prefix"], true) end -- Add a suffix if specified if args["suffix"] then add_affix(data, args["suffix"], false) end -- Apply any replacements local repl = args["repl"] if repl then replace_all(data, repl) end -- Add links add_links(data) -- Add reflexive pronouns if data.refl then add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) end return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang) end -- Version of main entry point meant for calling from the debug console. function export.show2(args, parargs) local frame = {args = args, getParent = function() return {args = parargs} end} return export.show(frame) end -- If ARGBASE == "foo", return an array of -- {{args["foo"]},{args["foo2"]},...,{args["foo9"]}}. -- If ARGBASE is a sequence of strings, return an array of sequences, e.g. -- if ARGBASE == {"foo", "bar"}, return an array of -- {{{args["foo"]},{args["bar"]}},{{args["foo2"]},{args["bar2"]}},...,{{args["foo9"]},{args["bar9"]}}} -- There is an extra level of {}'s because nil can't be inserted into an array function get_args(args, argbase) if type(argbase) == "string" then local theargs = {{args[argbase]}} for j = 2, 9 do table.insert(theargs, {args[argbase .. j]}) end return theargs else local theargs = {} local onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) for j = 2, 9 do onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item .. j]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) end return theargs end end -- Replaces terms with overridden ones that are given as additional named parameters. function process_overrides(args, data) -- Each term in current is overridden by one in overN, if it exists. local function override(current, over) current = current or {} local ret = {} local i = 1 local function getover(n) return args[over .. n] end -- Insert an override entry, possibly splitting on commas and -- inserting multiple forms. local function insert_override(entry) if entry ~= "-" then if rfind(entry, ",") then local forms = mw.text.split(entry, ",") for _, form in ipairs(forms) do table.insert(ret, form) end else table.insert(ret, entry) end end end -- Look for overrides at the beginning if getover(0) then insert_override(getover(0)) end -- Look for override of all current forms if getover("") then current = {} insert_override(getover("")) end -- See if any of the existing items in current have an override specified. while current[i] do if getover(i) then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with partial overrides") insert_override(getover(i)) else table.insert(ret, current[i]) end i = i + 1 end -- We've reached the end of current. -- Look in the override list to see if there are any extra forms to -- add on to the end. NOTE: We've deprecated this and made it an error. -- Use ...n to insert forms at the end. while i <= 9 do if getover(i) then error("Attempt to partially override a non-existent form: arg " .. over .. i .. "=" .. getover(i) .. ": use " .. over .. "n=" .. getover(i) .. " instead.") -- insert_override(getover(i)) end i = i + 1 end -- Look for overrides at the end if getover("n") then insert_override(getover("n")) end return ret end -- Mark terms with any additional parameters as irregular, except for -- certain ones that we consider normal variants. if irreg_verb(args) then table.insert(data.categories, "Old French irregular verbs") end --[[ This function replaces former code like this: data.forms.pret_indc_1sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg, "pret1s") data.forms.pret_indc_2sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg, "pret2s") data.forms.pret_indc_3sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg, "pret3s") data.forms.pret_indc_1pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl, "pret1p") data.forms.pret_indc_2pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl, "pret2p") data.forms.pret_indc_3pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl, "pret3p") --]] local function handle_tense_override(tense, short) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} local pnums_short = {"1s", "2s", "3s", "1p", "2p", "3p"} for pn = 1, #pnums do local pnum = pnums[pn] local pnum_short = pnums_short[pn] local tensepnum = tense .. "_" .. pnum data.forms[tensepnum] = override(data.forms[tensepnum], short .. pnum_short) end end -- Non-finite forms -- data.forms.infinitive = override(data.forms.infinitive, "inf") data.forms.pres_ptc = override(data.forms.pres_ptc, "presp") data.forms.past_ptc = override(data.forms.past_ptc, "pastp") handle_tense_override("pres_indc", "pres") -- Present handle_tense_override("impf_indc", "imperf") -- Imperfect handle_tense_override("pret_indc", "pret") -- Preterite handle_tense_override("futr_indc", "fut") -- Future handle_tense_override("cond", "cond") -- Conditional handle_tense_override("pres_subj", "sub") -- Present subjunctive handle_tense_override("impf_subj", "impsub") -- Imperfect subjunctive -- Imperative data.forms.impr_2sg = override(data.forms.impr_2sg, "imp2s") data.forms.impr_1pl = override(data.forms.impr_1pl, "imp1p") data.forms.impr_2pl = override(data.forms.impr_2pl, "imp2p") end -- Adds reflexive pronouns to the appropriate forms function add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) -- Gather pronoun parameters local cprons = {} local vprons = {} cprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "me " cprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "te " cprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "se " cprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " cprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " cprons["3pl"] = cprons["3sg"] vprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "m'" vprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "t'" vprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "s'" vprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " vprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " vprons["3pl"] = vprons["3sg"] function add_refl(person, form) -- FIXME! YUCK! This hard-codes knowledge of how the links are formatted. -- Perhaps we should go back to the old way of having the reflexive code -- also insert links. if rfind(form, "^<span.*>[^a-zA-Z]*[aeiouAEIOU]") then return vprons[person] .. form else return cprons[person] .. form end end -- Go over all the forms in the list for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Extract the person/number from the last 3 characters of the key local person = key:sub(-3) -- Skip these three, as they already had pronouns added earlier if cprons[person] and key ~= "impr_2sg" and key ~= "impr_1pl" and key ~= "impr_2pl" then -- Go through each of the alternative subforms and add the pronoun for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = add_refl(person, subform) end end end -- Handle infinitive for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.infinitive) do data.forms.infinitive[key] = add_refl("3sg", subform) end -- Handle imperatives for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2sg) do data.forms.impr_2sg[key] = subform .. (data.ei and "-tei" or "-toi") end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_1pl) do data.forms.impr_1pl[key] = subform .. "-nos" end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2pl) do data.forms.impr_2pl[key] = subform .. "-vos" end end -- Add links to all forms function add_links(data) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = make_link(subform) end end end -- Add a prefix or suffix to all forms. AFFIX is what to add; IS_PREFIX is -- true if it's a prefix, otherwise a suffix. function add_affix(data, affix, is_prefix) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't add affix to aux, nor infinitive -- that comes from the page title. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = (is_prefix and affix .. subform or subform .. affix) end end end end -- Apply all replacements function replace_all(data, repl) for splitrepl in mw.text.gsplit(repl, ",") do local fromto = mw.text.split(splitrepl, "/") if #fromto ~= 2 then error("Replace spec '" .. splitrepl .. "' needs exactly one / in it") end local from = fromto[1] local to = fromto[2] for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't search/replace on aux, nor on infinitive -- that comes from the page title. Don't want e.g. infinitive -- 'offrir' to become 'offffrir'. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = rsub(data.forms[key][key2], from, to) end end end end end -- Inflection functions -- Implementation of inflect_tense(). See that function. Also used directly -- to add the imperative, which has only three forms. function inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) -- First, initialize any nil entries to sequences. for i, pnum in ipairs(pnums) do if data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] == nil then data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] = {} end end -- Now add entries for i = 1, #pnums do -- Extract endings for this person-number combo local ends = endings[i] if type(ends) == "string" then ends = {ends} end -- Extract stem for this person-number combo local stem = stems if type(stem) == "table" then stem = stem[i] end -- Add entries for stem + endings for j, ending in ipairs(ends) do local form = join(stem, ending) if ine(form) and form ~= "-" and (not data.impers or pnums[i] == "3sg") then table.insert(data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnums[i]], form) end end end end -- Add to DATA the inflections for the tense indicated by TENSE (the prefix -- in the data.forms names, e.g. 'impf_subj'), formed by combining the STEMS -- (either a single string or a sequence of six strings) with the -- ENDINGS (a sequence of six values, each of which is either a string -- or a sequence of one or more possible endings). If existing -- inflections already exist, they will be added to, not overridden. function inflect_tense(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end -- Like inflect_tense() but for the imperative, which has only three forms -- instead of six. function inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"2sg", "1pl", "2pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end function inflect_pres(data, tense, group, steme, stems, ier, supe) local i = ier and "i" or "" if steme ~= stems then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with stem alternations") end local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if tense == "impr" and group == "i" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {stems, steme, steme}, {"e", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, steme, {"is", "issons", "issez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme}, {"", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"", "es", "e".. oldt, "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"is", "is", "ist", "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"isse", "isses", "isse" .. oldt, "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {stems, stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"e", "es", "e" .. oldt, ier and {"iens", "ons"} or "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) else -- pres_indc group iii or pres_subj group i inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_s(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_t(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme, stems}, {"", "", "", "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) end end -- Split a string into entries separated by slashes, each representing one -- of the possible person/number combinations. Each entry in turn may consist -- of one or more forms, separated by commas. NUMREQ is how many entries need -- to be present, defaulting to 6. function split_multipart(str, numreq) local entries = mw.text.split(str, "/") numreq = numreq or 6 if #entries ~= numreq then error("Expected " .. numreq .. " entries in multipart string '" .. str .. "'") end for i, entry in ipairs(entries) do if rfind(entry, ",") then entries[i] = mw.text.split(entry, ",") else entries[i] = {entry} end end return entries end function handle_pres(args, data, group, steme, stems) local ier = data.ier local supe = data.supe if args["pres"] and rfind(args["pres"], "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(args["pres"])) else inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- If sub not set, derive from indicative. -- If subs not set, derive from sub if set, else from indicative. local sub_steme = args["sub"] local sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" local sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end local sub_stems = args["subs"] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier"] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe"] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat exactly for the imperative. local imp_steme = args["imp"] local imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" local imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end local imp_stems = args["imps"] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier"] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe"] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end -- If indic stem specified, we add indic values, and also corresponding -- subj values if separate subj stem not specified. for i = 2, 9 do steme = args["pres" .. i] local multi_indic = steme and rfind(steme, "/") local indic_specified = not multi_indic and steme if multi_indic then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(steme)) elseif indic_specified then stems = args["press" .. i] or steme ier = args["ier" .. i] supe = args["supe" .. i] inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- Handle subjunctive as above. sub_steme = args["sub" .. i] sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash and (indic_specified or sub_specified) then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end sub_stems = args["subs" .. i] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier" .. i] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe" .. i] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat for the imperative. imp_steme = args["imp" .. i] imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash and (indic_specified or imp_specified) then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end imp_stems = args["imps" .. i] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier" .. i] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe" .. i] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect -- subjunctive, with unstressed e/i stem STEME, stressed e/i stem STEMS, -- conjugation type PTY and corresponding value of IMPSUB. function inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, stem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) local steme = pretu or pret or stem local stems = prets or pretu or pret or stem if pret and rfind(pret, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", "", split_multipart(pret)) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) elseif pty then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with " .. pty .. " preterite") -- WARNING: If the second person singular of any of these is not a -- simple string, you will need to modify the handling below of -- the imperfect subjunctive, which relies on this form. local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" local all_endings = pty == "weak-a" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","erent"} or pty == "weak-a2" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","ierent"} or pty == "weak-i" and {"i","is","i" .. oldt,"imes","istes","irent"} or -- FIXME: "Grammatik des Altfranzösischen I-III" (Dr. E. Schwan and -- Dr. D. Behrens), p. 229, claims that the old form of the weak-i2 -- ending is "ieḍrent", e.g. "rendieḍrent" < "rendęderunt", whereas the -- early 12th-century forms of E. Einhorn "Old French: A Concise Handbook" -- p.43 have only "ierent". I trust the latter because Schwan and Behrens -- also have the 3rd-singular as "rendiet" with a hard -t < "rendędit", -- but in reality it should be "rendieṭ" (i.e. "rendiéṭ") with a soft -ṭ, -- as per Einhorn and also William Kibler "An Introduction to Old French". -- Schwan and Behrens' forms would be correct if the underlying Vulgar -- Latin forms are correct, but I think haplology has deleted the second -- -d- so you should really have 3rd-singular "rendęt" > "rendiéṭ" and -- 3rd-plural "rendęrunt" > "rendierent". pty == "weak-i2" and {"i","is","ié" .. oldt,"imes","istes","ierent"} or pty == "strong-i" and {"","is","t","imes","istes","rent"} or pty == "strong-id" and {"","is","t","imes","istes",{"drent","rent"}} or pty == "weak-u" and {"ui","us","u" .. oldt,"umes","ustes","urent"} or pty == "strong-u" and {"ui","eüs","ut","eümes","eüstes","urent"} or pty == "strong-o" and {"oi","eüs","ot","eümes","eüstes","orent"} or pty == "strong-st" and {"s","sis","st","simes","sistes","strent"} or pty == "strong-sd" and {"s","ṣis","st","ṣimes","ṣistes","sdrent"} or error("Unrecognized prettype value '" .. pty .. "'") -- Always use one of the weak stems unless we have strong-stem endings local all_stems = rfind(pty, "^strong-") and {stems, steme, stems, steme, steme, stems} or {steme, steme, steme, steme, steme, steme} inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", all_stems, all_endings) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, join(all_stems[2], all_endings[2]), pty) elseif impsub then inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) end end function inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, pret2s, pty) -- Handle imperfect subj, which follows the same types as the preterite -- and is built off of the 2nd person singular form, although we need to -- special-case weak-a and weak-a2 local impsub_endings = {"se","ses","t",{"sons","siens"}, {data.ei and "seiz" or "soiz","sez","siez"},"sent"} if impsub and rfind(impsub, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", "", split_multipart(impsub)) elseif impsub == "-" then return elseif impsub then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", impsub, impsub_endings) -- need the % here to escape the dash, which otherwise stands for a -- character range??????? elseif pty and rfind(pty, "^weak%-a") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", steme, {"asse","asses","ast", {"issons","issiens"}, {data.ei and "isseiz" or "issoiz","issez","issiez"},"assent"}) elseif pty then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", pret2s, impsub_endings) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect subjunctive, -- based on the strong and weak stems and preterite ending type(s) given in -- ARGS. For each weak preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be a -- corresponding stem in 'pretN' (defaulting to STEM) and for each strong -- preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be corresponding unstressed -- and stressed stems in 'pretuN' and 'pretsN' (defaulting to 'pretN' or STEM). -- If specifically 'pret' and 'prettype' are unspecified, substitute defaults, -- specifically the fallback preterite type FBPTY and stressed/unstressed -- fallback stem FBSTEM. function handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, stem, fbstem, fbpty) local all_props = get_args(args, {"prettype", "pret", "pretu", "prets", "impsub"}) for i, props in ipairs(all_props) do local thestem = stem local pty = props[1][1] local pret = props[2][1] local pretu = props[3][1] local prets = props[4][1] local impsub = props[5][1] if i == 1 and not pty and not pret then thestem = fbstem pty = fbpty pret = fbstem pretu = fbstem prets = fbstem end inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, thestem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one paradigm of the future and conditional, -- based on the future stem in STEM (possibly nil). function inflect_future_cond(data, stem) if stem then if rfind(stem, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", "", split_multipart(stem)) else if data.old then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","aṭ","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", "iiens","iiez","eient"}) elseif data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},"eient"}) else inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"oiz","eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {{"oie","eie"},{"oies","eies"},{"oit","eit"}, {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},{"oient","eient"}}) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the future and conditional based on the -- future stem(s) in ARGS. Use If no future stems given, use STEM. function handle_future_cond(args, data, stem) local fut_args = get_args(args, "fut") -- Just override the value from args["fut"] if necessary if not args["fut"] then fut_args[1][1] = stem end for _, futarg in ipairs(fut_args) do local stem = futarg[1] inflect_future_cond(data, stem) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one imperfect paradigm, corresponding to -- the imperfect stem in IMPERF (possibly nil), the corresponding ier= value -- in IMPERFIER, the corresponding present stem in PRES (possibly nil), and -- its corresponding ier= value in PRESIER. Only do something if either IMPERF -- or PRES is non-nil. function inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) if imperf and rfind(imperf, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", "", split_multipart(imperf)) else if not imperf and pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then imperf = pres imperfier = presier end if imperf and imperf ~= "-" then local steme = imperf local stema = steme_to_stema(steme) local i = imperfier and "i" or "" if group == "i" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oue", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oues", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "out", i .. "eveṭ"}, {"iiens"}, {"iiez"}, {"eient", "ouent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"oies", "eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"oit", "eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "ii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) elseif group == "iii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the imperfect based on the -- imperfect stem(s) in ARGS. If no imperfect stems given, use -- corresponding present stems if they exist, but use STEME and IER -- for the first present stem and ier= value, since they're computed -- specially. function handle_imperfect(args, data, group, steme, ier) local imperf_args = get_args(args, {"imperf","imperfier","pres","ier"}) -- Just override the values from args["pres"] and args["ier"] imperf_args[1][3][1] = steme imperf_args[1][4][1] = ier for _, stem in ipairs(imperf_args) do local imperf = stem[1][1] local imperfier = stem[2][1] local pres = stem[3][1] local presier = stem[4][1] inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) end end -- Add to DATA up to one form of the present participle based on the -- present stem in PRES. Only do anything if PRES is non-nil and not a -- multipart specification. function inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) if pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then if group == "ii" then table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "issant")) else table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "ant")) end end end -- Add to DATA the forms of the present participle based on the -- present stem(s) in ARGS. Use STEME for the first present stem, -- since it's computed specially. function handle_pres_part(args, data, group, steme) if data.forms.pres_ptc == nil then data.forms.pres_ptc = {} end local ppart_args = get_args(args, {"pres"}) -- Just override the value from args["pres"] ppart_args[1][1][1] = steme for _, stem in ipairs(ppart_args) do local pres = stem[1][1] inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for an -er or -ier verb, based on the arguments -- in ARGS. inflections["i"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" if data.ier then data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in ''-ier'', with a palatal stem. These verbs are conjugated mostly like verbs in ''-er'', but there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " else data.comment = "這個動詞變位為以''-er''結尾的第一組動詞。" end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "i", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"first"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "i", prese) data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, i .. "é" .. (data.old and "ṭ" or ""))} handle_pres(args, data, "i", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "i", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, data.ier and "weak-a2" or "weak-a") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "er")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 2 verb (-ir, with -iss- infix), -- based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', with an ''-iss-'' infix). " data.group = {"second"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3 verb (-ir without -iss- infix, or -- -re or -oir), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"third"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if rfind(infinitive, "[^eo]ir$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} elseif rfind(infinitive, "ïr$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "ï" .. oldt)} else data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "u" .. oldt)} end handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) if rfind(infinitive, "[dt]re$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i2") elseif rfind(infinitive, "re$") then local pretstem = add_s(prese, false, false, data.old) pretstem = rsub(pretstem, "s$", "") handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, pretstem, "strong-st") elseif rfind(infinitive, "[eo]ir$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-u") else handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") end if rfind(infinitive, "[^eolrs]ir$") then handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) else -- -re, -oir, -eir, -ïr, -lir, -sir, -rir handle_future_cond(args, data, add_r(prese, data.old)) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3/2 verb (-ir without or with -- -iss- infix), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii-ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group or second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', without or with an ''-iss-'' infix). " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"third", "second", "third-second"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Shows the table with the given forms function make_table(data) return data.comment .. [=[古法語的變位因時代和地域而異。以下變位僅供參考。 <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both"> <div class="NavHead" align=left>&nbsp; &nbsp; ]=] .. m_links.full_link({lang = lang, alt = data.forms.infinitive[1]}, "term") .. [=[ 的變位<span style="font-size:90%;">(另見[[Appendix:古法語動詞]])</span></div> <div class="NavContent" align=center> {| style="width: 100%; background:#F0F0F0;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:2px" class="inflection-table" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 簡單 ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 複合 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 不定式 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.infinitive) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. " " .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 動名詞 | colspan="3" | en ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | Use the gerund of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 現在分詞 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 過去分詞 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 人稱 ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 單數 ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 複數 |- ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第一 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第二 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第三 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第一 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第二 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第三 |- ! style="background:#c0cfe4" colspan="2" | 直陳 ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | jo ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | tu ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | nos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | vos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | 簡單<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 現在 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 未完成 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 過去 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 將來 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 條件 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | 複合<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 現在完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the present tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 愈過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the imperfect tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 先過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the preterite tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 將來完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the future tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 條件完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the conditional tense of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! style="background:#c0e4c0" colspan="2" | 虛擬 ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que jo ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que tu ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que nos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que vos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | 簡單<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 現在 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" rowspan="1" | 未完成 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | 複合<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the present subjunctive of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! rowspan="1" style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 愈過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | Use the imperfect subjunctive of ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[ followed by the past participle |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:3em;background:#e4d4c0" | 命令 ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | tu ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | nos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | vos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – |- | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2sg) .. [=[ | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2pl) .. [=[ | — |- |}</div></div>]=] end -- Create a link for a form function make_link(subform) return m_links.full_link({lang = lang, term = subform}) end -- Shows forms, or a dash if empty function show_form(subforms) if not subforms then return "&mdash;" elseif type(subforms) ~= "table" then error("a non-table value was given in the list of inflected forms.") elseif #subforms == 0 then return "&mdash;" end -- Concatenate results, omitting duplicates local ret = {} for key, subform in ipairs(subforms) do insert_if_not(ret, subform) end return table.concat(ret, ", ") end return export -- For Vim, so we get 4-space tabs -- vim: set ts=4 sw=4 noet: p6osomi6184es2t9rjn826p5chnf9lh 7270981 7270954 2022-07-27T16:10:54Z GnolizX 63671 Scribunto text/plain --[[ Author: User:benwing Todo: 1. Possibly, make it possible to specify multiple stems to stem parameters separated by commas. This is easiest for fut= but gets trickier for all the rest because there are multiple parameters per stem. 2. Should write a routine that extracts the present stems (pres, press, ier, plus equivalent for 2 .. 9, and handles the special-casing for 'pres/steme' and 'ier', and checks to make sure a multipart spec wasn't given, and uses the corresponding prese if so), and uses them in handle_imperfect() and handle_pres_part(). Also need to handle 'prese' in the subjunctive and imperative code, which should probably be rewritten along the lines of handle_imperfect(). 3. Create separate categories for verbs ending in various consonants, e.g. g, c, ch, ill, gn, etc. 4. Figure out how to create a category for verbs that are missing their conjugation (but are still identified as verbs because of {{head|fro|verb}}, which puts them into Category:Old French verbs). Possibly this isn't possible except using a bot. 5. Intro to Old French by Kibler claims that -lm requires a supporting vowel. Possibly -ln as well. What about -lf? Evidently -ld does not require a supporting vowel, due to 'chaud' < 'calidus'. Should we try to handle -lm specially? We might want to also handle -aum, -eum (but not -oum as in 'noumer', where 'ou' represents earlier 'o' rather than an 'l'). These verbs are rare enough, though, and hard enough to handle correctly that perhaps we should just require explicitly specifying supe= (or equivalently, using {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} etc.). --]] local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fro") local export = {} -- Functions that do the actual inflecting by creating the forms of a basic term. local inflections = {} local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rsub = mw.ustring.gsub local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local usub = mw.ustring.sub local function ine(x) -- If Not Empty if x == nil then return nil elseif rfind(x, '^".*"$') then local ret = rmatch(x, '^"(.*)"$') return ret elseif rfind(x, "^'.*'$") then local ret = rmatch(x, "^'(.*)'$") return ret elseif x == "" then return nil else return x end end local function contains(tab, item) for _, value in pairs(tab) do if value == item then return true end end return false end local function insert_if_not(tab, item) if not contains(tab, item) then table.insert(tab, item) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for working with stems -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generate the corresponding -- stem for a/o. function steme_to_stema(steme) if rfind(steme, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stema = rsub(steme, "c$", "ç") return stema elseif rfind(steme, "g$") then local stema = rsub(steme, "g$", "j") return stema else return steme end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generate the corresponding -- stem for e/i. function stema_to_steme(stema) if rfind(stema, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local steme = rsub(stema, "c$", "qu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "g$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "g$", "gu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "ç$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "ç$", "c") return steme else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function stema_to_stemu(stema) if rfind(stema, "qu$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stemu = rsub(stema, "qu$", "c") return stemu elseif rfind(stema, "gu$") then local stemu = rsub(stema, "gu$", "g") return stemu else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function steme_to_stemu(steme) return stema_to_stemu(steme_to_stema(steme)) end -- Get the stem from the infinitive. Return stem and whether stem is -- soft-vowel (true except for -re and -oir verbs). -- -- Currently we rely on the IER argument being set in order to remove -- -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to always check for -ier -- and assume that cases like 'signifier' which is an '-er' verb with a -- stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly specifying the stem. (We -- assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' verb whose stem ends -- in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) local nsub = 0 -- if 'ier' arg given and stem ends in -ier, strip it off. if ier then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ier$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ier", true end end -- Check for -er, -oir, -eir, -ir, -ïr, -re in sequence. -- Must check for -oir, -eir before -ir. stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "er$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "er", true end if not ir then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "oir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "oir", false end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "eir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "eir", true end end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ïr$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "re$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "re", false end error("Unrecognized infinitive '" .. inf .. "'") end -- Get the present stem, either explicitly passed in as the first arg or -- implicitly through the page name, assumed to be the same as the -- infinitive. Currently we rely on the 'ier' argument being set in -- order to remove -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to -- always check for -ier an assume that cases like 'signifier' which -- is an '-er' verb with a stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly -- specifying the stem. (We assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' -- verb whose stem ends in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_frame(frame) local stem = ine(frame.args[1]) -- if stem passed in and non-blank, use it. if stem then return stem end local inf = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local ier = ine(frame.args["ier"]) local ir = ine(frame.args["ir"]) local stem, ending, is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) return stem end -- External entry point for get_stem_from_frame(). Optional stem is first -- argument, optional 'ier' argument is used for -ier verbs (see -- get_stem_from_frame()). function export.get_stem(frame) return get_stem_from_frame(frame) end -- Joins a stem to an ending, automatically handling the stem changes needed -- before different vowels (steme/stema/stemu), and automatically adding umlauts -- to the stem and/or ending when necessary. The stem form passed in is steme -- (the form before e/i). function join(stem, ending) local firstend = usub(ending, 1, 1) -- change the stem as appropriate if firstend == "a" or firstend == "o" then stem = steme_to_stema(stem) elseif firstend == "u" then stem = steme_to_stemu(stem) end -- add an umlaut to i or u at beginning of ending if there's a vowel -- at the end of the stem, unless it's the same vowel, or a diphthong -- ending in i/u, or gu/qu. if firstend == "i" and (rfind(stem, "[aeoü]$") or rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^i", "ï") elseif firstend == "u" and (rfind(stem, "[aeïo]$") or rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^u", "ü") -- add an umlaut to i or u at end of stem if ending begins with e/é and -- stem doesn't end in diphthong, or gu/qu. elseif firstend == "e" or firstend == "é" then if rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$") then stem = rsub(stem, "i$", "ï") elseif rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$") then stem = rsub(stem, "u$", "ü") end end return stem .. ending end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for generating arrays of endings -- Generate an ending array (five-element, see below), where a supporting ''e'' -- is needed. local function supporting_e(extra) local text = "In the present tense an extra supporting ''e'' is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending ''-t'' is lost. " text = text .. extra return {"", "e", "es", "e", text} end -- Generate a general ending array (five-element, see below). local function mod3(ending, zero, s, t) local text = nil if ending == zero then text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, s, t) else text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%s'', *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, ending, zero, s, t) end return {ending, zero, s, t, text} end -- Return the stem and an array of five elements. In the array, the first -- is the ending to be substitute, the second is the add_zero ending to -- substitute, the third is the add_s ending to substitute, the fourth is -- the add_t ending to substitute and the fifth is the text going into the -- comment at the top of the conj table. IER should be specified for -ier -- verbs, which only occur with palatal(ized) final consonants, and causes -- a different interpretation of certain consonants, esp. final l. -- If SUPE is specified, force a supporting -e to be added (normally this -- is inferred automatically from the stem). If OLD is specified, don't -- convert l before consonant to u. local function get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) local ret = {"", "", "s", "t", ""} local ending = nil -- canonicalize ngn to gn when after vowel or r, l if rfind(stem, "[aeiouyäëïöüÿrl]ngn$") then ending = "ngn" stem = rsub(stem, "ngn$", "gn") end -- canonicalize double letter to single after vowel, except for l -- we need to treat Cill and Cil differently if rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿ]([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(..)$") stem = rsub(stem, "([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$", "%1") end if supe then ret = supporting_e("") elseif rfind(stem, "mb$") then ret = mod3("mb", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "mp$") then ret = mod3("mp", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])[bpdtḍṭfvczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = ending or lastchar if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then ret = mod3(ending, "p", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then ret = mod3(ending, "t", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "ḍ" or lastchar == "ṭ" then ret = mod3(ending, "ṭ", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "f" or lastchar == "v" then ret = mod3(ending, "f", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "c" then ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " -- at least in bauptizer, 'z' appears to represent /z/, like 's' -- in the same position elseif lastchar == "z" then ret = mod3(ending, "s", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "k", "s", "t") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])c?qu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(c?qu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])g?gu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(g?gu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])ct$") then -- convicter, paincter. Best guess here ret = mod3("ct", "ct", "cz", "ct") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[bpdtczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = "s" .. (ending or lastchar) if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then -- Best guess here, esp. for 'sb' ret = mod3(ending, "sp", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then -- croster, etc. -- brosder. Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "st", "z", "st") elseif lastchar == "c" or lastchar == "z" then -- drescier, laiszier(?). Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") if lastchar == "c" then ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " end elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "sk", "s", "st") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[qg]u$") then -- Best guess here ending = rmatch(stem, "(s[qg]u)$") ret = mod3(ending, "sc", "s", "st") elseif old and (rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéouäëöü]ll?$") and ier)) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?)ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "lz", prev .. "lt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäëö])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéoäëö]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. i .. "l", prev .. "uz", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "[uü][iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[uü]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([uü][iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local u = rmatch(stem, "([uü])[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, u .. i .. "l", u .. "z", u .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]ll$") or (rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]l$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ]ll?)$") local i = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "lz", i .. "lt") or mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "z", i .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([^iu])[eé]ll?$") or rfind(stem, "ëll?$") then -- first rfind() above should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([eéë]ll?)$") local e = rmatch(stem, "([eéë])ll?$") -- FIXME: Should this be eals, ealt when old? ret = old and mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "ls", e .. "lt") or mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "aus", e .. "aut") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäö])ll?$") then -- not ë, handled above -- first rmatch below should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé]ll?)$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö]ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé])ll?$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "us", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "([iuyïüÿ])ll?$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "s", prev .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iyïÿl]gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iyïÿl])gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ng", prev .. "nz", prev .. "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "rgn$") then ret = mod3("r" .. (ending or "gn"), "rng", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ing", prev .. "inz", prev .. "int") elseif rfind(stem, "rm$") then ret = mod3("rm", "rm", "rs", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "rn$") then ret = mod3("rn", "rn", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿl]m$") then ret = mod3(ending or "m", "m", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = mod3(ending or "s", "s", "s", "st") elseif rfind(stem, "g$") then ret = supporting_e("In addition, ''g'' becomes ''j'' before an ''a'' or an ''o'' to keep the /dʒ/ sound intact. ") elseif rfind(stem, "j$") or rfind(stem, "x$") or rfind(stem, "[^aeéiouyäëïöüÿ][bcdfghjklmnpqrtvwxz]$") then ret = supporting_e("") elseif ending then -- doubled rr, nn, hh local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ret = mod3(ending, lastchar, lastchar .. "s", lastchar .. "t") end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling particular sorts of endings -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a zero ending -- (1st sing pres indic, also, 1st sing pres subj of -er verbs). -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER and SUPE. function add_zero(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[2]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -s ending -- (2nd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 2nd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). Same code could be used to add -s to nouns except that -- handling of -c stems needs to be different (need to treat as hard /k/ -- not /ts/). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_s(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[3]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -t ending -- (3rd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 3rd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_t(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[4]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Add -r, for the group-iii future function add_r(stem, old) local ret = stem .. "r" if rfind(stem, "ss$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ss$", "str") elseif rfind(stem, "is$") then ret = rsub(stem, "is$", "ir") elseif rfind(stem, "ïs$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ïs$", "ïr") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = stem .. "dr" elseif rfind(stem, "g?n$") then ret = rsub(stem, "g?n$", "ndr") elseif rfind(stem, "m$") then ret = stem .. "br" elseif rfind(stem, "i?ll?$") then ret = old and rsub(stem, "ll?$", "ldr") or rsub(stem, "i?ll?$", "udr") elseif rfind(stem, "qu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "qu$", "cr") elseif rfind(stem, "gu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "gu$", "gr") elseif rfind(stem, "[^aeiouäëïöü]r$") then ret = stem .. "er" end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling comments at the top of conjugation tables -- Return true if this is an irregular verb, due to stems or particular -- forms being explicitly specified function irreg_verb(args, skip) if skip == nil then skip = {} elseif type(skip) == "string" then skip = {skip} end for k,v in pairs(args) do if k == "pres" and rfind(v, "/") or k ~= "pres" and k ~= "prese" and k ~= "presa" and k ~= "ier" and k ~= "supe" and k ~= "aux" and k ~= "refl" and k ~= "repl" and k ~= "prefix" and k ~= "suffix" and k ~= "old" and k ~= "ei" and k ~= "ir" and k ~= "impers" and k ~= "inf" and k ~= "comment" and not contains(skip, k) and v ~= '' then return true end end return false end -- Return comment describing phonetic changes to the verb in the present -- tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEM is the stressed -- stem. See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function phonetic_verb_comment(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) return e[5] end -- Return comment describing phonetic and stem changes to the verb in the -- present tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEME is -- the unstressed stem before e/i, STEMS the stressed stem. -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function verb_comment(args, group, steme, stems, ier, supe, old) if args["comment"] then return args["comment"] .. " " end local com = group == "i" and phonetic_verb_comment(stems, ier, supe, old) or "" local irreg = irreg_verb(args, 'press') if steme ~= stems then if args["repl"] then -- If there's a search/replace, it might change the stressed or -- unstressed stems. FIXME: apply search/replace to the stems -- themselves. com = com .. "This verb has a distinct stressed present stem" else com = com .. "This verb has a stressed present stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. stems .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "'' distinct from the unstressed stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. steme .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "''" end com = com .. (irreg and ", as well as other irregularities. " or ". ") elseif irreg then com = com .. "This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. " end return com end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main inflection-handling functions -- Main entry point function export.show(frame) local origargs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} -- Convert empty arguments to nil, and "" or '' arguments to empty for k, v in pairs(origargs) do args[k] = ine(v) end -- Create the forms local data = {forms = {}, categories = {}, group = {}, comment = "", refl = args["refl"], impers = args["impers"], ier = args["ier"] or ine(frame.args["ier"]), supe = args["supe"] or ine(frame.args["supe"]) } data.forms.infinitive = {args["inf"] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text} data.inf_from_title = not args["inf"] data.inf_no_affix = data.forms.infinitive[1] if args["prefix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, "^" .. args["prefix"], "") end if args["suffix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, args["suffix"] .. "$", "") end -- Set the soft vowel ('pres') and hard vowel ('presa') present stems. -- They can be explicitly set using 'pres' and 'presa' params. -- If one is set, the other is inferred from it. If neither is set, -- both are inferred from the infinitive. data.prese = args["pres"] and not rfind(args["pres"], "/") and args["pres"] or args["prese"] local inf_stem, inf_ending, inf_is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(data.inf_no_affix, data.ier, args["ir"]) if not data.prese then if inf_is_soft then data.prese = inf_stem else data.prese = stema_to_steme(inf_stem) end end data.old = args["old"] data.ei = args["ei"] or data.old or inf_ending == "eir" data.forms.aux = {data.refl and "estre" or args["aux"] or data.ei and "aveir" or "avoir"} -- Find what type of verb is it (hard-coded in the template). -- Generate standard conjugated forms for each type of verb. local infl_type = ine(frame.args["type"]) if not infl_type then error("Verb type ('type' arg) not specified.") elseif inflections[infl_type] then inflections[infl_type](args, data) else error("Verb type '" .. infl_type .. "' not supported.") end for _, group in ipairs(data.group) do table.insert(data.categories, "Old French " .. group .. " group verbs") end table.insert(data.categories, "Old French verbs ending in -" .. inf_ending) if data.impers then table.insert(data.categories, "Old French impersonal verbs") end -- Get overridden forms process_overrides(args, data) -- Add a prefix if specified if args["prefix"] then add_affix(data, args["prefix"], true) end -- Add a suffix if specified if args["suffix"] then add_affix(data, args["suffix"], false) end -- Apply any replacements local repl = args["repl"] if repl then replace_all(data, repl) end -- Add links add_links(data) -- Add reflexive pronouns if data.refl then add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) end return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang) end -- Version of main entry point meant for calling from the debug console. function export.show2(args, parargs) local frame = {args = args, getParent = function() return {args = parargs} end} return export.show(frame) end -- If ARGBASE == "foo", return an array of -- {{args["foo"]},{args["foo2"]},...,{args["foo9"]}}. -- If ARGBASE is a sequence of strings, return an array of sequences, e.g. -- if ARGBASE == {"foo", "bar"}, return an array of -- {{{args["foo"]},{args["bar"]}},{{args["foo2"]},{args["bar2"]}},...,{{args["foo9"]},{args["bar9"]}}} -- There is an extra level of {}'s because nil can't be inserted into an array function get_args(args, argbase) if type(argbase) == "string" then local theargs = {{args[argbase]}} for j = 2, 9 do table.insert(theargs, {args[argbase .. j]}) end return theargs else local theargs = {} local onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) for j = 2, 9 do onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item .. j]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) end return theargs end end -- Replaces terms with overridden ones that are given as additional named parameters. function process_overrides(args, data) -- Each term in current is overridden by one in overN, if it exists. local function override(current, over) current = current or {} local ret = {} local i = 1 local function getover(n) return args[over .. n] end -- Insert an override entry, possibly splitting on commas and -- inserting multiple forms. local function insert_override(entry) if entry ~= "-" then if rfind(entry, ",") then local forms = mw.text.split(entry, ",") for _, form in ipairs(forms) do table.insert(ret, form) end else table.insert(ret, entry) end end end -- Look for overrides at the beginning if getover(0) then insert_override(getover(0)) end -- Look for override of all current forms if getover("") then current = {} insert_override(getover("")) end -- See if any of the existing items in current have an override specified. while current[i] do if getover(i) then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with partial overrides") insert_override(getover(i)) else table.insert(ret, current[i]) end i = i + 1 end -- We've reached the end of current. -- Look in the override list to see if there are any extra forms to -- add on to the end. NOTE: We've deprecated this and made it an error. -- Use ...n to insert forms at the end. while i <= 9 do if getover(i) then error("Attempt to partially override a non-existent form: arg " .. over .. i .. "=" .. getover(i) .. ": use " .. over .. "n=" .. getover(i) .. " instead.") -- insert_override(getover(i)) end i = i + 1 end -- Look for overrides at the end if getover("n") then insert_override(getover("n")) end return ret end -- Mark terms with any additional parameters as irregular, except for -- certain ones that we consider normal variants. if irreg_verb(args) then table.insert(data.categories, "Old French irregular verbs") end --[[ This function replaces former code like this: data.forms.pret_indc_1sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg, "pret1s") data.forms.pret_indc_2sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg, "pret2s") data.forms.pret_indc_3sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg, "pret3s") data.forms.pret_indc_1pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl, "pret1p") data.forms.pret_indc_2pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl, "pret2p") data.forms.pret_indc_3pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl, "pret3p") --]] local function handle_tense_override(tense, short) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} local pnums_short = {"1s", "2s", "3s", "1p", "2p", "3p"} for pn = 1, #pnums do local pnum = pnums[pn] local pnum_short = pnums_short[pn] local tensepnum = tense .. "_" .. pnum data.forms[tensepnum] = override(data.forms[tensepnum], short .. pnum_short) end end -- Non-finite forms -- data.forms.infinitive = override(data.forms.infinitive, "inf") data.forms.pres_ptc = override(data.forms.pres_ptc, "presp") data.forms.past_ptc = override(data.forms.past_ptc, "pastp") handle_tense_override("pres_indc", "pres") -- Present handle_tense_override("impf_indc", "imperf") -- Imperfect handle_tense_override("pret_indc", "pret") -- Preterite handle_tense_override("futr_indc", "fut") -- Future handle_tense_override("cond", "cond") -- Conditional handle_tense_override("pres_subj", "sub") -- Present subjunctive handle_tense_override("impf_subj", "impsub") -- Imperfect subjunctive -- Imperative data.forms.impr_2sg = override(data.forms.impr_2sg, "imp2s") data.forms.impr_1pl = override(data.forms.impr_1pl, "imp1p") data.forms.impr_2pl = override(data.forms.impr_2pl, "imp2p") end -- Adds reflexive pronouns to the appropriate forms function add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) -- Gather pronoun parameters local cprons = {} local vprons = {} cprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "me " cprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "te " cprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "se " cprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " cprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " cprons["3pl"] = cprons["3sg"] vprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "m'" vprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "t'" vprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "s'" vprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " vprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " vprons["3pl"] = vprons["3sg"] function add_refl(person, form) -- FIXME! YUCK! This hard-codes knowledge of how the links are formatted. -- Perhaps we should go back to the old way of having the reflexive code -- also insert links. if rfind(form, "^<span.*>[^a-zA-Z]*[aeiouAEIOU]") then return vprons[person] .. form else return cprons[person] .. form end end -- Go over all the forms in the list for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Extract the person/number from the last 3 characters of the key local person = key:sub(-3) -- Skip these three, as they already had pronouns added earlier if cprons[person] and key ~= "impr_2sg" and key ~= "impr_1pl" and key ~= "impr_2pl" then -- Go through each of the alternative subforms and add the pronoun for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = add_refl(person, subform) end end end -- Handle infinitive for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.infinitive) do data.forms.infinitive[key] = add_refl("3sg", subform) end -- Handle imperatives for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2sg) do data.forms.impr_2sg[key] = subform .. (data.ei and "-tei" or "-toi") end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_1pl) do data.forms.impr_1pl[key] = subform .. "-nos" end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2pl) do data.forms.impr_2pl[key] = subform .. "-vos" end end -- Add links to all forms function add_links(data) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = make_link(subform) end end end -- Add a prefix or suffix to all forms. AFFIX is what to add; IS_PREFIX is -- true if it's a prefix, otherwise a suffix. function add_affix(data, affix, is_prefix) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't add affix to aux, nor infinitive -- that comes from the page title. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = (is_prefix and affix .. subform or subform .. affix) end end end end -- Apply all replacements function replace_all(data, repl) for splitrepl in mw.text.gsplit(repl, ",") do local fromto = mw.text.split(splitrepl, "/") if #fromto ~= 2 then error("Replace spec '" .. splitrepl .. "' needs exactly one / in it") end local from = fromto[1] local to = fromto[2] for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't search/replace on aux, nor on infinitive -- that comes from the page title. Don't want e.g. infinitive -- 'offrir' to become 'offffrir'. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = rsub(data.forms[key][key2], from, to) end end end end end -- Inflection functions -- Implementation of inflect_tense(). See that function. Also used directly -- to add the imperative, which has only three forms. function inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) -- First, initialize any nil entries to sequences. for i, pnum in ipairs(pnums) do if data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] == nil then data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] = {} end end -- Now add entries for i = 1, #pnums do -- Extract endings for this person-number combo local ends = endings[i] if type(ends) == "string" then ends = {ends} end -- Extract stem for this person-number combo local stem = stems if type(stem) == "table" then stem = stem[i] end -- Add entries for stem + endings for j, ending in ipairs(ends) do local form = join(stem, ending) if ine(form) and form ~= "-" and (not data.impers or pnums[i] == "3sg") then table.insert(data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnums[i]], form) end end end end -- Add to DATA the inflections for the tense indicated by TENSE (the prefix -- in the data.forms names, e.g. 'impf_subj'), formed by combining the STEMS -- (either a single string or a sequence of six strings) with the -- ENDINGS (a sequence of six values, each of which is either a string -- or a sequence of one or more possible endings). If existing -- inflections already exist, they will be added to, not overridden. function inflect_tense(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end -- Like inflect_tense() but for the imperative, which has only three forms -- instead of six. function inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"2sg", "1pl", "2pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end function inflect_pres(data, tense, group, steme, stems, ier, supe) local i = ier and "i" or "" if steme ~= stems then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with stem alternations") end local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if tense == "impr" and group == "i" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {stems, steme, steme}, {"e", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, steme, {"is", "issons", "issez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme}, {"", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"", "es", "e".. oldt, "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"is", "is", "ist", "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"isse", "isses", "isse" .. oldt, "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {stems, stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"e", "es", "e" .. oldt, ier and {"iens", "ons"} or "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) else -- pres_indc group iii or pres_subj group i inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_s(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_t(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme, stems}, {"", "", "", "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) end end -- Split a string into entries separated by slashes, each representing one -- of the possible person/number combinations. Each entry in turn may consist -- of one or more forms, separated by commas. NUMREQ is how many entries need -- to be present, defaulting to 6. function split_multipart(str, numreq) local entries = mw.text.split(str, "/") numreq = numreq or 6 if #entries ~= numreq then error("Expected " .. numreq .. " entries in multipart string '" .. str .. "'") end for i, entry in ipairs(entries) do if rfind(entry, ",") then entries[i] = mw.text.split(entry, ",") else entries[i] = {entry} end end return entries end function handle_pres(args, data, group, steme, stems) local ier = data.ier local supe = data.supe if args["pres"] and rfind(args["pres"], "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(args["pres"])) else inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- If sub not set, derive from indicative. -- If subs not set, derive from sub if set, else from indicative. local sub_steme = args["sub"] local sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" local sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end local sub_stems = args["subs"] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier"] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe"] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat exactly for the imperative. local imp_steme = args["imp"] local imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" local imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end local imp_stems = args["imps"] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier"] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe"] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end -- If indic stem specified, we add indic values, and also corresponding -- subj values if separate subj stem not specified. for i = 2, 9 do steme = args["pres" .. i] local multi_indic = steme and rfind(steme, "/") local indic_specified = not multi_indic and steme if multi_indic then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(steme)) elseif indic_specified then stems = args["press" .. i] or steme ier = args["ier" .. i] supe = args["supe" .. i] inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- Handle subjunctive as above. sub_steme = args["sub" .. i] sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash and (indic_specified or sub_specified) then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end sub_stems = args["subs" .. i] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier" .. i] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe" .. i] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat for the imperative. imp_steme = args["imp" .. i] imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash and (indic_specified or imp_specified) then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end imp_stems = args["imps" .. i] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier" .. i] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe" .. i] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect -- subjunctive, with unstressed e/i stem STEME, stressed e/i stem STEMS, -- conjugation type PTY and corresponding value of IMPSUB. function inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, stem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) local steme = pretu or pret or stem local stems = prets or pretu or pret or stem if pret and rfind(pret, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", "", split_multipart(pret)) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) elseif pty then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with " .. pty .. " preterite") -- WARNING: If the second person singular of any of these is not a -- simple string, you will need to modify the handling below of -- the imperfect subjunctive, which relies on this form. local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" local all_endings = pty == "weak-a" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","erent"} or pty == "weak-a2" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","ierent"} or pty == "weak-i" and {"i","is","i" .. oldt,"imes","istes","irent"} or -- FIXME: "Grammatik des Altfranzösischen I-III" (Dr. E. Schwan and -- Dr. D. Behrens), p. 229, claims that the old form of the weak-i2 -- ending is "ieḍrent", e.g. "rendieḍrent" < "rendęderunt", whereas the -- early 12th-century forms of E. Einhorn "Old French: A Concise Handbook" -- p.43 have only "ierent". I trust the latter because Schwan and Behrens -- also have the 3rd-singular as "rendiet" with a hard -t < "rendędit", -- but in reality it should be "rendieṭ" (i.e. "rendiéṭ") with a soft -ṭ, -- as per Einhorn and also William Kibler "An Introduction to Old French". -- Schwan and Behrens' forms would be correct if the underlying Vulgar -- Latin forms are correct, but I think haplology has deleted the second -- -d- so you should really have 3rd-singular "rendęt" > "rendiéṭ" and -- 3rd-plural "rendęrunt" > "rendierent". pty == "weak-i2" and {"i","is","ié" .. oldt,"imes","istes","ierent"} or pty == "strong-i" and {"","is","t","imes","istes","rent"} or pty == "strong-id" and {"","is","t","imes","istes",{"drent","rent"}} or pty == "weak-u" and {"ui","us","u" .. oldt,"umes","ustes","urent"} or pty == "strong-u" and {"ui","eüs","ut","eümes","eüstes","urent"} or pty == "strong-o" and {"oi","eüs","ot","eümes","eüstes","orent"} or pty == "strong-st" and {"s","sis","st","simes","sistes","strent"} or pty == "strong-sd" and {"s","ṣis","st","ṣimes","ṣistes","sdrent"} or error("Unrecognized prettype value '" .. pty .. "'") -- Always use one of the weak stems unless we have strong-stem endings local all_stems = rfind(pty, "^strong-") and {stems, steme, stems, steme, steme, stems} or {steme, steme, steme, steme, steme, steme} inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", all_stems, all_endings) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, join(all_stems[2], all_endings[2]), pty) elseif impsub then inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) end end function inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, pret2s, pty) -- Handle imperfect subj, which follows the same types as the preterite -- and is built off of the 2nd person singular form, although we need to -- special-case weak-a and weak-a2 local impsub_endings = {"se","ses","t",{"sons","siens"}, {data.ei and "seiz" or "soiz","sez","siez"},"sent"} if impsub and rfind(impsub, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", "", split_multipart(impsub)) elseif impsub == "-" then return elseif impsub then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", impsub, impsub_endings) -- need the % here to escape the dash, which otherwise stands for a -- character range??????? elseif pty and rfind(pty, "^weak%-a") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", steme, {"asse","asses","ast", {"issons","issiens"}, {data.ei and "isseiz" or "issoiz","issez","issiez"},"assent"}) elseif pty then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", pret2s, impsub_endings) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect subjunctive, -- based on the strong and weak stems and preterite ending type(s) given in -- ARGS. For each weak preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be a -- corresponding stem in 'pretN' (defaulting to STEM) and for each strong -- preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be corresponding unstressed -- and stressed stems in 'pretuN' and 'pretsN' (defaulting to 'pretN' or STEM). -- If specifically 'pret' and 'prettype' are unspecified, substitute defaults, -- specifically the fallback preterite type FBPTY and stressed/unstressed -- fallback stem FBSTEM. function handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, stem, fbstem, fbpty) local all_props = get_args(args, {"prettype", "pret", "pretu", "prets", "impsub"}) for i, props in ipairs(all_props) do local thestem = stem local pty = props[1][1] local pret = props[2][1] local pretu = props[3][1] local prets = props[4][1] local impsub = props[5][1] if i == 1 and not pty and not pret then thestem = fbstem pty = fbpty pret = fbstem pretu = fbstem prets = fbstem end inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, thestem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one paradigm of the future and conditional, -- based on the future stem in STEM (possibly nil). function inflect_future_cond(data, stem) if stem then if rfind(stem, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", "", split_multipart(stem)) else if data.old then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","aṭ","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", "iiens","iiez","eient"}) elseif data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},"eient"}) else inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"oiz","eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {{"oie","eie"},{"oies","eies"},{"oit","eit"}, {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},{"oient","eient"}}) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the future and conditional based on the -- future stem(s) in ARGS. Use If no future stems given, use STEM. function handle_future_cond(args, data, stem) local fut_args = get_args(args, "fut") -- Just override the value from args["fut"] if necessary if not args["fut"] then fut_args[1][1] = stem end for _, futarg in ipairs(fut_args) do local stem = futarg[1] inflect_future_cond(data, stem) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one imperfect paradigm, corresponding to -- the imperfect stem in IMPERF (possibly nil), the corresponding ier= value -- in IMPERFIER, the corresponding present stem in PRES (possibly nil), and -- its corresponding ier= value in PRESIER. Only do something if either IMPERF -- or PRES is non-nil. function inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) if imperf and rfind(imperf, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", "", split_multipart(imperf)) else if not imperf and pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then imperf = pres imperfier = presier end if imperf and imperf ~= "-" then local steme = imperf local stema = steme_to_stema(steme) local i = imperfier and "i" or "" if group == "i" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oue", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oues", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "out", i .. "eveṭ"}, {"iiens"}, {"iiez"}, {"eient", "ouent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"oies", "eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"oit", "eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "ii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) elseif group == "iii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the imperfect based on the -- imperfect stem(s) in ARGS. If no imperfect stems given, use -- corresponding present stems if they exist, but use STEME and IER -- for the first present stem and ier= value, since they're computed -- specially. function handle_imperfect(args, data, group, steme, ier) local imperf_args = get_args(args, {"imperf","imperfier","pres","ier"}) -- Just override the values from args["pres"] and args["ier"] imperf_args[1][3][1] = steme imperf_args[1][4][1] = ier for _, stem in ipairs(imperf_args) do local imperf = stem[1][1] local imperfier = stem[2][1] local pres = stem[3][1] local presier = stem[4][1] inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) end end -- Add to DATA up to one form of the present participle based on the -- present stem in PRES. Only do anything if PRES is non-nil and not a -- multipart specification. function inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) if pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then if group == "ii" then table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "issant")) else table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "ant")) end end end -- Add to DATA the forms of the present participle based on the -- present stem(s) in ARGS. Use STEME for the first present stem, -- since it's computed specially. function handle_pres_part(args, data, group, steme) if data.forms.pres_ptc == nil then data.forms.pres_ptc = {} end local ppart_args = get_args(args, {"pres"}) -- Just override the value from args["pres"] ppart_args[1][1][1] = steme for _, stem in ipairs(ppart_args) do local pres = stem[1][1] inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for an -er or -ier verb, based on the arguments -- in ARGS. inflections["i"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" if data.ier then data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in ''-ier'', with a palatal stem. These verbs are conjugated mostly like verbs in ''-er'', but there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " else data.comment = "這個動詞變位為以''-er''結尾的第一組動詞。" end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "i", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"first"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "i", prese) data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, i .. "é" .. (data.old and "ṭ" or ""))} handle_pres(args, data, "i", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "i", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, data.ier and "weak-a2" or "weak-a") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "er")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 2 verb (-ir, with -iss- infix), -- based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', with an ''-iss-'' infix). " data.group = {"second"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3 verb (-ir without -iss- infix, or -- -re or -oir), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"third"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if rfind(infinitive, "[^eo]ir$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} elseif rfind(infinitive, "ïr$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "ï" .. oldt)} else data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "u" .. oldt)} end handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) if rfind(infinitive, "[dt]re$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i2") elseif rfind(infinitive, "re$") then local pretstem = add_s(prese, false, false, data.old) pretstem = rsub(pretstem, "s$", "") handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, pretstem, "strong-st") elseif rfind(infinitive, "[eo]ir$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-u") else handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") end if rfind(infinitive, "[^eolrs]ir$") then handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) else -- -re, -oir, -eir, -ïr, -lir, -sir, -rir handle_future_cond(args, data, add_r(prese, data.old)) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3/2 verb (-ir without or with -- -iss- infix), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii-ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group or second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', without or with an ''-iss-'' infix). " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"third", "second", "third-second"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Shows the table with the given forms function make_table(data) return data.comment .. [=[古法語的變位因時代和地域而異。以下變位僅供參考。 <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both"> <div class="NavHead" align=left>&nbsp; &nbsp; ]=] .. m_links.full_link({lang = lang, alt = data.forms.infinitive[1]}, "term") .. [=[ 的變位<span style="font-size:90%;">(另見[[Appendix:古法語動詞]])</span></div> <div class="NavContent" align=center> {| style="width: 100%; background:#F0F0F0;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:2px" class="inflection-table" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 簡單 ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 複合 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 不定式 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.infinitive) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. " " .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 動名詞 | colspan="3" | en ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的動名詞後接過去分詞 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 現在分詞 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 過去分詞 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 人稱 ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 單數 ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 複數 |- ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第一 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第二 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第三 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第一 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第二 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第三 |- ! style="background:#c0cfe4" colspan="2" | 直陳 ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | jo ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | tu ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | nos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | vos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | 簡單<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 現在 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 未完成 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 過去 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 將來 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 條件 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | 複合<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 現在完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的現在時後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 愈過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的未完成式後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 先過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的過去時後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 將來完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的將來時後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 條件完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的條件式後接過去分詞 |- ! style="background:#c0e4c0" colspan="2" | 虛擬 ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que jo ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que tu ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que nos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que vos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | 簡單<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 現在 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" rowspan="1" | 未完成 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | 複合<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的現在時虛擬語氣後接過去分詞 |- ! rowspan="1" style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 愈過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的未完成虛擬語氣後接過去分詞 |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:3em;background:#e4d4c0" | 命令 ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | tu ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | nos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | vos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – |- | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2sg) .. [=[ | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2pl) .. [=[ | — |- |}</div></div>]=] end -- Create a link for a form function make_link(subform) return m_links.full_link({lang = lang, term = subform}) end -- Shows forms, or a dash if empty function show_form(subforms) if not subforms then return "&mdash;" elseif type(subforms) ~= "table" then error("a non-table value was given in the list of inflected forms.") elseif #subforms == 0 then return "&mdash;" end -- Concatenate results, omitting duplicates local ret = {} for key, subform in ipairs(subforms) do insert_if_not(ret, subform) end return table.concat(ret, ", ") end return export -- For Vim, so we get 4-space tabs -- vim: set ts=4 sw=4 noet: 4b4jc0ss91ld8uq8g0wgvox3drjaqkq 7270994 7270981 2022-07-27T16:19:43Z GnolizX 63671 Scribunto text/plain --[[ Author: User:benwing Todo: 1. Possibly, make it possible to specify multiple stems to stem parameters separated by commas. This is easiest for fut= but gets trickier for all the rest because there are multiple parameters per stem. 2. Should write a routine that extracts the present stems (pres, press, ier, plus equivalent for 2 .. 9, and handles the special-casing for 'pres/steme' and 'ier', and checks to make sure a multipart spec wasn't given, and uses the corresponding prese if so), and uses them in handle_imperfect() and handle_pres_part(). Also need to handle 'prese' in the subjunctive and imperative code, which should probably be rewritten along the lines of handle_imperfect(). 3. Create separate categories for verbs ending in various consonants, e.g. g, c, ch, ill, gn, etc. 4. Figure out how to create a category for verbs that are missing their conjugation (but are still identified as verbs because of {{head|fro|verb}}, which puts them into Category:Old French verbs). Possibly this isn't possible except using a bot. 5. Intro to Old French by Kibler claims that -lm requires a supporting vowel. Possibly -ln as well. What about -lf? Evidently -ld does not require a supporting vowel, due to 'chaud' < 'calidus'. Should we try to handle -lm specially? We might want to also handle -aum, -eum (but not -oum as in 'noumer', where 'ou' represents earlier 'o' rather than an 'l'). These verbs are rare enough, though, and hard enough to handle correctly that perhaps we should just require explicitly specifying supe= (or equivalently, using {{temp|fro-conj-er-e}} etc.). --]] local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fro") local export = {} -- Functions that do the actual inflecting by creating the forms of a basic term. local inflections = {} local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rsub = mw.ustring.gsub local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local usub = mw.ustring.sub local function ine(x) -- If Not Empty if x == nil then return nil elseif rfind(x, '^".*"$') then local ret = rmatch(x, '^"(.*)"$') return ret elseif rfind(x, "^'.*'$") then local ret = rmatch(x, "^'(.*)'$") return ret elseif x == "" then return nil else return x end end local function contains(tab, item) for _, value in pairs(tab) do if value == item then return true end end return false end local function insert_if_not(tab, item) if not contains(tab, item) then table.insert(tab, item) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for working with stems -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generate the corresponding -- stem for a/o. function steme_to_stema(steme) if rfind(steme, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stema = rsub(steme, "c$", "ç") return stema elseif rfind(steme, "g$") then local stema = rsub(steme, "g$", "j") return stema else return steme end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generate the corresponding -- stem for e/i. function stema_to_steme(stema) if rfind(stema, "c$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local steme = rsub(stema, "c$", "qu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "g$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "g$", "gu") return steme elseif rfind(stema, "ç$") then local steme = rsub(stema, "ç$", "c") return steme else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before a/o, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function stema_to_stemu(stema) if rfind(stema, "qu$") then -- Need to assign to a var because rsub returns 2 values, and -- assigning to one var fetches only the first one local stemu = rsub(stema, "qu$", "c") return stemu elseif rfind(stema, "gu$") then local stemu = rsub(stema, "gu$", "g") return stemu else return stema end end -- Given the stem as it appears before e/i, generates the corresponding -- stem for u. function steme_to_stemu(steme) return stema_to_stemu(steme_to_stema(steme)) end -- Get the stem from the infinitive. Return stem and whether stem is -- soft-vowel (true except for -re and -oir verbs). -- -- Currently we rely on the IER argument being set in order to remove -- -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to always check for -ier -- and assume that cases like 'signifier' which is an '-er' verb with a -- stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly specifying the stem. (We -- assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' verb whose stem ends -- in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) local nsub = 0 -- if 'ier' arg given and stem ends in -ier, strip it off. if ier then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ier$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ier", true end end -- Check for -er, -oir, -eir, -ir, -ïr, -re in sequence. -- Must check for -oir, -eir before -ir. stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "er$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "er", true end if not ir then stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "oir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "oir", false end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "eir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "eir", true end end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ir$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "ïr$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "ir", true end stem, nsub = rsub(inf, "re$", "") if nsub > 0 then return stem, "re", false end error("Unrecognized infinitive '" .. inf .. "'") end -- Get the present stem, either explicitly passed in as the first arg or -- implicitly through the page name, assumed to be the same as the -- infinitive. Currently we rely on the 'ier' argument being set in -- order to remove -ier from an infinitive. An alternative is to -- always check for -ier an assume that cases like 'signifier' which -- is an '-er' verb with a stem 'signifi' are handled by explicitly -- specifying the stem. (We assume this anyway in the case of any '-ir' -- verb whose stem ends in '-o', such as 'oir' "to hear".) local function get_stem_from_frame(frame) local stem = ine(frame.args[1]) -- if stem passed in and non-blank, use it. if stem then return stem end local inf = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local ier = ine(frame.args["ier"]) local ir = ine(frame.args["ir"]) local stem, ending, is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(inf, ier, ir) return stem end -- External entry point for get_stem_from_frame(). Optional stem is first -- argument, optional 'ier' argument is used for -ier verbs (see -- get_stem_from_frame()). function export.get_stem(frame) return get_stem_from_frame(frame) end -- Joins a stem to an ending, automatically handling the stem changes needed -- before different vowels (steme/stema/stemu), and automatically adding umlauts -- to the stem and/or ending when necessary. The stem form passed in is steme -- (the form before e/i). function join(stem, ending) local firstend = usub(ending, 1, 1) -- change the stem as appropriate if firstend == "a" or firstend == "o" then stem = steme_to_stema(stem) elseif firstend == "u" then stem = steme_to_stemu(stem) end -- add an umlaut to i or u at beginning of ending if there's a vowel -- at the end of the stem, unless it's the same vowel, or a diphthong -- ending in i/u, or gu/qu. if firstend == "i" and (rfind(stem, "[aeoü]$") or rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^i", "ï") elseif firstend == "u" and (rfind(stem, "[aeïo]$") or rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$")) then ending = rsub(ending, "^u", "ü") -- add an umlaut to i or u at end of stem if ending begins with e/é and -- stem doesn't end in diphthong, or gu/qu. elseif firstend == "e" or firstend == "é" then if rfind(stem, "i$") and not rfind(stem, "[aäeëéoöuü]i$") then stem = rsub(stem, "i$", "ï") elseif rfind(stem, "u$") and not rfind(stem, "[gqaäeëéiïoö]u$") then stem = rsub(stem, "u$", "ü") end end return stem .. ending end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for generating arrays of endings -- Generate an ending array (five-element, see below), where a supporting ''e'' -- is needed. local function supporting_e(extra) local text = "In the present tense an extra supporting ''e'' is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending ''-t'' is lost. " text = text .. extra return {"", "e", "es", "e", text} end -- Generate a general ending array (five-element, see below). local function mod3(ending, zero, s, t) local text = nil if ending == zero then text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, s, t) else text = string.format("The forms that would normally end in *''-%s'', *''-%ss'', *''-%st'' are modified to ''%s'', ''%s'', ''%s''. ", ending, ending, ending, zero, s, t) end return {ending, zero, s, t, text} end -- Return the stem and an array of five elements. In the array, the first -- is the ending to be substitute, the second is the add_zero ending to -- substitute, the third is the add_s ending to substitute, the fourth is -- the add_t ending to substitute and the fifth is the text going into the -- comment at the top of the conj table. IER should be specified for -ier -- verbs, which only occur with palatal(ized) final consonants, and causes -- a different interpretation of certain consonants, esp. final l. -- If SUPE is specified, force a supporting -e to be added (normally this -- is inferred automatically from the stem). If OLD is specified, don't -- convert l before consonant to u. local function get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) local ret = {"", "", "s", "t", ""} local ending = nil -- canonicalize ngn to gn when after vowel or r, l if rfind(stem, "[aeiouyäëïöüÿrl]ngn$") then ending = "ngn" stem = rsub(stem, "ngn$", "gn") end -- canonicalize double letter to single after vowel, except for l -- we need to treat Cill and Cil differently if rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿ]([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(..)$") stem = rsub(stem, "([bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz])%1$", "%1") end if supe then ret = supporting_e("") elseif rfind(stem, "mb$") then ret = mod3("mb", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "mp$") then ret = mod3("mp", "mp", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])[bpdtḍṭfvczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = ending or lastchar if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then ret = mod3(ending, "p", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then ret = mod3(ending, "t", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "ḍ" or lastchar == "ṭ" then ret = mod3(ending, "ṭ", "z", "t") elseif lastchar == "f" or lastchar == "v" then ret = mod3(ending, "f", "s", "t") elseif lastchar == "c" then ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " -- at least in bauptizer, 'z' appears to represent /z/, like 's' -- in the same position elseif lastchar == "z" then ret = mod3(ending, "s", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "k", "s", "t") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])c?qu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(c?qu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])g?gu$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(g?gu)$") ret = mod3(ending, "c", "s", "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])ct$") then -- convicter, paincter. Best guess here ret = mod3("ct", "ct", "cz", "ct") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[bpdtczk]$") then local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ending = "s" .. (ending or lastchar) if lastchar == "b" or lastchar == "p" then -- Best guess here, esp. for 'sb' ret = mod3(ending, "sp", "s", "st") elseif lastchar == "d" or lastchar == "t" then -- croster, etc. -- brosder. Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "st", "z", "st") elseif lastchar == "c" or lastchar == "z" then -- drescier, laiszier(?). Best guess here ret = mod3(ending, "z", "z", "zt") if lastchar == "c" then ret[5] = ret[5] .. "In addition, ''c'' becomes ''ç'' before an ''a, o'' or ''u'' to keep the /ts/ sound intact. " end elseif lastchar == "k" then ret = mod3(ending, "sk", "s", "st") else error("Logic error! Unhandled case for character '" .. lastchar .. "'") end elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéiouyäëïöüÿrlmn])s[qg]u$") then -- Best guess here ending = rmatch(stem, "(s[qg]u)$") ret = mod3(ending, "sc", "s", "st") elseif old and (rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéouäëöü]ll?$") and ier)) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?)ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "lz", prev .. "lt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäëö])[iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[aeéoäëö]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.[iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, prev .. i .. "l", prev .. "uz", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "[uü][iy]ll?$") or (rfind(stem, "[uü]ll?$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([uü][iy]?ll?)$") local i = ine(rmatch(stem, "([iy]?)ll?$")) or "i" local u = rmatch(stem, "([uü])[iy]?ll?$") ret = mod3(ending, u .. i .. "l", u .. "z", u .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]ll$") or (rfind(stem, "[iïyÿ]l$") and ier) then ending = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ]ll?)$") local i = rmatch(stem, "([iïyÿ])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "lz", i .. "lt") or mod3(ending, i .. "l", i .. "z", i .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "([^iu])[eé]ll?$") or rfind(stem, "ëll?$") then -- first rfind() above should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([eéë]ll?)$") local e = rmatch(stem, "([eéë])ll?$") -- FIXME: Should this be eals, ealt when old? ret = old and mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "ls", e .. "lt") or mod3(ending, e .. "l", e .. "aus", e .. "aut") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéoäö])ll?$") then -- not ë, handled above -- first rmatch below should not have ïü or ë in it ending = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé]ll?)$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö]ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iu][eé])ll?$") or rmatch(stem, "([aoäö])ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "us", prev .. "ut") elseif rfind(stem, "([iuyïüÿ])ll?$") then ending = rmatch(stem, "(.ll?)$") local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)ll?$") ret = old and mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "ls", prev .. "lt") or mod3(ending, prev .. "l", prev .. "s", prev .. "t") elseif rfind(stem, "[iyïÿl]gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "([iyïÿl])gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ng", prev .. "nz", prev .. "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "rgn$") then ret = mod3("r" .. (ending or "gn"), "rng", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "([aeéouäëöü])gn$") then local prev = rmatch(stem, "(.)gn$") ret = mod3(prev .. (ending or "gn"), prev .. "ing", prev .. "inz", prev .. "int") elseif rfind(stem, "rm$") then ret = mod3("rm", "rm", "rs", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "rn$") then ret = mod3("rn", "rn", "rz", "rt") elseif rfind(stem, "[aeéiouyäëïöüÿl]m$") then ret = mod3(ending or "m", "m", "ns", "nt") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = mod3(ending or "s", "s", "s", "st") elseif rfind(stem, "g$") then ret = supporting_e("In addition, ''g'' becomes ''j'' before an ''a'' or an ''o'' to keep the /dʒ/ sound intact. ") elseif rfind(stem, "j$") or rfind(stem, "x$") or rfind(stem, "[^aeéiouyäëïöüÿ][bcdfghjklmnpqrtvwxz]$") then ret = supporting_e("") elseif ending then -- doubled rr, nn, hh local lastchar = rmatch(stem, "(.)$") ret = mod3(ending, lastchar, lastchar .. "s", lastchar .. "t") end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling particular sorts of endings -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a zero ending -- (1st sing pres indic, also, 1st sing pres subj of -er verbs). -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER and SUPE. function add_zero(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[2]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -s ending -- (2nd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 2nd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). Same code could be used to add -s to nouns except that -- handling of -c stems needs to be different (need to treat as hard /k/ -- not /ts/). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_s(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[3]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Convert a stressed verb stem to the form used with a -t ending -- (3rd sing pres indic of -ir/-oir/-re verbs, 3rd sing pres subj of -- -er verbs). See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function add_t(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) -- We need to assign to a variable here because rsub() returns multiple -- values and we want only the first returned. Return rsub() directly -- and all values get returned and appended to the string. local ret, nsub = rsub(stem, e[1] .. "$", e[4]) assert(nsub == 1) return ret end -- Add -r, for the group-iii future function add_r(stem, old) local ret = stem .. "r" if rfind(stem, "ss$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ss$", "str") elseif rfind(stem, "is$") then ret = rsub(stem, "is$", "ir") elseif rfind(stem, "ïs$") then ret = rsub(stem, "ïs$", "ïr") elseif rfind(stem, "s$") then ret = stem .. "dr" elseif rfind(stem, "g?n$") then ret = rsub(stem, "g?n$", "ndr") elseif rfind(stem, "m$") then ret = stem .. "br" elseif rfind(stem, "i?ll?$") then ret = old and rsub(stem, "ll?$", "ldr") or rsub(stem, "i?ll?$", "udr") elseif rfind(stem, "qu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "qu$", "cr") elseif rfind(stem, "gu$") then ret = rsub(stem, "gu$", "gr") elseif rfind(stem, "[^aeiouäëïöü]r$") then ret = stem .. "er" end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Functions for handling comments at the top of conjugation tables -- Return true if this is an irregular verb, due to stems or particular -- forms being explicitly specified function irreg_verb(args, skip) if skip == nil then skip = {} elseif type(skip) == "string" then skip = {skip} end for k,v in pairs(args) do if k == "pres" and rfind(v, "/") or k ~= "pres" and k ~= "prese" and k ~= "presa" and k ~= "ier" and k ~= "supe" and k ~= "aux" and k ~= "refl" and k ~= "repl" and k ~= "prefix" and k ~= "suffix" and k ~= "old" and k ~= "ei" and k ~= "ir" and k ~= "impers" and k ~= "inf" and k ~= "comment" and not contains(skip, k) and v ~= '' then return true end end return false end -- Return comment describing phonetic changes to the verb in the present -- tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEM is the stressed -- stem. See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function phonetic_verb_comment(stem, ier, supe, old) local e = get_endings(stem, ier, supe, old) return e[5] end -- Return comment describing phonetic and stem changes to the verb in the -- present tense. Appears near the top of the conjugation chart. STEME is -- the unstressed stem before e/i, STEMS the stressed stem. -- See get_endings() for meaning of IER, SUPE and OLD. function verb_comment(args, group, steme, stems, ier, supe, old) if args["comment"] then return args["comment"] .. " " end local com = group == "i" and phonetic_verb_comment(stems, ier, supe, old) or "" local irreg = irreg_verb(args, 'press') if steme ~= stems then if args["repl"] then -- If there's a search/replace, it might change the stressed or -- unstressed stems. FIXME: apply search/replace to the stems -- themselves. com = com .. "This verb has a distinct stressed present stem" else com = com .. "This verb has a stressed present stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. stems .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "'' distinct from the unstressed stem ''" .. (args["prefix"] or "") .. steme .. (args["suffix"] or "") .. "''" end com = com .. (irreg and ", as well as other irregularities. " or ". ") elseif irreg then com = com .. "This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. " end return com end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main inflection-handling functions -- Main entry point function export.show(frame) local origargs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} -- Convert empty arguments to nil, and "" or '' arguments to empty for k, v in pairs(origargs) do args[k] = ine(v) end -- Create the forms local data = {forms = {}, categories = {}, group = {}, comment = "", refl = args["refl"], impers = args["impers"], ier = args["ier"] or ine(frame.args["ier"]), supe = args["supe"] or ine(frame.args["supe"]) } data.forms.infinitive = {args["inf"] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text} data.inf_from_title = not args["inf"] data.inf_no_affix = data.forms.infinitive[1] if args["prefix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, "^" .. args["prefix"], "") end if args["suffix"] and data.inf_from_title then data.inf_no_affix = rsub(data.inf_no_affix, args["suffix"] .. "$", "") end -- Set the soft vowel ('pres') and hard vowel ('presa') present stems. -- They can be explicitly set using 'pres' and 'presa' params. -- If one is set, the other is inferred from it. If neither is set, -- both are inferred from the infinitive. data.prese = args["pres"] and not rfind(args["pres"], "/") and args["pres"] or args["prese"] local inf_stem, inf_ending, inf_is_soft = get_stem_from_inf(data.inf_no_affix, data.ier, args["ir"]) if not data.prese then if inf_is_soft then data.prese = inf_stem else data.prese = stema_to_steme(inf_stem) end end data.old = args["old"] data.ei = args["ei"] or data.old or inf_ending == "eir" data.forms.aux = {data.refl and "estre" or args["aux"] or data.ei and "aveir" or "avoir"} -- Find what type of verb is it (hard-coded in the template). -- Generate standard conjugated forms for each type of verb. local infl_type = ine(frame.args["type"]) if not infl_type then error("Verb type ('type' arg) not specified.") elseif inflections[infl_type] then inflections[infl_type](args, data) else error("Verb type '" .. infl_type .. "' not supported.") end for _, group in ipairs(data.group) do table.insert(data.categories, "古法語第" .. group .. "組動詞") end table.insert(data.categories, "以-" .. inf_ending .. "結尾的古法語動詞") if data.impers then table.insert(data.categories, "古法語非人称動詞") end -- Get overridden forms process_overrides(args, data) -- Add a prefix if specified if args["prefix"] then add_affix(data, args["prefix"], true) end -- Add a suffix if specified if args["suffix"] then add_affix(data, args["suffix"], false) end -- Apply any replacements local repl = args["repl"] if repl then replace_all(data, repl) end -- Add links add_links(data) -- Add reflexive pronouns if data.refl then add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) end return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang) end -- Version of main entry point meant for calling from the debug console. function export.show2(args, parargs) local frame = {args = args, getParent = function() return {args = parargs} end} return export.show(frame) end -- If ARGBASE == "foo", return an array of -- {{args["foo"]},{args["foo2"]},...,{args["foo9"]}}. -- If ARGBASE is a sequence of strings, return an array of sequences, e.g. -- if ARGBASE == {"foo", "bar"}, return an array of -- {{{args["foo"]},{args["bar"]}},{{args["foo2"]},{args["bar2"]}},...,{{args["foo9"]},{args["bar9"]}}} -- There is an extra level of {}'s because nil can't be inserted into an array function get_args(args, argbase) if type(argbase) == "string" then local theargs = {{args[argbase]}} for j = 2, 9 do table.insert(theargs, {args[argbase .. j]}) end return theargs else local theargs = {} local onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) for j = 2, 9 do onearg = {} for i, item in ipairs(argbase) do table.insert(onearg, {args[item .. j]}) end table.insert(theargs, onearg) end return theargs end end -- Replaces terms with overridden ones that are given as additional named parameters. function process_overrides(args, data) -- Each term in current is overridden by one in overN, if it exists. local function override(current, over) current = current or {} local ret = {} local i = 1 local function getover(n) return args[over .. n] end -- Insert an override entry, possibly splitting on commas and -- inserting multiple forms. local function insert_override(entry) if entry ~= "-" then if rfind(entry, ",") then local forms = mw.text.split(entry, ",") for _, form in ipairs(forms) do table.insert(ret, form) end else table.insert(ret, entry) end end end -- Look for overrides at the beginning if getover(0) then insert_override(getover(0)) end -- Look for override of all current forms if getover("") then current = {} insert_override(getover("")) end -- See if any of the existing items in current have an override specified. while current[i] do if getover(i) then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with partial overrides") insert_override(getover(i)) else table.insert(ret, current[i]) end i = i + 1 end -- We've reached the end of current. -- Look in the override list to see if there are any extra forms to -- add on to the end. NOTE: We've deprecated this and made it an error. -- Use ...n to insert forms at the end. while i <= 9 do if getover(i) then error("Attempt to partially override a non-existent form: arg " .. over .. i .. "=" .. getover(i) .. ": use " .. over .. "n=" .. getover(i) .. " instead.") -- insert_override(getover(i)) end i = i + 1 end -- Look for overrides at the end if getover("n") then insert_override(getover("n")) end return ret end -- Mark terms with any additional parameters as irregular, except for -- certain ones that we consider normal variants. if irreg_verb(args) then table.insert(data.categories, "古法語不規則動詞") end --[[ This function replaces former code like this: data.forms.pret_indc_1sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg, "pret1s") data.forms.pret_indc_2sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg, "pret2s") data.forms.pret_indc_3sg = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg, "pret3s") data.forms.pret_indc_1pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl, "pret1p") data.forms.pret_indc_2pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl, "pret2p") data.forms.pret_indc_3pl = override(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl, "pret3p") --]] local function handle_tense_override(tense, short) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} local pnums_short = {"1s", "2s", "3s", "1p", "2p", "3p"} for pn = 1, #pnums do local pnum = pnums[pn] local pnum_short = pnums_short[pn] local tensepnum = tense .. "_" .. pnum data.forms[tensepnum] = override(data.forms[tensepnum], short .. pnum_short) end end -- Non-finite forms -- data.forms.infinitive = override(data.forms.infinitive, "inf") data.forms.pres_ptc = override(data.forms.pres_ptc, "presp") data.forms.past_ptc = override(data.forms.past_ptc, "pastp") handle_tense_override("pres_indc", "pres") -- Present handle_tense_override("impf_indc", "imperf") -- Imperfect handle_tense_override("pret_indc", "pret") -- Preterite handle_tense_override("futr_indc", "fut") -- Future handle_tense_override("cond", "cond") -- Conditional handle_tense_override("pres_subj", "sub") -- Present subjunctive handle_tense_override("impf_subj", "impsub") -- Imperfect subjunctive -- Imperative data.forms.impr_2sg = override(data.forms.impr_2sg, "imp2s") data.forms.impr_1pl = override(data.forms.impr_1pl, "imp1p") data.forms.impr_2pl = override(data.forms.impr_2pl, "imp2p") end -- Adds reflexive pronouns to the appropriate forms function add_reflexive_pronouns(args, data) -- Gather pronoun parameters local cprons = {} local vprons = {} cprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "me " cprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "te " cprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "se " cprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " cprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " cprons["3pl"] = cprons["3sg"] vprons["1sg"] = args["me"] or "m'" vprons["2sg"] = args["te"] or "t'" vprons["3sg"] = args["se"] or "s'" vprons["1pl"] = args["nos"] or "nos " vprons["2pl"] = args["vos"] or "vos " vprons["3pl"] = vprons["3sg"] function add_refl(person, form) -- FIXME! YUCK! This hard-codes knowledge of how the links are formatted. -- Perhaps we should go back to the old way of having the reflexive code -- also insert links. if rfind(form, "^<span.*>[^a-zA-Z]*[aeiouAEIOU]") then return vprons[person] .. form else return cprons[person] .. form end end -- Go over all the forms in the list for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Extract the person/number from the last 3 characters of the key local person = key:sub(-3) -- Skip these three, as they already had pronouns added earlier if cprons[person] and key ~= "impr_2sg" and key ~= "impr_1pl" and key ~= "impr_2pl" then -- Go through each of the alternative subforms and add the pronoun for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = add_refl(person, subform) end end end -- Handle infinitive for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.infinitive) do data.forms.infinitive[key] = add_refl("3sg", subform) end -- Handle imperatives for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2sg) do data.forms.impr_2sg[key] = subform .. (data.ei and "-tei" or "-toi") end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_1pl) do data.forms.impr_1pl[key] = subform .. "-nos" end for key, subform in ipairs(data.forms.impr_2pl) do data.forms.impr_2pl[key] = subform .. "-vos" end end -- Add links to all forms function add_links(data) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = make_link(subform) end end end -- Add a prefix or suffix to all forms. AFFIX is what to add; IS_PREFIX is -- true if it's a prefix, otherwise a suffix. function add_affix(data, affix, is_prefix) for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't add affix to aux, nor infinitive -- that comes from the page title. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = (is_prefix and affix .. subform or subform .. affix) end end end end -- Apply all replacements function replace_all(data, repl) for splitrepl in mw.text.gsplit(repl, ",") do local fromto = mw.text.split(splitrepl, "/") if #fromto ~= 2 then error("Replace spec '" .. splitrepl .. "' needs exactly one / in it") end local from = fromto[1] local to = fromto[2] for key, subforms in pairs(data.forms) do -- Don't search/replace on aux, nor on infinitive -- that comes from the page title. Don't want e.g. infinitive -- 'offrir' to become 'offffrir'. if key ~= "aux" and (key ~= "infinitive" or not data.inf_from_title) then for key2, subform in ipairs(subforms) do data.forms[key][key2] = rsub(data.forms[key][key2], from, to) end end end end end -- Inflection functions -- Implementation of inflect_tense(). See that function. Also used directly -- to add the imperative, which has only three forms. function inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) -- First, initialize any nil entries to sequences. for i, pnum in ipairs(pnums) do if data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] == nil then data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnum] = {} end end -- Now add entries for i = 1, #pnums do -- Extract endings for this person-number combo local ends = endings[i] if type(ends) == "string" then ends = {ends} end -- Extract stem for this person-number combo local stem = stems if type(stem) == "table" then stem = stem[i] end -- Add entries for stem + endings for j, ending in ipairs(ends) do local form = join(stem, ending) if ine(form) and form ~= "-" and (not data.impers or pnums[i] == "3sg") then table.insert(data.forms[tense .. "_" .. pnums[i]], form) end end end end -- Add to DATA the inflections for the tense indicated by TENSE (the prefix -- in the data.forms names, e.g. 'impf_subj'), formed by combining the STEMS -- (either a single string or a sequence of six strings) with the -- ENDINGS (a sequence of six values, each of which is either a string -- or a sequence of one or more possible endings). If existing -- inflections already exist, they will be added to, not overridden. function inflect_tense(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"1sg", "2sg", "3sg", "1pl", "2pl", "3pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end -- Like inflect_tense() but for the imperative, which has only three forms -- instead of six. function inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, stems, endings) local pnums = {"2sg", "1pl", "2pl"} inflect_tense_1(data, tense, stems, endings, pnums) end function inflect_pres(data, tense, group, steme, stems, ier, supe) local i = ier and "i" or "" if steme ~= stems then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with stem alternations") end local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if tense == "impr" and group == "i" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {stems, steme, steme}, {"e", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, steme, {"is", "issons", "issez"}) elseif tense == "impr" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense_impr(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme}, {"", "ons", i .. "ez"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"", "es", "e".. oldt, "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) elseif tense == "pres_indc" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"is", "is", "ist", "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, steme, {"isse", "isses", "isse" .. oldt, "issons", "issez", "issent"}) elseif tense == "pres_subj" and group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, tense, {stems, stems, stems, steme, steme, stems}, {"e", "es", "e" .. oldt, ier and {"iens", "ons"} or "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) else -- pres_indc group iii or pres_subj group i inflect_tense(data, tense, {add_zero(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_s(stems, ier, supe, data.old), add_t(stems, ier, supe, data.old), steme, steme, stems}, {"", "", "", "ons", i .. "ez", "ent"}) end end -- Split a string into entries separated by slashes, each representing one -- of the possible person/number combinations. Each entry in turn may consist -- of one or more forms, separated by commas. NUMREQ is how many entries need -- to be present, defaulting to 6. function split_multipart(str, numreq) local entries = mw.text.split(str, "/") numreq = numreq or 6 if #entries ~= numreq then error("Expected " .. numreq .. " entries in multipart string '" .. str .. "'") end for i, entry in ipairs(entries) do if rfind(entry, ",") then entries[i] = mw.text.split(entry, ",") else entries[i] = {entry} end end return entries end function handle_pres(args, data, group, steme, stems) local ier = data.ier local supe = data.supe if args["pres"] and rfind(args["pres"], "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(args["pres"])) else inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- If sub not set, derive from indicative. -- If subs not set, derive from sub if set, else from indicative. local sub_steme = args["sub"] local sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" local sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end local sub_stems = args["subs"] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier"] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe"] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat exactly for the imperative. local imp_steme = args["imp"] local imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" local imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end local imp_stems = args["imps"] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier"] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe"] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end -- If indic stem specified, we add indic values, and also corresponding -- subj values if separate subj stem not specified. for i = 2, 9 do steme = args["pres" .. i] local multi_indic = steme and rfind(steme, "/") local indic_specified = not multi_indic and steme if multi_indic then inflect_tense(data, "pres_indc", "", split_multipart(steme)) elseif indic_specified then stems = args["press" .. i] or steme ier = args["ier" .. i] supe = args["supe" .. i] inflect_pres(data, "pres_indc", group, steme, stems, ier, supe) end -- Handle subjunctive as above. sub_steme = args["sub" .. i] sub_dash = sub_steme == "-" sub_specified = sub_steme if sub_steme and rfind(sub_steme, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pres_subj", "", split_multipart(sub_steme)) elseif not sub_dash and (indic_specified or sub_specified) then if not sub_specified then sub_steme = steme end sub_stems = args["subs" .. i] if not sub_stems then sub_stems = sub_specified and sub_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "pres_subj", group, sub_steme, sub_stems, args["subier" .. i] or (not sub_specified and ier), args["subsupe" .. i] or (not sub_specified and supe)) end -- Repeat for the imperative. imp_steme = args["imp" .. i] imp_dash = imp_steme == "-" imp_specified = imp_steme if imp_steme and rfind(imp_steme, "/") then inflect_tense_impr(data, "impr", "", split_multipart(imp_steme, 3)) elseif not imp_dash and (indic_specified or imp_specified) then if not imp_specified then imp_steme = steme end imp_stems = args["imps" .. i] if not imp_stems then imp_stems = imp_specified and imp_steme or stems end inflect_pres(data, "impr", group, imp_steme, imp_stems, args["impier" .. i] or (not imp_specified and ier), args["impsupe" .. i] or (not imp_specified and supe)) end end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect -- subjunctive, with unstressed e/i stem STEME, stressed e/i stem STEMS, -- conjugation type PTY and corresponding value of IMPSUB. function inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, stem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) local steme = pretu or pret or stem local stems = prets or pretu or pret or stem if pret and rfind(pret, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", "", split_multipart(pret)) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) elseif pty then insert_if_not(data.categories, "Old French verbs with " .. pty .. " preterite") -- WARNING: If the second person singular of any of these is not a -- simple string, you will need to modify the handling below of -- the imperfect subjunctive, which relies on this form. local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" local all_endings = pty == "weak-a" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","erent"} or pty == "weak-a2" and {"ai","as","a" .. oldt,"ames","astes","ierent"} or pty == "weak-i" and {"i","is","i" .. oldt,"imes","istes","irent"} or -- FIXME: "Grammatik des Altfranzösischen I-III" (Dr. E. Schwan and -- Dr. D. Behrens), p. 229, claims that the old form of the weak-i2 -- ending is "ieḍrent", e.g. "rendieḍrent" < "rendęderunt", whereas the -- early 12th-century forms of E. Einhorn "Old French: A Concise Handbook" -- p.43 have only "ierent". I trust the latter because Schwan and Behrens -- also have the 3rd-singular as "rendiet" with a hard -t < "rendędit", -- but in reality it should be "rendieṭ" (i.e. "rendiéṭ") with a soft -ṭ, -- as per Einhorn and also William Kibler "An Introduction to Old French". -- Schwan and Behrens' forms would be correct if the underlying Vulgar -- Latin forms are correct, but I think haplology has deleted the second -- -d- so you should really have 3rd-singular "rendęt" > "rendiéṭ" and -- 3rd-plural "rendęrunt" > "rendierent". pty == "weak-i2" and {"i","is","ié" .. oldt,"imes","istes","ierent"} or pty == "strong-i" and {"","is","t","imes","istes","rent"} or pty == "strong-id" and {"","is","t","imes","istes",{"drent","rent"}} or pty == "weak-u" and {"ui","us","u" .. oldt,"umes","ustes","urent"} or pty == "strong-u" and {"ui","eüs","ut","eümes","eüstes","urent"} or pty == "strong-o" and {"oi","eüs","ot","eümes","eüstes","orent"} or pty == "strong-st" and {"s","sis","st","simes","sistes","strent"} or pty == "strong-sd" and {"s","ṣis","st","ṣimes","ṣistes","sdrent"} or error("Unrecognized prettype value '" .. pty .. "'") -- Always use one of the weak stems unless we have strong-stem endings local all_stems = rfind(pty, "^strong-") and {stems, steme, stems, steme, steme, stems} or {steme, steme, steme, steme, steme, steme} inflect_tense(data, "pret_indc", all_stems, all_endings) inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, join(all_stems[2], all_endings[2]), pty) elseif impsub then inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, nil, nil, nil) end end function inflect_impf_subj(data, impsub, steme, pret2s, pty) -- Handle imperfect subj, which follows the same types as the preterite -- and is built off of the 2nd person singular form, although we need to -- special-case weak-a and weak-a2 local impsub_endings = {"se","ses","t",{"sons","siens"}, {data.ei and "seiz" or "soiz","sez","siez"},"sent"} if impsub and rfind(impsub, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", "", split_multipart(impsub)) elseif impsub == "-" then return elseif impsub then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", impsub, impsub_endings) -- need the % here to escape the dash, which otherwise stands for a -- character range??????? elseif pty and rfind(pty, "^weak%-a") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", steme, {"asse","asses","ast", {"issons","issiens"}, {data.ei and "isseiz" or "issoiz","issez","issiez"},"assent"}) elseif pty then inflect_tense(data, "impf_subj", pret2s, impsub_endings) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for the preterite and imperfect subjunctive, -- based on the strong and weak stems and preterite ending type(s) given in -- ARGS. For each weak preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be a -- corresponding stem in 'pretN' (defaulting to STEM) and for each strong -- preterite ending type 'prettypeN' there should be corresponding unstressed -- and stressed stems in 'pretuN' and 'pretsN' (defaulting to 'pretN' or STEM). -- If specifically 'pret' and 'prettype' are unspecified, substitute defaults, -- specifically the fallback preterite type FBPTY and stressed/unstressed -- fallback stem FBSTEM. function handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, stem, fbstem, fbpty) local all_props = get_args(args, {"prettype", "pret", "pretu", "prets", "impsub"}) for i, props in ipairs(all_props) do local thestem = stem local pty = props[1][1] local pret = props[2][1] local pretu = props[3][1] local prets = props[4][1] local impsub = props[5][1] if i == 1 and not pty and not pret then thestem = fbstem pty = fbpty pret = fbstem pretu = fbstem prets = fbstem end inflect_pret_impf_subj(data, thestem, pty, pret, pretu, prets, impsub) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one paradigm of the future and conditional, -- based on the future stem in STEM (possibly nil). function inflect_future_cond(data, stem) if stem then if rfind(stem, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", "", split_multipart(stem)) else if data.old then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","aṭ","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", "iiens","iiez","eient"}) elseif data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {"eie","eies","eit", {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},"eient"}) else inflect_tense(data, "futr_indc", stem, {"ai","as","a","ons",{"oiz","eiz", "ez"},"ont"}) inflect_tense(data, "cond", stem, {{"oie","eie"},{"oies","eies"},{"oit","eit"}, {"iiens","iens"},{"iiez","iez"},{"oient","eient"}}) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the future and conditional based on the -- future stem(s) in ARGS. Use If no future stems given, use STEM. function handle_future_cond(args, data, stem) local fut_args = get_args(args, "fut") -- Just override the value from args["fut"] if necessary if not args["fut"] then fut_args[1][1] = stem end for _, futarg in ipairs(fut_args) do local stem = futarg[1] inflect_future_cond(data, stem) end end -- Add to DATA the forms for up to one imperfect paradigm, corresponding to -- the imperfect stem in IMPERF (possibly nil), the corresponding ier= value -- in IMPERFIER, the corresponding present stem in PRES (possibly nil), and -- its corresponding ier= value in PRESIER. Only do something if either IMPERF -- or PRES is non-nil. function inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) if imperf and rfind(imperf, "/") then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", "", split_multipart(imperf)) else if not imperf and pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then imperf = pres imperfier = presier end if imperf and imperf ~= "-" then local steme = imperf local stema = steme_to_stema(steme) local i = imperfier and "i" or "" if group == "i" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oue", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oues", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "out", i .. "eveṭ"}, {"iiens"}, {"iiez"}, {"eient", "ouent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "i" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie", "oe", i .. "eve"}, {"oies", "eies", "oes", i .. "eves"}, {"oit", "eit", "ot", i .. "eve"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient", "oent", i .. "event"} }) elseif group == "ii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "ii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", join(steme, "iss"), {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) elseif group == "iii" and data.old then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", "iiens", "iiez", "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" and data.ei then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {"eie", "eies", "eit", {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, "eient" }) elseif group == "iii" then inflect_tense(data, "impf_indc", steme, {{"oie", "eie"}, {"oies", "eies"}, {"oit", "eit"}, {"iiens", "iens"}, {"iiez", "iez"}, {"oient", "eient"} }) end end end end -- Add to DATA all the forms for the imperfect based on the -- imperfect stem(s) in ARGS. If no imperfect stems given, use -- corresponding present stems if they exist, but use STEME and IER -- for the first present stem and ier= value, since they're computed -- specially. function handle_imperfect(args, data, group, steme, ier) local imperf_args = get_args(args, {"imperf","imperfier","pres","ier"}) -- Just override the values from args["pres"] and args["ier"] imperf_args[1][3][1] = steme imperf_args[1][4][1] = ier for _, stem in ipairs(imperf_args) do local imperf = stem[1][1] local imperfier = stem[2][1] local pres = stem[3][1] local presier = stem[4][1] inflect_imperfect(data, group, imperf, imperfier, pres, presier) end end -- Add to DATA up to one form of the present participle based on the -- present stem in PRES. Only do anything if PRES is non-nil and not a -- multipart specification. function inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) if pres and not rfind(pres, "/") then if group == "ii" then table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "issant")) else table.insert(data.forms.pres_ptc, join(pres, "ant")) end end end -- Add to DATA the forms of the present participle based on the -- present stem(s) in ARGS. Use STEME for the first present stem, -- since it's computed specially. function handle_pres_part(args, data, group, steme) if data.forms.pres_ptc == nil then data.forms.pres_ptc = {} end local ppart_args = get_args(args, {"pres"}) -- Just override the value from args["pres"] ppart_args[1][1][1] = steme for _, stem in ipairs(ppart_args) do local pres = stem[1][1] inflect_pres_part(data, group, pres) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for an -er or -ier verb, based on the arguments -- in ARGS. inflections["i"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" if data.ier then data.comment = "這個動詞變位為以''-ier''結尾的第一組動詞,帶有一個硬腭音詞幹。這些動詞的變位形式大多和以''-er''結尾的動詞類似,但某些詞在詞尾的''e''之前要額外加上一個'i''。" else data.comment = "這個動詞變位為以''-er''結尾的第一組動詞。" end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "i", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"一"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "i", prese) data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, i .. "é" .. (data.old and "ṭ" or ""))} handle_pres(args, data, "i", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "i", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, data.ier and "weak-a2" or "weak-a") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "er")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 2 verb (-ir, with -iss- infix), -- based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', with an ''-iss-'' infix). " data.group = {"二"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3 verb (-ir without -iss- infix, or -- -re or -oir), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"三"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" if rfind(infinitive, "[^eo]ir$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} elseif rfind(infinitive, "ïr$") then data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "ï" .. oldt)} else data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "u" .. oldt)} end handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) if rfind(infinitive, "[dt]re$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i2") elseif rfind(infinitive, "re$") then local pretstem = add_s(prese, false, false, data.old) pretstem = rsub(pretstem, "s$", "") handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, pretstem, "strong-st") elseif rfind(infinitive, "[eo]ir$") then handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-u") else handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") end if rfind(infinitive, "[^eolrs]ir$") then handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) else -- -re, -oir, -eir, -ïr, -lir, -sir, -rir handle_future_cond(args, data, add_r(prese, data.old)) end end -- Add to DATA the endings for a type 3/2 verb (-ir without or with -- -iss- infix), based on the arguments in ARGS. inflections["iii-ii"] = function(args, data) local prese = data.prese local press = args["press"] or prese local i = data.ier and "i" or "" data.comment = "This verb conjugates as a third-group or second-group verb (ending in ''-ir'', without or with an ''-iss-'' infix). " if data.ier then data.comment = data.comment .. "This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra ''i'' before the ''e'' of some endings. " end data.comment = data.comment .. verb_comment(args, "iii", prese, press, data.ier, data.supe, data.old) data.group = {"三", "二", "三-二"} handle_pres_part(args, data, "iii", prese) handle_pres_part(args, data, "ii", prese) -- retrieve the infinitive without any affix, so that when -- we put the affix back on, we don't get a doubled affix local infinitive = data.inf_no_affix local oldt = data.old and "ṭ" or "" data.forms.past_ptc = {join(prese, "i" .. oldt)} handle_pres(args, data, "iii", prese, press) handle_pres(args, data, "ii", prese, press) handle_imperfect(args, data, "iii", prese, data.ier) handle_imperfect(args, data, "ii", prese, data.ier) handle_pret_impf_subj(args, data, prese, prese, "weak-i") handle_future_cond(args, data, join(prese, "ir")) end -- Shows the table with the given forms function make_table(data) return data.comment .. [=[古法語的變位因時代和地域而異。以下變位僅供參考。 <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both"> <div class="NavHead" align=left>&nbsp; &nbsp; ]=] .. m_links.full_link({lang = lang, alt = data.forms.infinitive[1]}, "term") .. [=[ 的變位<span style="font-size:90%;">(另見[[Appendix:古法語動詞]])</span></div> <div class="NavContent" align=center> {| style="width: 100%; background:#F0F0F0;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:2px" class="inflection-table" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 簡單 ! colspan="3" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 複合 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 不定式 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.infinitive) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. " " .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 動名詞 | colspan="3" | en ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ | colspan="3" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的動名詞後接過去分詞 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 現在分詞 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#e2e4c0" | 過去分詞 | colspan="3" | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.past_ptc) .. [=[ |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 人稱 ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 單數 ! colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 複數 |- ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第一 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第二 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第三 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第一 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第二 ! style="background:#C0C0C0;width:12.5%" | 第三 |- ! style="background:#c0cfe4" colspan="2" | 直陳 ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | jo ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | tu ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | nos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | vos ! style="background:#c0cfe4" | il |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | 簡單<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 現在 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 未完成 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 過去 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pret_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 將來 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.futr_indc_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 條件 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.cond_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#c0cfe4" | 複合<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 現在完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的現在時後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 愈過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的未完成式後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 先過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的過去時後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 將來完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的將來時後接過去分詞 |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0cfe4" | 條件完成 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的條件式後接過去分詞 |- ! style="background:#c0e4c0" colspan="2" | 虛擬 ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que jo ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que tu ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que nos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | que vos ! style="background:#c0e4c0" | qu’il |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | 簡單<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 現在 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.pres_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" rowspan="1" | 未完成 | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3sg) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_2pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impf_subj_3pl) .. [=[ |- ! rowspan="2" style="background:#c0e4c0" | 複合<br>時態 ! style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的現在時虛擬語氣後接過去分詞 |- ! rowspan="1" style="height:3em;background:#c0e4c0" | 愈過去 ! colspan="6" style="background:#C0C0C0" | 用]=] .. show_form(data.forms.aux) .. [=[的未完成虛擬語氣後接過去分詞 |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:3em;background:#e4d4c0" | 命令 ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | tu ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | nos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | vos ! style="background:#e4d4c0" | – |- | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2sg) .. [=[ | — | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_1pl) .. [=[ | ]=] .. show_form(data.forms.impr_2pl) .. [=[ | — |- |}</div></div>]=] end -- Create a link for a form function make_link(subform) return m_links.full_link({lang = lang, term = subform}) end -- Shows forms, or a dash if empty function show_form(subforms) if not subforms then return "&mdash;" elseif type(subforms) ~= "table" then error("a non-table value was given in the list of inflected forms.") elseif #subforms == 0 then return "&mdash;" end -- Concatenate results, omitting duplicates local ret = {} for key, subform in ipairs(subforms) do insert_if_not(ret, subform) end return table.concat(ret, ", ") end return export -- For Vim, so we get 4-space tabs -- vim: set ts=4 sw=4 noet: n6zzww27kabnkftdy3mtmqb0tzfqehc Category:屈折模塊 14 1915160 7270931 2022-07-27T15:39:01Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:含有後綴-вам的保加利亞語詞 14 1915161 7270933 2022-07-27T15:40:50Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:塔吉克語 昆蟲 14 1915162 7270934 2022-07-27T15:40:58Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:塔吉克語 節肢動物 14 1915163 7270935 2022-07-27T15:41:02Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Tuvan interrogative pronouns 10 1915164 7270937 2022-07-27T15:49:43Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="NavFrame" style="width:640px"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align: left">'''圖瓦語疑問代詞'''</div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center; width:100%" ! style="width:10%" | 數 ! style="width:10%" | 格 ! colspan="2" style="width:30%" | Personal ! style="width:10%" | — ! style="width:10%" | Qualitative ! style="width:10%" | Quantitative ! style="width:10%" | 時態 |- ! — ! — ! 什麼? ! 誰? ! 哪個? ! 什麼樣的?如何? ! 多少? ! 何時? |- ! rowspan="7" | 單數 !! 主格 | {{m|tyv|кым}} | {{m|tyv|чүү}} | — | rowspan="14" | {{m|tyv|кандыг}}, {{m|tyv|канчаар}} | rowspan="14" | {{m|tyv|каш}} | rowspan="14" | {{m|tyv|кажан}} |- ! 屬格 | {{m|tyv|кымның}} | {{m|tyv|чүнүң}} | {{m|tyv|кайы}} |- ! 賓格 | {{m|tyv|кымны}} | {{m|tyv|чүнү}} | — |- ! 與格 | {{m|tyv|кымга}} | {{m|tyv|чүге}} | {{m|tyv|каяа}}, {{m|tyv|кайнаар}} |- ! 方位格 | {{m|tyv|кымда}} | {{m|tyv|чүде}} | {{m|tyv|кайда}} |- ! 離格 | {{m|tyv|кымдан}} | {{m|tyv|чүден}} | {{m|tyv|кайыын}} |- ! 向格 | {{m|tyv|кымче}} | {{m|tyv|чүже}} | {{m|tyv|кайыже}} |- ! rowspan="7" | 複數!! 主格 | {{m|tyv|кымнар}} | {{m|tyv|чүлер}} | — |- ! 屬格 | {{m|tyv|кымнарның}} | {{m|tyv|чүлерниң}} | — |- ! 賓格 | {{m|tyv|кымнарны}} | {{m|tyv|чүлерни}} | — |- ! 與格 | {{m|tyv|кымнарга}} | {{m|tyv|чүлерге}} | — |- ! 方位格 | {{m|tyv|кымнарда}} | {{m|tyv|чүлерде}} | — |- ! 離格 | {{m|tyv|кымнардан}} | {{m|tyv|чүлерден}} | — |- ! 向格 | {{m|tyv|кымнарже}} | {{m|tyv|чүлерже}} | — |} </div></div><noinclude>{{documentation}} [[Category:圖瓦語自動表格模板]] </noinclude> bv7yqljkid9wpm4rx4gqwe50u7aoi0a Category:圖瓦語自動表格模板 14 1915165 7270938 2022-07-27T15:50:15Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:圖瓦語模板 14 1915166 7270939 2022-07-27T15:50:19Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:北阿爾泰語副詞 14 1915167 7270940 2022-07-27T15:50:42Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:圖瓦語副詞 14 1915168 7270941 2022-07-27T15:50:47Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始突厥語的北阿爾泰語詞 14 1915169 7270942 2022-07-27T15:50:52Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自突厥語族的北阿爾泰語詞 14 1915170 7270943 2022-07-27T15:50:57Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:北阿爾泰語派生詞 14 1915171 7270944 2022-07-27T15:51:01Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:北阿爾泰語詞源 14 1915172 7270945 2022-07-27T15:51:05Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自原始突厥語的北阿爾泰語詞 14 1915173 7270946 2022-07-27T15:51:11Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:北阿爾泰語繼承詞 14 1915174 7270947 2022-07-27T15:51:14Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:諾蓋語副詞 14 1915175 7270948 2022-07-27T15:51:18Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始蒙古語的吉爾吉斯語詞 14 1915176 7270949 2022-07-27T15:51:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自蒙古語族的吉爾吉斯語詞 14 1915177 7270950 2022-07-27T15:51:46Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始蒙古語的韃靼語詞 14 1915178 7270951 2022-07-27T15:51:51Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自蒙古語族的韃靼語詞 14 1915179 7270952 2022-07-27T15:51:57Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:標題行有紅鏈的馬其頓語副詞 14 1915180 7270955 2022-07-27T15:53:03Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:標題行有紅鏈的副詞 14 1915181 7270956 2022-07-27T15:53:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語標題行模板 14 1915182 7270958 2022-07-27T15:58:17Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:含有前綴бес-的俄語詞 14 1915183 7270961 2022-07-27T16:02:06Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:含有後綴-ие的保加利亞語詞 14 1915184 7270967 2022-07-27T16:05:15Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:含有前綴за-的保加利亞語詞 14 1915185 7270968 2022-07-27T16:05:21Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬其頓語 計算機 14 1915186 7270969 2022-07-27T16:06:05Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx палатализация 0 1915187 7270973 2022-07-27T16:07:57Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|палатализа́ция}} ===名詞=== {{ru-noun+|палатализа́ция}} # {{lb|ru|語言學|不可數|或|可數}} [[顎化]],[[顎音化]] ====變格==== {{ru-noun-table|палатализа́ция}} kysb1kaz4p3ptd6nprpe56ium8ywyh6 Category:俄語唯單名詞 14 1915188 7270974 2022-07-27T16:08:23Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語 海 14 1915189 7270977 2022-07-27T16:10:04Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:俄語 水 14 1915190 7270978 2022-07-27T16:10:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:含有後綴-ничать的俄語詞 14 1915191 7270991 2022-07-27T16:18:25Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Ru-phrase 10 1915192 7270998 2022-07-27T16:23:14Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|ru|短語|head={{{1|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> 60sv8t0k095go4719v7sp2ei8awehh6 Template:Ru-proverb 10 1915193 7270999 2022-07-27T16:23:46Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|ru|諺語|head={{{1|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> ago28cvo5h71ahoa1va8avhhlpm7heu Template:Os-adj 10 1915194 7271002 2022-07-27T16:25:15Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|os|形容詞|head={{{head|}}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> 8wj9t530uj9nwa5n6shnh2gocwreiqe Template:Os-adv 10 1915195 7271003 2022-07-27T16:25:26Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|os|副詞|head={{{head|}}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> 4wclfh6cn7rhs8gffb8ornsnl24qev5 Template:Os-proper noun 10 1915196 7271004 2022-07-27T16:25:44Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|os|專有名詞|head={{{head|}}}|g={{#ifeq:{{{g}}}|pl|p}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{pl|}}}|plural}}<!-- -->|{{{pl|}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> 40jht9oozo3s09yra46h2x6izp3b868 7271005 7271004 2022-07-27T16:25:50Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|os|專有名詞|head={{{head|}}}|g={{#ifeq:{{{g}}}|pl|p}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{pl|}}}|複數}}<!-- -->|{{{pl|}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> brthlellzv5bitp1d8o0nk2plny8q6f Template:Os-verb 10 1915197 7271008 2022-07-27T16:26:43Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{head|os|動詞|head={{{head|}}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> sxn9nevarukyo6i74zxw608hh9crryr дӕйын 0 1915198 7271009 2022-07-27T16:27:55Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|os|iir-pro|*dʰáyati}},{{inh+|os|ine-pro||*dʰéh₁(y)-e-ti}}。對照{{cog|cu|доити}}。 ===動詞=== {{os-verb}} # [[吸]],[[吮]] eo9cugngoi2awlhe4uy04nf405c22js Category:蒙古語 茶 14 1915199 7271011 2022-07-27T16:29:54Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:蒙古語 飲料 14 1915200 7271012 2022-07-27T16:29:58Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx калм 0 1915201 7271017 2022-07-27T16:35:23Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|os|os-pro|}},{{inh+|os|xsc-pro|}},{{inh+|os|ira-pro|*kŕ̥miš}}(對照{{cog|ae-yng|𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬃‎}}、{{cog|fa|sc=fa-Arab|کرم|tr=kerm||蠕蟲}}),{{inh+|os|iir-pro|*kŕ̥miš}}(對照{{cog|sa|कृमि|tr=kṛ́mi|t=蠕蟲}}),{{inh+|os|ine-pro|*kʷŕ̥mis}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|os|noun|tr=kalm}} # [[蛇]] # [[蠕蟲] {{c|os|蛇|蠕蟲}} 97xd99u77qhm8yllu1wqs430w2kvbhu 7271018 7271017 2022-07-27T16:35:40Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|os|os-pro|}},{{inh+|os|xsc-pro|}},{{inh+|os|ira-pro|*kŕ̥miš}}(對照{{cog|ae-yng|𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬃‎}}、{{cog|fa|sc=fa-Arab|کرم|tr=kerm||蠕蟲}}),{{inh+|os|iir-pro|*kŕ̥miš}}(對照{{cog|sa|कृमि|tr=kṛ́mi|t=蠕蟲}}),{{inh+|os|ine-pro|*kʷŕ̥mis}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|os|名詞|tr=kalm}} # [[蛇]] # [[蠕蟲]] {{c|os|蛇|蠕蟲}} giktrtl846mg08ydqcni6q20lgtv6c0 Category:蒙古語 液體 14 1915202 7271019 2022-07-27T16:35:46Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:蒙古語 物質 14 1915203 7271020 2022-07-27T16:35:50Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:蒙古語 化學 14 1915204 7271021 2022-07-27T16:35:54Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:蒙古語 科學 14 1915205 7271022 2022-07-27T16:35:57Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:蒙古語 飲食 14 1915206 7271023 2022-07-27T16:36:01Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 蛇 14 1915207 7271024 2022-07-27T16:36:07Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 爬行動物 14 1915208 7271025 2022-07-27T16:36:11Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 脊椎動物 14 1915209 7271026 2022-07-27T16:36:15Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 脊索動物 14 1915210 7271027 2022-07-27T16:36:18Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 動物 14 1915211 7271028 2022-07-27T16:36:23Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 生命形式 14 1915212 7271029 2022-07-27T16:36:26Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 蠕蟲 14 1915213 7271030 2022-07-27T16:36:30Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始奧塞提亞語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915214 7271031 2022-07-27T16:36:36Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始奧塞提亞語的詞 14 1915215 7271032 2022-07-27T16:36:40Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自斯基泰語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915216 7271033 2022-07-27T16:36:46Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自東北伊朗語支的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915217 7271034 2022-07-27T16:36:52Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始斯基泰語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915218 7271035 2022-07-27T16:36:57Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始斯基泰語的詞 14 1915219 7271036 2022-07-27T16:37:01Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自原始奧塞提亞語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915220 7271037 2022-07-27T16:37:06Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語繼承詞 14 1915221 7271038 2022-07-27T16:37:10Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自原始奧塞提亞語的詞 14 1915222 7271039 2022-07-27T16:37:14Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx робас 0 1915223 7271040 2022-07-27T16:37:18Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|os|xln|*rowasa}},{{inh+|os|ira-pro|*HrawpaHcáh}},{{inh+|os|iir-pro|*HlawpaHćás}};對照{{cog|fa|روباه|tr=rubâh}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|os|名詞|tr=robas}} # {{lb|os|Digor}} [[狐狸]] ====參見==== * {{l|os|рувас}} {{c|os|犬科動物}} 3ndhovd13jyjwond1zgs3c1kkcm4z9g Category:繼承自原始斯基泰語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915224 7271041 2022-07-27T16:37:20Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自原始斯基泰語的詞 14 1915225 7271042 2022-07-27T16:37:24Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 犬科動物 14 1915226 7271043 2022-07-27T16:37:37Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 肉食性動物 14 1915227 7271044 2022-07-27T16:37:41Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 哺乳動物 14 1915228 7271045 2022-07-27T16:37:44Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自阿蘭語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915229 7271046 2022-07-27T16:37:50Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自上古奧塞提亞語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915230 7271047 2022-07-27T16:37:55Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自阿蘭語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915231 7271048 2022-07-27T16:38:00Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自阿蘭語的詞 14 1915232 7271049 2022-07-27T16:38:04Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx тулдз 0 1915233 7271050 2022-07-27T16:39:23Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===其他寫法=== * {{alter|os|толдзӕ}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|os|oos|*tolʒæ}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|os|名詞}} # [[橡樹]],[[橡木]] {{c|os|植物|樹}} 8xlxseuje4ef0qt0hzfxntarl290f9i Category:奧塞梯語 植物 14 1915234 7271051 2022-07-27T16:39:27Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:奧塞梯語 樹 14 1915235 7271052 2022-07-27T16:39:31Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自上古奧塞提亞語的奧塞梯語詞 14 1915236 7271053 2022-07-27T16:39:36Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:繼承自上古奧塞提亞語的詞 14 1915237 7271054 2022-07-27T16:39:40Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx адӕймаг 0 1915238 7271055 2022-07-27T16:40:28Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===名詞=== {{os-noun}} # {{lb|os|Iron|Digor}} [[人]];[[人類]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:os:Abaev}} * {{R:os:Iron}} * {{R:os:Digor}} {{c|os|人|人類}} pu2s99tzolf8z7ieqkyi3c79qjk1ech Category:奧塞梯語 人 14 1915239 7271056 2022-07-27T16:40:42Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx майрӕмбон 0 1915240 7271057 2022-07-27T16:41:37Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===名詞=== {{head|os|名詞|tr=majræmbon}} # {{lb|os|Iron}} [[星期五]],[[禮拜五]],[[周五]] ====參見==== * {{l|os|майрӕнбон}} {{c|os|星期名稱|sort=5}} 8hur6diagzq66t3vqvqt5407vwb5dwu 7271058 7271057 2022-07-27T16:41:47Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==奧塞梯語== ===名詞=== {{head|os|名詞|tr=majræmbon}} # {{lb|os|Iron}} [[星期五]],[[禮拜五]],[[週五]] ====參見==== * {{l|os|майрӕнбон}} {{c|os|星期名稱|sort=5}} d9a1m1d9fz7gqimu6yxuv4bruwtg6hm Category:奧塞梯語 星期名稱 14 1915241 7271059 2022-07-27T16:41:51Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx ῥιπῆς 0 1915242 7271061 2022-07-27T16:44:25Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῥῑπῆς}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|ῥῑπῆς}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥῑπή||gen|s}} 94vvmynqmli8hjhm74ej6wbzrg490hi ῥῖπτε 0 1915243 7271062 2022-07-27T16:44:27Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===動詞=== {{grc-verb form}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥῑ́πτω||2|s|pres|act|imp}} fg9vvyir1krsqbmsyz1yuvqkrpe6o3b ῥοαί 0 1915244 7271063 2022-07-27T16:44:29Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|grc|名詞變格形}} {{tlb|grc|Homeric}} # {{plural of|grc|ῥοή}} te5ey35amhin12mbugliib2rybjbjty ῥοάς 0 1915245 7271064 2022-07-27T16:44:31Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῥοά¯ς}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|ῥοᾱ́ς}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥοή||acc|p}} a1pch7v41qz8f4kl8ftcyeal10gzvcu ῥοάων 0 1915246 7271065 2022-07-27T16:44:33Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῥοά¯ων}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|ῥοᾱ́ων}} # {{lb|grc|荷馬希臘語}} {{inflection of|grc|ῥοή||gen|p}} h86kb7n57l39ru2cisrkel3mhwqcw4r ῥομβοειδές 0 1915247 7271066 2022-07-27T16:44:35Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{head|grc|形容詞變格形}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥομβοειδής||nom|s|n}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥομβοειδής||acc|s|n}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥομβοειδής||voc|s|n}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥομβοειδής||contracted|voc|s|m}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥομβοειδής||contracted|voc|s|f}} fqtk3c9tuz0pezo26embpmft00qgmwv ῥόον 0 1915248 7271067 2022-07-27T16:44:37Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῥόϝον}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥόος||acc|s}} fvmhiuvtpya138hpq1y7yhydik6qo09 ῥόπτρα 0 1915249 7271068 2022-07-27T16:44:39Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῥόπτρᾰ}} ===名詞=== {{head|grc|名詞變格形|head=ῥόπτρᾰ}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥόπτρον||nom|p}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥόπτρον||voc|p}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥόπτρον||acc|p}} 1eohrjnx7nkld6mo684lw9c73nzfg3o ῥυτίδα 0 1915250 7271069 2022-07-27T16:44:41Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῥῠτῐ́δᾰ}} ===名詞=== {{head|grc|名詞變格形|head=ῥῠτῐ́δᾰ}} # {{inflection of|grc|ῥῠτῐ́ς||acc|s}} arhi5lpu7dmj1k6vikp74rix4pevtom σ' 0 1915251 7271070 2022-07-27T16:44:43Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===代詞=== {{grc-pronoun form|σ’}} # {{apocopic form of|grc|σε}} nffg9gqquxlvuryrxb1zvja8aodcccz σά 0 1915252 7271071 2022-07-27T16:44:45Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|σᾱ́}} ===形容詞=== {{grc-adjective form|σᾱ́}} # {{inflection of|grc|σός||f|nom//acc//voc|d}} ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|σᾰ́}} ===形容詞=== 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{{grc-IPA|σκῐᾶς}} ===名詞=== {{head|grc|名詞變格形|g=f|head=σκῐᾶς}} # {{inflection of|grc|σκῐᾱ́||gen|s}} gek0ylj0kdrfnfxwgt6c08uj8n1t329 σκιόεντα 0 1915391 7271210 2022-07-27T16:49:30Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|σκῐόεντᾰ}} ===形容詞=== {{grc-adjective form|σκῐόεντᾰ}} # {{inflection of|grc|σκῐόεις||m|acc|s|;|n|nom//acc//voc|p}} 81e63oewhi7ulzleltejkzi5np7sab6 σκιόωντο 0 1915392 7271211 2022-07-27T16:49:32Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|σκῐόωντο}} ===動詞=== {{grc-verb form|σκῐόωντο}} # {{lb|grc|荷馬希臘語}} {{infl of|grc|σκιάω|t=overshadow, make shady||3:p|impf|mp|indc|unaugmented}} fa5aqv3d0ls0xdfnzfmf1uiwnuydvnk σκληρόν 0 1915393 7271212 2022-07-27T16:49:34Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===形容詞=== {{head|grc|形容詞變格形|g=n}} # {{inflection of|grc|σκληρός||m|acc|s|;|n|nom//acc//voc|s}} oa5eq87n0nkh4vfbyoc4awry5n58s4r σκόπει 0 1915394 7271213 2022-07-27T16:49:36Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===詞源=== Contraction of {{lang|grc|σκόπε-ε}}。 ===動詞=== {{grc-verb form}} # {{inflection of|grc|σκοπέω||2|s|pres|act|imp}} #* σκόπει δὴ τόδε αὐτῶν bt9uhciuww1s0z0y98pqa54opgnau4f σκοπεῖν 0 1915395 7271214 2022-07-27T16:49:38Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===動詞=== {{grc-verb form}} # {{inflection of|grc|σκοπέω||pres|act|inf}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:Woodhouse}} a4bls31g4cit8sksc5aqg1rnvi1sebt σκοποῦντι 0 1915396 7271215 2022-07-27T16:49:41Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} ===分詞=== {{grc-participle form|σκοποῦντῐ}} # {{inflection of|grc|σκοπῶν||m//n|dat|s}} oqpnaawocu760mupaith489olr07347 σκοποῦσι 0 1915397 7271216 2022-07-27T16:49:43Z TongcyBot 83009 匯入古希臘語非詞元形式 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} ===動詞=== {{grc-verb form|σκοποῦσῐ}} # {{infl of|grc|σκοπέω||3|p|pres|actv|indc|contracted}} ===分詞=== {{grc-participle form|σκοποῦσῐ}} # {{inflection 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wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|恩返し}} rs6pjaybmh64dycw1dwqskgv87yrcc4 おんがへし 0 1915455 7271279 2022-07-27T17:07:20Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|恩返し}} rs6pjaybmh64dycw1dwqskgv87yrcc4 竹篦返し 0 1915456 7271280 2022-07-27T17:16:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== ===發音1=== {{ja-kanjitab|しつ|へい|かえ|k1=しっ|k2=ぺ|k3=がえ|r=y|alt=しっぺ返し}} {{ja-pron|しっぺがえし|acc=4|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|しっぺがえし|hhira=しつぺがへし}} # [[立刻]][[還擊]],[[馬上]][[報復]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|しっぺがえし}} # 立刻還擊,馬上報復 =====活用===== {{ja-suru|しっぺがえし}} ===發音2=== {{ja-kanjitab|しつ|へい|かえ|k1=しっ|k2=ぺい|k3=がえ|r=y|alt=しっぺい返し}} {{ja-pron|しっぺいがえし|acc=5|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|しっぺいがえし|hhira=しつぺいがへし}} # [[立刻]][[還擊]],[[馬上]][[報復]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|しっぺいがえし}} # 立刻還擊,馬上報復 =====活用===== {{ja-suru|しっぺいがえし}} lxoflp8urm5f6qmu4khchopqtrednop 7271282 7271280 2022-07-27T17:19:06Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== ===發音1=== {{ja-kanjitab|しつ|へい|かえ|k1=しっ|k2=ぺ|k3=がえ|r=y|alt=しっぺ返し|yomi=toon,kanon,kun}} {{ja-pron|しっぺがえし|acc=4|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|しっぺがえし|hhira=しつぺがへし}} # [[立刻]][[還擊]],[[馬上]][[報復]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|しっぺがえし}} # 立刻還擊,馬上報復 =====活用===== {{ja-suru|しっぺがえし}} ===發音2=== {{ja-kanjitab|しつ|へい|かえ|k1=しっ|k2=ぺい|k3=がえ|r=y|alt=しっぺい返し|yomi=toon,kanon,kun}} {{ja-pron|しっぺいがえし|acc=5|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|しっぺいがえし|hhira=しつぺいがへし}} # [[立刻]][[還擊]],[[馬上]][[報復]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|しっぺいがえし}} # 立刻還擊,馬上報復 =====活用===== {{ja-suru|しっぺいがえし}} nw29nblsemn1w53s2hh9c5rd4mkrtrh 7271284 7271282 2022-07-27T17:19:48Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== ===發音1=== {{ja-kanjitab|しつ|へい|かえ|k1=しっ|k2=ぺ|k3=がえ|r=y|alt=しっぺ返し|yomi=toon,kanon,kun}} {{ja-pron|しっぺがえし|acc=4|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|しっぺがえし|hhira=しつぺがへし}} # [[立刻]][[還擊]],[[馬上]][[報復]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|しっぺがえし|hhira=しつぺがへし}} # 立刻還擊,馬上報復 =====活用===== {{ja-suru|しっぺがえし}} ===發音2=== {{ja-kanjitab|しつ|へい|かえ|k1=しっ|k2=ぺい|k3=がえ|r=y|alt=しっぺい返し|yomi=toon,kanon,kun}} {{ja-pron|しっぺいがえし|acc=5|dev=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|しっぺいがえし|hhira=しつぺいがへし}} # [[立刻]][[還擊]],[[馬上]][[報復]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|しっぺいがえし|hhira=しつぺいがへし}} # 立刻還擊,馬上報復 =====活用===== {{ja-suru|しっぺいがえし}} aw9msz3x2kfom7nkox670ge2ti175ye Category:寫作「竹」讀作「しつ」的日語詞 14 1915457 7271281 2022-07-27T17:17:36Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|tōon}} 976depu47utdbdlrmqjkaymnplfqvyf Category:寫作「篦」的日語詞 14 1915458 7271283 2022-07-27T17:19:26Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx しっぺいがえし 0 1915459 7271285 2022-07-27T17:20:06Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|竹篦返し}} qt16uk9yilkqv9l87yin4fvmws9o0lg しつぺいがへし 0 1915460 7271286 2022-07-27T17:20:09Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|竹篦返し}} qt16uk9yilkqv9l87yin4fvmws9o0lg しっぺがえし 0 1915461 7271287 2022-07-27T17:20:10Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|竹篦返し}} qt16uk9yilkqv9l87yin4fvmws9o0lg しつぺがへし 0 1915462 7271288 2022-07-27T17:20:12Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|竹篦返し}} qt16uk9yilkqv9l87yin4fvmws9o0lg しっぺ返し 0 1915463 7271290 2022-07-27T17:21:14Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かえ|k1=がえ|r=y|yomi=kun}} {{ja-see|竹篦返し}} gckt06uzxkr3zrh39jb78mfvwx8nckz みかえす 0 1915464 7271293 2022-07-27T17:30:04Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|見返す}} duims1p8ranmnh9v01m91clodvue7fm みかへす 0 1915465 7271294 2022-07-27T17:30:06Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|見返す}} duims1p8ranmnh9v01m91clodvue7fm 寝返 0 1915466 7271319 2022-07-28T03:32:03Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|り|r=y|yomi=k|alt=寝返}} {{ja-see|寝返り}} d7t6fjq5zepiioj6s1z7k8bco0vsczf 7271320 7271319 2022-07-28T03:32:11Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|o2=り|r=y|yomi=k|alt=寝返}} {{ja-see|寝返り}} jz7kd0neooulqcuo357f1p7okgcbn71 7271321 7271320 2022-07-28T03:32:36Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|o2=り|r=y|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|寝返り}} rr8y3ppmpmch4ktocleelq6dxc73kp8 ねがえり 0 1915467 7271322 2022-07-28T03:33:22Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返り}} evls7mt3t5nuchsqgz1zd2ha206eq2j ねがへり 0 1915468 7271323 2022-07-28T03:33:25Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返り}} evls7mt3t5nuchsqgz1zd2ha206eq2j 寝返る 0 1915469 7271324 2022-07-28T03:37:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえる|y=k|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえる|ねかえる|hhira=ねがへる|type=1|tr=intrans}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|ねがえ}} ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝%返りを打つ|ね%がえり を うつ}} * {{ja-r|裏%切る|うら%ぎる}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 5pzycwme8oo649lb8zbha0ipbqe7vb1 7271325 7271324 2022-07-28T03:39:12Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 日語 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえる|y=k|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえる|hhira=ねがへる|type=1|tr=intrans}} 或 {{ja-verb|ねかえる|hhira=ねかへる}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|ねがえ}} ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝%返りを打つ|ね%がえり を うつ}} * {{ja-r|裏%切る|うら%ぎる}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 9808ypsv499s4qgka09wmfi825myybx 7271326 7271325 2022-07-28T03:39:25Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 動詞 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえる|y=k|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえる|hhira=ねがへる|type=1|tr=intrans}} 或 {{ja-verb|ねかえる|hhira=ねかへる|type=1|tr=intrans}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|ねがえ}} ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝%返りを打つ|ね%がえり を うつ}} * {{ja-r|裏%切る|うら%ぎる}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 2w7bnulu7rvf3pcv6xmpbzzz10c2shq 7271331 7271326 2022-07-28T03:42:49Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 活用 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえる|y=k|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえる|hhira=ねがへる|type=1|tr=intrans}} 或 {{ja-verb|ねかえる|hhira=ねかへる|type=1|tr=intrans}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|ねがえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ねがえ|4-r}} ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝%返りを打つ|ね%がえり を うつ}} * {{ja-r|裏%切る|うら%ぎる}} ===參考資料=== <references/> gtvh7z4p2xev9x9ejxeoagdf9eygtkg ねがえる 0 1915470 7271327 2022-07-28T03:41:23Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返る}} iyrr8v9n0pvf4a0l5cub1dnm2wx5d3z ねがへる 0 1915471 7271328 2022-07-28T03:41:26Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返る}} iyrr8v9n0pvf4a0l5cub1dnm2wx5d3z ねかえる 0 1915472 7271329 2022-07-28T03:41:28Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返る}} iyrr8v9n0pvf4a0l5cub1dnm2wx5d3z ねかへる 0 1915473 7271330 2022-07-28T03:41:29Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返る}} iyrr8v9n0pvf4a0l5cub1dnm2wx5d3z 寝返りを打つ 0 1915474 7271332 2022-07-28T03:45:21Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|う|r=y|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえり を うつ}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえり を うつ|head=[[寝返り]][[を]][[打つ]]|type=1}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝返る|ね%がえる}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-tsu|ねがえり を う}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ねがえり を う|4-t}} srlx0p7dpxbcf84u3hcociqdnrbstak 7271333 7271332 2022-07-28T03:45:57Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|う|r=y|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえり を うつ}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえり を うつ|head=[[寝返り]][[を]][[打つ]]|type=1}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝%返る|ね%がえる}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-tsu|ねがえり を う}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ねがえり を う|4-t}} eu8x7msjangwbtqo4zapta4eix7xnjb 7271334 7271333 2022-07-28T03:46:59Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|う|r=y|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえり を うつ}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえり を うつ|hhira=|ねがへり を うつ|head=[[寝返り]][[を]][[打つ]]|type=1}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝%返る|ね%がえる}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-tsu|ねがえり を う}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ねがえり を う|4-t}} m4y3nlzr1rqcqh4qu202mdwuw5t97vo 7271335 7271334 2022-07-28T03:47:13Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ね|かえ|k2=がえ|う|r=y|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ねがえり を うつ}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ねがえり を うつ|hhira=ねがへり を うつ|head=[[寝返り]][[を]][[打つ]]|type=1}} # [[睡覺]]時[[翻身]] # [[背叛]],[[投敵]] ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|[[寝返り|寝%返り]][[する]]|ね%がえり する}} * {{ja-r|寝%返る|ね%がえる}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-tsu|ねがえり を う}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ねがえり を う|4-t}} 6h9ztw3886ipemfn5wuu7266oswzx8o ねがえりをうつ 0 1915475 7271336 2022-07-28T03:47:33Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返りを打つ}} 8kaeld0y4veb98s7pfh5uf61jyhdfcw ねがへりをうつ 0 1915476 7271337 2022-07-28T03:47:35Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|寝返りを打つ}} 8kaeld0y4veb98s7pfh5uf61jyhdfcw うらぎる 0 1915477 7271340 2022-07-28T03:51:52Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|裏切る}} 9oi8zp0tuhwcld8o8wmn7w9du7j1ngt Template:Rendaku 10 1915478 7271344 2022-07-28T03:53:27Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Template:Rendaku]]至[[Template:Ja-rendaku]],覆盖重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Ja-rendaku]] p9daq3ydnwaja838kpj83rzeg5x4ngl かぶしきがいしゃ 0 1915479 7271356 2022-07-28T04:14:59Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|株式会社}} h14yzzn6kcbanrrk2fhdzb7ie1ry82c かぶしきかいしゃ 0 1915480 7271357 2022-07-28T04:15:03Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|株式会社}} h14yzzn6kcbanrrk2fhdzb7ie1ry82c かぶしきぐわいしや 0 1915481 7271358 2022-07-28T04:15:08Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|株式会社}} h14yzzn6kcbanrrk2fhdzb7ie1ry82c かぶしきくわいしや 0 1915482 7271359 2022-07-28T04:15:16Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- 正在建立新頁面 請移除此句附註後繼續 -->==日語== {{ja-see|株式会社}} 0i99hmlfb6elvycd791iczibjmr1zbw 7271360 7271359 2022-07-28T04:15:20Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|株式会社}} h14yzzn6kcbanrrk2fhdzb7ie1ry82c こうばこずわり 0 1915483 7271364 2022-07-28T04:20:00Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|香箱座り}} i70gs2kyv39vfqzvt14098lpzc527sh かうばこずわり 0 1915484 7271365 2022-07-28T04:20:02Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|香箱座り}} i70gs2kyv39vfqzvt14098lpzc527sh かみどめ 0 1915485 7271369 2022-07-28T04:21:40Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|髪留め}} kpl0mrcufpwbdi7uj7t8v3eyaije9ls まうしご 0 1915486 7271378 2022-07-28T04:25:48Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|申し子}} kvd6555k2u9kjm2lpdwq4e569039lh2 いっかつばらい 0 1915487 7271382 2022-07-28T04:29:32Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|一括払い}} 1ldm4m9b4wd6zr6hgm5ca68izq2t4tu いつくわつばらひ 0 1915488 7271383 2022-07-28T04:29:34Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|一括払い}} 1ldm4m9b4wd6zr6hgm5ca68izq2t4tu 鸚鵡返し 0 1915489 7271385 2022-07-28T04:35:11Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|おう|む|かえ|k3=がえ|yomi=o2,k|alt=おうむ返し,オウム返し}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|おうむがえし|acc=4|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|おうむがえし|hhira=あうむがへし}} # 以和對方相同的話[[回答]];[[鸚鵡學舌]],照話學話 ===參考資料=== <references/> 4rfvfp0tcds16zoxba48hohza4j3n0l 7271388 7271385 2022-07-28T04:35:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|おう|む|かえ|k3=がえ|yomi=o2,k|r=y|alt=おうむ返し,オウム返し}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|おうむがえし|acc=4|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|おうむがえし|hhira=あうむがへし}} # 以和對方相同的話[[回答]];[[鸚鵡學舌]],照話學話 ===參考資料=== <references/> dpa02dnf6v6u9bamn1hck9yvpyyb5xc おうむがえし 0 1915490 7271386 2022-07-28T04:35:37Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|鸚鵡返し}} m2g7br8w4ccecuit6mcjrhla2ap40t7 あうむがへし 0 1915491 7271387 2022-07-28T04:35:41Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|鸚鵡返し}} m2g7br8w4ccecuit6mcjrhla2ap40t7 おうむ返し 0 1915492 7271389 2022-07-28T04:36:28Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かえ|k1=がえ|yomi=k|r=y}} {{ja-see|鸚鵡返し}} fb8b9r75o9t4412r5s2hj6adio0v4mu オウム返し 0 1915493 7271390 2022-07-28T04:36:31Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かえ|k1=がえ|yomi=k|r=y}} {{ja-see|鸚鵡返し}} fb8b9r75o9t4412r5s2hj6adio0v4mu 巻き返す 0 1915494 7271391 2022-07-28T04:38:43Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ま|かえ|yomi=k|alt=巻返す,捲き返す}} {{ja-see-also|巻き返し}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|まきかえす|dev=2|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|まきかえす|type=1|hhira=まきかへす}} # [[反擊]],[[反攻]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-su|まきかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|まきかへ|4-s}} ===參考資料=== <references/> hzg8omcvm6vdinl00f9md9dkj5i25nb 巻返す 0 1915495 7271392 2022-07-28T04:39:13Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|巻き返す}} 6kfi91gyf8l9glz2t6wd5on91h8f8l8 7271395 7271392 2022-07-28T04:39:36Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ま|o1=き|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|巻き返す}} dveinbk1acrlm07ahi4n8e9f9myt0ib まきかえす 0 1915496 7271393 2022-07-28T04:39:17Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|巻き返す}} 6kfi91gyf8l9glz2t6wd5on91h8f8l8 まきかへす 0 1915497 7271394 2022-07-28T04:39:18Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|巻き返す}} 6kfi91gyf8l9glz2t6wd5on91h8f8l8 捲き返す 0 1915498 7271396 2022-07-28T04:39:42Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ま|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|巻き返す}} qp51fx7b22gvarqnwtbceobbuhamwww Category:寫作「捲」的日語詞 14 1915499 7271397 2022-07-28T04:40:28Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬哈佳尼文語言 14 1915500 7271398 2022-07-28T04:41:40Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:馬哈佳尼文 14 1915501 7271399 2022-07-28T04:41:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:比拉里語 14 1915502 7271400 2022-07-28T04:42:39Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|印度}} f0j6axvsn55qhyu214t8t7ve6u2b1yh まきかえし 0 1915503 7271402 2022-07-28T04:47:21Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|巻き返し}} p7oyk65ui7woxoove03sw7r6gzps3u3 まきかへし 0 1915504 7271403 2022-07-28T04:47:26Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|巻き返し}} p7oyk65ui7woxoove03sw7r6gzps3u3 捲き返し 0 1915505 7271404 2022-07-28T04:47:49Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ま|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|巻き返し}} 9ivtnk181the0q0l67nmylcpqttck1c 聞き返す 0 1915506 7271406 2022-07-28T04:50:17Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|き|かえ|yomi=k|alt=聞返す}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ききかえす|y=k|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR}} {{ja-ojad}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ききかえす|hhira=ききかへす|type=1}} # [[反問]];[[反覆]][[問]] # [[重]][[聽]],[[再]]聽 ====活用==== {{ja-go-su|ききかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ききかえ|4-s}} ===參考資料=== <references/> g8j0c08fod0arixfksjzeicus2330h1 ききかえす 0 1915507 7271407 2022-07-28T04:50:48Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|聞き返す}} qa1ue54lc740836isbwtt01ibcgizzj ききかへす 0 1915508 7271408 2022-07-28T04:50:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|聞き返す}} qa1ue54lc740836isbwtt01ibcgizzj 聞返す 0 1915509 7271409 2022-07-28T04:51:12Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|き|o1=き|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|聞き返す}} 4uunfyer46sekqjiwqen49n5x0irznm 引っ繰り返る 0 1915510 7271415 2022-07-28T05:01:36Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|かえ|yomi=k|alt=引っくり返る,ひっくり返る}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ひっくりかえる|y=k|acc=5|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ひっくりかえる|hhira=ひつくりかへる|type=1}} {{ja-vp|ひっくり返す|ひっくり返る}} # [[倒]],[[翻倒]] #: {{ja-x|世界が'''引っ繰り返った'''ような騒ぎになった。|せかい が '''ひっくりかえった''' ような さわぎ に なった。|全世界鬧得天翻地覆。}} # [[反]][[過來]],[[顛倒]]過來 #: {{ja-x|社長が死ぬと形勢が'''引っ繰り返った'''。|しゃちょう が しぬ と けいせい が '''ひっくりかえった'''。|情勢因為社長的死而'''發生了逆轉'''。}} ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|裏返る|うらがえる}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|ひっくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ひつくりかへ|4-r}} ===參考資料=== <references/> s6a4sbgaftq1or5kslscu4gvkdwzlyl 7271417 7271415 2022-07-28T05:02:06Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ひ|く|かえ|yomi=k|alt=引っくり返る,ひっくり返る}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ひっくりかえる|y=k|acc=5|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ひっくりかえる|hhira=ひつくりかへる|type=1}} {{ja-vp|ひっくり返す|ひっくり返る}} # [[倒]],[[翻倒]] #: {{ja-x|世界が'''引っ繰り返った'''ような騒ぎになった。|せかい が '''ひっくりかえった''' ような さわぎ に なった。|全世界鬧得天翻地覆。}} # [[反]][[過來]],[[顛倒]]過來 #: {{ja-x|社長が死ぬと形勢が'''引っ繰り返った'''。|しゃちょう が しぬ と けいせい が '''ひっくりかえった'''。|情勢因為社長的死而'''發生了逆轉'''。}} ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|裏返る|うらがえる}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|ひっくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ひつくりかへ|4-r}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ot7l7vgrswcrmnrs8qqeq0t2ua1cwdg 7271423 7271417 2022-07-28T05:04:18Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ひ|く|かえ|yomi=k|alt=引っくり返る,ひっくり返る}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ひっくりかえる|y=k|acc=5|acc_ref=DJR,NHK,SMK5}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ひっくりかえる|hhira=ひつくりかへる|type=1}} {{ja-vp|引っ繰り返す|引っ繰り返る}} # [[倒]],[[翻倒]] #: {{ja-x|世界が'''引っ繰り返った'''ような騒ぎになった。|せかい が '''ひっくりかえった''' ような さわぎ に なった。|全世界鬧得天翻地覆。}} # [[反]][[過來]],[[顛倒]]過來 #: {{ja-x|社長が死ぬと形勢が'''引っ繰り返った'''。|しゃちょう が しぬ と けいせい が '''ひっくりかえった'''。|情勢因為社長的死而'''發生了逆轉'''。}} ====近義詞==== * {{ja-r|裏返る|うらがえる}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|ひっくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ひつくりかへ|4-r}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ruarq3itddc06c6xjqwyvp9vumxfa27 ひっくりかえる 0 1915511 7271418 2022-07-28T05:02:29Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|引っ繰り返る}} 730m4wtezj45yd7z23ch43amilmcwni ひつくりかへる 0 1915512 7271419 2022-07-28T05:02:31Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|引っ繰り返る}} 730m4wtezj45yd7z23ch43amilmcwni 引っくり返る 0 1915513 7271422 2022-07-28T05:03:09Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ひ|かえ|y=k}} {{ja-see|引っ繰り返る}} dd2ihkgzw2a6g6n7gh135irybazlrwr 引っ繰り返す 0 1915514 7271428 2022-07-28T05:13:59Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ひ|く|かえ|yomi=k|alt=引っくり返す,ひっくり返す}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ひっくりかえす|y=k|acc=5|acc_ref=DJR}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ひっくりかえす|hhira=ひつくりかへす|type=1}} {{ja-vp|引っ繰り返す|引っ繰り返る}} # [[弄]][[倒]],[[翻倒]] #: {{ja-x|この花瓶を'''引っ繰り返さない'''ようにね。|この かびん を '''ひっくりかえさない''' ように ね。|別把這個花瓶'''弄翻'''了。}} # [[扭轉]],[[推翻]] #: {{ja-x|何度も繰り返すように、プロセスを'''引っ繰り返す'''わけではないと。|なん ど も くりかえす ように、ぷろせす を '''ひっくりかえす''' わけ で は ない と。|正如我反覆提到的,這不是要'''推翻'''這個過程。}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-su|ひっくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ひつくりかへ|4-s}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 7cbjqg2nxnoht3afqkbf1mnqstbghw6 7271433 7271428 2022-07-28T05:16:27Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 動詞 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ひ|く|かえ|yomi=k|alt=引っくり返す,ひっくり返す}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ひっくりかえす|y=k|acc=5|acc_ref=DJR}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|ひっくりかえす|hhira=ひつくりかへす|type=1}} {{ja-vp|引っ繰り返す|引っ繰り返る}} # [[弄]][[倒]],[[翻倒]] #: {{ja-x|この花瓶を'''引っ繰り返さない'''ようにね。|この かびん を '''ひっくりかえさない''' ように ね。|別把這個花瓶'''弄翻'''了。}} # [[扭轉]],[[推翻]] #: {{ja-x|何%度も繰り返すように、プロセスを'''引っ繰り返す'''わけではないと。|なん%ど も くりかえす ように、ぷろせす を '''ひっくりかえす''' わけ で は ない と。|正如我屢次反覆提起的,這不是要'''推翻'''這個過程。}} ====活用==== {{ja-go-su|ひっくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|ひつくりかへ|4-s}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 6yhrk7xx11bxjkw8sdv4vo54qaep2dg ひっくりかえす 0 1915515 7271429 2022-07-28T05:14:36Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|引っ繰り返す}} r2vz8xhpe32ekltlcqygijaxvh148u2 ひつくりかへす 0 1915516 7271430 2022-07-28T05:14:39Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|引っ繰り返す}} r2vz8xhpe32ekltlcqygijaxvh148u2 引っくり返す 0 1915517 7271432 2022-07-28T05:15:02Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ひ|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|引っ繰り返す}} o78vqipgh2lay749v655kto1cyoil6a 煮え繰り返る 0 1915518 7271434 2022-07-28T05:20:32Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|に|く|かえ|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|acc=5|acc2=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|acc2_ref=NHK|にえくりかえる}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|type=1|にえくりかえる|hhira=にえくりかへる}} # [[沸騰]],[[翻滾]] # 非常[[氣憤]],[[火冒三丈]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|にえくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|にえくりかへ}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{ja-r|腸が煮えくり返る|はらわた が にえくりかえる}} ===References=== <參考資料/> jywpymnknbzuzbrljwi5gfvvxgc1dkp 7271436 7271434 2022-07-28T05:20:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|に|く|かえ|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|acc=5|acc2=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|acc2_ref=NHK|にえくりかえる}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|type=1|にえくりかえる|hhira=にえくりかへる}} # [[沸騰]],[[翻滾]] # 非常[[氣憤]],[[火冒三丈]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|にえくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|にえくりかへ|4-r}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{ja-r|腸が煮えくり返る|はらわた が にえくりかえる}} ===參考資料=== <references/> l8y9q6ndv6pmijpb7et7j0yptpv3tdz 7271437 7271436 2022-07-28T05:21:25Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|に|く|かえ|yomi=k|alt=煮えくり返る}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|acc=5|acc2=3|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|acc2_ref=NHK|にえくりかえる}} ===動詞=== {{ja-verb|type=1|にえくりかえる|hhira=にえくりかへる}} # [[沸騰]],[[翻滾]] # 非常[[氣憤]],[[火冒三丈]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|にえくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|にえくりかへ|4-r}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{ja-r|腸が煮えくり返る|はらわた が にえくりかえる}} ===參考資料=== <references/> cj3a0chzgi76ukgcdvxmtmz4lm1njcu にえくりかえる 0 1915519 7271438 2022-07-28T05:21:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|煮え繰り返る}} 8n5960j53nfabwqhbf4qt3g8zk0r45m にえくりかへる 0 1915520 7271439 2022-07-28T05:21:59Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|煮え繰り返る}} 8n5960j53nfabwqhbf4qt3g8zk0r45m 煮えくり返る 0 1915521 7271440 2022-07-28T05:22:13Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|に|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|煮え繰り返る}} 40gihqa04nmpfouyz9yx8xul9l3g36e 腸が煮え繰り返る 0 1915522 7271442 2022-07-28T05:26:26Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|はらわた|に|かえ|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|腸|はらわた|が||煮えくり返る|にえくりかえる|t3=沸騰}},字面意思即「腸子都煮到沸騰了」。 ===俗語=== {{ja-pos|idiom|はらわた が にえくりかえる|hhira=はらわた が にえくりかへる}} # [[怒火中燒]],[[怒不可遏]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|はらわた が にえくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|はらわた が にえくりかへ|4-r}} o6btsv0wcei4cf2ktipeojmdfyt1msl 7271443 7271442 2022-07-28T05:27:12Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[腸が煮えくり返る]]至[[腸が煮え繰り返る]] wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|はらわた|に|かえ|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|腸|はらわた|が||煮えくり返る|にえくりかえる|t3=沸騰}},字面意思即「腸子都煮到沸騰了」。 ===俗語=== {{ja-pos|idiom|はらわた が にえくりかえる|hhira=はらわた が にえくりかへる}} # [[怒火中燒]],[[怒不可遏]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|はらわた が にえくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|はらわた が にえくりかへ|4-r}} o6btsv0wcei4cf2ktipeojmdfyt1msl 7271445 7271443 2022-07-28T05:27:31Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|はらわた|に|く|かえ|yomi=k}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|腸|はらわた|が||煮え繰り返る|にえくりかえる|t3=沸騰}},字面意思即「腸子都煮到沸騰了」。 ===俗語=== {{ja-pos|idiom|はらわた が にえくりかえる|hhira=はらわた が にえくりかへる}} # [[怒火中燒]],[[怒不可遏]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|はらわた が にえくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|はらわた が にえくりかへ|4-r}} mkvoyi9txcgdo1dl9x1kvm1sptb5icb 7271446 7271445 2022-07-28T05:27:55Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|はらわた|に|く|かえ|yomi=k|alt=腸が煮えくり返る}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|腸|はらわた|が||煮え繰り返る|にえくりかえる|t3=沸騰}},字面意思即「腸子都煮到沸騰了」。 ===俗語=== {{ja-pos|idiom|はらわた が にえくりかえる|hhira=はらわた が にえくりかへる}} # [[怒火中燒]],[[怒不可遏]] ====活用==== {{ja-go-ru|はらわた が にえくりかえ}} {{ja-conj-bungo|はらわた が にえくりかへ|4-r}} 8il8okx2081polll80xvsntcaonwuny 腸が煮えくり返る 0 1915523 7271444 2022-07-28T05:27:12Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[腸が煮えくり返る]]至[[腸が煮え繰り返る]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[腸が煮え繰り返る]] si0apx4ktwzjknuduk3gyuflvju485b 7271447 7271444 2022-07-28T05:28:08Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|はらわた|に|かえ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|腸が煮え繰り返る}} ibk19jxd9b675yaqb2k4qziw0asrdyo Category:寫作「腸」讀作「はらわた」的日語詞 14 1915524 7271448 2022-07-28T05:28:46Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat|kun}} 3ivqhff5wp0lqnx0zefmz3xyb5kvgfn Category:讀作「はらわた」的日語詞 14 1915525 7271449 2022-07-28T05:29:03Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:讀作「はらわた」的日語漢字 14 1915526 7271450 2022-07-28T05:29:08Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx はらわたがにえくりかへる 0 1915527 7271451 2022-07-28T05:30:04Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|腸が煮え繰り返る}} 9t3m9glkmi8002nj6pfbpititdpohi6 はらわたがにえくりかえる 0 1915528 7271452 2022-07-28T05:30:07Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|腸が煮え繰り返る}} 9t3m9glkmi8002nj6pfbpititdpohi6 雌日芝 0 1915529 7271463 2022-07-28T06:13:20Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|め|ひ|しば|yomi=k}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|めひしば|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|めひしば|メヒシバ}} # [[升馬唐]]({{taxlink|Digitaria ciliaris|species|ver=200401}}) ===使用說明=== * {{U:ja:biology|メヒシバ}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|1=メヒシバ|lang=ja}} {{c|ja|草|sort=めひしば}} fbh241ump3t7j1uieycmqd5zp6nzn6o メヒシバ 0 1915530 7271464 2022-07-28T06:14:19Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|雌日芝}} gyphpku0zgqhnwlt3j4003unl4l76j4 めひしば 0 1915531 7271465 2022-07-28T06:14:25Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|雌日芝}} gyphpku0zgqhnwlt3j4003unl4l76j4 каляндар 0 1915532 7271467 2022-07-28T06:27:22Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|калянда́р}} * {{audio|be|Be-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===名词=== {{be-noun|калянда́р<b.ae>}} # [[日曆]] # [[曆法]] # [[日程]] ====变格==== {{be-ndecl|калянда́р<b.ae>}} g6nrnircne1fet5qc33h2uv2bz4r9d9 камар 0 1915533 7271468 2022-07-28T06:29:11Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|be|sla-pro|*komarъ}}。 ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|кама́р}} ===名词=== {{be-noun|кама́р<b.anml>|adj=камары́ны|dim=кама́рык}} # [[蚊子]] #: {{syn|be|маскі́т}} ====变格==== {{be-ndecl|кама́р<b.anml>}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|be|накама́рнік}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:be:slounik.org}} {{topics|be|雙翅目}} k6acx39hjqmsn94hkz6f1wm35u1m0zr камен 0 1915534 7271469 2022-07-28T06:33:22Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亚语== ===词源=== {{inh+|bg|sla-pro|*kamy}}。 ===发音=== * {{bg-IPA|ка́мен}} ===名词=== {{bg-noun|ка́мен|m|adj=ка́менен}} # {{lb|bg|古旧|或|dialectal}} [[石頭]] #: {{syn|bg|ка́мък}} ====变格==== {{bg-ndecl|ка́мен<>}} ---- ==马其顿语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|mk|sla-pro|*kamy}}。 ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} * {{audio|mk|LL-Q9296 (mkd)-Bjankuloski06-{{PAGENAME}}.wav|音频}} ===形容词=== {{mk-adj|-}} # [[石頭]]的 ====变格==== {{mk-decl-adj|камен}} ===名词=== {{mk-noun|m|камења|камче|adj=камен}} # [[石頭]] # {{lb|mk|俚语}} [[爛醉如泥]]的人 #: {{ux|mk|'''Камен''' се направивме вчера.|我們昨天喝得爛醉如泥。}} ====变格==== {{mk-decl-noun-m-а|камењ|камену|камена}} ---- ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{qual|弃用}} {{l|sh|ками}} ===词源=== 等同於{{suffix|sh|кам|ен}},源自{{der|sh|sla-pro|*kamy}}的斜格詞幹。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|sh|/kâmeːn/}} * {{hyphenation|sh|ка|мен}} ===名词=== {{sh-noun|g=m|head=ка̏ме̄н}} # [[石頭]] ====变格==== {{sh-decl-noun|sc=Cyrl |камен|камени |камена|камена |камену|каменима |камен|камене |камене|камени |камену|каменима |каменом|каменима }} ===参考资料=== * {{R:sh:HJP|el5nWRM%3D}} cea7okvzhgyvsl71wu3q99d4nvahz1f каменар 0 1915535 7271470 2022-07-28T06:41:32Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亞語== ===詞源=== {{af|bg|ка́мен|-ар}} ===發音=== * {{bg-IPA|камена́р}} ===名詞=== {{bg-noun|камена́р|m|f=камена́рка}} # [[石匠]] #: {{syn|bg|зидар|каменоделец}} ====變格==== {{bg-ndecl|камена́р<(v)>}} {{c|bg|職業}} 41tkruktvh9sseocnpecjvu8od0e4ye камо 0 1915536 7271473 2022-07-28T06:55:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==马其顿语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|mk|sla-pro|*kamo}}。 ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} ===助詞=== {{head|mk|助詞}} # 在[[哪裡]] ---- ==教会斯拉夫语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|cu|sla-pro|*kamo}}。 ===副词=== {{head|cu|副詞}} # 去[[哪裡]],到哪裡 #* '''1581'''年,《奧斯特洛聖經》創世記 32.17: #*: {{quote|cu|чи́и е҆си, и҆л̂и '''камо''' и́деши, и҆ чїѐ с̂е и҆же предъ тобо́ю и҆детъ·|你是哪家的人?要'''往哪裡'''去?你前頭這些是誰的?}} ---- ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|sh|sla-pro|*kamo}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|sh|/kâmo/}} * {{hyphenation|sh|ка|мо}} ===副词=== {{sh-adverb|head=ка̏мо}} # 去[[哪裡]],到哪裡 idnyo0pmjr3nbtylbupis33mjjbdbpi камшик 0 1915537 7271474 2022-07-28T07:01:41Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|bg|камчи́к|камжи́к|камджи́к}} ===词源=== 一般認為派生自{{bor|bg|qwm|قمچی|tr=kamçı}}、{{m|qwm|قمشی|tr=kamşı}} + 指小後綴{{m|tr|-çık}},因此為{{doublet|bg|камчи́я|камджи́я|t2=鞭子}},其來自{{cog|ota|قامچی|tr=kamçı}};並可能與{{m|bg|камши́я}}、{{m|bg|камши́е}}有關。 ===发音=== * {{bg-IPA|камши́к}} ===名词=== {{bg-noun|камши́к|m|dim=камши́че}} # [[鞭子]] # {{c|bg|薔薇科植物}} [[龍牙草]] ====变格==== {{bg-ndecl|камши́к<>}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:RBE}} * {{R:RBE2}} * {{R:bg:BER|камши́к|195|2}} {{c|bg|工具|武器}} ---- ==马其顿语== ===词源=== 來自標準{{bor|mk|bg|камши́к}},一般認為其是{{der|mk|qwm|قمچی|tr=kamçı}} + 指小後綴{{m|tr|-çık}}。 ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} * {{audio|mk|LL-Q9296 (mkd)-Bjankuloski06-{{PAGENAME}}.wav|音频}} ===名词=== {{mk-noun|m|камшици|dim=камшиче}} # [[鞭子]] #: {{syn|mk|бич}} # {{c|mk|薔薇科植物}} [[龍牙草]] #: {{syn|mk|петровец}} ====变格==== {{mk-decl-noun-m||камшиц|p=1}} {{c|mk|工具|武器}} 12eic55noltb9ykpr7ub05tgzct0h6k kitapçık 0 1915538 7271476 2022-07-28T07:04:11Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==土耳其语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|tr|kitap|gloss1=書|-cik|alt2=-çık|pos2=指小後綴}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|tr|[kitaptʃɯc]}} ===名词=== {{tr-noun|2=lar|def-acc=kitapçığı}} # [[小冊子]] ====变格==== {{tr-infl-noun-c|ı|stem=kitapçığ}} 8up75gfyscq87ib1v1ol71h02vh1chn -cik 0 1915539 7271480 2022-07-28T07:07:14Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|cik|čik|ci·k}} ==土耳其语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|tr|ota|ـجك}},源自{{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-čïk|*-čik}}。 ===後綴=== {{head|tr|後綴}} # {{n-g|指小後綴}}。 #: ''[[kedi]]'' → ''kedicik'' #: {{suffixusex|tr|anne|annecik|altsuf=-m|anneciğim}} ====用法说明==== * 本後綴可導致原詞的尾輔音脫落。 *: ''[[bebek]]'' → ''bebecik'' * 根據原詞最後一個元音及輔音的關係,本後綴可以有[[-cık]]、[[-cuk]]、[[-cük]]、[[-çik]]、[[-çık]]、[[-çuk]]、[[-çük]]等多種不同形式。 ====变格==== {{tr-infl-noun-c|i|stem=-ciğ|poss=1}} ====衍生词汇==== {{suffixsee|tr}} 6t5etljlb8z3et4bt1gvqn90127zr3r камък 0 1915540 7271481 2022-07-28T07:23:24Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|bg|sla-pro|*kamy}}。 ===发音=== * {{bg-IPA|ка́мък}} ===名词=== {{bg-noun|ка́мък|m}} # [[石頭]],[[岩石]] ====变格==== {{bg-ndecl|ка́мък</pl:ка́мъни:ка́мъне[<a> or <d>]:ка́мъци[<a> or <d>]>}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:RBE}} * {{R:RBE2}} hpxoe2okiap98t0oi8ixthyz59pthy6 камъш 0 1915541 7271482 2022-07-28T07:26:29Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|камыш}} ==保加利亞語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|bg|ota|قامش|tr=kamış}},源自{{der|bg|trk-pro|*kamïĺ}}。 ===發音=== * {{bg-IPA|камъ́ш}} ===名詞=== {{bg-noun|камъ́ш|m}} # [[蘆葦]] #: {{syn|bg|тръсти́ка}} # [[嗩吶]]的[[簧片]] ====變格==== {{bg-ndecl|камъ́ш<>}} {{c|bg|植物}} jbxav81d0zqfpgi5xeisxy6fjt98sgf кана 0 1915542 7271484 2022-07-28T07:33:26Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|кања|-кана}} ==保加利亚语== {{wikipedia|lang=bg}} ===词源=== {{bor+|bg|de|Kanne|t=罐}}。 ===名词=== {{bg-noun|ка́на|f}} # [[罐]] ====变格==== {{bg-ndecl|ка́на<>}} {{topics|bg|容器}} ---- ==吉尔吉斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|ky|trk-pro|*kanï||哪裡}},最终源自{{m|trk-pro|*ka-|pos=疑問前綴}}。與{{cog|tr|hani||哪裡}}同源。 ===副词=== {{head|ky|副詞|cat2=疑問副詞}} # [[哪裡]] ====近义词==== * {{l|ky|кайда}} ---- ==马其顿语== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|mk|ota|قنا|tr=kına}}({{cog|tr|kına}}),源自{{der|mk|ar|حِنَّاء}}。 ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mk-noun|f}} # [[海娜]] {{gloss|彩繪染料}} ====变格==== {{mk-decl-noun-f|кан}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|mk|a=аакн|акна|Анка}} ---- ==俄语== {{wikipedia|lang=ru}} ===词源=== {{bor+|ru|ja|仮名|tr=kana}}。 ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|ка́на}} * {{rhymes|ru|anə|s=2}} ===名词=== {{ru-noun+|ка́на|n=sg}} # [[假名]] ====变格==== {{ru-noun-table|ка́на|n=sg}} ====参见==== * {{l|ru|ката́кана}}、{{l|ru|катака́на}} * {{l|ru|хира́гана}}、{{l|ru|хирага́на}} * {{l|ru|кандзи́}} ---- ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===词源1=== 借自{{bor|sh|ota|قنا|tr={{m|tr|kına}}}},源自{{der|sh|ar|حِنَّاء}}。 ====发音==== * {{IPA|sh|/kâna/}} * {{hyphenation|sh|ка|на}} ====名词==== {{sh-noun|g=f|head=ка̏на}} # [[指甲花]](''[[Lawsonia inermis]]'') # [[海娜]] {{gloss|彩繪染料}} =====变格===== {{sh-decl-noun |ка̏на|кане |кане|ка̑на̄ |кани|канама |кану|кане |кано|кане |кани|канама |каном|канама }} ===词源2=== 源自{{bor|sh|ja|仮名|tr=kana}}。 ====发音==== * {{IPA|sh|/kǎna/}} * {{hyphenation|sh|ка|на}} ====名词==== {{sh-noun|g=f|head=ка̀на}} # [[假名]] =====变格===== {{sh-decl-noun |кана|кане |кане|кана |кани|канама |кану|кане |кано|кане |кани|канама |каном|канама }} {{C|sh|桃金孃目植物}} avozgkcdz397ycfb5ah3cwzfhjw61go катакана 0 1915543 7271485 2022-07-28T07:34:41Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==蒙古语== ===词源=== 源自{{bor|mn|ja|-}} {{ja-r|片仮名|かたかな}}。 ===名词=== {{mn-noun}} # [[片假名]] {{c|mn|文字}} ---- ==俄语== {{wikipedia|lang=ru}} ===词源=== {{bor+|ru|ja|片仮名|tr=katakana}}。 ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|ката́кана|ann=y}} * {{ru-IPA|катака́на|ann=y}} ===名词=== {{ru-noun+|ката́кана|or|катака́на|n=sg}} # [[片假名]] ====变格==== {{ru-noun-table|ката́кана|or|катака́на|n=sg}} ====参见==== * {{l|ru|хира́гана}}、{{l|ru|хирага́на}} * {{l|ru|кандзи́}} {{topics|ru|文字}} ---- ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{der|sh|ja|片仮名|tr=katakana}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|sh|/katakǎna/}} * {{hyphenation|sh|ка|та|ка|на}} ===名词=== {{sh-noun|g=f|head=катака̀на}} # [[片假名]] ====变格==== {{sh-decl-noun-unc|sc=Cyrl |катака̀на |катакане |катакани |катакану |катакано |катакани |катаканом }} 404br8e4cz1tr66o337fbky0l5lspcn кандзи 0 1915544 7271486 2022-07-28T07:35:23Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== {{wikipedia|lang=ru}} ===词源=== {{bor+|ru|ja|漢字|tr=kanji}}。 ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|кандзи́}} ===名词=== {{ru-noun|кандзи́|m-in|-}} # [[日語]][[漢字]] ====参见==== * {{l|ru|хира́гана}}、{{l|ru|хирага́на}} * {{l|ru|ката́кана}}、{{l|ru|катака́на}} {{topics|ru|文字}} 38dydid4i8r9mxp3doxgpuur8tkrddl канара 0 1915545 7271496 2022-07-28T07:41:57Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亚语== ===词源=== {{bor+|bg|ota|كناره|tr=känarä|t=邊緣}},源自{{der|bg|fa|کناره|tr=kanâre|t=邊,邊緣}}。对比{{m|bg|кена́р}} ← {{cog|ota|كنار|tr=känar|t=邊緣}} ← {{cog|fa|کنار|tr=kanâr|t=邊,邊緣}}。 ===发音=== * {{bg-IPA|канара́}} ===名词=== {{bg-noun|канара́|f}} # [[懸崖]],[[峭壁]] #: {{syn|bg|скала́|зъ́бер|ка́рпа|q3=方言}} # {{lb|bg|figurative}} [[強壯]]的人 ====变格==== {{bg-ndecl|канара́<>}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|bg|канари́ст||多岩石的}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|bg|кена́р||邊界,地帶}} {{qual|方言}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:bg:RBE}} * {{R:bg:RBE2}} * {{R:bg:BER|канара¹|198|2}} {{C|bg|地形}} 4lxigat5m5p6il2b20mom8y06urcddb канжар 0 1915546 7271500 2022-07-28T07:43:37Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==吉爾吉斯語== ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|ky|fa|خنجر|tr=xanjar}}。 ===名詞=== {{ky-noun}} # [[匕首]] ====變格==== {{ky-decl-noun}} {{c|ky|武器}} 4grmfth3chxl65xugwbfb2dki46w1u4 кань 0 1915547 7271510 2022-07-28T07:59:57Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==兹梁科米语== [[Image:Jammlich crop.jpg|thumb|Кань.]] ===词源=== {{unk|kpv}}。可能與以下詞彙有關: * {{ncog|udm|каньыл||舒服的;容易的}},語義發展為“容易的,輕易的” > “輕的” > “腳步輕的” > “貓”。 * {{ncog|cv|каньăл||安靜的}},語義發展為“安靜的” > “安靜的動物” > “貓”。 ===发音=== * {{kpv-IPA}} * {{hyphenation|kpv|кань}} ===名词=== {{head|kpv|名詞}} # [[貓]](''[[Felis catus]]'') ====变格==== {{kpv-decl-soft|кан|кан|ь|ь}} ====近义词==== * {{qual|方言}} {{l|kpv|кась}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col4|kpv |каньпи}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:kpv:Podorova:1948|page=88}} * {{R:kpv:Bubrikh:1949|page=77}} * {{R:kpv:Hauzenberg:1972|page=30}} * {{R:kpv:Beznosikova:2000|page=256}} {{C|kpv|貓}} ---- ==俄语== ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA}} ===动词=== {{head|ru|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|ru|ка́нуть||2|s|imp|pfv}} n48jesqkx08pzsu88nlya6d9vhp6iiz капан 0 1915548 7271513 2022-07-28T08:02:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亞語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|bg|trk}}。 ===發音=== * {{bg-IPA|капа́н}} ===名詞=== {{bg-noun|капа́н|m}} # [[陷阱]],[[圈套]] #: {{syn|bg|кло́пка|при́мка}} ====變格==== {{bg-ndecl|капа́н<>}} tpc1hl6aq922sudhncigldziyqnrp1n ненадежный 0 1915549 7271518 2022-07-28T08:05:47Z Sayonzei 40728 Sayonzei移动页面[[ненадежный]]至[[ненадёжный]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ненадёжный]] i1yqpxow06rhjklm5w6t4jpdrq35qbq 7271523 7271518 2022-07-28T08:08:08Z Sayonzei 40728 已移除至[[ненадёжный]]的重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|ненадёжный}} ==俄语== ===形容词=== {{ru-adj-alt-ё|ненадёжный}} p7olthgbgnoyx85a2cmjwnb8ny1z6lw капризный 0 1915550 7271520 2022-07-28T08:06:10Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== ===词源=== {{affix|ru|капри́з|-ный}} ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|капри́зный}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===形容词=== {{ru-adj|капри́зный}} # [[任性]]的,[[反覆無常]]的 #: {{syn|ru|своенра́вный|своево́льный|избало́ванный}} # [[不確定]]的,不[[肯定]]的;不[[可靠]]的 #: {{syn|ru|неусто́йчивый|ненадёжный}} ====变格==== {{ru-decl-adj|капри́зный|a*}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|ru|капри́з}} * {{l|ru|капри́зничать}} 2o5fsqhsq6ogfttqc1mriul1e53pu10 流嘢 0 1915551 7271525 2022-07-28T08:09:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==粵語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |c=lau4 je5 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[劣質]][[商品]] 9wocqs72fbmo4xq0bsrecjukepkkc43 карабель 0 1915552 7271526 2022-07-28T08:10:12Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|be|orv|корабль}},源自{{inh|be|sla-pro|*korabľь}}。 ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|карабе́ль}} ===名词=== {{be-noun|карабе́ль<M.*>}} # {{lb|be|nautical}} [[船]];[[輪船]] ====变格==== {{be-ndecl|карабе́ль<M.*>}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:be:slounik.org}} {{topics|be|船}} 27hqsx5h5cocvv97n4jjos5e50x8fho 好货 0 1915553 7271528 2022-07-28T08:10:43Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[好货]]至[[好貨]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[好貨]] 096i0m46fye5s0uh1v8oe7c3ezjxpk3 筍嘢 0 1915554 7271529 2022-07-28T08:11:13Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==粵語== {{zh-forms|s=笋嘢}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |c=seon2 je5 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[好貨]],[[好]][[東西]] fs918foy21e5q2wjimmmr2kgkjh5skn карават 0 1915555 7271530 2022-07-28T08:13:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==韃靼語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|tt|ru|крова́ть}}。 ===名詞=== {{tt-pos|名詞|c}} # [[床]] ====變格==== {{tt-cyrl-decl|а}} {{c|tt|家具}} o0kmff23urcnzv4hpn6n0xvj9ozgskf Category:派生自俄語的韃靼語詞 14 1915556 7271531 2022-07-28T08:13:23Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:借自俄語的韃靼語詞 14 1915557 7271532 2022-07-28T08:13:25Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr 乜嘢嘢 0 1915558 7271533 2022-07-28T08:17:40Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==粵語== {{zh-forms|type=21}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |c=mat1 je5 je5 |cat=pron }} ===代詞=== {{head|zh|代詞}} # [[什麼]] #: {{zh-x|你 做 緊 乜嘢嘢 呀{aa3}?|你在做'''什麼'''?|C-GZ}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial|什麼}} fo77nyplvbulm08dylat8ad620kqze9 大粒嘢 0 1915559 7271535 2022-07-28T08:19:48Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==粵語== {{zh-forms|type=21}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |c=daai6 lap1 je5 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[重要]][[人物]],[[大人物]] dn2ipy5pzvgvmz4z14ksbrukinay50b карак 0 1915560 7271536 2022-07-28T08:20:58Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|қарақ}} ==多尔干语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|dlg|trk-pro|*karak|t=眼睛;瞳孔}},對比{{cog|sah|харах}}。 ===名词=== {{dlg-noun|tr=karak}} # [[眼睛]] {{C|dlg|解剖學}} ---- ==韃靼語== ===名詞=== {{tt-pos|名詞|c|r|qaraq|head=кара́к}} # [[小偷]],[[竊賊]] ====變格==== {{tt-cyrl-decl|а}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|tt|карарга}} ---- ==圖法語== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|kim|trk-pro|*karak|t=眼睛;瞳孔}}。 ===名词=== {{head|kim|名詞|tr=karak}} # [[眼睛]] {{c|kim|解剖學}} ---- ==图瓦语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|tyv|trk-pro|*karak|t=眼睛;瞳孔}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|tyv|/qaˈraq/}} ===名词=== {{tyv-noun|ты|тар}} # [[眼睛]] {{c|tyv|解剖學}} ---- ==雅格诺比语== ===词源=== 與{{cog|tg|кардан}}來自同一詞幹(''kar-'')。 ===动词=== {{head|yai|動詞|tr=karak}} # [[做]] # [[製作]] 8ie66flswp3548x2l6jo62ghm3i50um 扮嘢 0 1915561 7271537 2022-07-28T08:21:24Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==粵語== {{zh-forms|alt=扮野}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |c=baan6 je5 |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb|type=vo}} # [[裝樣子]],[[矯揉造作]] juc2r4lovb5oza5axd4j7uvzja1z8l3 冇嘢到 0 1915562 7271538 2022-07-28T08:23:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==粵語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |c=mou5 je5 dou3 |cat=ph }} ===短語=== {{head|zh|短語}} # [[無所]][[收穫]],得不到[[利益]] #: {{zh-x|冇嘢到 嘅{ge2}?||C}} ====近義詞==== * {{zh-l|冇料到}} btfd6mytzpg9ylcyda23dytqy8r57j3 каракалпак 0 1915563 7271539 2022-07-28T08:27:55Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|ru|kaa|qaraqalpaq}}。 ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|каракалпа́к}} ===名詞=== {{ru-noun+|каракалпа́к}} # [[卡拉卡爾帕克]]人 ====變格==== {{ru-noun-table|каракалпа́к}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|ru|каракалпа́кский}} 8o8mx594n45lw143wzscm2og3tmwlum Karakalpak 0 1915564 7271541 2022-07-28T08:29:03Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== {{wikipedia|Karakalpak language|lang=en}} {{wikipedia|Karakalpaks|lang=en}} ===词源=== 源自{{der|en|kaa|qaraqalpaq}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌkæɹəˈkælpæk/}} ===专有名词=== {{en-proper noun}} # [[卡拉卡爾帕克語]] ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # [[卡拉卡爾帕克]]人 ===相关词汇=== * {{l|en|Karakalpakstan}} {{C|en|語言|民族}} ---- ==土耳其语== ===专有名词=== {{tr-proper noun}} # {{given name|tr|男性}} 008mchn6modol45qczzdmrz6j5w0uuh Karakalpakstan 0 1915565 7271543 2022-07-28T08:31:02Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== [[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|right|200px|Flag]] [[File:Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi in Uzbekistan.svg|250px|right]] {{wikipedia|lang=en}} ===词源=== 源自{{der|en|kaa|Qaraqalpaqstan}}。 ===专有名词=== {{en-proper noun}} # {{place|en|t=卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦|自治共和國|西北部|c/烏茲別克斯坦}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|en|Karakalpak}} {{C|en|烏茲別克斯坦}} 4gcrh6sogyixfi07o8bu4t3zuck4363 qaraqalpaq 0 1915566 7271544 2022-07-28T08:34:21Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿塞拜疆语== ===词源=== 等同於{{compound|az|qara|qalpaq}}。 ===发音=== * {{audio|az|LL-Q9292 (aze)-Azerbaijani audiorecordings-qaraqalpaq.wav|音频}} ===名词=== {{az-head-noun|a|q}} # [[卡拉卡爾帕克]]人 ====变格==== {{az-decl-noun|a|q}} ===形容词=== {{head|az|形容詞}} # [[卡拉卡爾帕克]]的 #: {{uxi|az|'''Qaraqalpaq''' dili|'''卡拉卡爾帕克'''語}} #:: {{uxi|az|'''Qaraqalpaq''' dilini başa düşürəm.|我懂'''卡拉卡爾帕克語'''。}} ====参见==== * {{l|az|qaraqalpaqca}} * {{l|az|Qaraqalpaqıstan}} * {{l|az|Qaraqalpaqıstan Respublikası}} ---- ==卡拉卡爾帕克語== ===词源=== {{compound|kaa|qara|qalpaq}}。 ===形容词=== {{head|kaa|形容詞}} # [[卡拉卡爾帕克]]的 ====参见==== * {{l|kaa|Qaraqalpaqstan}} * {{l|kaa|qaraqalpaq tili}} ppomxdkjsxrrw2ekscm41nptuw9mgre 好嘢 0 1915567 7271546 2022-07-28T08:37:32Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==汉语== {{zh-forms}} ===发音=== {{zh-pron |c=hou2 je5 |c-t=hau2 yie1 |cat=n,intj }} ===名词=== {{zh-noun}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} 好的[[東西]] ===感嘆詞=== {{head|zh|感嘆詞}} # {{lb|zh|粵語}} [[好樣的]],[[好哇]] #: {{zh-x|好嘢,今晚{maan5-1} 唔使 捱夜\挨{ngaai4}夜{je6-2},可以 瞓 餐 飽!|'''好哇''',今晚不用熬夜,可以好好睡上一覺了!|C}} tqjyo16iwbmvd2sv1d6ileaqldskaw2 карамел 0 1915568 7271555 2022-07-28T08:47:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亞語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|bg|fr|caramel}}。 ===發音=== * {{bg-IPA|караме́л}} ===名詞=== {{bg-noun|караме́л|m}} # [[焦糖]] ====變格==== {{bg-ndecl|караме́л<>}} 969dy97zvuls74bzblgomdfrzw0tz3r карамфил 0 1915569 7271556 2022-07-28T08:50:25Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亞語== ===其他寫法=== * {{alter|bg|каранфи́л|карафи́ль|ка́рафил}} ===词源=== 源自{{bor|bg|ota|قرنفل|tr=karanfil}},源自{{der|bg|ar|قَرَنْفُل}}。 ===名詞=== {{bg-noun|карамфи́л|m}} # [[康乃馨]] ====變格==== {{bg-ndecl|карамфи́л<>}} {{c|bg|花}} f2wztrz6qktb419m9o91r3mjm5mxuek каранфил 0 1915570 7271557 2022-07-28T08:51:25Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==马其顿语== ===词源=== 源自{{bor|mk|ota|قرنفل|tr=karanfil}},源自{{der|mk|ar|قَرَنْفُل}}。 ===发音=== * {{mk-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mk-noun|m}} # [[康乃馨]] ====变格==== {{mk-decl-noun-m}} {{c|mk|花|石竹目植物}} ---- ==塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{bor|sh|ota|قرنفل|tr=karanfil}},源自{{der|sh|ar|قَرَنْفُل}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|sh|/karǎnfil/}} * {{hyphenation|sh|ка|ран|фил}} ===名词=== {{sh-noun|g=m|head=кара̀нфил}} # [[康乃馨]] ====变格==== {{sh-decl-noun|sc=Cyrl |каранфил|каранфили |каранфила|каранфила |каранфилу|каранфилима |каранфил|каранфиле |каранфиле|каранфили |каранфилу|каранфилима |каранфилом|каранфилима }} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|sh|каранфилић}} {{c|sh|花|石竹目植物}} 81yz3qfayecwt68smnrcdmumoxgc79t Template:It-conj-ere-dovere 10 1915571 7271558 2022-07-28T08:54:24Z 223.204.223.235 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{it-conj <!-- If a parameter has been specified, pass it on, else generate it here --> <!-- The same construction is used for most other forms. --> |inf={{#if:{{{inf|}}}|{{{inf}}}|{{{1}}}dovere}} |aux={{{2}}} <!-- The following logic is used if a parameter, normally generated here, is to be either modified or nullified --> <!-- If parameter is specified --> <!-- If specified as '', then nullify it --> <!-- else pass it on --> <!-- else generate it --> |ger={{#if:{{{ger|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ger|}}}|''||{{{ger}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovendo}} <!-- If an alternative form has been specified, pass it on. --> |ger2={{#if:{{{ger2|}}}|{{{ger2}}}|}} <!-- Present participle - same logic as gerund --> |presp={{#if:{{{presp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{presp|}}}|''||{{{presp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovente}} |presp2={{#if:{{{presp2|}}}|{{{presp2}}}|}} <!-- Past participle - same logic as gerund --> |pastp={{#if:{{{pastp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{pastp|}}}|''||{{{pastp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovuto}} |pastp2={{#if:{{{pastp2|}}}|{{{pastp2}}}|}} |pastp3={{#if:{{{pastp3|}}}|{{{pastp3}}}|}} |pastp4={{#if:{{{pastp4|}}}|{{{pastp4}}}|}} |pres1s={{#if:{{{pres1s|}}}|{{{pres1s}}}|{{{1}}}devo}} |pres1s2={{#if:{{{pres1s2|}}}|{{{pres1s2}}}|{{{1}}}debbo}} |pres2s={{#if:{{{pres2s|}}}|{{{pres2s}}}|{{{1}}}devi}} |pres2s2={{#if:{{{pres2s2|}}}|{{{pres2s2}}}|}} |pres3s={{#if:{{{pres3s|}}}|{{{pres3s}}}|{{{1}}}deve}} |pres3s2={{#if:{{{pres3s2|}}}|{{{pres3s2}}}|}} |pres1p={{#if:{{{pres1p|}}}|{{{pres1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |pres1p2={{#if:{{{pres1p2|}}}|{{{pres1p2}}}|}} |pres2p={{#if:{{{pres2p|}}}|{{{pres2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovete}} |pres2p2={{#if:{{{pres2p2|}}}|{{{pres2p2}}}|}} |pres3p={{#if:{{{pres3p|}}}|{{{pres3p}}}|{{{1}}}devono}} |pres3p2={{#if:{{{pres3p2|}}}|{{{pres3p2}}}|{{{1}}}debbono}} |imperf1s={{#if:{{{imperf1s|}}}|{{{imperf1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevo}} |imperf1s2={{#if:{{{imperf1s2|}}}|{{{imperf1s2}}}|}} |imperf2s={{#if:{{{imperf2s|}}}|{{{imperf2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevi}} |imperf2s2={{#if:{{{imperf2s2|}}}|{{{imperf2s2}}}|}} |imperf3s={{#if:{{{imperf3s|}}}|{{{imperf3s}}}|{{{1}}}doveva}} |imperf3s2={{#if:{{{imperf3s2|}}}|{{{imperf3s2}}}|}} |imperf1p={{#if:{{{imperf1p|}}}|{{{imperf1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevamo}} |imperf1p2={{#if:{{{imperf1p2|}}}|{{{imperf1p2}}}|}} |imperf2p={{#if:{{{imperf2p|}}}|{{{imperf2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevate}} |imperf2p2={{#if:{{{imperf2p2|}}}|{{{imperf2p2}}}|}} |imperf3p={{#if:{{{imperf3p|}}}|{{{imperf3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevano}} |imperf3p2={{#if:{{{imperf3p2|}}}|{{{imperf3p2}}}|}} |prem1s={{#if:{{{prem1s|}}}|{{{prem1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovei}} |prem1s2={{#if:{{{prem1s2|}}}|{{{prem1s2}}}|{{{1}}}dovetti}} |prem1s3={{#if:{{{prem1s3|}}}|{{{prem1s3}}}|}} |prem2s={{#if:{{{prem2s|}}}|{{{prem2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesti}} |prem2s2={{#if:{{{prem2s2|}}}|{{{prem2s2}}}|}} |prem3s={{#if:{{{prem3s|}}}|{{{prem3s}}}|{{{1}}}dové}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3s2={{#if:{{{prem3s2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3s2|}}}|''||{{{prem3s2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovette}} |prem3s3={{#if:{{{prem3s3|}}}|{{{prem3s3}}}|}} |prem1p={{#if:{{{prem1p|}}}|{{{prem1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovemmo}} |prem1p2={{#if:{{{prem1p2|}}}|{{{prem1p2}}}|}} |prem2p={{#if:{{{prem2p|}}}|{{{prem2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |prem2p2={{#if:{{{prem2p2|}}}|{{{prem2p2}}}|}} |prem3p={{#if:{{{prem3p|}}}|{{{prem3p}}}|{{{1}}}doverono}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3p2={{#if:{{{prem3p2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3p2|}}}|''||{{{prem3p2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovettero}} |prem3p3={{#if:{{{prem3p3|}}}|{{{prem3p3}}}|}} <!-- Future and conditional - same logic as gerund --> |fut1s={{#if:{{{fut1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1s|}}}|''||{{{fut1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrò}} |fut1s2={{#if:{{{fut1s2|}}}|{{{fut1s2}}}|}} |fut2s={{#if:{{{fut2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2s|}}}|''||{{{fut2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrai}} |fut2s2={{#if:{{{fut2s2|}}}|{{{fut2s2}}}|}} |fut3s={{#if:{{{fut3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3s|}}}|''||{{{fut3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrà}} |fut3s2={{#if:{{{fut3s2|}}}|{{{fut3s2}}}|}} |fut1p={{#if:{{{fut1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1p|}}}|''||{{{fut1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremo}} |fut1p2={{#if:{{{fut1p2|}}}|{{{fut1p2}}}|}} |fut2p={{#if:{{{fut2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2p|}}}|''||{{{fut2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrete}} |fut2p2={{#if:{{{fut2p2|}}}|{{{fut2p2}}}|}} |fut3p={{#if:{{{fut3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3p|}}}|''||{{{fut3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovranno}} |fut3p2={{#if:{{{fut3p2|}}}|{{{fut3p2}}}|}} |cond1s={{#if:{{{cond1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1s|}}}|''||{{{cond1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrei}} |cond1s2={{#if:{{{cond1s2|}}}|{{{cond1s2}}}|}} |cond2s={{#if:{{{cond2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2s|}}}|''||{{{cond2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovresti}} |cond2s2={{#if:{{{cond2s2|}}}|{{{cond2s2}}}|}} |cond3s={{#if:{{{cond3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3s|}}}|''||{{{cond3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbe}} |cond3s2={{#if:{{{cond3s2|}}}|{{{cond3s2}}}|}} |cond1p={{#if:{{{cond1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1p|}}}|''||{{{cond1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremmo}} |cond1p2={{#if:{{{cond1p2|}}}|{{{cond1p2}}}|}} |cond2p={{#if:{{{cond2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2p|}}}|''||{{{cond2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovreste}} |cond2p2={{#if:{{{cond2p2|}}}|{{{cond2p2}}}|}} |cond3p={{#if:{{{cond3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3p|}}}|''||{{{cond3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbero}} |cond3p2={{#if:{{{cond3p2|}}}|{{{cond3p2}}}|}} |sub123s={{#if:{{{sub123s|}}}|{{{sub123s}}}|{{{1}}}deva}} |sub123s2={{#if:{{{sub123s2|}}}|{{{sub123s2}}}|}} |sub1p={{#if:{{{sub1p|}}}|{{{sub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |sub1p2={{#if:{{{sub1p2|}}}|{{{sub1p2}}}|}} |sub2p={{#if:{{{sub2p|}}}|{{{sub2p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiate}} |sub2p2={{#if:{{{sub2p2|}}}|{{{sub2p2}}}|}} |sub3p={{#if:{{{sub3p|}}}|{{{sub3p}}}|{{{1}}}devano}} |sub3p2={{#if:{{{sub3p2|}}}|{{{sub3p2}}}|}} |impsub12s={{#if:{{{impsub12s|}}}|{{{impsub12s}}}|{{{1}}}dovessi}} |impsub12s2={{#if:{{{impsub12s2|}}}|{{{impsub12s2}}}|}} |impsub3s={{#if:{{{impsub3s|}}}|{{{impsub3s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesse}} |impsub3s2={{#if:{{{impsub3s2|}}}|{{{impsub3s2}}}|}} |impsub1p={{#if:{{{impsub1p|}}}|{{{impsub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessimo}} |impsub1p2={{#if:{{{impsub1p2|}}}|{{{impsub1p2}}}|}} |impsub2p={{#if:{{{impsub2p|}}}|{{{impsub2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |impsub2p2={{#if:{{{impsub2p2|}}}|{{{impsub2p2}}}|}} |impsub3p={{#if:{{{impsub3p|}}}|{{{impsub3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessero}} |impsub3p2={{#if:{{{impsub3p2|}}}|{{{impsub3p2}}}|}} <!-- Imperatives - same logic as past participle --> |imp2s=— |imp2s2={{#if:{{{imp2s2|}}}|{{{imp2s2}}}|}} |imp2s3={{#if:{{{imp2s3|}}}|{{{imp2s3}}}|}} |imp3s=— |imp3s2={{#if:{{{imp3s2|}}}|{{{imp3s2}}}|}} |imp1p=— |imp1p2={{#if:{{{imp1p2|}}}|{{{imp1p2}}}|}} |imp2p=— |imp2p2={{#if:{{{imp2p2|}}}|{{{imp2p2}}}|}} |imp3p=— |imp3p2={{#if:{{{imp3p2|}}}|{{{imp3p2}}}|}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> eqsrzi7yv0vwrmfy54zz5q1gnvqjn4i 7271562 7271558 2022-07-28T08:59:58Z 223.204.223.235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{it-conj <!-- If a parameter has been specified, pass it on, else generate it here --> <!-- The same construction is used for most other forms. --> |inf={{#if:{{{inf|}}}|{{{inf}}}|{{{1}}}dovere}} |aux={{{2}}} <!-- The following logic is used if a parameter, normally generated here, is to be either modified or nullified --> <!-- If parameter is specified --> <!-- If specified as '', then nullify it --> <!-- else pass it on --> <!-- else generate it --> |ger={{#if:{{{ger|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ger|}}}|''||{{{ger}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovendo}} <!-- If an alternative form has been specified, pass it on. --> |ger2={{#if:{{{ger2|}}}|{{{ger2}}}|}} <!-- Present participle - same logic as gerund --> |presp={{#if:{{{presp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{presp|}}}|''||{{{presp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovente}} |presp2={{#if:{{{presp2|}}}|{{{presp2}}}|}} <!-- Past participle - same logic as gerund --> |pastp={{#if:{{{pastp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{pastp|}}}|''||{{{pastp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovuto}} |pastp2={{#if:{{{pastp2|}}}|{{{pastp2}}}|}} |pastp3={{#if:{{{pastp3|}}}|{{{pastp3}}}|}} |pastp4={{#if:{{{pastp4|}}}|{{{pastp4}}}|}} |pres1s={{#if:{{{pres1s|}}}|{{{pres1s}}}|{{{1}}}devo}} |pres1s2={{#if:{{{pres1s2|}}}|{{{pres1s2}}}|{{{1}}}debbo}} |pres2s={{#if:{{{pres2s|}}}|{{{pres2s}}}|{{{1}}}devi}} |pres2s2={{#if:{{{pres2s2|}}}|{{{pres2s2}}}|}} |pres3s={{#if:{{{pres3s|}}}|{{{pres3s}}}|{{{1}}}deve}} |pres3s2={{#if:{{{pres3s2|}}}|{{{pres3s2}}}|}} |pres1p={{#if:{{{pres1p|}}}|{{{pres1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |pres1p2={{#if:{{{pres1p2|}}}|{{{pres1p2}}}|}} |pres2p={{#if:{{{pres2p|}}}|{{{pres2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovete}} |pres2p2={{#if:{{{pres2p2|}}}|{{{pres2p2}}}|}} |pres3p={{#if:{{{pres3p|}}}|{{{pres3p}}}|{{{1}}}devono}} |pres3p2={{#if:{{{pres3p2|}}}|{{{pres3p2}}}|{{{1}}}debbono}} |imperf1s={{#if:{{{imperf1s|}}}|{{{imperf1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevo}} |imperf1s2={{#if:{{{imperf1s2|}}}|{{{imperf1s2}}}|}} |imperf2s={{#if:{{{imperf2s|}}}|{{{imperf2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevi}} |imperf2s2={{#if:{{{imperf2s2|}}}|{{{imperf2s2}}}|}} |imperf3s={{#if:{{{imperf3s|}}}|{{{imperf3s}}}|{{{1}}}doveva}} |imperf3s2={{#if:{{{imperf3s2|}}}|{{{imperf3s2}}}|}} |imperf1p={{#if:{{{imperf1p|}}}|{{{imperf1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevamo}} |imperf1p2={{#if:{{{imperf1p2|}}}|{{{imperf1p2}}}|}} |imperf2p={{#if:{{{imperf2p|}}}|{{{imperf2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevate}} |imperf2p2={{#if:{{{imperf2p2|}}}|{{{imperf2p2}}}|}} |imperf3p={{#if:{{{imperf3p|}}}|{{{imperf3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevano}} |imperf3p2={{#if:{{{imperf3p2|}}}|{{{imperf3p2}}}|}} |prem1s={{#if:{{{prem1s|}}}|{{{prem1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovei}} |prem1s2={{#if:{{{prem1s2|}}}|{{{prem1s2}}}|{{{1}}}dovetti}} |prem1s3={{#if:{{{prem1s3|}}}|{{{prem1s3}}}|}} |prem2s={{#if:{{{prem2s|}}}|{{{prem2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesti}} |prem2s2={{#if:{{{prem2s2|}}}|{{{prem2s2}}}|}} |prem3s={{#if:{{{prem3s|}}}|{{{prem3s}}}|{{{1}}}dové}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3s2={{#if:{{{prem3s2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3s2|}}}|''||{{{prem3s2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovette}} |prem3s3={{#if:{{{prem3s3|}}}|{{{prem3s3}}}|}} |prem1p={{#if:{{{prem1p|}}}|{{{prem1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovemmo}} |prem1p2={{#if:{{{prem1p2|}}}|{{{prem1p2}}}|}} |prem2p={{#if:{{{prem2p|}}}|{{{prem2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |prem2p2={{#if:{{{prem2p2|}}}|{{{prem2p2}}}|}} |prem3p={{#if:{{{prem3p|}}}|{{{prem3p}}}|{{{1}}}doverono}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3p2={{#if:{{{prem3p2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3p2|}}}|''||{{{prem3p2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovettero}} |prem3p3={{#if:{{{prem3p3|}}}|{{{prem3p3}}}|}} <!-- Future and conditional - same logic as gerund --> |fut1s={{#if:{{{fut1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1s|}}}|''||{{{fut1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrò}} |fut1s2={{#if:{{{fut1s2|}}}|{{{fut1s2}}}|}} |fut2s={{#if:{{{fut2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2s|}}}|''||{{{fut2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrai}} |fut2s2={{#if:{{{fut2s2|}}}|{{{fut2s2}}}|}} |fut3s={{#if:{{{fut3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3s|}}}|''||{{{fut3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrà}} |fut3s2={{#if:{{{fut3s2|}}}|{{{fut3s2}}}|}} |fut1p={{#if:{{{fut1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1p|}}}|''||{{{fut1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremo}} |fut1p2={{#if:{{{fut1p2|}}}|{{{fut1p2}}}|}} |fut2p={{#if:{{{fut2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2p|}}}|''||{{{fut2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrete}} |fut2p2={{#if:{{{fut2p2|}}}|{{{fut2p2}}}|}} |fut3p={{#if:{{{fut3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3p|}}}|''||{{{fut3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovranno}} |fut3p2={{#if:{{{fut3p2|}}}|{{{fut3p2}}}|}} |cond1s={{#if:{{{cond1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1s|}}}|''||{{{cond1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrei}} |cond1s2={{#if:{{{cond1s2|}}}|{{{cond1s2}}}|}} |cond2s={{#if:{{{cond2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2s|}}}|''||{{{cond2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovresti}} |cond2s2={{#if:{{{cond2s2|}}}|{{{cond2s2}}}|}} |cond3s={{#if:{{{cond3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3s|}}}|''||{{{cond3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbe}} |cond3s2={{#if:{{{cond3s2|}}}|{{{cond3s2}}}|}} |cond1p={{#if:{{{cond1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1p|}}}|''||{{{cond1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremmo}} |cond1p2={{#if:{{{cond1p2|}}}|{{{cond1p2}}}|}} |cond2p={{#if:{{{cond2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2p|}}}|''||{{{cond2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovreste}} |cond2p2={{#if:{{{cond2p2|}}}|{{{cond2p2}}}|}} |cond3p={{#if:{{{cond3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3p|}}}|''||{{{cond3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbero}} |cond3p2={{#if:{{{cond3p2|}}}|{{{cond3p2}}}|}} |sub123s={{#if:{{{sub123s|}}}|{{{sub123s}}}|{{{1}}}deva}} |sub123s2={{#if:{{{sub123s2|}}}|{{{sub123s2}}}|}} |sub1p={{#if:{{{sub1p|}}}|{{{sub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |sub1p2={{#if:{{{sub1p2|}}}|{{{sub1p2}}}|}} |sub2p={{#if:{{{sub2p|}}}|{{{sub2p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiate}} |sub2p2={{#if:{{{sub2p2|}}}|{{{sub2p2}}}|}} |sub3p={{#if:{{{sub3p|}}}|{{{sub3p}}}|{{{1}}}devano}} |sub3p2={{#if:{{{sub3p2|}}}|{{{sub3p2}}}|}} |impsub12s={{#if:{{{impsub12s|}}}|{{{impsub12s}}}|{{{1}}}dovessi}} |impsub12s2={{#if:{{{impsub12s2|}}}|{{{impsub12s2}}}|}} |impsub3s={{#if:{{{impsub3s|}}}|{{{impsub3s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesse}} |impsub3s2={{#if:{{{impsub3s2|}}}|{{{impsub3s2}}}|}} |impsub1p={{#if:{{{impsub1p|}}}|{{{impsub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessimo}} |impsub1p2={{#if:{{{impsub1p2|}}}|{{{impsub1p2}}}|}} |impsub2p={{#if:{{{impsub2p|}}}|{{{impsub2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |impsub2p2={{#if:{{{impsub2p2|}}}|{{{impsub2p2}}}|}} |impsub3p={{#if:{{{impsub3p|}}}|{{{impsub3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessero}} |impsub3p2={{#if:{{{impsub3p2|}}}|{{{impsub3p2}}}|}} <!-- Imperatives - same logic as past participle --> |imp2s=— |imp2s2={{#if:{{{imp2s2|}}}|{{{imp2s2}}}|}} |imp2s3={{#if:{{{imp2s3|}}}|{{{imp2s3}}}|}} |imp3s=— |imp3s2={{#if:{{{imp3s2|}}}|{{{imp3s2}}}|}} |imp1p=— |imp1p2={{#if:{{{imp1p2|}}}|{{{imp1p2}}}|}} |imp2p=— |imp2p2={{#if:{{{imp2p2|}}}|{{{imp2p2}}}|}} |imp3p=— |imp3p2={{#if:{{{imp3p2|}}}|{{{imp3p2}}}|}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}} [[Category:意大利語 不完變化動詞]] [[Category:意大利語 不規則動詞]]</noinclude> smiut4jivuohccy0bp7b3qydqlrk0gt 7271565 7271562 2022-07-28T09:01:12Z Sayonzei 40728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{it-conj <!-- If a parameter has been specified, pass it on, else generate it here --> <!-- The same construction is used for most other forms. --> |inf={{#if:{{{inf|}}}|{{{inf}}}|{{{1}}}dovere}} |aux={{{2}}} <!-- The following logic is used if a parameter, normally generated here, is to be either modified or nullified --> <!-- If parameter is specified --> <!-- If specified as '', then nullify it --> <!-- else pass it on --> <!-- else generate it --> |ger={{#if:{{{ger|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ger|}}}|''||{{{ger}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovendo}} <!-- If an alternative form has been specified, pass it on. --> |ger2={{#if:{{{ger2|}}}|{{{ger2}}}|}} <!-- Present participle - same logic as gerund --> |presp={{#if:{{{presp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{presp|}}}|''||{{{presp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovente}} |presp2={{#if:{{{presp2|}}}|{{{presp2}}}|}} <!-- Past participle - same logic as gerund --> |pastp={{#if:{{{pastp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{pastp|}}}|''||{{{pastp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovuto}} |pastp2={{#if:{{{pastp2|}}}|{{{pastp2}}}|}} |pastp3={{#if:{{{pastp3|}}}|{{{pastp3}}}|}} |pastp4={{#if:{{{pastp4|}}}|{{{pastp4}}}|}} |pres1s={{#if:{{{pres1s|}}}|{{{pres1s}}}|{{{1}}}devo}} |pres1s2={{#if:{{{pres1s2|}}}|{{{pres1s2}}}|{{{1}}}debbo}} |pres2s={{#if:{{{pres2s|}}}|{{{pres2s}}}|{{{1}}}devi}} |pres2s2={{#if:{{{pres2s2|}}}|{{{pres2s2}}}|}} |pres3s={{#if:{{{pres3s|}}}|{{{pres3s}}}|{{{1}}}deve}} |pres3s2={{#if:{{{pres3s2|}}}|{{{pres3s2}}}|}} |pres1p={{#if:{{{pres1p|}}}|{{{pres1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |pres1p2={{#if:{{{pres1p2|}}}|{{{pres1p2}}}|}} |pres2p={{#if:{{{pres2p|}}}|{{{pres2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovete}} |pres2p2={{#if:{{{pres2p2|}}}|{{{pres2p2}}}|}} |pres3p={{#if:{{{pres3p|}}}|{{{pres3p}}}|{{{1}}}devono}} |pres3p2={{#if:{{{pres3p2|}}}|{{{pres3p2}}}|{{{1}}}debbono}} |imperf1s={{#if:{{{imperf1s|}}}|{{{imperf1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevo}} |imperf1s2={{#if:{{{imperf1s2|}}}|{{{imperf1s2}}}|}} |imperf2s={{#if:{{{imperf2s|}}}|{{{imperf2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevi}} |imperf2s2={{#if:{{{imperf2s2|}}}|{{{imperf2s2}}}|}} |imperf3s={{#if:{{{imperf3s|}}}|{{{imperf3s}}}|{{{1}}}doveva}} |imperf3s2={{#if:{{{imperf3s2|}}}|{{{imperf3s2}}}|}} |imperf1p={{#if:{{{imperf1p|}}}|{{{imperf1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevamo}} |imperf1p2={{#if:{{{imperf1p2|}}}|{{{imperf1p2}}}|}} |imperf2p={{#if:{{{imperf2p|}}}|{{{imperf2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevate}} |imperf2p2={{#if:{{{imperf2p2|}}}|{{{imperf2p2}}}|}} |imperf3p={{#if:{{{imperf3p|}}}|{{{imperf3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevano}} |imperf3p2={{#if:{{{imperf3p2|}}}|{{{imperf3p2}}}|}} |prem1s={{#if:{{{prem1s|}}}|{{{prem1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovei}} |prem1s2={{#if:{{{prem1s2|}}}|{{{prem1s2}}}|{{{1}}}dovetti}} |prem1s3={{#if:{{{prem1s3|}}}|{{{prem1s3}}}|}} |prem2s={{#if:{{{prem2s|}}}|{{{prem2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesti}} |prem2s2={{#if:{{{prem2s2|}}}|{{{prem2s2}}}|}} |prem3s={{#if:{{{prem3s|}}}|{{{prem3s}}}|{{{1}}}dové}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3s2={{#if:{{{prem3s2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3s2|}}}|''||{{{prem3s2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovette}} |prem3s3={{#if:{{{prem3s3|}}}|{{{prem3s3}}}|}} |prem1p={{#if:{{{prem1p|}}}|{{{prem1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovemmo}} |prem1p2={{#if:{{{prem1p2|}}}|{{{prem1p2}}}|}} |prem2p={{#if:{{{prem2p|}}}|{{{prem2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |prem2p2={{#if:{{{prem2p2|}}}|{{{prem2p2}}}|}} |prem3p={{#if:{{{prem3p|}}}|{{{prem3p}}}|{{{1}}}doverono}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3p2={{#if:{{{prem3p2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3p2|}}}|''||{{{prem3p2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovettero}} |prem3p3={{#if:{{{prem3p3|}}}|{{{prem3p3}}}|}} <!-- Future and conditional - same logic as gerund --> |fut1s={{#if:{{{fut1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1s|}}}|''||{{{fut1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrò}} |fut1s2={{#if:{{{fut1s2|}}}|{{{fut1s2}}}|}} |fut2s={{#if:{{{fut2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2s|}}}|''||{{{fut2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrai}} |fut2s2={{#if:{{{fut2s2|}}}|{{{fut2s2}}}|}} |fut3s={{#if:{{{fut3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3s|}}}|''||{{{fut3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrà}} |fut3s2={{#if:{{{fut3s2|}}}|{{{fut3s2}}}|}} |fut1p={{#if:{{{fut1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1p|}}}|''||{{{fut1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremo}} |fut1p2={{#if:{{{fut1p2|}}}|{{{fut1p2}}}|}} |fut2p={{#if:{{{fut2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2p|}}}|''||{{{fut2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrete}} |fut2p2={{#if:{{{fut2p2|}}}|{{{fut2p2}}}|}} |fut3p={{#if:{{{fut3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3p|}}}|''||{{{fut3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovranno}} |fut3p2={{#if:{{{fut3p2|}}}|{{{fut3p2}}}|}} |cond1s={{#if:{{{cond1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1s|}}}|''||{{{cond1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrei}} |cond1s2={{#if:{{{cond1s2|}}}|{{{cond1s2}}}|}} |cond2s={{#if:{{{cond2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2s|}}}|''||{{{cond2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovresti}} |cond2s2={{#if:{{{cond2s2|}}}|{{{cond2s2}}}|}} |cond3s={{#if:{{{cond3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3s|}}}|''||{{{cond3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbe}} |cond3s2={{#if:{{{cond3s2|}}}|{{{cond3s2}}}|}} |cond1p={{#if:{{{cond1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1p|}}}|''||{{{cond1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremmo}} |cond1p2={{#if:{{{cond1p2|}}}|{{{cond1p2}}}|}} |cond2p={{#if:{{{cond2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2p|}}}|''||{{{cond2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovreste}} |cond2p2={{#if:{{{cond2p2|}}}|{{{cond2p2}}}|}} |cond3p={{#if:{{{cond3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3p|}}}|''||{{{cond3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbero}} |cond3p2={{#if:{{{cond3p2|}}}|{{{cond3p2}}}|}} |sub123s={{#if:{{{sub123s|}}}|{{{sub123s}}}|{{{1}}}deva}} |sub123s2={{#if:{{{sub123s2|}}}|{{{sub123s2}}}|}} |sub1p={{#if:{{{sub1p|}}}|{{{sub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |sub1p2={{#if:{{{sub1p2|}}}|{{{sub1p2}}}|}} |sub2p={{#if:{{{sub2p|}}}|{{{sub2p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiate}} |sub2p2={{#if:{{{sub2p2|}}}|{{{sub2p2}}}|}} |sub3p={{#if:{{{sub3p|}}}|{{{sub3p}}}|{{{1}}}devano}} |sub3p2={{#if:{{{sub3p2|}}}|{{{sub3p2}}}|}} |impsub12s={{#if:{{{impsub12s|}}}|{{{impsub12s}}}|{{{1}}}dovessi}} |impsub12s2={{#if:{{{impsub12s2|}}}|{{{impsub12s2}}}|}} |impsub3s={{#if:{{{impsub3s|}}}|{{{impsub3s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesse}} |impsub3s2={{#if:{{{impsub3s2|}}}|{{{impsub3s2}}}|}} |impsub1p={{#if:{{{impsub1p|}}}|{{{impsub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessimo}} |impsub1p2={{#if:{{{impsub1p2|}}}|{{{impsub1p2}}}|}} |impsub2p={{#if:{{{impsub2p|}}}|{{{impsub2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |impsub2p2={{#if:{{{impsub2p2|}}}|{{{impsub2p2}}}|}} |impsub3p={{#if:{{{impsub3p|}}}|{{{impsub3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessero}} |impsub3p2={{#if:{{{impsub3p2|}}}|{{{impsub3p2}}}|}} <!-- Imperatives - same logic as past participle --> |imp2s=— |imp2s2={{#if:{{{imp2s2|}}}|{{{imp2s2}}}|}} |imp2s3={{#if:{{{imp2s3|}}}|{{{imp2s3}}}|}} |imp3s=— |imp3s2={{#if:{{{imp3s2|}}}|{{{imp3s2}}}|}} |imp1p=— |imp1p2={{#if:{{{imp1p2|}}}|{{{imp1p2}}}|}} |imp2p=— |imp2p2={{#if:{{{imp2p2|}}}|{{{imp2p2}}}|}} |imp3p=— |imp3p2={{#if:{{{imp3p2|}}}|{{{imp3p2}}}|}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}} [[Category:意大利語不完全變化動詞]] [[Category:意大利語不規則動詞]]</noinclude> nrg48p8ppol4mqtf6fz4xzaprs22taj 7271566 7271565 2022-07-28T09:02:03Z 223.204.223.235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{it-conj <!-- If a parameter has been specified, pass it on, else generate it here --> <!-- The same construction is used for most other forms. --> |inf={{#if:{{{inf|}}}|{{{inf}}}|{{{1}}}dovere}} |aux={{{2}}} <!-- The following logic is used if a parameter, normally generated here, is to be either modified or nullified --> <!-- If parameter is specified --> <!-- If specified as '', then nullify it --> <!-- else pass it on --> <!-- else generate it --> |ger={{#if:{{{ger|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ger|}}}|''||{{{ger}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovendo}} <!-- If an alternative form has been specified, pass it on. --> |ger2={{#if:{{{ger2|}}}|{{{ger2}}}|}} <!-- Present participle - same logic as gerund --> |presp={{#if:{{{presp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{presp|}}}|''||{{{presp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovente}} |presp2={{#if:{{{presp2|}}}|{{{presp2}}}|}} <!-- Past participle - same logic as gerund --> |pastp={{#if:{{{pastp|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{pastp|}}}|''||{{{pastp}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovuto}} |pastp2={{#if:{{{pastp2|}}}|{{{pastp2}}}|}} |pastp3={{#if:{{{pastp3|}}}|{{{pastp3}}}|}} |pastp4={{#if:{{{pastp4|}}}|{{{pastp4}}}|}} |pres1s={{#if:{{{pres1s|}}}|{{{pres1s}}}|{{{1}}}devo}} |pres1s2={{#if:{{{pres1s2|}}}|{{{pres1s2}}}|{{{1}}}debbo}} |pres2s={{#if:{{{pres2s|}}}|{{{pres2s}}}|{{{1}}}devi}} |pres2s2={{#if:{{{pres2s2|}}}|{{{pres2s2}}}|}} |pres3s={{#if:{{{pres3s|}}}|{{{pres3s}}}|{{{1}}}deve}} |pres3s2={{#if:{{{pres3s2|}}}|{{{pres3s2}}}|}} |pres1p={{#if:{{{pres1p|}}}|{{{pres1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |pres1p2={{#if:{{{pres1p2|}}}|{{{pres1p2}}}|}} |pres2p={{#if:{{{pres2p|}}}|{{{pres2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovete}} |pres2p2={{#if:{{{pres2p2|}}}|{{{pres2p2}}}|}} |pres3p={{#if:{{{pres3p|}}}|{{{pres3p}}}|{{{1}}}devono}} |pres3p2={{#if:{{{pres3p2|}}}|{{{pres3p2}}}|{{{1}}}debbono}} |imperf1s={{#if:{{{imperf1s|}}}|{{{imperf1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevo}} |imperf1s2={{#if:{{{imperf1s2|}}}|{{{imperf1s2}}}|}} |imperf2s={{#if:{{{imperf2s|}}}|{{{imperf2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovevi}} |imperf2s2={{#if:{{{imperf2s2|}}}|{{{imperf2s2}}}|}} |imperf3s={{#if:{{{imperf3s|}}}|{{{imperf3s}}}|{{{1}}}doveva}} |imperf3s2={{#if:{{{imperf3s2|}}}|{{{imperf3s2}}}|}} |imperf1p={{#if:{{{imperf1p|}}}|{{{imperf1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevamo}} |imperf1p2={{#if:{{{imperf1p2|}}}|{{{imperf1p2}}}|}} |imperf2p={{#if:{{{imperf2p|}}}|{{{imperf2p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevate}} |imperf2p2={{#if:{{{imperf2p2|}}}|{{{imperf2p2}}}|}} |imperf3p={{#if:{{{imperf3p|}}}|{{{imperf3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovevano}} |imperf3p2={{#if:{{{imperf3p2|}}}|{{{imperf3p2}}}|}} |prem1s={{#if:{{{prem1s|}}}|{{{prem1s}}}|{{{1}}}dovei}} |prem1s2={{#if:{{{prem1s2|}}}|{{{prem1s2}}}|{{{1}}}dovetti}} |prem1s3={{#if:{{{prem1s3|}}}|{{{prem1s3}}}|}} |prem2s={{#if:{{{prem2s|}}}|{{{prem2s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesti}} |prem2s2={{#if:{{{prem2s2|}}}|{{{prem2s2}}}|}} |prem3s={{#if:{{{prem3s|}}}|{{{prem3s}}}|{{{1}}}dové}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3s2={{#if:{{{prem3s2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3s2|}}}|''||{{{prem3s2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovette}} |prem3s3={{#if:{{{prem3s3|}}}|{{{prem3s3}}}|}} |prem1p={{#if:{{{prem1p|}}}|{{{prem1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovemmo}} |prem1p2={{#if:{{{prem1p2|}}}|{{{prem1p2}}}|}} |prem2p={{#if:{{{prem2p|}}}|{{{prem2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |prem2p2={{#if:{{{prem2p2|}}}|{{{prem2p2}}}|}} |prem3p={{#if:{{{prem3p|}}}|{{{prem3p}}}|{{{1}}}doverono}} <!-- Regular past historic synonym - same logic as gerund --> |prem3p2={{#if:{{{prem3p2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{prem3p2|}}}|''||{{{prem3p2}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovettero}} |prem3p3={{#if:{{{prem3p3|}}}|{{{prem3p3}}}|}} <!-- Future and conditional - same logic as gerund --> |fut1s={{#if:{{{fut1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1s|}}}|''||{{{fut1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrò}} |fut1s2={{#if:{{{fut1s2|}}}|{{{fut1s2}}}|}} |fut2s={{#if:{{{fut2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2s|}}}|''||{{{fut2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrai}} |fut2s2={{#if:{{{fut2s2|}}}|{{{fut2s2}}}|}} |fut3s={{#if:{{{fut3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3s|}}}|''||{{{fut3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrà}} |fut3s2={{#if:{{{fut3s2|}}}|{{{fut3s2}}}|}} |fut1p={{#if:{{{fut1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut1p|}}}|''||{{{fut1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremo}} |fut1p2={{#if:{{{fut1p2|}}}|{{{fut1p2}}}|}} |fut2p={{#if:{{{fut2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut2p|}}}|''||{{{fut2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrete}} |fut2p2={{#if:{{{fut2p2|}}}|{{{fut2p2}}}|}} |fut3p={{#if:{{{fut3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{fut3p|}}}|''||{{{fut3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovranno}} |fut3p2={{#if:{{{fut3p2|}}}|{{{fut3p2}}}|}} |cond1s={{#if:{{{cond1s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1s|}}}|''||{{{cond1s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrei}} |cond1s2={{#if:{{{cond1s2|}}}|{{{cond1s2}}}|}} |cond2s={{#if:{{{cond2s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2s|}}}|''||{{{cond2s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovresti}} |cond2s2={{#if:{{{cond2s2|}}}|{{{cond2s2}}}|}} |cond3s={{#if:{{{cond3s|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3s|}}}|''||{{{cond3s}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbe}} |cond3s2={{#if:{{{cond3s2|}}}|{{{cond3s2}}}|}} |cond1p={{#if:{{{cond1p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond1p|}}}|''||{{{cond1p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovremmo}} |cond1p2={{#if:{{{cond1p2|}}}|{{{cond1p2}}}|}} |cond2p={{#if:{{{cond2p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond2p|}}}|''||{{{cond2p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovreste}} |cond2p2={{#if:{{{cond2p2|}}}|{{{cond2p2}}}|}} |cond3p={{#if:{{{cond3p|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{cond3p|}}}|''||{{{cond3p}}}}}|{{{1}}}dovrebbero}} |cond3p2={{#if:{{{cond3p2|}}}|{{{cond3p2}}}|}} |sub123s={{#if:{{{sub123s|}}}|{{{sub123s}}}|{{{1}}}deva}} |sub123s2={{#if:{{{sub123s2|}}}|{{{sub123s2}}}|}} |sub1p={{#if:{{{sub1p|}}}|{{{sub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiamo}} |sub1p2={{#if:{{{sub1p2|}}}|{{{sub1p2}}}|}} |sub2p={{#if:{{{sub2p|}}}|{{{sub2p}}}|{{{1}}}dobbiate}} |sub2p2={{#if:{{{sub2p2|}}}|{{{sub2p2}}}|}} |sub3p={{#if:{{{sub3p|}}}|{{{sub3p}}}|{{{1}}}devano}} |sub3p2={{#if:{{{sub3p2|}}}|{{{sub3p2}}}|}} |impsub12s={{#if:{{{impsub12s|}}}|{{{impsub12s}}}|{{{1}}}dovessi}} |impsub12s2={{#if:{{{impsub12s2|}}}|{{{impsub12s2}}}|}} |impsub3s={{#if:{{{impsub3s|}}}|{{{impsub3s}}}|{{{1}}}dovesse}} |impsub3s2={{#if:{{{impsub3s2|}}}|{{{impsub3s2}}}|}} |impsub1p={{#if:{{{impsub1p|}}}|{{{impsub1p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessimo}} |impsub1p2={{#if:{{{impsub1p2|}}}|{{{impsub1p2}}}|}} |impsub2p={{#if:{{{impsub2p|}}}|{{{impsub2p}}}|{{{1}}}doveste}} |impsub2p2={{#if:{{{impsub2p2|}}}|{{{impsub2p2}}}|}} |impsub3p={{#if:{{{impsub3p|}}}|{{{impsub3p}}}|{{{1}}}dovessero}} |impsub3p2={{#if:{{{impsub3p2|}}}|{{{impsub3p2}}}|}} <!-- Imperatives - same logic as past participle --> |imp2s=— |imp2s2={{#if:{{{imp2s2|}}}|{{{imp2s2}}}|}} |imp2s3={{#if:{{{imp2s3|}}}|{{{imp2s3}}}|}} |imp3s=— |imp3s2={{#if:{{{imp3s2|}}}|{{{imp3s2}}}|}} |imp1p=— |imp1p2={{#if:{{{imp1p2|}}}|{{{imp1p2}}}|}} |imp2p=— |imp2p2={{#if:{{{imp2p2|}}}|{{{imp2p2}}}|}} |imp3p=— |imp3p2={{#if:{{{imp3p2|}}}|{{{imp3p2}}}|}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> <includeonly>[[Category:意大利語不完全變化動詞]] [[Category:意大利語不規則動詞]]</includeonly> hhmznlftkvs8oay0huwfx60q3wdni4y каргыш 0 1915572 7271559 2022-07-28T08:54:34Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==吉尔吉斯语== ===詞源=== 對比{{cog|ba|ҡарғыш}}。 ===名词=== {{head|ky|名詞}} # [[詛咒]] #: {{syn|ky|наалат}} #: {{ant|ky|бата}} ====變格==== {{ky-decl-noun}} ---- ==韃靼語== ===名詞=== {{tt-pos|名詞|c|r|qarğış}} # [[詛咒]] ====變格==== {{tt-cyrl-decl|ы}} boq1exwvn19myxdwwh61nazrlm5jdsn 双喜紋 0 1915573 7271567 2022-07-28T09:04:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|そう|き|もん|yomi=o}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|そうきもん}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|そうきもん}} # [[雙喜]],「{{m|ja|囍}}」字 45y2mcdt4bgg6vld8qjci0w0ijg33vh そうきもん 0 1915574 7271569 2022-07-28T09:05:14Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|双喜紋}} iwkcyywe34535sixuy8xjg4i0usnsns song hỉ 0 1915575 7271571 2022-07-28T09:06:00Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===其他寫法=== * {{l|vi|song hỷ}} ===詞源=== {{vi-etym-sino|雙喜}}。 ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun}} # 漢字「{{l|vi|囍}}」 81r5mb4j6x2pgu6en7b9m6afdf8yup5 song hỷ 0 1915576 7271572 2022-07-28T09:06:21Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===名詞=== {{vi-noun}} # {{vi-alt sp|song hỉ}} 26fbcz712h2tww6drzkgzhx92rycpvt Template:Vi-alt sp 10 1915577 7271573 2022-07-28T09:06:43Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:vi-alternative spelling of]] p5ff83o662y3spfrf1q1y1oq82ypxtk Template:Vi alternative spelling of 10 1915578 7271577 2022-07-28T09:09:00Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Template:Vi alternative spelling of]]至[[Template:Vi-alternative spelling of]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Vi-alternative spelling of]] ri2e5ruwkx0epeyeac7rsi7leplrdj1